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9.8 X@NA@NIFIN

Jmfmxmni k`wpxilin s`gpie n`aiwi cm giqie bibiein cin _`xin}df. Jmfmxmni

k`wpxilin n`aiwi bibiein _`xin}df s`fiki ?88 iepn }ina g`wkpfi xici iepn

90:0+95=59 cin cmmlpm df`e Ik`wmli _}iwmli xici igic l`+9= mimp c`nain

k`finoiwlin s`winain l`wini k`nainaaix _`xin}df k`f`pxlin lixif x`wina

Ik`wmli mimp Ik`wmoi Kimn` cm S`fpl Eiqini xici 90 J`gwpiwm 9=5=.7 _`fimn mp&

Jmfmxmni k`wpxilin s`gpie n`aiwi }ina x`wiki cm Ismi S`naaiwi }ina k`n`wmki

iwps nismdnifmsk` kdc`n. Kis}iwili `kxiin Jmfmxmni `fie k`filplin

x`kg`wdnilin cin `ninain `weicix lpisi x`nbibie giwi s`bil rikin J`wcmninc

Kia`ffin }ina ciina l` Jmfmxmni xici iepn 9079.? Iniwi x`kg`wdnilin }ina

cmfilplin icifie x`kg`wdnilin g`ws`nbii }ina cmfinoiwlin k`fifpm s`winain s`oiwi

k`ncicil l` iis kiwlis `n`wi _`xin}df.

@ldwin ciwmxici nismdnifmsk` mnm bpai& Jmfmxmni `fie k`kx`wdf`e

l`k`wc`liin giam n`aiwi Jmfmxmni. K`npwp s}iwi }ina `wlincpna cifik pncina+

pncina Ldkinq`f& l`k`wc`liin Jmfmxmni e`ncilfie cmms}meiwlin inxi `winaape

fiam. L`kpcminn}i l`k`wc`liin Jmfmxmni cmms}meiwlin xici 3 Bpfim 9=3:. 3 Ldns`x

n`aiwi ginasi g`wisif ciwm @wdxie s`bil igic l` +9= cin kpfi g`wx`naiwpe cm Ismi

S`naaiwi xici igic l`+78 eismf ciwmxici xwds`s mkx`wmifmsk` }ina `fie cmbifinlin

df`e lpisi+lpisi Giwi. X`kgmniin N`aiwi Ginasi k`n`linlin ldns`x emcpx g`wsip

xicp cifik sip n`aiwi c`nain k`qpbpclin sip ginasi cifik s`gpie n`aiwi

c`nain s`biwie& gieisi& gpci}i cin pncina+pncina }ina cmldnasm g`wsiki df`e

9 Kpwmie Iekic. 788:.X`nbibiein Xdwspam cin _`xin}df l` isi Imi S`naaiwi2 _isp X`naikisin_`kpfi. _eie Ifik2 Liwmski Xpgfmoimdns. Efk 9?77 C.A @. Eiff. 9=59. _`biwie Imi S`naaiwi. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi Xpsili. Efk =?7? Iki Bdeiwm Kdimn. 9=:=. _`biwie Nimdnifmki Kixemfmncd2 %Kifi}mi+ Xemfmxxmn`+ Mncdn`mi-.Lpifi Fpkxpw2 _}iwmli X`wo`ilin Ppsin K`fi}p. Efk 9 Cmx`ml Ciwm Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`2 Se`W`xpgfmo Dj Se` Xemfmxxmn` %Kinmfi& 9=:?& Ks201-3 Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`. 9=17. _`biwie Xdfmsml Cin L`gpci}iin Jmfmxmni2 Jmfmxmni _`bil _`winain Gwmsme.Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. Efk 373

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s`kpi mncmzmcp }ina k`nbicm qiwain`aiwi.0

X`wisiin s`ginasi mnm cmfmei cifik

xdfmml& sdsmif s`wi `ldndkm. @s`m likm mnm k`kgmnoinalin `nina l`bi}iin cin

l`f`kiein xwds`s x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi cm Jmfmxmni s`bil k`wc`li s`emnaai iepn

9=58+in.

7.8 LDN_@X N@AIWI GINA_I

Ldns`x n`aiwi ginasi k`kxpn}im ldkxdn`n+ldkxdn`n `w`np s`x`wm n`aiwi&

mncmzmcp Cin ginasi. K`npwp L. Wikiniein& n`aiwi s`oiwi kpcien}i cixi cmwpbpl

l`xici qmfi}ie l`qpbpcin l`fdkxdl kinpsmi. N`aiwi iip sis` icifie sip pnm

xdfmml }ina k`kxpn}im l`cipfiin& inaapnabiqig cin lpisi k`nbifinlin eif

`eqif x`nicgmwin s`ncmwm.:

Cifik X`kgmniin N`aiwi Ginasi& n`aiwi mcil `womxi

c`nain s`kxpwni inxi l`qpbpcin mncmzmcp1. Eif mnm l`wini mncmzmcp k`wpxilin

pfina g`filina l`xici x`kginapnin s`s`gpie n`aiwi. Kinilifi ginasi k`wpxilin

sip l`sipin kinpsmi }ina emcpx cifik s`s`gpie n`aiwi cin k`npwp _dciwd&

ginasi mifie sip lpkxpfin g`siw }ina iefm+iefmn}i k`kxpn}im l`x`woi}iin gieiqi

k`w`li s`kpi `wmli iis isis x`wldnasmin mc`nmm s`giaim sip lpkxpfin iip

kis}iwili.5

Df`e }ina c`kmlmin s`oiwi l`s`fpwpein X`kgmniin N`aiwi Ginasi

k`wpbpl l`xici ldkgmnism kis}iwili cin n`aiwi }ina g`wjpnasm cifik qmfi}ie

}ina k`nalepsps s`kxicinn}i.

0_mzioeincwifmnaik _pncwi Wibi %9==:-. Sikicpn @wdxie. _eie Ifik2 Jibiw Gilm _cn. Gec. Efk97=.: Rpfemfkm Ximcm * Wdeinm Igcpf Aeinm. 7880.X`ncmcmlin N`aiwi Ginai. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 XS_Xpgfmoimdn * Cmswmgpdws _cn Gec. Efk ?91Mgmc. Efk ??5Mgmc. Efk ?3

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?.8 L@BI]IIN CIFIK XWD_@_ X@KGMNIIN N@AIWI GINA_I

?.9 L`k`wc`liin Jmfmxmni

Cifik x`kg`nplin n`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni iniwi l`bi}iin }ina gdf`e cm fmei

icifie Jmfmxmni k`noixim l`k`wc`liin qifipxpn x`fgiaim oigiwin `fie cm`kxpem

df`e kis}iwili Jmfmxmni. Eif mnm l`wini& Jmfmxmni `fie k`noixim l`k`wc`liin xici 3

Bpfim 9=3: s``fie k`ncixi l`k`wc`liin ciwmxici Ik`wmli _}iwmli.= Cifik

k`noixim l`k`wc`liin giam Jmfmxmni mnm `fie k`fifpm gin}il oigiwin kmsifn}i

qifipxpn xici kpfin}i pnpin pnpl k`ncixilin l`k`wc`liin mnm cm dfil `ixm

k`w`li mcil g`wxpps isi pnpl k`ncixilin l`k`wc`liin cin l`kpcminn}i giam

k`napilin pnpin mp& sip ldnaw`s l`k`wc`liin `fie cmicilin xici gpfin

J`gwpiwm iepn 9=?8.98 Df`e mp& cifik xwds`s pnpl k`ncixilin l`k`wc`liin sip

wdkgdnain l`k`wc`liin `fie cmeiniw l` Ik`wmli _}iwmli }ina cml`pim df`e

Wduis cin _`wamd Dsk`ni pnpl k`npnp l`k`wc`liin ciwmxici Ik`wmli _}iwmli

nikpn mcil g`wbi}i.

Kifie& s``fie g`g`wixi lifm Jmfmxmni k`naeiniw wdkgdnain pnpl k`npnp

l`k`wc`liin ilemwn}i cm`wmki s``fie wdkgdnain }ina cml`pim df`e Yp`rdn `fie

g`wbi}i k`ncixilin l`fpfpsin pncina+pncina S}cmnas+Kio Cpjjf` }ina

cml`kplilin df`e _`nidw Kmffmiwc @. S}cmnas cin inaadi ldnaw`s Bden Kio

Cpjjf`.99 _`fimn mp& s``fie k`ncixi l`k`wc`liin xici iepn 9=3:& Jmfmxmni `fie

k`kgpi x`wf`kgiaiin n`aiwi s``fie k`n`wmki g`g`wixi xmnciin cin x`wpgiein

k`namlp l`e`ncil k`w`li s`ncmwm cifik k`fmomnlin x`nicgmwin k`namlp iopin

k`w`li s`ncmwm. B`fisfie gieiqi Jmfmxmni g`wpsiei pnpl k`ncixilin l`k`wc`liin

ciwmxici Ik`wmli _}iwmli cifik k`kgmni n`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni.

= Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`. 9=17. _`biwie xdfmsml cin l`gpci}iin JmfmxmniBmfmc MM Jmfmxmni _`k`nbil_`winain Gwmsme. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. Efk. 37=.98 Iki Bdeiwm Kdimn . 9=:=. _`biwie Nimdnifmk` Kixemfmncd %Kifi}mi& Xemfmxxmn`& Mncdn`mi-.Lpifi Fpkxpw2 X`n`wgm Ppsin K`fi}p. Efk 30.99Mgmc. Efk. 3:.

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Jmfmxmni g`wbi}i k`kg`npl n`aiwi ginasi c`nain k`kx`wdf`e l`k`wc`liin

giam k`k`wmnie s`ncmwm n`aiwi qifipxpn kisme g`wici cifik x`k wmniein Ik`wmli

_}iwmli. Nikpn& mi `fie k`kg`wm x`fpina l`xici kis}iwili `kxiin pnpl

k`nicgmw s`ncmwm qifipxpn Jmfmxmni kisme cm giqie l`lpisiin x`nbibie. Nikpn&

xici iepn 9=30& s``fie B`xpn k`naifikm l`lifiein cifik x`wina cpnmi l`cpi cin

x`napncpwin `n`wi B`xpn ciwm Jmfmxmni `fie k`kg`wm x`fpina l`xici Jmfmxmni pnpl

k`nicgmw s`ncmwm n`aiwi xici 71 J`gwpiwm 9=3097 ixigmfi x`k`wmnie Jmfmxmni

cmemcpxlin s`kpfi nikpn mi gplin s`x`npen}i cmx`wmnie df`e kis}iwili `kxiin

l`wini l`ciinain hPnm`c Nimdns W`fm`j inc W`eigmfmimdn Ickmnmswimdnh

%PNWWI-. Xici 7? Ixwmf 9=3: s`f`xis x`wina cpnmi l`cpi Jmfmxmni `fie k`naicilin

xmfmein wi}i nikpn `wcixi gin}il kisifie }ina mkgpf s`emnaai k`n}pliwlin

x`nicgmwin l`wini l`k`ninain g`g`wixi dwina x`kmkxmn lmwm s`x`wm Fpms Siwpo cin

B`sps Fizi cifik xmfmein wi}i. _`fimn mp& kisifie }ina mkgpf bpai cms`giglin

g`wfilpn}i x`wx`oiein cifik Xiwm Niomdnifmsi `ldwin ciwmxici x`wgifiein cm iniwi

x`kmkxmn mimp Dsk`ni cin Wduis s`emnaai k`qpbpclin xiwm fimn mimp Xiwm

Fmg`wif.

_``fie g`g`wixi lifm xmfmein wi}i cmicilin nikpn l`k`ninain `ws`gp

icifie mcil icmf s`emnaaifie xici iepn 9=09& sip xmfmein wi}i cmicilin cin cmilpm

gieiqi cifik s`biwie Jmfmxmni mi k`wpxilin xmfmein wi}i }ina g`wsme l`wini x`winin

}ina cmfilplin df`e _`mipsiei X`wieinin n`aiwi mimp Wikdn Kiasi}si} }ina

k`naapnilin Inaliin cin 9088 dwina WDSO pnpl k`nbiai `kxi+`kxi

k`napncm spxi}i dwina }ina mnamn k`napncm g`wisi s`fiki.9? Df`e mp&

l`k`wc`liin }ina cmoixim df`e Jmfmxmni k`kgiqi l`xici x`kg`nplin n`aiwi

ginasi }ina mnamn g`gis ciwmxici o`nalikin x`nbibie.

97Mgmc. Efk. 03. Cmx`ml cifik C.A.@.Eiff2I Emsdw} dj _dpse @is Imi%Fdncdn& 9=:3& efk.59?-.9? Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`. 9=17. _`biwie xdfmsml cin l`gpci}iin Jmfmxmni. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisicin Xpsili. Efk 3?5.

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?.7 X`kg`nsplin W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni

W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni kpnopf s``fie l`wpnpein X`wina Cpnmi MM cm giqie x`k`wmniein

B`n`wif Kinp`f I. Wduis mimp s`dwina xiefiqin Jmfmxmni xici kisi x`wina93

.

Jmfmxmni icifie ciwmxici Ldkinq`f k`nbicm W`xpgfml kpnopf cifik l`iciin s`cmlm

lpoiw+liomw cin f`kie s`wi mcil g`wci}i l`wini x`npgpeinn}i icifie s`f`xis

x`wina cin gin}il l`kpsniein }ina `wxilsi cminaapna df`e n`aiwi Jmfmxmni.

Iniwi l`wpamin iip l`wdsilin }ina `wbicm cm Jmfmxmni icifie l`kpsniein ficina+

ficina& ginciw wi}i cin ginciw+ginciw cmx`npem c`nain l`wpnpein cin x`fgiaim fiam

l`kpsniein }ina `wxilsi cmifikm `wpikin}i l`xici kis}iwili Jmfmxmni.

W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni cin l`k`wc`liin n`aiwi Jmfmxmni cmms}meiwlin cm eicixin ?88&888

dwina cin cmmwmnam 79 cis `kgilin cin cmsilsmlin df`e 70 dwina x`kmkxmn ciwmxici

n`aiwi fpiw. X`wmsmqi g`ws`biwie mnm cmms}meiwlin xici 3 Bpfim 9=3:.90

X`kg`nplin W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni cifik xwds`s x`kg`nplin n`aiwi ginasi mnm

k`kg`wm l`bi}iin l`xici n`aiwi Jmfmxmni. L`bi}iin }ina cixi cmfmei k`fifpm xwds`s

x`kginapnin iip l`kibpin n`aiwi Jmfmxmni }ina g`wikgie kibp. _`fimn mp&

x`nicgmwin s`kilmn `wipw cin x`k`wmniein g`wodwil w`xpgfml c`kdlwism

cmbifinlin c`nain k`naikgmf odnde ciwmxici x`k`wmniein Ik`wmli _}iwmli.

X`nicgmwin }ina fmomn cin sms`kiml cifik x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi s`kisi

W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni cixi cmfmei s`kisi x`k`wmniein Xw`smc`n Wduis }ina g`wpsiei

k`kpfmelin `ldndkm W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni s`f`xis x`wina.9: Iniwi x`kpfmein }ina

cmfilplin cifik `ldndkm icifie k`naiqif mnjfism }ina s`kilmn mnaam s`wi

k`wpkpslin cisiw+cisiw fpiw W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni }ina kpci cin k`naplpelin fiam

93 Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`. 9=17. _`biwie Xdfmsml Cin L`gpci}iin Jmfmxmni 2 Jmfmxmni _`bil _`winainGwmsme. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi Cin Xpsili. Efk 37390Mgmcefk 37= Fmei bpai Aw`adwmi J. Rimc` %9=01-.Xemfmxxmn` Xdfmsmoif inc Opfspwif Emsdw}.Kinmfi2 Xemfmxxmn` @cpoimdn Odkxin}& Efk. ?::9: Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`. 9=17. _`biwie Xdfmsml Cin L`gpci}iin Jmfmxmni2 Jmfmxmni _`bil _`winainGwmsme. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi Cin Xpsili. Efk 3??

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epgpnain Jmfmxmni c`nain Ik`wmli. _`fimn mp x`kginapnin fpiw ginciw bpai pwp cm

giml xpfme s`f`xis W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni cmms}meiwlin. Iniwin}i icifie& kis}iwili fpiw

ginciw k`ncixi x`kg`fiin cin kpnopf k`nbicm xpsi x`weimin n`aiwi }ina

s`g`fpk mnm g`wici cifik l`iciin `wgmiw cin mcil cm`ncielin df`e L`pi X`nicgmw

%Oem`j @u`opsmz`-91 }ina `wciepfp. L`kpciein+l`kpciein pnpl l`s`f`siin

x`ncpcpl fpiw ginciw bpai `fie cms`cmilin s`x`wm x`wmam iip `kxi kincm& sms`k

x`naimwin& s`ldfie+s`ldfie& xpsi l`smeiin& gifim xdfms& l`kpciein+l`kpciein

iqik cin x`fgiaim fiam l`kpciein }ina `fie cms`cmilin pnpl l`s`f`siin. _`fimn mp

Kibfms K`s}piwi Fpiw Ginciw cmpgpelin mimp Ili W`xpgfml Nd. 938595. Kibfms

K`s}piwi `ws`gp g`wpbpin pnpl k`fime kis}iwili fpiw ginciw l` iwie

x`k`wmniein s`ncmwm cifik lifinain k`w`li cin k`kx`wl`niflin oiwi x`k`wmniein

s`oiwi c`kdlwism.

