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FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE & POLICY

STUDIES

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

A STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS AMONG THE

EMPLOYEES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTH IN HONDA MALAYSIA SDN. BHD.

NAME OF STUDENT

NOR FADILLA OTHMAN 2009202688

NAME OF SUPERVISOR

PUAN ASMIDAR LOKMAN



SUPERVISOR’S COMMENTS

MODERATOR’S COMMENTS



CLEARANCE FOR SUBMISSION OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

BY THE SUPERVISOR

Puan Asmidar Binti Lokman

I have reviewed the final and complete research proposal and approve the submission of

this report for evaluation.

---------------------------------------------------

(Signature)

Date:



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I wants to praise to God because of His blessing to me, Nor Fadilla

Bte Othman can finally accomplished my assignment for this subject Research Paper

(ADS666). Thank a lot to God for gave me chances to study about this subject. By His

willingness, I have gained a lot of knowledge about this subject.

Then, a million of thanks to my lecturer PM Mohammad Noor Bin Othman and

Madam Asmidar Binti Lokman because taught and give understanding to me about this

project paper. They had explored me to world of research paper. I am proud to be her

students and I will try my best to perform better in this subject. From her taught, I know

more about this subject.

Next, a lot of appreciates to my family especially my parents who trust me in

build up my future. They also give me support to learn any subject and knowledge. I will

never forget their good deeds and sacrifices to me.

Lastly, I want to thanks my beloved friends because they have given me

encouragement and support in doing my presentation and assignment in this topic. I hope

this relationship will forever even though each of us will follow our own ways in the

future.



DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work contained in this research proposal is my own except those

which have been duly identified and acknowledged. If I am later found to have

committed plagiarism or other forms of academic dishonesty, action can be taken against

me under the Academic Regulations of UiTM’s.

Signed

------------------------------------------

Name:



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction to the Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Research Objectives 41.4 Research Questions 4

1.5 Scope of the Study 5

1.6 Significance of the study 51.7 Definition of Terms/Concepts 6

Chapter 2: Literature Review & Conceptual Framework

2.1 Literature Review 8

2.2 Conceptual Framework 242.3 Hypothesis 25

Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology

3.1 Research design 263.2 Unit of Analysis and Respondents 26

3.3 Sample Size 26

3.4

Sampling Technique 273.5 Data Collection Method 27

Chapter 4: Findings

4.1 Introduction 294.2 Reliability Analysis 29

4.3 Respondents’ Profile 31

4.4 Correlation Analysis 38

Chapter 5: Recommendation 41

Chapter 6: Conclusion 43

ReferencesAppendices



LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 4.2.1 Reliability statistic for employees’ attitude 29

Table 4.2.2 Reliability statistic for safety culture 30

Table 4.2.3 reliability statistic for employees’ involvement 30

Table 4.2.4 reliability statistic for employees’ awareness 31

Table 4.3.1 Summary of the respondents - Gender 32

Table 4.3.2 Summary of the respondents - Age 33

Table 4.3.3 Summary of the respondents – Marital Status 34

Table 4.3.4 Summary of the respondents – Monthly Income 35

Table 4.3.5Summary of the respondents – EmploymentPeriod

36

Table 4.3.6 Summary of the respondents – Job Title 37

Table 4.4.1Correlation statistic between employees’ attitude

and employees’ awareness.38

Table 4.4.2Correlation statistic between safety culture and

employees’ awareness.39

Table 4.4.3Correlation statistic between employees’

involvement and employees’ awareness40



LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework for employees’ awareness 24

Figure 4.3.1 Summary of the respondents - Gender 32

Figure 4.3.2 Summary of the respondents - Age 33

Figure 4.3.3 Summary of the respondents – Marital Status 34

Figure 4.3.4 Summary of the respondents – Monthly Income 35

Figure 4.3.5 Summary of the respondents – EmploymentPeriod

36

Figure 4.3.6 Summary of the respondents – Job Title 37



ABSTRACT

This research report is conducted to examine and explore the level of awareness among

employees and employers in the manufacturing sector and also public services sector towards the

