omar abdul rahman - sti policy imperatives

1

STI POLICY IMPERATIVES

(With Special Reference To The

Malaysian Experience)

Tan Sri Datuk Dr Omar Abdul Rahman

Senior Fellow & Founding President, Academy of Sciences Malaysia;

Coordinator, STI Policy Consultative Unit,

UNESCO‟s International Science, Technology and Innovation Centre

for South-South Cooperation (ISTIC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;

Chairman, Commonwealth Partnership for Technology Management –

CPTM Ltd., London;

Science Advisor to the Prime Minister of Malaysia (1984 – 2001)

2010 ISTIC-KISTEP R&D MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

FOR HIGH LEVEL POLICY MAKERS

CAIRO, 7 – 11 NOVEMBER, 2010

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ABSTRACT

In the Innovation Economy, policy consideration must span the whole

concept and processes of Science, Technology and Innovation. The

Ecosystem of the Innovation Economy must include the sub-systems

of creativity, entrepreneurship and commercialization. Basic concepts

are discussed and generic policy frameworks will be presented. The

achievement of Malaysia in the context of these frameworks are

presented.

The Malaysian experience will be useful to policy makers.

Improvements to the generic policy frameworks which are more

country specific may emerge from the discussions.

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CONTENTS

A. The Essentials of the K-Economy / the Innovation

Economy

B. STI Policy for the Innovation Economy – sharing

Malaysia‟s Experience

C. STI Policy Imperatives – Proposed Framework

4

A. The Essentials of the K-Economy /

The Innovation Economy

5

A.1 THE K-BASED ECONOMY

The K-Economy is essentially about increased application of knowledge in:

Traditional economic sectors using various available enabling

technologies : ICT, biotech, nano-tech, new materials, etc.

New Economic Sectors which are ICT – enabled : e - or i – businesses

Green Economy Sectors

Governance – application of relevant technologies in public and

corporate governance for improved productivity, efficiency, profitability.

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A.2 K-ECONOMY = INNOVATION

ECONOMY

Knowledge (science) does not impact economy directly

Technology and Innovation Do

Hence K-Economy = Innovation Economy

Innovation Economy –

Growth through economic restructuring and diversification into

production of manufactured goods and others modern goods

and services with high value added, including green

products

Innovation is the Driver (+ Green Innovation)

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A.3 GREEN ECONOMY

New emphasis related to sustainability

Green technologies; green innovation

Sustainability consideration; scientific basis;

technological feasibility; economic viability

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A.4 AREAS OF INNOVATION

Science & Technology

Governance – policies and implementation

Business practices

Geo-politics

Socio-economic issues

Strategies & alliances

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION Vs SOFT INNOVATION

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A.5 SOFT INNOVATION

Changes in aesthetics more than changes in technology

i. Changes in products in the creative industry

ii. Aesthetic innovation in goods and services primarily functional in nature

Soft innovations significant if economically important

Soft Innovation, NESTA, UK

Research Report July 2009

MASS INNOVATION – GRASSROOTS INNOVATION

NOW EVERYONE CAN INNOVATE !

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A.6 INTER-RELATION BETWEEN SOFT

INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATION

TECHNOLOGY-BASED BUSINESS

BUSINESS DRIVER TECHNOLOGY PROVIDER BUSINESS ENABLER

Sales and Marketing Products Work Force

Promotion,

Advertisement

Devices Business Processes

After sales services Accessories Cost cutting and

productivity increases

Customer loyalty Financial

management

SOFT INNOVATION TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATION

SOFT INNOVATION

Soft innovation often possible only because of

Technological Innovation

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A.7 PRIMARY POLICY CONSIDERATIONS

FOR THE INNOVATION ECONOMY

Total National Capacity in Science, Technology and Innovation

Integrated Human Capital Development

Status of STI in Industry – Industry‟s appetite for STI

Information Flow And STI Advisory System

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A.8 TOTAL NATIONAL CAPACITY IN STI

Innovation Economy dependent on Total National Capacity – (TNC) in

STI :

A scientific community able to contribute to and draw from the global

pool of scientific and technological knowledge.