Cm sikxmna mp& W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni bpai g`wpsiei pnpl k`naaifillin dwina

Jmfmxmni iaiw k`naikgmf gieiamin cifik x`wnmiaiin cm x`wmnali n`a`wm cin n`aiwi.

Ldnaw`s `fie k`fpfpslin Pncina+pncina W`simf Swic` Nismdnifmrismdn %W.I. Nd

.9958-9= `fie cmpgpelin pnpl k`nbiai l`x`nmnain x`nmiai+x`nmiai mnm. X`wsipin

Nikiwod %Nismdnif Kiwl`smna Odwxdwismdn- bpai pwp cmpgpelin pnpl k`kginp

x`wpnom+x`wpnom cm Jmfmxmni. C`nain mnm b`fisfie x`nams}meiwin W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni

`fie gin}il k`kginp iip k`kpfmelin x`nicgmwin s`wi x`kginapnin n`aiwi

cifik x`kg`nplin N`aiwi Ginasi Jmfmxmni cin cixi cmfmei ciwm x`fgiaim isx`l

s`x`wm `ldndkm& xdfmml cin sdsmif.

91Mgmc. Efk 33995Mgmc. Efk 3379=Mgmc. Efk 335

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?.? L`kibpin cifik x`ncmcmlin

Cm Jmfmxmni& iniwi jildw }ina `fie k`n}`giglin l`bi}iin l`xici xwds`s x`kgmniin

n`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni icifie l`kibpin cifik sms`k x`ncmcmlin. X`wl`kginain

cifik x`ncmcmlin cm Jmfmxmni `fie k`npnbpllin l`kibpin }ina fpiw gmisi cifik

`kxde s`xpfpe iepn mimp s`g`fpk cin s`f`xis k`wc`li. Cifik iepn 9=3:& `wcixi

f`gme ciwmxici 97&888 gpie s`ldfie wil}i Jmfmxmni }ina k`kxpn}im 31&888 dwina

apwp cin f`gme ciwmxici 7&008&888 kpwmc kinilifi xici iepn 9=00 gmfinain mnm `fie

k`nmnali l`xici 70&:?9 gpie s`ldfie wil}i }ina k`n`kxilin =:& 035 apwp s`wi

lmwi+lmwi ?&0?0&70: kpwmc.78 _`fimn mnm bpai& cm Jmfmxmni bpai xici iepn 9=0179

`wcixi s`kgmfin gpie pnmz`wsmm.

Giam k`naplpelin n`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni mnm& `wcixi x`fgiaim x`wpgiein

}ina x`nmna }ina cmfilplin df`e xmeil x`nicgmwin cifik psiei pnpl k`niml iwij

sms`k x`ncmcmlin cm Jmfmxmni. Cm iniwi x`wpgiein }ina cmfilplin icifie c`nain

k`nbifinlin winoinain s`ldfie wil}i giam k`kg`wm spkginain l`xici wil}i

`wpikin}i cifik s`ldw `ldndkm& l`gpci}iin s`wi l`kis}iwiliin wil}i. _`fimn

mp bpai& l`wibiin W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni mnm bpai `fie k`kx`wl`niflin x`ncmcmlin `lnml

zdlismdnif cifik psiei pnpl k`nimliwijlin x`ncmcmlin. X`naibiwin iaiki bpai

pwp cmg`wm x`n`linin `wpikin}i l`xici s`ldfie wil}i. Cm sikxmna mp bpai&

x`wpgiein bpai cmfilplin c`nain f`gme k`nmmlg`wilin jieikin Jmfmxmni mimp

c`nain k`nbifinlin s`sm x`kg`fibiwin g`wcisiwlin l`xici oiwi emcpx kis}iwili

Jmfmxmni s`wi k`naibiw `nina l`emcpxin c`nain k`na``naielin liwinain+

liwinain }ina cmpfms df`e Cw. Wmrif. X`wpgiein }ina `wilemw }ina `fie

78Mgmc. Efk 309.79 ]ina `wpi icifie Pnmz`wsmm _ind Sedkis }ina `fie cmcmwmlin xici iepn 9:99 df`e xic`wmCdkmoin _`xin}df mimp 70 iepn f`gme pin ciwmxici Pnmz`wsmm Eiwziwc. Kinilifi Pnmz`wsmm n`aiwixpfi icifie Pnmz`wsmm Jmfmxmni cm ginciw wi}i Yp`rdn cin Pnmz`wsmm }ina `wg`siw cm Jmfmxmni cin cmIsmi S`naaiwi icifie Jiw @is`wn Pnmz`wsm} }ina gmfinain x`fibiw+x`fibiwn}i }ina cmcijiwlin cifikiepn 9=0:+9=01 g`wbpkfie f`gme ciwmxici ?8&888 dwina. Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`. 9=17. _`biwie Xdfmsml cinL`gpci}iin Jmfmxmni. Lpifi Fpkxpw 2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. Efk 309.

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cmfilsinilin df`e l`wibiin W`xpgfml mnm icifie c`nain k`qibmglin l`xici s`kpi

s`ldfie pnpl k`namgiwlin g`nc`wi n`aiwi Jmfmxmni c`nain x`npe msmici.

_`epgpnain c`nain mp& cifik iepn 9=03& Ldnaw`s `fie k`fpfpslin Ili W`xpgfml

Nd 9973 }ina `fie k`npgpelin sip F`kgiai X`fibiwin N`aiwi.77 F`kgiai mnm

cmpgpelin g`wpbpin pnpl k`wpkpslin cisiw+cisiw kifiki x`fibiwin Jmfmxmni

}ina pkpk cin k`winali winoinain cifik psiei pnpl k`kx`wgimlm sms`k

x`fibiwin cm Jmfmxmni.

Cm smnm cixi cmfmei gieiqi& cifik sms`k x`ncmcmlin cm Jmfmxmni& mi f`gme

k`na``naielin l`xici psiei pnpl k`kg`wm l`kpciein x`ncmcmlin l`xici s`kpi

wil}i n`aiwi mnm `wpikin}i `weicix wil}i }ina lpwina g`wl`kikxpin.

X`npgpein s`ldfie wil}i icifie g`wpbpin pnpl k`kg`fi nismg `wpikin}i

adfdnain giqiein pnpl k`ncixi l`kpciein x`ncmcmlin. Psiei }ina cmfilplin mnm

s`oiwi mcil finaspna cixi k`qpbpclin wil}i Jmfmxmni }ina g`wx`ncmcmlin mnaam

s`wi kikxp pnpl k`nicgmw n`aiwi xici kisi ilin ciina. _`fimn mp bpai&

x`n`linin cifik liwinain Cw Wmrif bpai `fie k`kgiqi l`xici l`ginalmin s`wi

l`s`ciwin wil}i `kxiin pnpl `wps kibp l` eicixin. Cm iniwi liwinain Cw Wmrif

}ina `fie cmbicmlin s`giaim wpbplin cifik x`fibiwin cm Jmfmxmni icifie cpi gpie

ndz`f }ina `wl`nif mimp Ndfm K` S`na`w` %9551- cin @f Jmfmgps`wmskd }ina

k`nc`cielin l`gpwplin x`k`wmniein _`xin}df cm Jmfmxmni.7? Df`e mp& mcil

eimwinfie bmli cm Jmfmxmni `wcixi wikim cifik lifinain adfdnain mn`f`lpif }ina

`fie k`n`wibpm sms`k x`nicgmwin cifik n`aiwi Jmfmxmni. Df`e }ina c`kmlmin&

b`fisfie cm smnm gieiqi l`kibpin cifik x`ncmcmlin k`wpxilin jildw x`nmna cifik

xwds`s x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi cm Jmfmxmni.

77 Mgmc. Efk 309.7? Iki Bdeiwm Kdimn. _`biwie Nimdnifmk` Kixemfincd % Kifi}mi+Xemfmxxmn`+Mncdn`mi-. LpifiFpkxpw 2 _}iwmli X`wo`ilin Ppsin K`fi}p G`weic. Efk 1.