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH). The relevant data and statistic were obtained through the

department of occupational safety and health (DOSH) Malaysia. This statistic information

regarding the occupational accidents for the category of death shows the number of victims in

manufacturing sector is 32 victims and no victim in public services. While for the permanent

disablement statistic, shows the number of victim in manufacturing sector is 99 victims and also

non for public services sector. For non permanent disablement statistic, shows the number of

victim in manufacturing is 779 victims compared to public services with only 12 victims. Thus,

the statistic disclose by DOSH has shows the comparison and differences among all sectors inMalaysia until June 2010. Therefore through this research report, it is to well explore, clearly

shows and understand the connection between the numbers of occupational accidents in

manufacturing sectors and public services and statutory bodies with the level of awareness

among employees and employers. Is that the high level of awareness in OSH will decrease the

numbers of occupational accidents. On the ground of this, through this report we are able to

identify whether the level of awareness of employees and employers on OSH will determine the

numbers of occupational accidents at the workplace.

Keywords: employees, awareness, OSH, manufacturing sector, public service and statutory

bodies.



1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Occupational safety and health is important and need to be concerned as it deals

with the safety of the employees. So that, all the employers and employees need to

comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Act and all the employers should take

into consideration to provide a safety workplace. Proper attention to the safety and

welfare of the employees can yield valuable returns to a company by improving

employee morale, reducing absenteeism and enhancing productivity, minimizing

potential of work-related injuries and illnesses and increasing the quality of manufactured

products and/ or rendered services.

On this ground, the occupational safety and health should be seen as important

and crucial topic that needed a further and detail exploration to be taken. It is to access

and determine to what extent the occupational safety and health are presence in the

workplace. In addition, the level of awareness among employees also need to be

exploring as they are the main actors in the workplace. It is essential to know whether

they are aware towards the important of occupational safety and health and what are the

consequences towards them especially employees.



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Finally, through this research, the result obtain can be used to determine what

steps that need to be taken afterwards. If the result has show that most of employees are

did not aware on occupational safety and health, the assisting action need to be taken to

encourage and increase the awareness of employees on the occupational safety and

health. Then, if the result shows that employees are aware on it, thus that condition needs

to be maintained to avoid or ease the numbers of occupational accidents.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

According to the data and statistic disclose by the Department of Occupational Safety and

Health (DOSH), the number of occupational accidents occurred in a high volume. The

manufacturing and construction industry is being a highly hazardous industry because it

marks a high accidents and fatality rates. The reasons why there are a high number of

accidents in manufacturing and construction industry can be the slow implementation of

OSHA in the workplace and the awareness of both employer and employees on the

organizational safety and health itself.

Accidents regularly and property loses create a great impact towards the Malaysian

industry such as manufacturing, construction etc. It is not only will cause a delay in

operation but also directly or indirectly incur a cost. Therefore it is compulsory for all the

industry in Malaysia to create awareness among its employees on the safety and health in

establishing a safe working environment.



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The right to work in a safe and healthy environment is the fundamental right of every

worker. But, the issue is, the unsatisfactory OSH record has always been highlighted. Yet

every year, according to the International Labor Organization (ILO), more than 1.2

million people are deprived of that right as a consequence of accidents and work-related

diseases. More than 100,000 work fatalities occur every month, more than 3,000 a day,

two per minute. This global phenomenon, if left unchecked, leads to consequences which

are economically, socially and morally unacceptable. (http://www. niosh.com.my)

By referring to the number of accidents, it is not harsh to say that the awareness of

employees in private sector is low as compared to public sector. But still we have to take

a look to the nature of work among private sector and public sector where in the private

sector their nature is more dangerous. It always been highlighted that the level of

awareness on OSH in private sector is low as compared to public sector. This is where,

there are still many private companies that did not apply the safety and health in

workplace such as not stressed out on the wearing of mask, safety helmet and etc.

Therefore the awareness and consequently the application of occupational safety and

health are vital in all industry or workplace. All employees must be aware about the

significant and impacts of OSH towards them. On the ground of this, the most important

is they must know what are their responsibilities stipulated in the OSHA 1994.