A government committed to providing a comprehensive STI

Infrastructure (soft and hard: institutions, funds, processes, etc)

A private sector capable of creating wealth through application of

technology and innovation in all sectors of the economy.

A society imbibed with a culture of creativity, innovativeness and

entrepreneurship.

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A.9 IMPLICATION OF TOTAL NATIONAL

CAPACITY (TNC) in STI

Doing good Science is not good enough.

Good Science must translate into innovative technologies at the

marketplace

TNC in STI therefore requires an STI Policy encompassing

Capacity to develop (R&D) and to acquire technology (technology

transfer)

Capacity to commercialize, apply and utilize technology and

innovation

Management of the interface between the two

(in both Government and Industry)

The above constitute the Core Elements of STI Policy

for the Innovation Economy

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A.10 CORE ELEMENTS OF

STI POLICY

Technology Generationand Acquisition

Technology UtilizationAnd Commercialization

(Interface)

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A.11 STI POLICY FRAMEWORK

Enhancement of science advisory and consultative system and

processes.

Enhancement of capacity to generate and acquire STI.

Enhancement of capacity to evaluate, acquire, utilize,

commercialize and manage STI.

Development of human capital.

Creation of the right environment (Ecosystem) for the

Innovation Economy.

(all the above apply to both government and industry)

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A.12 THE ECOSYSTEM OF

INNOVATION ECONOMY

K-Generation

and Acquisition

K-Utilization and

Commercialization

Human Capital Development

• Capacity and capability building

• Entrepreneur development

Smart Partnership Practices

K-Intensive

Governance

(Public/Private sectors)

Culture of Creativity and Innovation

Science Ethics Practices

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A.13 THE INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM

MUST BE SUPPORTED BY:

Creativity Ecosystem

Entrepreneurship Ecosystem

Commercialization Ecosystem

AND


Science Ethics Practices

“Human Capital Development”

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B. STI Policy For The Innovation Economy

– Sharing Malaysia‟s Experience

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B.1 STI POLICY – MALAYSIA’S

EXPERIENCE

Rukun Negara

5 - year Development Plans – starting 5th Plan (1986 – 1990); current: 9th

Plan (2006 – 2010); 10th Plan (2011 – 2015)

National Science and Technology Policy I (1986) and Policy II (2003)

Action Plan for Industrial Technology Development – 1990

Vision 2020 – February 1991

Industrial Master Plan I (1986 – 1995); II (1996 – 2005); III (2006 – 2020)

K-Economy Master Plan – 2002

Sub-sectors – IT, Biotechnology, Aerospace, etc

National Innovation Model - 2009

The New Economic Model (NEM) - 2010

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B.2 VISION 2020

To be developed nation in our own mould by year 2020 characterized

by … “a united nation, with a confident Malaysian Society, infused by

strong moral and ethical values, living in a society that is democratic,

liberal and tolerant, caring, economically just and equitable,

progressive and prosperous and in full possession of an economy that

is competitive, dynamic, robust and resilient ”.

- Mahathir Mohamad, 28 February 1991

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B.3 VISION 2020 – STI CHALLENGES

6th Challenge

“ . . . Establishing a scientific and progressive society that is innovative

and forward looking, one that is not only a consumer of technology but

also a contributor to the scientific and technological civilization of the

future.”

9th Challenge

“ . . . . Establishing a prosperous society with an economy that is fully

competitive, dynamic, robust and resilient ”.

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B.4 INDUSTRIAL MASTERPLAN II

(1996 – 2005)

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B.5 THE FIVE THRUSTS OF 9TH

MALAYSIA

PLAN (2006 – 2010)

Thrust 1 : Moving the economy up the value chain;

Thrust 2 : Raising the capacity for knowledge and innovation

and nurture „first class mentality‟;

Thrust 3 : Addressing persistent socio-economic inequalities

constructively and productively;

Thrust 4 : Improving the standard and sustainability of quality of

life; and

Thrust 5 : Strengthening the institutional and implementation

capacity.

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B.6 NATIONAL INNOVATION MODEL - 2009

Shift from resource-led economy to innovation-led economy,

driven largely by domestic private enterprise and DDI.

