pencegahan dan kawalan denggi - ministry of housing and

93

Upload: others

Post on 29-Nov-2021

9 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and
Page 2: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggimelalui pengurusan persekitaran bandar

secara mampan dan lestari

Veeramohan Supramaniam, FRSH

Malaysian Association of Environmental Health

Page 3: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Pengenalan

• Kejadian dan (Kematian) akibat denggi kian meningkatselepas wabak teruk pada tahun 2010:

• 46,171 (134) @ 2010,

• 19,884 (34) @ 2011,

• 21,900 (35) @ 2012,

• 43,346 (92) @ 2013

• 100,661* (190) @ 13 Dis 2014

* Unit Vektor KKM hingga minggu ke-50 berakhir 13 Dis 2014

Page 4: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Source: http://idengue.remotesensing.gov.my/idengue/index.php

Page 5: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

4+ dekad Denggi di Malaysia*

12,077 20,973

143,262

372,224

43,346

100,661

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

1973-

1982

1983-

1992

1993-

2002

2003-

2012

2013 2014

Jumlah kes

173.7%

683.1%

* Geraf dihasilkan oleh MAEH daripada data asas dari KKM

259.8%

Page 6: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Hasil perlaksanaan kaedah alternatifMajlis Daerah Manjung Ref: 2001: 497 cases27.3 percent reduction in 2002 (361 cases) - 3rd quarter intervention. Sitiawan and TLDM Lumut - epidemic free until today. (Trf 01.04.04)

Majlis Daerah Perak Tengah Ref: 2008 : 250 cases52.00 percent drop in 2009 (120 cases); 35.00 percent drop in 2010 (78 cases); 44.87 in 2011 (43 cases); 18.60 in 2012 (35 cases);14.29 in 2013 (30 cases); 4 cases up to 05 April 2014 (Rtd 29.03.14)

Setapak, DBKL Ref: 2006 : 2431 cases 11.35 percent reduction in 2007 (2155 cases);46.36 percent reduction in 2008 (1156 cases); 14.01 percent reduction in 2009 ( 994 cases);16.60 percent increase in 2010 (1159 cases); 65.31 percent reduction in 2011 ( 402 cases);22.14 percent increase in 2012 ( 491 cases);79.02 percent reduction in 2013 ( 103 cases);

Page 7: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

-62.3%

Nationwide Intensive Campaign

Nationwide Intensive Campaign

Bersih & Indah Campaign II

National Cleanliness and Anti-mosquito Campaign

Bersih & Indah Campaign I

Keberkesanan Kempen Kebersihan Nasional

-73.7% -53%

-63%-30%

-18%

Worst epidemic before the new millennium

Nationwide Cleanup CampaignIntensive Cleanup Campaign

-15.9%

-56.9%

10 min Search & DestroyCampaign

100,661 (190) 13/12/14

Page 8: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Garispanduan Kawalan DenggiKementerian Kesihatan Malaysia

• Pemeriksaan premis dari rumah ke rumah

• Penggunaan racun kimia (fogging, ULV, Abate SG-1) dll

• Penguatkuasaan – perintah berhenti kerja, pendakwaan

• Penubuhan dan penglibatan pasukan COMBI

• Gotong royong di kawasan perumahan dankediaman

Page 9: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Malaysia mengkritik WHO keranagagal menangani wabak denggi*

Malaysia criticized the WHO for failing to tackle the spread of

dengue in the region, which saw 242,000 cases of the mosquito-

borne disease in 2009 and 831 deaths so far this year.

Health Minister Liow Tiong Lai, who is chairing a World Health

Organization regional conference this week, said the UN body needed

to push countries to adopt a more comprehensive strategy to deal

with the threat.

"We want them to do a lot more. We want the WHO to do more on

dengue, we think they are not doing enough," he told reporters on the

sidelines of the meeting of the organization's Asia Pacific member

states.

* Romen Bose, Agence France-Presse – Wednesday 10/13/2010, 16:47:00

Page 10: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Garispanduan Kawalan Denggi WHO*

* WHO Comprehensive Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever - Revised and expanded edition, 2011 - Chapter 7 (Page 60)

Page 11: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Pusingan hidup nyamuk Aedes

Beberapa saat –

bertahun-tahun

Telur kering

2 – 3 hari

3 – 4 hari (kalau

makanan wujud)

2 – 3 hari

X

Tiada Makanan

Page 12: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Telur nyamuk diletak pada dindinglembab/kering, BUKAN ATAS AIR

Page 13: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Penetasan telur S. albopicta yang matang

Page 14: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Stegomyia aegypti• Nyamuk rimau (Egyptian Tiger)

• Nyamuk vektor berasal dari Egypt

• Membiak dalam rumah dan halaman

• Menggigit di bawah paras pinggang

• Tidak efisyen meminda jangkitan melalui telur(menjangkiti 5 generasi)

• Tahan kekeringan dan menetas dalam 3 hariapabila ditenggelami air.