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1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1.3.1 To identify whether there is any relationship between employees’ attitudes and

the level of awareness.

1.3.2 To determine whether the safety culture have a relationship with the level of

employees’ awareness on organizational safety and health.

1.3.3 To identify whether there is any relationship between employee’s involvement

and the level of awareness.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

1.4.1 Is there any relationship between employees’ attitudes and the level of awareness?

1.4.2 Does the safety culture have a relationship with the employees’ level of awareness

on organizational safety and health?

1.4.3 Is there any relationship between employees’ involvement and the level of

awareness on organizational safety and health?



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1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scopes of study in this research paper are the employees in Honda Malaysia Sdn.

Bhd. The number of respondents is 100 persons. The employees of Honda Malaysia Sdn.

Bhd. are chosen as the respondents because they are working in the heavy industry which

exposes them to safety and health hazards. Through this scope of study, at the end of the

research it can be clearly discover the level of employees’ awareness towards

organizational safety and health.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.6.1 To help the employees improve their concern on the occupational safety and

health at the workplace.

1.6.2 To help the organization in reducing the accident rate by enhancing the

employee’s awareness.



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1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.7.1 AWARENESS

The first key term in this research paper is “awareness”. Awareness can be

defined as having knowledge of something (http://www.freedictionary.com). In

relation to our topic, the word awareness is the realization about the employees’

safety and health. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate whether the

employees are having knowledge towards their safety and health in their working

place. Nowadays, there are too much health and safety hazards in the work place

especially for those who are involved in the heavy industry such as construction,

manufacturing and so on. Thus, we are conducting this research paper to make

them aware about the health and safety hazards and how to prevent them from this

problem.

1.7.2 EMPLOYEES

Another key term in this paper is “employees”. According to Occupational Safety

and Health Act 1994, employees are defined as independent contractor engaged

by an employer or a self-employed person and any employee of independent

contractor. For this research paper, we are aim at the employees. Whenever it

involves the employees it means that, our research paper is being conducted at the

workplace. We choose the employees of Honda Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. to be



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interviewed. This is because they are working in heavy industry and more

exposed to the safety hazards. (Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994)

1.7.3 SAFETY AND HEALTH

The last key term that had been identified in this research project is safety and

health. The term safety had been identified as relative freedom from danger, risk,

or threat of harm, injury, or loss to personnel or property, whether caused

deliberately or by accident. Whereas, health is defined by the World Health

Organization (WHO) as the State of complete physical, mental, and social well

being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The term safety and

health here refers to the safety and health of the employees at the workplace. It is

whether they are aware or not about their safety and health during the duty.

(http://www.dosh.gov.my).



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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 provide the legislative framework to

promote, stimulate and encourage high standards of safety and health at workplace. The

aim is to promote safety and health awareness, and establish effective safety organization

and performance through self- regulation schemes designed to suit the particular industry

or organization and by the accumulation of influences and pressures, operating at many

levels in a variety of ways. The long-term goal of this act is to create a healthy and safe

working culture among all Malaysians and employers (www.niosh.com.my).

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) was enacted on 25th February 1994 with

the goal to ensure safety, health and welfare of all persons at workplace. It was

transmitted based on the self regulation concept with the primary responsibility of

ensuring safety and health at the workplace lying with those who create the risks and

work with the risks. The Act also provides a consultative process at the policy level with

the establishment of National Council for Occupational Safety and Health. This

consultative process extends to where safety and health programs are implemented with

both employers and employees representative as members of safety and health

committee. The Act contains 67 sections, divided into 15 parts and appended with 3

schedules. The first three parts state the objects of the Act and provide the infrastructure



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for appointment of officers and the National Council. The essences of the Act are the

provisions in Part IV to VI. These parts provide for the general duties for those who

create the risks e.g. employer, self-employed person, designer, manufacturer, supplier, etc

and those who work with the risks i.e. employees. How the Act is to be implemented and

enforced are stipulated in other parts (Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Act

514.)