Pursue market driven innovation for short-to-medium term

opportunities; support and facilitate technology-driven

innovation for medium-to-long term benefits.

Supply-side R&D by public sector; demand-side R&D by private

sector.

Dual approach – technology development and technology

acquisition.

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B.7 THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL(NEM) AND THE

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION

PROGRAMME – 2010 - 2020

Overcoming Barriers To Vision 2020 :

Slower economic growth

Middle income trap

Not enough value add

Weak productivity growth

Low skill labour force

Lack of innovation and creativity

Issues in education

Problems related to ethnic and economic policies

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B.8 THE FOUR PILLARS OF THE ECONOMIC

TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME

1. Preservation and Enhancement Of Unity In Diversity

1 Malaysia : People First, Performance Now

2. Effective Delivery Of Government Services

Government Transformation Programme – 6 National Key Result Areas

3. New Economic Model – High Income; Inclusiveness

and Sustainability -

Economic Transformation Programme – 8 Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRI), 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEA), 131 Entry Point Projects (EPP)

4. Smooth Implementation Of Government‟s Development Programme

10th Malaysian Plan – macroeconomic growth targets and expenditure allocations – 2011 - 2015

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B.9 THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL –

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME – THE

EIGHT STRATEGIC REFORM INITIATIVES (SRI)

SRI 1 – Re-engineering The Private Sector

Target high value added products and services

Remove barriers and cost to doing business

Create eco-system for entrepreneurship and innovation

Encourage efficiency through healthy competition

Promote SME growth

Create regional champions

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ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME –

THE EIGHT STRATEGIC REFORM INITIATIVES (SRI)

SRI 2 – Developing Quality Workforce and Reducing Dependency

on Foreign Labor

Increase local talent overtime (education system for creative and

critical thinking)

Re-skill the existing labor force

Retain and access global talent

Remove labor market distortions constraining wage growth

Reduce reliance on foreign labor

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ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME –


SRI 3 – Creating A Competitive Domestic Economy

Improve economic efficiency through competition

Build Entrepreneurship –

(revamp seed and venture capital fund to support budding

entrepreneurs)

Remove market distortions leading to misallocation of resources

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ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME – THE


SRI 4 – Strengthening The Public Sector

Improve decision making process

Improve service delivery

Reduce “friction costs”

Provide a safety net to facilitate a smooth transition

Strengthen public finance management

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ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAM – THE


SRI 5 – Transparent And market – Friendly Affirmative Action

Reduce income disparity

Create market-friendly affirmative action

Narrow regional difference

Encourage rewards on the basis of performance

Promote equal and fair access to opportunities

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ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAM –


SRI 6 – Building The Knowledge Base And Infrastructure

POLICY PURPOSE POSSIBLE POLICY MEASURES

Create an ■ Easing entry and exit of firms as well as high skilled workers

Ecosystem for ■ Revamp the seed and venture capital funds to support entrepreneurs

entrepreneurship ■ Simplify bankruptcy laws pertaining to companies and individuals to promote vibrant

entrepreneurship

■ Harness Web-based expertise and industry networks

Promote an ■ Improve access to specialized skills

environment ■ Ensure protection of intellectual property rights

for innovation ■ Incentives firms to embrace technology and move up the value chain

■ Enforce strict adhered to global standards and benchmarks

■ Fostering R&D links between the institutions of higher learning and the private sector

■ Immediately roll out nationwide fast broadband connectivity

■ Review and consolidate all present government R&D funding

■ Align R&D to national growth objectives particularly in innovative and hi-tech fields

■ Open access to funding to competition among researchers

■ Ensure public procurement supports local innovation

■ Establish KPIs for universities based on commercialization

Establish stronger ■ Setup a technology research powerhouse and centre of excellence run on a

enabling commercial basis e.g. ITRI Taiwan cluster model

institutions ■ Operationalize the National Innovation Model announced by the government in 2007

■ Balance the technology-driven innovation approach with market-led policies such

as global procurement through technology intermediaries

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B.15 THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL – ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAM

- THE EIGHT STRATEGIC REFORM INITIATIVES (SRI)