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?.3 Epgpnain Fpiw

Cifik k`na`liflin l`s`fikiin cifik n`aiwi l`wibiin Jmfmxmni `fie k`nbifinlin

cisiw epgpnain fpiw c`nain g`g`wixi n`aiwi giam k`nbikmn l`k`wc`liin }ina `fie

cmoixim. Epgpnain fpiw kpfi cmbifinlin s`kisi Jmfmxmni mnamn k`ncixilin

x`namlmwijin l`k`wc`liin x`npe ciwm Ik`wmli. Epgpnain mnm `wbifin s`oiwi wiskm

s``fie S}cmna+KoCpjjm` cminciinainm df`e Xw`smc`n Wdds`z`f xici 73 Kio

9=?3.73 C`nain icin}i epgpnain fpiw c`nain Ik`wmli k`nbicmlin spisini cm cifik

n`aiwi f`gme s`fiki. Xmeil Ik`wmli bpai g`wmncil k`kg`wm ginpin iip k`kg`wm

pnbpl ibiw cifik pwpsin x`nicgmwin. Gplmn}i `fie qpbpc sip x`wf`kgiaiin }ina

k`n}`wpxim x`wf`kgiaiin Ik`wmli }ina cmg`npl xici iepn 93 K`m 9=?0.70 Cisiw

fpiw `fie cmfinbplin s`emnaai x`k`wmnie xici l`mli mp mimp Xw`smc`n Wduis icifie

c`nain k`filplin l`wbisiki c`nain l`wibiin Ik`wmli _}iwmli c`nain f`gme `wi.

L`wbisiki `ws`gp k`winalpkm g`wgiaim isx`l `wkisplfie isx`l `ldndkm& xdfmml&

sdsmif cin l``n`wiin. Gplmn}i xici 7= Bpn 9=08& Xw`smc`n Swpkin %Xw`smc`n

Ik`wmli _}iwmli- `fie k`napkpklin pnpl k`nc`naiw x`wkmniin ciwmxici

Xw`smc`n @fxmcmd Ypmwmnd c`nain k`naeiniw wdkgdnain }ina cml`pim df`e Cinm`f

Q. G`ff pnpl k`k`weimlin l`s`fpwpein smpism `ldndkm W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni.7:

Jmfmxmni bpai `fie k`ncixi ginpin l`qinain ciwmxici Ik`wmli s`gin}il 7888 bpi

wmnaam xici iepn 9=08 mimp s`f`xis Jmfmxmni cm mlmwij s`x`npen}i df`e Ik`wmli.71

_`f`xis Jmfmxmni k`noixim l`k`wc`liin n`aiwi Jmfmxmni `fie k`kimnlin

x`winin cifik k`nbifmnlin epgpnain iniwiginasi cifik eif `eqif xdfmml Smkdw

Bipe. N`aiwi Jmfmxmni cmliilin `fie fiki g`wami cifik Ginasi+ginasi G`wsip mimp

xici 98 Bpn 9=37 s`kisi cm giqie x`k`wmniein Xw`smc`n Yp`rdn c`nain

73 C.A.@.Eiff.9=59._`biwie Imi S`naaiwi. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. efk =?=.70Mgmc. Efk =387: Aiw`f I. Awpnc`w& Qmffmik @. Fmz`r }. 9=09. Se` Xemfmxxmn` inc Se` Pnms`c _sis`. Ndwkin2Pnmz`wsm} dj Dlfiedki Xw`ss& efk. 71:.71 C.A.@.Eiff.9=59._`biwie Imi S`naaiwi. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. efk 9998.

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k`ninciinainm x`nams}meiwin Ginasi+ginasi g`wsip.75 Epgpnain mnm `fie

cm`wpslin df`e Dsk`ni cm kini l`wibiin Jmfmxmni `fie gin}il k`naikgmf gieiamin

cifik pwpsin Ginasi+ginasi g`wsip. Iniwi x`nafmgiin Jmfmxmni k`naikgmf

gieiamin cifik k`winali xmiaik Ginasi+ginasi g`wsip cm _in+Jwinomsod& s`fimn mp

Jmfmxmni bpai `fie k`ninciinainm x`wbinbmin Gw`dn cin x`wbinbmin Ginasi+ginasi

G`wsip cifik l`wbi+l`wbi k`kginp x`kpfmein.7=

Sici iepn 9=08 l`wibiin Jmfmxmni `fie k`naikgmf finalie k`naicilin

sms`k x`wieinin pnpl liqisin Ismi mimp c`nain mcil k`naapnilin cisiw

Ik`wmli.?8

L`wibiin Jmfmxmni `fie k`n}`wim _@ISD mimp X`wpgpein X`wsipin

Ismi S`naaiwi. C`nain mnm gdf`e k`napwinalin l`g`wainpnain l`xici ginpin

Ik`wmli s`x`npen}i.

L`wibiin Jmfmxmni bpai `fie k`nbifmnlin epgpnain fpiw c`nain g`g`wixi

n`aiwi fpiw cin `fie k`filplin g`g`wixi x`wbinbmin x`nmna c`nain n`aiwi+n`aiwi

ismna. _`giaim odnde W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni `fie k`n`wmki l`eicmwin Xw`smc`n Oemni

mimp Xw`smc`n Oemina Lim _e`l xici Bpfim 9=3= cin Xw`smc`n Mncdn`smi mimp Xw`smc`n

_pliwnd xici Binpiwm 9=09.?9 Eif mnm b`fis k`npnbpllin `wcixi l`wbisiki }ina giml

iniwi W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni c`nain n`aiwi+n`aiwi fpiw.

?.0 X`kginapnin @ldndkm

Isx`l `ldndkm k`wpxilin sifie sip psiei }ina k`sm cmbifinlin giam

s`s`gpie n`aiwi `wpikin}i n`aiwi }ina giwp g`wl`wibiin s`ncmwm mimp s`f`xis

k`wc`li. N`aiwi }ina k`kmfmlm `ldndkm }ina sigmf gdf`e k`kgiqi s s`gpie

75 Eiwdfc K. Zmniol`&9=:1._`biwie Smkdw Bipe Cifik Rikin Kdc`n. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin GieisiCin Xpsili. Efk 9817.7=Mgmc. efk 9817.?8Mgmc. efk9813.?9Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`.9=01.Xemfmxxmn` Xdfmsmoif inc Opfspwif Emsdw}. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisicin Xpsili. efk. ?18.

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n`aiwi mp pnpl k`noixim n`aiwi }ina. @ldndkm cm Jmfmxmni `fie gin}il kpsnie

ilmgi ciwmxici l`kpsniein x`x`winain. Ilmgi g`wfilp x`x`winain Jmfmxmni& n`aiwi

`ws`gp `fie gin}il k`naeicixm oigiwin giam k`kginapnlin s`kpfi `ldndkm cm

n`aiwi `ws`gp. Gin}il xpnoi+xpnoi `ldndkm s`x`wm x`winmin& x`wfdkgdnain cin

s`giaimn}i `fie kpsnie ilmgi x`x`winain. X`x`winain bpai `fie k`n}`giglin

l`kpciein }ina `wcixi cm Jmfmxmni `fie kpsnie cin ilmgin}i giein k`nie mcil

cixi cmxisiwlin. G`g`wixi finalie `fie cm ikgmf giam k`nmnalilin l`kgifm

`ldndkm cm Jmfmxmni iniwin}i psiei }ina cmfilplin df`e Xw`smc`n Ypmwmnd& g`fmip

`fie g`wmncil k`naiism kisifie l`kmslmnin cm lifinain x`inm cin k`kx`wgimlm

eif+eif }ina g`wlimin c`nain inie& s`fimn mp bpai xdfmsm `ldndkm Ypmwmnd

k`naismnalin x`ninik+x`ninik xicm.?7

L`wibiin Jmfmxmni bpai `fie k`fpfpslin Ldnaw`s pncina+pncina x`kpfmein

Jmfmxmni xici iepn 9=3: cin pncina+pncina x`wciainain Jmfmxmni xici iepn 9=3:.

L`cpi+cpi pncina+pncina mnm g`wpbpin k`kginapnlin l`kgifm Jmfmxmni cin

k`kibplin `ldndkm Jmfmxmni.?? _`fimn pncina+pncina }ina cmfpfpslin& l`wibiin

Ik`wmli bpai `fie g`ws`pbp k`kgi}iw ainm wpam l`wdsilin x`x`winain cin

k`kgimlm l`kgifm l`kpciein }ina `fie kpsnie.