Hazards are sources of potential harm to human health, property or environment. And

hazards under certain conditions may lead to accidents. Accidents typically occur

suddenly and unexpectedly, causing immediate injuries and losses. On the other hand,

many health problems may also develop slowly over time. Accidents can also be seen to

be an organizational problem. Reason (1997) suggested that accidents are produced by

unsafe actions, error-provoking conditions and organizational factors. Thus, accidents can

be prevented by removing hazards or conditions, or by interrupting the series of events by

the application of appropriate defenses. The defenses are, however, dynamic in nature

and the active failures and the latent conditions may change the effectiveness of the

defenses. (Lind, 2008)

Values and beliefs can have strong implications for health and safety. Cultural values,

related to organizational culture, national/ethnic culture and culture of professions, can

also have a significant role in workplace health and safety. Cultural values may determine

whether an issue is addressed in an in-depth or superficial manner. For example, if

workers are asked constantly to change their practice without formulating a clear



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understanding of the reasons for change, they are likely to treat such change on a

superficial level, potentially resulting in health and safety incidents. (Dane Lukic, 2010)

Work tasks and working environments vary in industrial maintenance. Therefore,

companies need occupational health and safety management systems that help them to

prevent and mitigate accidents by identifying and selecting the most essential hazards and

by managing the hazards and the preventive measures. The concept of risk is used to

measure the potential of losses caused by human activities and technical systems together

with environment. The risk is a combination of the harm and the likelihood that the harm

occurs. Risk assessment should consist of the hazard identification, evaluation of the

preventive safety measures and their functionality, estimation of the exposure to the

hazards and the evaluation of consequences (Modarres, 2006), as well as the evaluation

of the tolerability of the risk. Risk assessment then serves as a basis for controlling

intolerable risks. (Lind, 2008)

The safety and health standards at most workplaces are still below the acceptable level

despite Government efforts to improve working condition. The problem can be attributed

to a lack of commitment and absence of awareness on issues of occupational safety and

health. Datuk Seri Najib Razak said the common goal for employers; employees and

union members should be to achieve a zero-accident target. With an average rate of 7.4

accidents for every 1,000 workers, it is clear that whatever accomplishments that have

been made are still insufficient. However, according to him, there were some measures of



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success in increasing public awareness on safety at workplaces as the accident rate

dropped by 12 per cent last year, compared to the previous year.

All workers must adopt strictness about safety as core value as every person was

vulnerable and could potentially be involved in accidents. The National Institute of

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) should provide a platform for employee,

employers, academia, industries, and the public to present their views on safety issues to

promote better working condition. (NST; July 21, 2004).

All of the organization either public or private organization should allocate some

intervention resources to the firm on workplace safety. These “preventive” resources can

take various forms. They may be physical resources, such as protection equipment or

safer technology; human resources, such as the time devoted by workers to thinking

about their own safety; or financial resources, such as the capital allocated to the

outsourcing of certain OSH services.

Some researches argued that organizations require an integrated approach to technology,

people and organization in terms of safety (Wilson-Donnelly et al., 2005). Additionally,

Jarvinen and Karwowski (1995) suggest that, in advanced production, the complexity of

the system may be too difficult for the human operator to understand. Workers will be

required to face unfamiliar situations and, therefore, new errors, based on interacting with

new safety capital systems can lead to accidents. Consequently, since advanced

production increases complexity, additional knowledge and skills are likely necessary to



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minimize errors associated with the use of new technologies and organization of work.

(Villanueva, 2010)

For occupational safety and health implementation, employers should view occupational

safety and health as an investment and not cost. Employers must be prepared to invest in

this area. They should not cut costs at the expense of their workers' safety and health.

The implementation of OSH gets more essential today and yet it been discussed to be

relevance as a new subject at school. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH) chairman Tan Sri Lee Lam Thye said that Occupational Safety and Health

(OSH) is reasonable to be made as a new subject in school to gave early exposure on

OSH to student and teacher. Every school citizen are required to have awareness and

civilizing safety practice so that they can carry out activity in comfortable position.

Occupational safety and health should be seen as important issues in the organization.