SRI 7 – Enhancing The Sources Of Growth


Create value from ■ Identify E&E sub sectors to build depth and foster new niche industries and to capture a greater share as a distributional hub as

first mover and intra-regional trade expands

other comparative ■ Focus on palm oil-related downstream industries to develop indigenous technology and innovation or acquire technology to

advantages meet new market demands

■ Encourage upstream technology innovation to develop higher yielding fresh fruit bunches

■ Capture a greater share of the education, medical tourism and ecotourism markets through domestic and regional partnerships

■ Promote climate change mitigating products and services e.g. recyclables

■ Promote products and services that comply with Islamic tenets e.g. finance, pharmaceutical

Develop greater ■ Integrate education services with industrial development for example a centre of engineering excellence in the E&E cluster

integration ■ Further priorities the logistics industry, leveraging on roads, ports and ICT infrastructure readily available in Malaysia

between products ■ Improve seamless tourism services by ensuring quality services along the value chain (examples such as the revamp of poor

quality taxi services and improving personal safety for travelers)

Create new markets ■ Capture greater share as a distributional hub as intra-regional trade expands

■ Improve maritime and port services, leveraging on technology

■ Move into alternative energy generation as well as energy saving products and services

■ Expand service-oriented industries to regional markets based on Malaysia’s inherent biodiversity

Build scale of ■ Promote corridor-based development around spatially dense poles and adjacent hinterland, especially for electronics

industries and ■ Encourage competition between localities

production networks ■ Cluster industries to leverage on integration, scale and connectivity

for specialization ■ Exploit economies of scale through networking of production and supply chains leveraging on location – “speed to market”

■ Establish global presence through international acquisitions of companies in the same field

Harness innovation ■ Adopt an open innovation system to acquire technology and expand networks

potential ■ Support rapid transformation of SMEs with potential for innovation

■ Develop industries that support sustainable development such as use of traditional plants and herbs for modern applications

Integrate real ■ Develop the commodities trading platforms and products for domestic producers to benefit from financial innovation and

sector industries expansion

with financial ■ Offer Malaysia as a regional hub for both futures and spot markets for commodities

services ■ Develop Islamic-based financial products to support domestic production and risk management of prices and production

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B.16 THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL – ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION

PROGRAM – THE EIGHT STRATEGIC REFORM INITIATIVES (SRI)

SRI 8 – Enhancing Sustainability Of Growth


Preserve natural ■ Use appropriate pricing, regulatory and strategic policies to manage non-renewable resources

resources sustainable

■ Encourage all sectors to embrace “green technology” in production and processes

■ Develop a comprehensive energy policy

Leverage on ■ Increase focus on downstream high value added production and services

comparative ■ Develop a comprehensive energy policy

advantages for

high value added

products and

services

Meet international ■ Reduce carbon footprint in line with government commitment

commitments ■ Enforce clean air and water standards in utilizing natural resource i.e. pollution mitigation

Facilitate bank ■ Develop banking capacity to assess credit approvals for green investment using non-collateral

lending based criteria

and financing for ■ Liberalize entry of foreign experts specializing in financial analysis of viability of green technology

“green investment” projects

■ Support green technology investment with greater emphasis on venture capital funds

Ensure sound ■ Use appropriate pricing, regulatory and strategic policies to manage non-renewable resources

public finances sustainable

■ Reduce wastage and avoid cost overrun by better controlling expenditure

■ Establish open, efficient and transparent government procurement process

■ Adopt international best practices on fiscal transparency

35

B.17 NEM, ETP AND THE 12 NATIONAL

KEY ECONOMIC AREAS (NKEAs)*

Oil, Gas and Energy

Palm Oil

Financial Services

Tourism

Business Services

Improving Electronics and Electrical

Wholesale and Retail

Education

Healthcare

Communications Content and Infrastructure

Agriculture

Greater Kuala Lumpur / Klang Valley

NKEAs = focus economic areas receiving government prioritized

support : funding, top talent and PM’s attention.

EPPs = Total 131 Entry Point Projects have been identified under NKEAs.

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B.18 KEY WORDS FROM THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)

“The weak track record of domestic innovation in Malaysia is reflected by the comparatively low

number of researchers. Low R&D expenditure results in a lack of innovation in the industrial

and export sector”.