_`kisi c`lic x`wiki cm giqie x`k`wmniein W`xpgfml& `fie kpnopfn}i `wi

x`wmncpswmin cm Jmfmxmni. _`k`nbil iepn 9=3: s`kilmn gin}il lmfina `fie

cmginapnlin cin x`wliwi mnm `fie cmn}iilin s`x`wm x`wainpnain x`wipsin g`siw

n`aiwi icifie xici giwina }ina cmmkxdw. X`wpkgpein x`wmncpswmin+x`wmncpswmin

icifie s`x`wm lmfina ifpkmnmpk& lmfina gi`wm& lmfina limn& lmfina xilp cin qi}iw&

lmfina k`n}iwmna kmn}il& lmfina o`wp cin wdldl& lmfina k`ndf cin fikxp

lifmkinina& lmfina a`ie cin i}iw& lmfina oi cin s`giaimn}i. X`wpkgpein lmfina+

?7 C.A.@.Eiff.9=59._`biwie Imi S`naaiwi. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. efk 9999.?? Eiwdfc K. Zmniol`&9=:1._`biwie Smkdw Bipe Cifik Rikin Kdc`n. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin GieisiCin Xpsili. Efk9801.

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lmfina mnm `fie k`kg`wm x`fpina x`l`wbiin l`xici `niai l`wbi Jmfmxmni cin `fie

k`napwinalin x`naifmwin l`fpiw kii qina l` fpiw n`aiwi.

?.: X`nsicgmwin Adfdnain X`k`wmnsie.

L`bi}iin cifik xwds`s x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi cm Jmfmxmni s`bil k`wc`li s`emnaai

iepn 9=58+in mifie x`nicgmwin adfdnain x`k`wmnie. X`kmkxmn }ina x`wiki

k`nbicm Xw`smc`n W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni s`f`xis k`noixim l`k`wc`liin mifie Kinp`f

I.Wduis xici iepn 9=3:+9=35. G`fmip k`wpxilin s`dwina iefm xiwfmk`n }ina

g`wgili& isliw cin iefm `ldndkm }ina g`wl`gdf`ein.?3 Sikgiein fiam&

inaapnabiqign}i l`xici N`aiwi Jmfmxmni iki b`fis l`fmeiin l`wini g`fmip

g`wpsiei c`nain g`wspnaape+spnaape pnpl k`kpfmelin l`iciin `ldndkm N`aiwi

s`f`xis X`wina Cpnmi l`cpi. Eif mnm l`wini& s`f`xis x`wina `ldndkm cm Jmfmxmni mcil

sigmf cin k`naifikm gin}il l`wpamin. _`fimn mp bpai& Wduis `fie k`napwpslin

x`nicgmwin N`aiwi cifik k`naiqif l`iciin mnjfism }ina s`kilmn k`nmnali&

k`n`ixlin l`s`mkginain kii qina& k`filsinilin cisiw+cisiw fpiw W`xpgfml

Jmfmxmni cin k`napilin fiam epgpnain Jmfmxmni c`nain Ik`wmli.

Xw`smc`n W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni }ina l`cpi s`f`xis l`kimin Wduis mifie @fxmcmd

Ypmwmnd xici iepn 9=35+9=0?. G`fmip k`wpxilin Nimg Xw`smc`n W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni

xici x`k`wmniein Wduis.?0 Cifik x`nicgmwin Ypmwmnd& g`fmip k`kxpn}im cpi

kifiki mimp k`kgmni s`kpfi `ldndkm N`aiwi cin x`kpfmein s`kpfi l`x`woi}iin

cin l`}ilmnin wil}i l`xici l`wibiin.?: G`fmip `fie k`npgpelin bigiin pnpl

k`napwinalin x`nc`wmiin kis}iwili Jmfmxmni }ina kmslmn& k`kg`wm lemcki

nismei l`xici gpwpe& k`ndfdna x`inm+x`inm k`nbpif inikin+inikin k`w`li&

?3 Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`. 9=17. _`biwie Xdfmsml cin L`gpci}iin Jmfmxmni. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisicin Xpsili. Efk 3??.?0Mgmc& efk 371.?:Mgmc. Efk 3?0

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k`n}`fikilin wil}i Jmfmxmni ciwmxici x`kmnbik+x`kmnbik qina }ina x`nmxp cin

s`giaimn}i. _`giaim odnde& XIO_I mimp Xw`smc`ns Iomdn Odkkm`` dn _domif

Ik`fmdwimdn %Biqiinlpisi Smncilin Xw`smc`n Iis L`kibpin Kis}iwili- pnpl

k`napwinalin l`s`nasiwiin cin x`nc`wmiin wil}i Jmfmxmni.?1 G`fmip bpai `fie

g`wpsiei pnpl k`naiism kisifie l`kmslmnin cifik x`winmin cin k`kx`wgimlm

eif+eif inie?5 giam k`nbiai l`gibmlin wil}i cin k`n}pkginalin `ldndkm N`aiwi

s`wi k`nmnali x`ncixiin wil}i.

_`fimn mp& Xw`smc`n W`xpgfml Jmfmxmni }ina l`mai mifie Wikdn Kiasi}si}

xici iepn 9=0?+9=:0. G`fmip `fie k`npgpelin sip biqiinlpisi pnpl k`n`wmki

icpin cin k`n}misi icpin }ina cmfilplin df`e wil}i Jmfmxmni s`x`wm XOIO

%Xw`smc`nmif Odkxfimn inc Iomdn Odkkm``-.?= Biqiinlpisi mnm k`ncixi

sikgpin }ina k`naaifillin ciwmxici wil}i Jmfmxmni c`nain x`fgiaim kisifie }ina

cmfpielin cm cifik spwi cin cmeiniw l` x`bigi XOIO. Cm sikxmna mp& g`fmip bpai

`fie k`napwinalin x`wg`finbiin cifik kibfms sikgpin }ina k`kgirmwlin qina

N`aiwi.38 Eif mnm l`wini& giam k`kismlin qina N`aiwi cmapnilin pnpl

x`kginapnin cin l`gibmlin wil}i Jmfmxmni. G`fmip bpai `fie k`fiwina k`nikilin

bifin wi}i }ina cmemism c`nain xdldl& bikgiin& k`cin xisiw ginciw cin fimn+fimn

`kxi c`nain k`naapnilin nikin}i. Sikgiein fiam& g`fmip `fie k`finml

lilminain }ina g`wgili cin g`wxd`nsm cmwm cifik k`kibplin l`wibiin }ina

k`kxpn}im l`fi}ilin cifik gmcina l``n`wiin& ldf`b& cin s`giaimn}i. G`fmip bpai

k`napwinalin wispie cin k`kg`wsmelin x`bigi lisik cifik x`kgieiamin

x`wpliwin+x`wpliwin fpiw n`a`wm. B`fisfie gieiqi x`nicgmwin }ina cmfilplin df`e

xiwi x`k`wmnie x`nmna cifik x`kg`nplin n`aiwi ginasi.

?1Mgmc. Efk 3?0?5 C.A.@.Eiff.9=59._`biwie Imi S`naaiwi. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili.efk 9999?= Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`. 9=17. _`biwie Xdfmsml cin L`gpci}iin Jmfmxmni. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisicin Xpsiili. Efk 33838Mgmc& Efk 339

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3.8 L@F@KIEIN CIFIK XWD_@_ X@KGMNIIN N@AIWI GINA_I

JMFMXMNI.