The implementation of OSH is important as it is an investment in the organization that

will give a good impact towards the productivity and also job satisfaction of workers.

Depending on the work organization and the human resources management system, the

implementation of the same OSH intervention could be adequate or not. For example,

two industrial firms could implement all the same safety devices, for instance, two firms

could share the same OSH training program, but if one of them introduces incentives to

produce faster, it is likely that workers will tend to devote less effort to follow the safety



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procedures in order to get a higher salary. Thus, the implementation of the same OSH

intervention may be more effective in the firm where the work pace is lower than in the

firm where working fast is the priority. (Villanueva, 2010)

Besides implementing the safety and health at the workplace, the organization or firm

also should establish the control. Safety regulation and norms, generically, establish that

internal control mechanisms have to continually monitor the work environment put into

practice appropriate measures and define a regular schedule in viewing the safety and

health implementation (Saksvik and Nytro, 1996). Studies of the effectiveness of the

internal control mechanisms are, principally, based on the analysis of the Norwegian and

Canadian regulation (Robson et al., 2007) that first introduce some requirements in this

field as a way to substitute external inspection with internal control of the system.

Saksvik and Nytro (1996), in Norway, and Torpet al. (2000) in Canada found that firms

implementing adequate mechanism to control the OSH interventions show a higher

awareness of OSH, reduced injury rates and stronger safety culture and climate.

(Villanueva, 2010)

As a speech by Y.B. Datuk Dr. S. Subramaniam, Minister of Human Resources, OSH

element should not be seen as intrusive or incompatible in relation to other business areas

normally considered critical by the top management, such as sales & marketing,

purchasing, accounting, strategic management etc. Good OSH, apart from providing

safety and health protection to workers, is in fact also a vital component of efforts to



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enhance the productivity, efficiency and product or service quality of companies.

(http://www.mohr.gov.my).

OSH also is an integral part of business management. Employees are often regarded by

management to be the most important asset of any organization. Hence, it makes sense

that this particular asset should be protected in terms of health and safety and fostered to

ensure that it continues to be productive.

A comprehensive communication on risk and workers’ safety should be established by all

of the organizations and business firms. The aim of this type of communication is to set

up a mechanism through which workers can report any hazard identification.

Additionally, they could use it to offer any safety suggestions. Traditional OSH

standards, the OSHAS 18001 for instance, underline the role of safety committees in

receiving and monitoring the information reported by the workers. They also stress the

advantage of creating formal channels for remarks and suggestions, and offering

incentives to participate in the scheme. Therefore, any action taken to improve the

communication channels increase the internal safety social capital, since they encourage

the transformation of individual knowledge into collective or organizational knowledge.

(Villanueva, 2010)

Efforts in encouraging safety practices should come from the management who should

conduct safety promotion, accreditation of status, reward system, distribution of safety

information and communication. Commitment from the management can be seen from



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the continuity of consistency in safety management practices and encouragement of

safety proposals from all parties in the organization. Commitment from the management

in safety and health can appear from financial budget, scheduling, practices, and

relationship with others. (Mohd Saidin Misnan, 2008)

An organization’s upper-level management has long been recognized as playing a critical

role in promoting organizational safety culture. Organizational commitment to safety

refers to the extent to which upper-level management identifies safety as a core value or

guiding principle of the organization. An organization’s commitment to safety is

therefore reflected in the ability of its upper-level management to demonstrate an

enduring, positive attitude toward safety, even in times of fiscal austerity, and to actively

promote safety in a consistent manner across all levels within the organization. When

upper-level management is committed to safety, it provides adequate resources and

consistently supports the development and implementation of safety activities. An

organization’s commitment to safety is therefore ultimately reflected by the efforts put

forth to ensure that every aspect of its operations, such as equipment, procedures,

selection, training, and work schedules, are routinely evaluated and, if necessary,

modified to improve safety. (Mohd Saidin Misnan, 2008)

In any business enterprise, the issue of preserving and retaining the employees is most

urgent. Management must now step back and take a hard look at their asset and actively

show how much they value their employees with a responsible OSH Policy backed up by

the necessary organisation and systems to implement accident prevention programmes.