Page 15: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Stegomyia albopicta• Nyamuk rimau (Asian Tiger)

• Nyamuk vektor tempatan

• Membiak di celah tumbuh-tumbuhan

• Mengejar dan menggigit

• Sangat efisyen meminda jangkitan melaluitelur (semua generasi terjangkit)

• Tahan kekeringan dan menetas serta mertaapabila ditenggelami air hujan panas.

Page 16: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Hasil Kajian Vektor di Malaysia

Page 17: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

TOT - S. albopicta berbanding S. aegypti

Page 18: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kenapa Denggi harus dicegah?

• Kejadian kes = Produktiviti Negara terjejas

• Kematian kes = Kehilangan Modal Insan

• Beban Ekonomi = +/- 20 % GDP

• Kesan kepada Pelancongan

Page 19: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Beban Ekonomi kepada negara

Page 20: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kos kawalan denggi di Malaysia (2013)

Kos rawatan & kawalan untuk 12 bulan RM196,000,000

Kos setiap kes yang dilapurkan RM5,441.27

Kos setiap rawatan pesakit luar RM680.78

Kos harian rawatan kes di wad RM163.54

Kos pengurusan setiap penduduk negara RM7.14 /warga

Shepard2, et al. (2013) - Use of Multiple Data Sources to Estimate the

Economic Cost of Dengue Illness in Malaysia

Page 21: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Beban ekonomi akibat denggi di Malaysia (Oxitech)

Kos setiap 10,000 kes = US$13 juta* RM 44,460,000*

Kos untuk 100,661* (190) kes denggi

(setakat 13/12/14)

RM 436,277,088

Kehilangan hari kerja / 10,000 kes 940,000 hari

Kos rawatan wad / kes / hari = US$718 RM 2,283.24

Kehilangan pengeluaran ekonomi / kes 56 hari

Oxitech - http://www.oxitec.com/health/dengue-information-centre/the-economic-burden/

* Bersamaan 20% the Pengeluaran Kasar dalam negara.

* Berdasarkan pertukaran matawang = RM 3.42 / USD

Page 22: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Dry spell, diseases spoil Visit Malaysia Year by G Vinod *Dengue cases rise dramatically, TB makes a comeback and the haze makes an early appearance.

PETALING JAYA: It’s been a bad start for Visit Malaysia Year 2014, but neither the Tourism Ministry nor the tourism industry is to blame.Rather, the culprits are disease and bad weather.

According to the Health Ministry, more than 20,000 cases of dengue were recorded between the beginning of the year and the end of last week. This was a huge jump from the 4,760 cases recorded in the same period last year. Forty-five of this year’s dengue victims have died.

To make matters worse, a disease thought to be long gone—tuberculosis (TB)–has made a comeback to the Malaysian health hazard list.The Health Ministry said 1,520 people lost their lives to TB in 2012 alone. They were among 22,710 people infected with the disease.No one is sure how TB has resurfaced in the country, but some quarters blame illegal immigrants, pointing out that they entered the country without health screening.

The weather is also discouraging tourists from coming to the country. Malaysia has been facing an unseasonal dry spell since early February. Water levels at several dams in Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Johor are reaching critical points. The Meteorological Department says the rains will start coming at the end of March or in early April. Meanwhile the National Water Services Commission (SPAN) is rationing water distribution in Negeri Sembilan, Johor and Selangor.Selangor is the most industrialised state in Malaysia, and the water rationing has affected many businesses, especially restaurants and agriculture based enterprises. Rice and palm oil production are also affected.

If the dry spell goes on for another month, oil palm yields will keep dropping for six months to two years down line, according to people in the industry. This concern pushed up palm oil prices by 8% in February.

With the dry spell creating bush fires in Sumatra, coupled with illegal burning by farmers there, the notorious “haze season” has made an unwelcome return to Malaysia. Air Pollutant Index (API) readings on Friday breached the hazardous level at Port Klang (358) and Banting(311), prompting authorities to order a temporary closure of 202 schools. Readings have also shown a deterioration in air quality in Petaling Jaya, where the API is 185, and in Shah Alam, where it is 164.

Cloud seeding has induced some rain, but not enough to clear the haze or even improve dam levels. No one knows for sure when theweather will improve. In the meantime, health facilities will be busy treating increasing numbers of people complaining of respiratory problems and other maladies brought on by heat and polluted air.

*Free Malaysia Today - March 15, 2014

Page 23: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Bagaimana Denggi berlaku?

• Manusia/mawas pembawa virus

• Nyamuk Aedes peminda virus.

• Persekitaran / kediaman = tempat membiak

Mana satu mampu kita kawal?