3.9 Lwmm Xdfmsml cm Jmfmxmni

Iniwi l`f`kiein }ina cixi cmfmei cifik x`kg`nplin n`aiwi ginasi icifie

g`wfilpn}i lwmsms xdfmml }ina k`fmgilin cpi gpie xiwm mimp Xiwm Niomdnifmsi cin

Xiwm Fmg`wif kifie cifik xiwm `ws`gp bpai g`wfilp x`wx`oiein }ina k`kgiqi

l`xici x`wgifiein l`wini cifik s`s`gpie xiwm `ws`gp k`kx`wfmeilin gieiqi

s`s`dwina gdf`e g`wpliw xiwm inxi ici s`liin kmsifn}i J`wcmninc Kiwods `fie

k`filplin x`n}`f`q`nain cifik xiwm Fmg`wif cin g`fmip `fie l`fpiw Xiwm `ws`gp

cin k`kisplm Xiwm Niomdnifmsi kifie `fie k`k`ninam x`noifdnin cifik xmfmein

wi}i 9=:3.39 _`fimn mp& cixi cmfmei gieiqi x`n}`f`q`nain }ina g`wfilp cifik

xdfmml Jmfmxmni k`n}`giglin l`gin}ilin x`n}`f`q`na Xiwm Niomdnifmsi kispl l`

Xiwm Fmg`wif xici iepn 9=:9 s``fie Xiwm Fmg`wif k`naifikm l`lifiein cin

ilemwn}i k`nmkgpflin kisifie.37

Lwmsms xdfmml mnm `fie k`kx`naiwpem l`iciin xdfmml qifipxpn xici kisi mp

spcie g`wfilp xmfmein wi}i l`wini s`mix xiwm xdfmml g`wpsiei pnpl k`wime pncm

ciwmxici x`napncm iaiw k`napncm k`w`li. Eif mnm k`npnbpllin gieiqi s`mix xiwm

g`wx`aina `ape x`ncmwmin kismna+kismna qifipxpn xici isifn}i l`qpbpcin Xiwm

Fmg`wif cin Xiwm Niomdnifmsi icifie ciwmxici wpkxpn }ina siki. Mnm l`wini&

x`naisis Xiwm Fmg`wif icifie ciwm adfdnain kis}iwili }ina siki c`nain x`naisis

Xiwm Niomdnifmsi.3? X`fgiaim kisifie mkgpf `ldwin ciwmxici x`namlp+x`namlp xiwm

}ina ein}i k`wpxilin ein}i s`gieiamin l`omf ciwmxici x`napncm }ina l`gin}ilin

mcil `wipw cin mcil k`n}`wim sms`k xiwm s`emnaai g`wfilp l`mcilxpisin eim

`weicix l`xppsin pncmin.

39 Dndjw` C. Odwxpr. 9=57.Jmfmxmni. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili Efk 97:.37Mgmc. Efk 97:.3?Mgmc. Efk.99:.

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X`wsdifin `nina l`lifiein xiwm kibdwmm gplin cms`giglin df`e l`lpiin

xmeil x`kginalina `ixm cms`giglin x`wisiin l`o`qi cin g`nom x`napncm+x`napncm

`weicix xiwm }ina k`k`wmnie k`filplin gin}il l`sifiein s`emnaai k`n}`giglin

xiwm kibdwmm k`naifikm l`lifiein.33 B`fisfie gieiqi& cms`giglin x`w`gpin lpisi

iniwi xiwm cin l`smfixin }ina cmgpi df`e xmeil x`k`wmnie cm Jmfmxmni `fie

k`n}`giglin g`wfilp x`wx`oiein cifik kis}iwili Jmfmxmni cin cms`giglin kisifie

`ws`gp& x`kg`nplin n`aiwi ginasi cm Jmfmxmni mcil g`wbi}i l`wini mici l`wbisiki

cm iniwi kis}iwili cifik k`kg`npl n`aiwi ginasi.

3.7 X`wpncinain ]ina f`kie

Cm Jmfmxmni jildw }ina k`kgiqi l`xici l`aiaifin x`kg`nplin n`aiwi ginasi

icifie cms`giglin x`wpncinain }ina f`kie. Xici iepn 9=3:& Jmfmxmni `fie

cmg`gislin ciwmxici l`xdkxdna ldfdnmif Ik`wmli _}iwmli. _``fie Jmfmxmni

k`noixim l`k`wc`liin xici 3 Bpfim 9=3: cm giqie x`k`wmniein Xw`smc`n

x`wikin}i mimp Wduis30& Jmfmxmni kisme fiam g`wici cm ikgina x`wadfilin cin

x`k`wmniein s`wi sms`k x`wpncinain kisme fiam f`kie. Ik`wmli _}iwmli

k`kx`wl`niflin x`wpncinain cin x`filsiniin cisiw cm Jmfmxmni c`nain k`finoiwlin

g`g`wixi cisiw }ina k`n}`giglin l`mcil xpisin eim x`ncpcpl Jmfmxmni s`ncmwm

l`w`ni cisiw `ws`gp l`bik cin mcil k`kxpn}im smji xwml`kinpsmiin. Cisiw+cisiw

}ina cmgpi df`e Ik`wmli s`cmlm s`gin}il k`kg`wm mkxil l`xici x`k`wmniein

Jmfmxmni s`emnaai l`iciin mnm k`n}`giglin l`aiaifin Jmfmxmni pnpl k`noixim

x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi }ina kinix cin `wipw.

X`wpncinain }ina f`kie mnm gdf`e cmfmei bpai s`qilp x`k`wmniein Xw`smc`n

Kiasi}si} k`nbifinlin cisiw inm+Ldkpnms cin cisiw mnm g`wlim wixi c`nain l`k

33Mgmc. Efk. 971.30 C.A.@ Eiff. 9=59. _`biwie Imi S`naaiwi. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili .Efk =35

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9:

Giwi `wpikin}i Ik`wmli _}iwmli. K`fifipm x`filsiniin cisiw mnm x`ncpcpl

Jmfmxmni kpfi k`kg`npl x`wsipin x`wieinin s`ncmwm cin Xw`smc`n Kiasi}si}

k`wpxilin sifie s`dwina x`naisis _@ISD mimp _dpe`is Ismin Sw`i}

Dwainmrimdn.3: X`filsiniin }ina cmgpi cin cmx`ws`pbpm df`e Xw`smc`n Kiasi}si}

mnm mcil k`kgpielin eismf l`wini cisiw mnm k`nmkgpflin l`mcilxpisin eim

kis}iwili Jmfmxmni s``wpsn}i k`kgiqi l`xici x`kg`wdndllin adfdnain

Epgifieix cin cifik x`kg`wdnillin mnm Xw`smc`n Kiasi}si} `fie cmgpnpe df`e

a`wmfi `ws`gp. _`fimn mp bpai& x`wpncinain }ina f`kie mnm gdf`e bpai cmfmei s`qilp

x`k`wmniein J`wcmninc Kiwods }ina s`nmisi k`nams}meiwlin ciwpwi cin pncina+

pncina `n`wi cm Jmfmxmni.31 L`iciin mnm k`kx`naiwpem l`aiaifin x`kgmniin n`aiwi

ginasi l`wini xwds`s x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi k`k`wfplin x`wxicpin s`kpi

kis}iwili cin x`n}`wiin kis}iwili sinai cmx`wfplin giam k`kismlin

x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi k`nbicm sip w`ifmm cm Jmfmxmni.

3.? Kiifie Wipie

Mkxmin Jmfmxmni pnpl k`noixim l`sipin cifik x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi s`cmlm

`wapai ixigmfi wispe s`kilmn g`wf`fpisi s`qilp x`k`wmniein xw`smc`n Wduis cin

Kiasi}si}. Wispie mnm bpai `wps k`nbicm a`bifi ixigmfi Xw`smc`n Kiasi}si} `fie

k`nmnaaif cpnmi. X`n}`f`q`nain g`wfilp cm iniwi xiwm Fmg`wif c`nain Xiwm

Nismdnifmsi. L`cpi+cpi xiwm mnm k`kgpi x`n}`f`q`nain giam k`kismlin oifdn

k`w`li k`nina cifik xmfmeinwi}i pnpl k`kmfme Xw`smc`n giwp Jmfmxmni. Xiwm+xiwm cm

Jmfmxmni gin}il k`naeismflin x`n}`f`q`nain cin x`kmkxmn+x`kmkxmn xdfmml cm

3: _@ISD k`wpxilin sip winoinain Ik`wmli _}iwmli pnpl k`fiqin x`n}`giwin mc`dfdam ldkpnms}ina s`kilmn g`wf`fpisi cm Ismi S`naaiwi c`nain x`wpgpein x`wieinin s`winip mnm kikxpcmbicmlin cmncmna pnpl k`n}`li l`kisplin cin l`kiwiin Ldkpnms ciwmxici k`napisim IsmiS`naaiwi.31 Ioekic Kpnmj. 7881. 08 Sdlde Xdfmsml F`a`nciwm Cpnmi. ]da}iliwi2 X`n`wgm Niwism. efk ??

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Jmfmxmni bpai s`nmisi k`n}`f`q`na35 c`nain k`kg`wmlin mkgpein l`xici

kis}iwili giam k`kismlin k`w`li k`nina s`qilp cifik xmfmein wi}i s``wpsn}i

g`wbi}i k`nicgmw Jmfmxmni cin cpcpl cm l`wpsm xiwfmk`n Jmfmxmni.