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Many people are not conscious of the importance of occupational safety and health

(OSH) until an accident, injury or fatality occurs. There are industries which do not want

to invest in safety and health at the workplace because of the cost factor. They do not

seem to realize that if accidents or fatalities occur due to their disregard for OSH the costs

they have to bear will even be much heavier (www.niosh.gov.my).

The firm is obliged to provide sufficient, adequate and continuous training for all its

employees. This refers to a compulsory general training scheme for all workers, which

must be supplemented with job-specific information where necessary. The training (both

basic and specific) increases the workers’ skills to behave safely in the workplace. As a

result, organizations with better-trained workers will have a larger stock of safety human

capital and reduced workplace accidents. (Villanueva, 2010)

However, the prevention only is not necessary to deal with the organizational safety and

health. The accidents that will be occurred cannot be predicted by the organization.

Therefore, the organization should have the emergency preparedness and response

towards the workplace accidents. These arrangements should identify the potential

accidents and emergency situations, and address the prevention of risks associated with

them. The emergency plans and the occupational first aid are the most important of this

type of OSH interventions. The main aim of the emergency plans is to set up a procedure

of action in the event of serious and imminent risk. The occupational first aid,

meanwhile, is intended to ensure the rapid and effective treatment of injured workers in

the occurrence of an accident. In both cases, the firm needs to provide sufficient (tangible



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and intangible) organizational structure to deal with potential incidents. (Villanueva,

2010)

In fact, the firm creates a “virtual” organization structure to be put in action immediately

after the incident occurs. Thus, firms use, for instance, emergency drills or evacuation

practice to develop such a structure. This organizational ability has a much stronger

collective safety capital than individual focus, as we can confirm with the fact that

performance indicators in evacuation, for example, are assessed in collective terms. We

therefore deem that the structural component of firm’s safety capital will increase with

effective handling of emergencies. (Villanueva, 2010)

Learning from health and safety incidents in the workplace is critical for organizations.

This has been of particularly high importance following a number of widely publicized

major accidents. Such incidents receive a great deal of media attention and are damaging

to both people and the organizations in which they work. Learning from incidents

provides potential solutions to preventing future safety crises by looking back at what has

happened and deriving lessons learned and predicting probable future challenges. (Dane

Lukic, 2010)

A safe working environment is very necessary to erase the high risk image that is closely

associated especially in heavy industry like construction industry. Safe working

environment may also be referred to as construction safety which is a standard of quality

that is indicated in the contract and required by the client. Often projects are becoming



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more complex, and safety has become the main focus in ensuring the safety of the

construction personnel and properties. Developed countries such as UK and Australia

have enforced safety rules in contractors’ works on site. Revolution and changes in safety

system management have become a mandate inpracticing safety action that can be

managed interminably. The construction industry is labour intensive based on wet trades.

This factor contributes to the low quality of work due to the workers’ lack of expertise

and training, while at the same time exposes them to accidents easily. (Mohd Saidin

Misnan, 2008)

Besides that, OSH also can be tells as a “good business”. Observations and evidence had

shown that an increase in productivity and an improvement in workplace environment

were the results of good safety and health work practices and the adoption of a work

safety culture.

Glendon and McKenna (1995) pointed out that organization with good safety cultures

have employees with positive patterns of attitudes towards safety practice. These

organizations have mechanisms in place to gather safety-related information, measure

safety performance and bring people together to learn how to work more safely. Ostrom

et al. (1993) looked at the employees’ perceptions of safety culture as follows:

1. management attitudes towards safety,

2. perceived level of risk,

3. effects of work pace;



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4. management actions towards safety;

5. status of safety adviser and safety committee;

6. importance of health and safety training; and

7. Social status of safety and promotion.

Creating a culture of safety means that the employees are constantly aware of hazards in

the workplace, including the ones that they create themselves. It becomes second nature

to the employees to take steps to improve safety. The responsibility is on everyone, not

just the management. However, this is a long process to get to that point (Dilley and

Kleiner, 1996).