Punca Virus – Pembiakan Nyamuk – Manusia

Page 24: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Siapa mangsa denggi - 2013

Page 25: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Jangkitan berlaku di luar*

* Dengue Bulletin – Volume 25, 2001.

Page 26: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Jangkitan di kawasan lapangan

Page 27: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Denggi di kalangan murid sekolah

Page 28: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Statistik Pembiakan Vektor* Malaysia 1992 - 2001

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

Houses Insp 4306403 4822081 4724210 4555906 4397754 4239489 5071478 3915499 3956344 4249307

Houses +ve 46440 48649 33378 43773 41612 42902 36203 27961 21117 26856

Aedes Index 1.1 1 0.7 1 0.9 1 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

*Source: Vector HQ MOH

Page 29: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Status Pembiakan Nyamuk di kawasan lapangan Bandaran

• 99 peratus nyamuk membiak di persekitaran

• 1 peratus masuk ke premis yang didiami orang

Page 30: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Bagaimana virus berjangkit?

• Ae. albopictus membiak liar di kawasan tanahlapangan/tanah terbiar dalam semak samun

• Ae. albopictus lebih berpeluang menemuipembawa virus denggi 2 hari sebelum “onset”

• Ae. albopictus yang terjangkit memindahkanjangkitan kepada penduduk tempatan yang lalu lalang berhampiran tanah lapangan yang menjadi “epicentre” jangkitan.

Page 31: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Cara nyamuk vektor terjangkit*

*Frontiers in Immunology Journal, 17 June 2014.

Page 32: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Pergerakan manusia pembawa virus

Source: Control of Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Ministry of Health, Malaysia

Page 33: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Cases radiating from epicentres

Page 34: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Status Orang Asing di Malaysia 2014

Page 35: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Negara berbeban tertinggi 2013

Page 36: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Ketibaan pelancong 2012

Ministry of Tourism

Page 37: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kawasan kediaman pekerja asing di Lembah Kelang

Page 38: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Langkah terbaik kawalan nyamuk

• Pastikan “epicenter” jangkitan

• Bersihkan kawasan sekitar dari semak samun

• Jadikan kawasan lapangan tidak sesuai untukpembiakan nyamuk

• Jangan guna semburan racun kecuali ada kes

• Galakkan tumbuhan berbunga yang memikatnyamuk dan pemangsanya.

• Gunakan racun jejentik jenis EC bukan SG

Page 39: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Pemetaan Pergerakan Tempatan

Page 40: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Epicentre – Laluan pejalan kaki

Page 41: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Epicentre – Laluan tepi Taman

Page 42: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Masa yang sesuai untuk semburan

Source: Bebas Denggi - Unit Kawalan Penyakit Bawaan Vektor JKWP KL dan Putrajaya

Page 43: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

“Urban Heat Island Effect”

Page 44: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

“Temperature Inversion”

Page 45: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Masa terbaik – “thermal fogging”

Page 46: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Asap tidak lesap dengan cepat

Page 47: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Tanah terbiar di Taman Rakyat Kg. Koh, Manjung (projek perintis)

Reproduced with permission from A Pictorial Report (MPM) - Operations Anti-Aedes

Page 48: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Tanah selepas dibersihkan

Reproduced with permission from A Pictorial Report (MPM) - Operations Anti-Aedes

Page 49: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Tanah terbiar di Taman Maju, Seri Iskandar

Page 50: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Tanah dibersihkan dan dilakukanlandscaping di Seri Iskandar

Page 51: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Sebelum tanah terbiar dibersihkan, Setapak

Page 52: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Selepas pembersihan tanah terbiar, Setapak

Page 53: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Akta Kerajaan Tempatan 1976

Page 54: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Pekerja menyembur racun serangga di Yoyogi Park, Jepun, yang dipercayai punca wabak denggi pada 28 Ogos, 2014.

Page 55: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Semburan kabus ULV

Page 56: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kawalan VektorSemulajadi

Page 57: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Nyamuk terperangkap di sawanglabah-labah

Page 58: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Peranan utama nyamuk

Page 59: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Bukti nyamuk menghisap madu

Page 60: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Nyamuk adalah pemindahdebunga

Page 61: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Pemangsa nyamuk paling berkesan

Page 62: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and
Page 63: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Mentadak

Page 64: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kekatak

Page 65: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Cecicak

Page 66: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Telur diletak pada kelopak bunga

Page 67: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Sesemut – pemangsa telur nyamuk

Page 68: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Mamalia terbang

Page 69: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Burung

Page 70: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Penghijauan and Biodiversifikasi bandar

Page 71: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Cuba : Contoh Pertanian di Bandar

Page 72: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Pertanian Organik di Havana, Cuba

Page 73: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

MAEH VP signs MOU* with DBKL

* Partners and Stakeholders in LA21 since 16 Dec 2013

Page 74: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kesan nyata dan positif

• Pengurusan kawasan lapangan merupakankaedah yang terbaik untuk mencegahjangkitan virus bawaan nyamuk secara terusdan transovarial oleh Stegomyia sepertiDenggi, Chikungunya serta Zika fever di kawasan bercorak bandar.