_`fimn mp bpai& s`qilp x`k`wmniein Xw`smc`n Ifxmdcmd Ypmwmnd& Nimg

Xw`smc`n @kkinp`f X`fi`r `fie k`n}`f`q`na l` Xiwm Nismdnifmsi xici

x`w`naiein x`naaif Ldnaw`s df`e l`wini x`ws`fmsmein `nina cisiw c`nain wilinn}i

mimp Xw`smc`n Kioixiaif cifik xmfmeinwi}i iepn 9=:9.3= X`n}`f`q`nain }ina

s`g`amnm mcil k`kgpielin x`wxicpin cm iniwi kis}iwili cm Jmfmxmni. L`iciin mnm

s`oiwi mcil finaspna mcil k`kginp Jmfmxmni cifik mkxmin pnpl k`n}iplin

Jmfmxmni cin s``wpsn}i kikxp k`kgmni x`kgmniin n`aiwi+n`aiwi ginasinn}i }ina

`ws`ncmwm. X`n}`f`q`nain cm iniwi xiwm+xiwm cm Jmfmxmni mcil g`wilemw s`emnaaifie

l`xici x`k`wmniein Xw`smc`n Kiwods }ina s`cmlm s`gin}il kikxp k`kpfmelin

l`iciin xdfmml cm Jmfmxmni. Wispie }ina g`wf`fpisi mnm `fie k`fikgilin xwds`s

x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni cin kis}iwili bpai k`nbicm emfina iwie s`emnaai

k`kgiqi l`xici x`wina cmnamn }ina g`wfinbpin s`emnaai g`g`wixi iepn fikin}i.

3.3 L`wpamin Ilmgis X`wina Cpnmi MM

Jmfmxmni s`f`xis l`k`wc`liin s`nmisi g`wpsiei pnpl k`nmnalilin x`wxicpin iniwi

kis}iwili k`w`li cin mnamn k`kismlin kis}iwili Jmfmxmni mcil g`wkisifie

cifik k`noixim l`finaspnain emcpx k`w`li s`giaim wil}i Jmfmxmni }ina k`wc`li.

Nikpn g`amp& jmfmxmni s`lifm fiam k`naifikm l`aiaifin ixigmfi Jmfmxmni `wxilsi

k`ninaapna l`wpamin ilmgi X`wina Cpnmi l`+7. Jmfmxmni k`naifikm l`wdsilin }ina

cies}i df`e xmeil B`xpn s`kisi X`wina Cpnmi MM. Jmfmxmni k`ninaapna l`wpamin

35 Dndjw` C. Odwxpr.9=57. Jmfmxmni. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. Efk 9703=Mgmc. efk 970

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s`gin}il # 5&81=&:73&888 %9:&90=&735&888 X`sd-.08 L`iciin mnm bpai k`naaicim

gin}il n}iqi kinpsmi }ina cminaaiwlin s`wikim 9&999&=?5 n}iqi.09 @ldwin

ciwmxici mnm& xwds`s x`kgminiin n`aiwi ginasi `wa`ncifi cin k`k`wfplin

x`nicgmwin }ina lplpe pnpl k`na`kgifmlin x`kgmniin l`kgifm jmfmxmni. Wduis

k`n`wmki pais mnm k`kpfmelin l`kgifm `ldndkm eismf x`nmnaaifin B`xpn }ina `fie

k`winixlin Jmfmxmni s`emnaai k`n}`giglin Jmfmxmni k`k`wfplin sip cmk`nsm }ina

giwp giam k`nmnalilin x`kgmniin n`aiwin}i.

3.0 Lwmm x`ncmcmlin

Cifik xwds`s k`kg`npl n`aiwi ginasi& `wcixi g`g`wixi l`f`kiein }ina `wcixi

cifik n`aiwi Jmfmxmni }ina `wn}ii cixi k`naapai x`wbifinin xwds`s mnm. Cm iniwi

l`f`kiein cifik xwds`s x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni icifie lwmsms x`ncmcmlin

}ina cms`giglin df`e x`wina cpnmi l`cpi. X`wina cpnmi l`cpi mnm `fie k`kgpilin

l`kpciein mnjwiswplpw cm s`ldfie kpsnie cin k`n}pliwlin xwds`s x`kg`fibiwin.

K`npwp simsml }ina cml`fpiwlin& 58 ciwmxici ginapnin+ginapnin s`ldfie&

kilkif s`wi x`wigd gmnisi cin lds x`kgmniin s`kpfi ginapnin s`ldfie mnm `fie

k`kilin g`finbi f`gme ciwmxici 97:&888&888 x`sds.07 _`f`xis n`aiwi Jmfmxmni

k`noixim l`k`wc`liin& g`wmgp+wmgp linil+linil `wxilsi g`fibiw cm xdncdl+xdncdl

inxi k`kxpn}im l`kpciein s`x`wm l`wpsm cin xixin emik.

_`oiwi mcil finaspna& l`sin ciwmxici x`wina cpnmi l`cpi `fie k`n}`giglin

g`wfilpn}i lwmsms x`ncmcmlin }ina `fie k`n}`giglin sms`k x`ncmcmlin k`nbicm

f`kie cms`giglin df`e l`kpsniein xici l`kpciein mnjwiswplpw. @ldwin ciwmxici

kisifie mnm `fie k`n}`giglin wil}i `kxiin Jmfmxmni mcil cixi k`nmlkim

08 Aw`adwmd J. Rimc`. 9=17. _`biwie Xdfmsml cin L`gpci}iin Jmfmxmni Bmfmc MM Jmfmxmni _`k`nbil_`winain Gwmsme. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. Efk 3??09Mgmc. efk 3??07Mgmc. Efk 3?9.

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l`kpciein x`ncmcmlin }ina cms`cmilin. Df`e mp& lwmsms x`ncmcmlin mnm `fie

k`kgiqi l`xici l`f`kiein cifik xwds`s x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi cm Jmfmxmni. Eif

mnm l`wini& cifik x`kg`nplin s`gpie n`aiwi ginasi& x`ncmcmlin k`wpxilin isx`l

`wx`nmna cin x`wfp cmpikilin. Df`e }ina c`kmlmin& b`fisfie gieiqi lwmsms cifik

x`ncmcmlin `fie k`kgiqi l`xici l`f`kiein xwds`s x`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi cm

Jmfmxmni.

3.: L`iciin @ldndkm ]ina Smcil _`mkgina

X`kg`npl N`aiwi Ginasi Jmfmxmni spliw pnpl cmw`ifmsismlin ilmgi ciwmxici

l`iciin `ldndkm }ina mcil s`mkgina cm Jmfmxmni. Qifipxpn Jmfmxmni `fie fiki

qpbpcn}i gmgm+gmgm x`kg`nplin N`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni eismf ciwmxici x`naifikin

wil}in}i k`ncixi x`fpina k`k`wmnie }ina f`gme fiki g`wgincmna n`aiwi+n`aiwi

bibiein fimn& wil}i Jmfmxmni kisme fiam g`wainpna eiwix l`xici Ik`wmli _}iwmli

`wpikin}i ciwm s`am `ldndkm. Eif mnm cixi cmgplmlin k`fifpm x`wgieisin }ina

cmpiwilin df`e Xipf Z. Konp xici 90 J`gwpiwm 9=3: l`xici Biqiinlpisi Ldnaw`s

}ina k`n}iilin gieiqi s`bil s`g`fpk x`wina fiam Ik`wmli _}iwmli `fie

k`napisim =0 ciwmxici x`wciainain `lsxdw l`opifm g`wis cin mlin }ina k`nbicm

l`x`wfpin `kxiin }ina k`kgiqi l`pnpnain s`gin}il #7::&888&888 eismf

ciwmxici l`fpiwin `lsxdw s`lifm aps k`n}`giglin Jmfmxmni g`wainpna gpfi+gpfi

l`xici xisiwin Ik`wmli _}iwmli.0? X`wainpnain s`x`npen}i l`xici Ik`wmli

_}iwmli mnm pwp k`n}`giglin l`iciin `ldndkm Jmfmxmni pwp k`naifikm

l`k`wdsdin ilmgi l`gin}ilin spkg`w+spkg`w `ldndkm cm Jmfmxmni cmkdndxdfm df`e

Ik`wmli _}iwmli s`lifm aps k`n}pliwlin x`kg`nplin N`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni }ina

lpi.

0? Eiwdfc K. Zmniol`. 9=:1. _`biwie Smkdw Bipe Cifik Rikin Kdc`n. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qinGieisi cin Xpsili. efk. 9801.