“ . . . Inadequate creativity and English proficiency . . . “

“ . . . To build skills so that they can use their entrepreneurial instincts . . .”

“The economy will be market-led, well governed, regionally integrated entrepreneurial and

innovative.”

“growth through productivity. Focus on innovative processes and cutting-edge technology . . .”

“ . . Technologically capable industries and firms . . . Incentives to support innovation . . . To

enable entrepreneurs to develop higher value added products and services . . “

“ . . . Needed to spur an innovative, high value added economy.”

RECURRING BUZZ WORDS

Technology

The Knowledge Base

Value Add

Creative / Creativity

Innovativeness / Innovation

Entrepreneurial

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B.19 NEM AND THE INNOVATION ECONOMY

NEM in short is a clarion call for Malaysia to take vigorous steps to

Migrate to the K-based or the INNOVATION ECONOMY.

The Essence of the INNOVATION ECONOMY is growth through

economic restructuring and diversification into production of

manufactured goods and other modern goods and services with

High Value added including green products.

38

B.20 THE FOCUS AREAS OF THE 10TH

MALAYSIA PLAN (2011 – 2015)

Creating the environment for unleashing economic growth. This will be the anchor of the Plan, as

it details strategies to create an environment that fosters economic growth with the private sector

as the main driver;

Moving towards inclusive socio-economic development. There will be measures to ensure

income and wealth are distributed in an equitable manner thereby reducing inequalities. The

objective will be to build a more inclusive society;

Developing and retaining a first-world talent base. This will be key to promote productivity and

innovation-led growth. Central to this will be strategies to develop, attract and retain quality

talent base;

Building an environment that enhances quality of life. Economic growth will be supplemented by

strategies to raise the quality of life of the rakyat that commensurate with the country‟s higher

income status; and

Transforming Government to transform Malaysia. The role of government will evolve to become

an effective facilitator in the transformation of the economy and provide quality services to the

rakyat.

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B.21 10TH


RM230 billion = USD75 billion

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B.22 10th


RM230 billion = USD75 billion

41

B.23 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE SUPPORTING

INNOVATION & R&D – 10TH


National Innovation Council (NIC)

Chaired by PM

Provide strategic leadership

Policy decision making

Innovation Malaysia, PM’s Department

Provide policy inputs to NIC

Oversee functioning of the NIS

Undertake evaluation of poli cy instruments

and programmes

Assess Innovation outcomes

Other ministries /agencies/

/universities/research institutions

To support innovation activities

in their respective areas

MOSTI

Secretarial to NIC

Formulate policies for S&T

development

Oversee resource allocation for

technological innovation

National Science & Research

Council (NSRC)

Set priorities for R&D

investment

Evaluate R&D programme &

monitor outcomes

MTDC

Nurture technology based enterprises

Provide support services for

commercialization

MPC

Undertake productivity

enhancement research & activities

Advisory & training to enable

enterprise innovation

Source: Economic Planning Unit

MITI

Promote enterprises innovation

Oversee resource allocation for

non-technological innovation

42

B.24 STATUS OF STI IN INDUSTRY

There is a consensus of poor achievement; low appetite for technology

and innovation, no industrial deepening despite various government

policies and master plans, roadmaps and incentives.

Need for change of mindset; leadership, sense of urgency

Industry-Government Technology and Innovation Agenda

- In house R & D

- Out sourced

- Collaboration with RIs and

- Joint Government – Industry Research Centres

- Contribution to a central R&D fund

Role of GLCs – GLCs as a technology and innovation powerhouses

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B.25 MALAYSIA’S VITAL STATISTICS

Population – 28.3 million (2010)

Real GDP – USD 207.4 billion (2009)

GDP per capita – RM26,420; (2009 – 2010) – USD 8,256; PPP 12,977

(10th Plan target: USD12,000);

GDP – by sectors : agriculture (10.1%), industry (42.3%) & services

(47.6%)

GDP growth – 2007 (6.5%), 2008 (4.7%), 2009 (1.7%) & 2010 (6.0% -

estimated) (Q1 -10.1% & Q2 6.0%)