• Penurunan kes dapat dilihat dalam 2 atau 3 minggu selepas diputuskan jangkitantempatan (Batu and Lembah Pantai, WPKL May 2014)

Page 75: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Surat sokongan dari KKM

Page 76: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Sokongan YBMK terhadap kawalan kawasan lapangan

Page 77: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Cadangan MAEH diterimapakai

Page 78: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kelebihan sampingan

• Kawalan semulajadi dalam rantaian makanan.

• Penghijauan dan pengindahan bandar

amalan pertanian di bandar

perseimbangan ekosistem tempatan

perkayaan biodiversiti

Page 79: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Penjimatan Kos.Kesudahan Kempen Kebersihan dan Anti Nyamuk Kebangsaan 1998 (inisiatif KPKT)

1998 = 27,381 kes

1999 = 10,146 kes

Pengurangan = 17,235 kes

penurunan 63 %

Kos @ RM 4,000 setiap kes

17,235 kes = RM 68,940,000 (penjimatan)

Page 80: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Intensive Campaign

Intensive Campaign

National Cleanliness and Anti Mosquito Campaign

Bersih & Indah Campaign

@10 % reduction in cases per annum

Actual Cases for 2012

Kesudahan kempen kebersihan kawasan terbuka

(ramalan @ 10% pengurangan kes tahunan)

? lives & cost savings

Actual Cases for 2003

Actual Cases in 2013

Predicted 2014 cases (381 cases)

100,661 (190) @ 13/12/14

289,827,708

Page 81: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

4+dekad kejadian denggi

12,077 20,973

143,262

372,224

43,346

100,661

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

1973-

1982

1983-

1992

1993-

2002

2003-

2012

2013 2014

Total cases

173.7%

683.1%

Source: MOH Malaysia

220.6%

Page 82: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kesudahan kempen kebersihan kawasan terbuka(ramalan @ 10% pengurangan kes tahunan)

12077

20973

25807

7905

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1973-1982 1983-1992 1993-2002 2003-1012

Total cases

173.7%

123%

69.4%

Page 83: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Keberkesanan Kos Pencegahan darisegi pengurangan Keuzuran, Kematian

• Kos minima @ pengurangan 10 % setiap tahun

Pengurusan Kawasan Lapangan melalui

Intervensi Kesihatan Persekitaran

Jumlah kes bagi Dekad ke-3 (2003 - 2012)

dianggarkan menghasilkan hanya 7,905 kes

Berbanding jumlah sebenar 372,224 kes

Pencegahan 364,319 kes = RM 1,457,276,000

Keuzuran = Kehilangan Productiviti

Kematian = Kehilangan Modal Insan

Page 84: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Mengapa “semburan” racunserangga berbahaya dan

kurang berkesan.

Page 85: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Pendedahan kepada karsinogen..Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)

Page 86: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Penggunaan racunkimia selepas 2000.

Actellic EC Sumithion

Page 87: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Fogging membunuh mahkluk lain yang tidak disasarkan.

Page 88: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kesan sampingan kepada ekosistem

Black arrows indicate live Aedes larvae.

Red arrow indicates dead spider and an unidentified insect.

A pair of dead butterflies

Chua, et al.3 2003

Page 89: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Kesan sampingan kepada ekosistem

A dead frog found in an ovitrap48 hours after application of ULV

A dead centipete and various other spiders and insects found in another ovitrap after application of ULV

Page 90: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Tanpa pemangsa…

• Se ekor nyamuk betina Stegomyia mampumenghasilkan 1,000 biji telur dalam jangkahayat30 hari.

• 500 ekor nyamuk betina = 500,000 biji telur.

• 250,000 ekor = 250,000,000 biji telur.

• 125,000,000 ekor = 125,000,000,000 telur.

Page 91: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Mengurangkan pendedahan kepadagigitan nyamuk

Page 92: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Penggunaan penghalau nyamuk ketika Piala Dunia*

The soccer World Cup, which runs through July 13, has brought thousands of visitors to a country with

the world’s largest incidence of dengue. A heatwave has extended the mosquito season and fans have

been urged to use repellent and wear long-sleeved clothing in the early morning and late afternoon.

* Makiko Kitamura and Natasha Khan – Bloomberg News Jul 1, 2014 4:54 PM

Page 93: Pencegahan dan Kawalan Denggi - Ministry of Housing and

Terima kasih atas

perhatian anda.

Veeramohan Supramaniam, FRSH

HP: 013-3335361, 018-5711371

[email protected]