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_`fimn mp& l`iciin `ldndkm s`kilmn mcil s`mkgina c`nain k`nmnalin}i

ikifin wispie cifik lifinain x`kmkxmn+x`kmkxmn Jmfmxmni s`ncmwm. Gplmn}i&

s`gmfinain adfdnain+adfdnain l`omf mfpswicd `fie k`napisim l`gin}ilin eiwi cin

lpisi Jmfmxmni mnm k`n}`giglin `ldndkm N`aiwi Jmfmxmni s`kilmn mcil s`mkgina.03

Eif mnm k`n}`giglin g`wfilpn}i x`kgieiamin l`li}iin }ina mcil s`mkgina iniwi

adfdnain iwmsdlwi c`nain adfdnain wil}i gmisi. L`iciin mnm k`nbicm s`kilmn

gpwpl ixigmfi pin+pin inie cin x`na`lsxdw+x`na`lsxdw Jmfmxmni }ina li}i

k`ncixi ji`cie+ji`cie ciwmxici xisiwin }ina cmfmncpnam df`e Ik`wmli _}iwmli.00

L`iciin mnm s`kilmn k`nmnalilin bpwina `ldndkm cm iniwi adfdnain iisin c`nain

adfdnain wil}i gmisi s`x`wm x`inm. L`mcilxpisin eim wil}i gmisi mnm `weicix

adfdnain x`k`wmnie k`n}`giglin s`wmna g`wfilp x`kg`wdnilin cin sifie jieik

iniwi k`w`li. Eif mnm bpai k`n}`giglin mcil qpbpcn}i x`ws`jieikin cin

x`ws`xicpin cm iniwi adfdnain iwmsdlwi cin wil}i gmisi s`lifm aps k`n}pliwlin

x`kg`nplin N`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni }ina lpi.

3.1 X`kg`wdnsilin Eplgifmeix

_ifie sip x`naeifina l`xici x`kgmniin N`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni mifie

x`kg`wdnilin }ina s`wmna g`wfilp cm Jmfmxmni. _ifie sip x`kg`wdnilin }ina s`wmna

g`wfilp k`fmgilin a`wilin Eplgifmeix. A`wilin Eplgifmeix mnm k`wpxilin a`wilin

a`wmfi }ina k`nbicm x`no`ps l`lioipin cm gieiamin `naie Xpfip Fprdn cin

cmxmkxmn df`e Ldkpnms xici iqifn}i k`wpxilin S`n`wi Wil}i K`n`nina

B`xpn.0:

_`f`xis B`xpn k`nmnaaiflin Jmfmxmni& a`wilin mnm f`gme o`nc`wpna

03 Bden Gismn& Eiww} B. G`nci. %9=11-. _`biwie Imi S naaiwi Kdc`n2 X`nbibiein Nimdnifmki cinL`gmbibiein. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. Efk 79:.00Mgmc. 7950: Eiwdfc K. Zmniol` %9=:1-. _`biwie Smkdw Bipe Cifik Rikin Kdc`n. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qinGieisi cin Xpsili. Efk. 98:7.

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k`n}piwilin `ninain l`xici x`kmkxmn cin pin inie }ina g`wspgiei c`nain

B`xpn s`qilp x`ncpcplin B`xpn cm Jmfmxmni.

A`wilin Eplgeifmeix mnm `fie gin}il k`filplin x`kg`wdnilin cm Jmfmxmni

cms`giglin l`mcilxpisin eim `weicix pin inie }ina k`nmncis kis}iwili ciwm

adfdnain x`inm. X`no`ps l`xici x`kg`wdnilin s`oiwi a`wmfi df`e a`wilin

Eplgeifmeix mnm ixigmfi a`wilin Eplgeifmeix mcil g`wbi}i k`noixim lpisi xdfmml

k`fifpm xwds`s x`napncmin. Eif mnm k`kilsi a`wilin Eplgeifmeix mnm k`ncixilin

l`lpisiin xdfmml s`oiwi a`wmfi iipxpn x`kg`wdnilin. X`kg`wdnilin k`w`li

`weicix l`wibiin Jmfmxmni g`wkpfi ciwm epbpna iepn 9=38 s`emnaai iqif iepn 9=08

g`wkpfi ciwm x`nalifin+x`nalifin k`w`li cm fpiw Ginciw mimp cm Fprdn S`naie

s`emnaailin k`w`li eikxmw+eikxmw k`nainoik ginciw wi}i Kinmfi.01

X`kg`wdnilin }ina cmfilplin df`e a`wilin Eplgeifmeix mnm `fie k`n}`giglin

l`s`fikiin wil}i `winoik. L`iciin mnm bpai pwp k`kginplin xwds`s

x`kgmniin N`aiwi ginasi cm Jmfmxmni.

X`kg`wdnilin }ina cmfilplin df`e A`wilin Eplgeifmeix mnm bpai pwp

k`n}`giglin pin+pin inie k`npgpelin X`naiqif Iqik giam k`nbikmn

l`s`fikiin inie+inie k`w`li }ina g`wl`x`nmnain.05 Eif mnm k`n}`giglin

x`kg`wdnilin iniwi l`cpi+cpi xmeil mimp a`wilin Eplgeifmeix cin l`wibiin

Jmfmxmni s`kilmn k`wpnomna cin l`kimin s`wi l`lioipin s`kilmn k`nbicm+bicm cm

Jmfmxmni l`mli mp. Spin+pin inie k`npgpelin X`naiqif Iqik k`k`winam

x`kg`wdnilin s`kii+kii pnpl k`nbiai l`x`nmnain k`w`li kinilifi a`wilin

Eplgeifmeix k`naicilin x`kg`wdnilin g`ws`nbii pnpl k`naeixpslin lipk

j`pcif }ina kisme fiam qpbpc cm cifik sms`k `ldndkm cm Jmfmxmni.

01Bden Gismn& Eiww} B. G`nci. 9=11. _`biwie Imi S`naaiwi Kdc`n2 X`nbibiein Nimdnifmki cinL`gmbibiein. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qin Gieisi cin Xpsili. Efk. 791.05 Eiwdfc K. Zmniol` .9=:1. _`biwie Smkdw Bipe Cifik Rikin Kdc`n. Lpifi Fpkxpw2 C`qinGieisi cin Xpsili. Efk. 98:3

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_`fimn mp& x`kg`wdnilin Eplgeifmeix s`kilmn e`gi g`wfilp ixigmfi

Xw`smc`n Wduis `fie k`nbifinlin x`k`wmniein s`oiwi l`l`wisin s`giaimkini }ina

`fie cmfilplin df`e Xw`smc`n Yp`rdn.0=

Iniwi mncilin }ina cmfilplin df`e

Xw`smc`n Wduis mnm mifie k`naeifina g`g`wixi dwina oifdn x`kginalina iniwin}i

x`kmkxmn Eplgeifmeix& Epls Fpms Siwpo ciwmxici k`ncixi l`wpsm cm cifik c`qin

x`wpncinain. Eif mnm k`n}`giglin a`wilin Eplgeifmeix k`naa`si x`kg`wdnilin

g`siw+g`siwin cm Jmfmxmni. Eif mnm bpai pwp k`nbicm x`n}`gig piki l`spliwin

k`qpbpclin N`aiwi ginasi Jmfmxmni l`wini g`wfilpn}i x`ws`nal`iin cm iniwi

x`kmkxmn+x`kmkxmn piki cm Jmfmxmni.

0=Mgmc. Efk. 98:3.

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0.8 L@_MKXPFIN

X`kgmniin n`aiwi ginasi iki x`nmna pnpl k`kgmni s`s`gpie N`aiwi Jmfmxmni

s`f`xis l`k`wc`liin. L`bi}iin cin l`f`kiein cifik xwds`s x`kgmniin n`aiwi

ginasi cm Jmfmxmni s`bil k`wc`li s`emnaai iepn 9=58+in mifie l`k`wc`liin Jmfmxmni&

l`kibpin cifik x`ncmcmlin& x`nicgmwin adfdnain x`k`wmnie& x`kg`nplin

w`xpgfml& epgpnain fpiw& x`kginapnin `ldndkm& lwmsms xdfmml cm Jmfmxmni&

x`wpncinain }ina f`kie& kisifie wispie& l`wpamin ilmgi X`wina Cpnmi l`cpi& lwmsms

x`ncmcmlin cin s`giaimn}i. B`fisfie& l`bi}iin mnm cixi k`kg`npl n`aiwi ginasi mp

s`ncmwm g`wainpna l`xici x`k`wmnie n`aiwi mp s`ncmwm }ina k`kimnlin x`wininn}i

s`giaim l`pi n`aiwi. Df`e mp& giam k`kgmni n`aiwi ginasi cm Jmfmxmni `wcixi bpai

l`f`kiein }ina gdf`e k`n}`giglin s`s`gpie n`aiwi ginasi mp mcil cixi cmg`npl.

_`oiwi l`smkxpfinn}i& giam k`noixim l`bi}iin cifik xwds`s x`kgmniin n`aiwi

ginasi cm Jmfmxmni `wcixi x`fgiaim l`f`kiein iip wmninain pnpl k`kg`npl

n`aiwi `ws`gp.