Poverty – 3.8% (2009)

(less than USD1000 per month) – (Hard cover poverty : 1.8%)

Unemployment rate – 3.6%

WEF Global Competitiveness Index 2010 = No. 26

IMP World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2010 = No.10

44

B.26 MALAYSIA’S GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D –

GERD

World Ranking:

GERD: 37; GERD/GDP = 44; GERD per capita=41 (IMD Top 50 ranked countries)

Scientists/engineers per 10,000 labor force = 20.3 (2008)

45

C. STI Policy Imperatives –

Proposed Framework

4646

C1. FROM THE INNOVATION ECONOMY

ECOSYSTEM TO THE NATIONAL INNOVATION

SYSTEM (NIS)

FinanceHuman Capital

(K-Workers) InstitutionsLaw and

RegulationsProcess and

Management

K-Generation &

Acquisition

K-Utilisation &

Commercialization

Government

People At

Large

Enterprises

Make Some

Government

Enterprises

Buy Some

Standards

Trade and

Business

47

C.2 INFORMATION FLOW AND THE STI

ADVISORY SYSTEM

In the context of Innovation Economy holistic approach to policy formulation is important;

not separating STI Development policy from National Development policy or Industrial

Development or any other sectoral policies.

The concept of Policy for STI and STI for Policy or Development of STI and STI for

Development becomes evermore important and information flow between sectoral

systems must be facilitated.

Information flow between all stakeholders especially between government, technology

generators and private sectors to get buy-in.

An integrated and inclusive STI Advisory System is crucial.

Moving the STI agenda requires Champions in public and private sectors and champions

require advice.

Advisory mechanism must have legitimacy, authority, capacity and linkages to deliver

objective, neutral and timely advice.

48

C.3 PROPOSAL FOR POLICY RESPONSES

1) Intensifying the capacity for knowledge generation and acquisition

2) Increasing knowledge intensity in traditional economic sector

3) Increasing productivity, innovative capacity and competitiveness in

manufacturing and k-economic sectors

4) Education and human capital development

5) Intensifying knowledge content in governance

6) Enhancement of Entrepreneur Development

7) Innovative Financing mechanism and support system for

commercialization of technology and innovation

8) Creating a national culture of creativity and innovation

9) Enhancing knowledge management

10) Promoting science ethics and smart partnership ethos and practices

11) Enhancing the STI Advisory System

12) Securing Private Sector Buy-In

49

C.4 MOVING THE STI AGENDA –

THE STI HUMAN RESOURCE PYRAMID

CHAMPIONS

POPULARISERS

PLANNERS

MANAGERS

EDUCATORS

PRACTITIONERS

ADVISORS

SCIENCE IS TOO IMPORTANT TO BE LEFT TO SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGISTS ALONE !

-Entrepreneurs

-Industry leaders

• Science & technology

professionals

• Researchers

50

K-Generation &

Acquisition

K-Utilisation &

CommercializationThe NIS Value Chain

Champions

Advisors

Popularisers

Planners

Managers

Educators

Practitioners

Champions

Advisors

Popularisers

Planners

Managers

Educators

Practitioners

STATE

INSTITUTIONS

INDUSTRY

COMPANIES

C5. THE NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM, –

GOVERNMENT INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP

51

C.6 TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT BEST

PRACTICE – THE STI POLICY IMPERATIVES

CHECK LIST

Political Commitment

Policy Integration

S&T Advisory System

S&T Development Planning and Coordination

Infrastructure for STI Development & Acquisition

Funding & Management of R&D

Mechanism for Commercialization of Research & Technology

Integrated Human Resource Development

Mechanism for S&T Enculturisation


52

ISTIC SPCU TEAM

• Coordinator : Tan Sri Datuk Dr Omar Abdul Rahman

• Collaborating Organizations:

• IEMP@MUST, Malaysia

• PRIMA Consulting, Malaysia

• Commonwealth Partnership for Technology Management

– CPTM, London

• ISTIC – email : [email protected]

• website : http://www.istic-unesco.org

mailto:[email protected]



53

THANK YOU

Omar Abdul Rahman

[email protected]

omar abdul rahman - sti policy imperatives

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