Safety and health culture within a company is closely linked to the workforce’s attitudes

in respect to safety. They share the company’s risk, accidents and incidents. The role of

management and the involvement of all employees as important key players in safety and

health culture are important to cultivate the positive beliefs, practices, norms and attitudes

among all in the company. (Mohd Saidin Misnan, 2008)

Effective safety management is both functional (involving management control,

monitoring, executive and communication subsystems) and human (involving leadership,

political and safety culture sub-systems paramount to safety culture). The concept of

safety culture emerged from earlier ideas of organizational climate, organizational culture

and safety climate. They described safety culture as the embodiment of a set of

principles, which loosely defines what organisation is like in terms of health and safety. It



20

is sufficient here to say that people have beliefs about their leaders, and their leaders'

strengths and weaknesses can influence their work culture. Furthermore, they will have

values and beliefs about what constitutes good leadership. (Mohd Saidin Misnan, 2008)

An effective safety and health (S&H) program cannot succeed without the active

participation of all organization elements. The variables play a crucial part in making the

success factor in implementing the OSHA in the organization. Without the involvement

between two parties it won’t be effective as the organization plans to do. It’s important

for the employee to get involved in the safety program because they are the backbone of

the company and they are connected closely to the operation held in the organization.

Every activity in the operation will affect the employee as they are the one handling the

task daily. (Hussain, 2009)

The safety and health legislations have changed over the years with more emphasis on

safety at work. The rules and regulations were improved to make the working

environment safe. Besides, the effect of laws, many factors related to safety activism also

influence the decision of modern managers regarding health and safety such as the active

role of the trade unions, consumerism and the legal battle by accident/incident victims.

All these factors are forcing managers to change their attitudes towards safety. (Mohd

Saidin Misnan, 2008)



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In the context of benefits safety in employee, the employee will have better knowledge

toward the occupational safety and health standard. As Malaysia becoming a developing

country, knowledge plays an important role in each individual to gain the information and

increase their knowledge of safety. Without the knowledge about the Occupational Safety

and Health, the potential injury in the organization in Malaysia will increase every year.

Due to the benefits of knowledge toward the Occupational Safety and Health rules and

regulations, it will give a positive impact of work culture. Therefore, when safety become

a priority issue in the organization, it will increase the productivity of company's where

the company do not have to spend a lot of money on the compensation to the workers.

For the employer benefits, the employer will be alerted toward the injury at workplace

and becomes more sensitive to the surrounding and will provide a counseling session to

the affected employee for them the gain strength and motivation to proceed their routine

work. Besides, by reducing the number of accident rate, effective safety and health

management reduces cost of doing the business and promote business effectively.

Managing OHSA at the workplace is important for at least three main reasons, legal,

moral obligation and economic (Khan, 2004)

Companies should regard occupational safety and health as part of their corporate

responsibility and must allocate yearly budget for safety training to help prevent work-

related accidents because accidents don’t just happen as they are caused and as such they

can be prevented. An accident-free environment helps the company to save and increases

the organization’s productivity and profitability. It will also help to boost the morale of



22

the workers. Companies must not profit at the expense of safety because if accidents

occur, lives may be lost and productivity will be affected. Even in times of economic

downturn, companies must not cut costs at the expense of safety and health

(http://www.allaboutsafety.com/articles).

Attitude is a very difficult to handle as it is the habit of the people. Even the word attitude

itself is difficult to be defined. Attitude is define as recurrent behaviours that cause

repetation. Theoretically, when the workers look their safety as small matter, it may cause

a large number of accidents in an organization. whenever the accidents occurred, the

manager will be blame. Thus, to cope with this problem, the first thing to consider when

placing a worker for the jobs, the manager should find out whether the worker has the

knowledge of the operation and how his or her mental attitude (Morel R.J, 2000).

Attitude represents an individual’s degree of like and dislike. Attitude not only just

reflects the human perceive but it includes motivation and reaction toward the specific

things. Attitude is important when certain rules and regulation being implemented by the

organization but there is no positive reaction by the employee it won’t make any

continuous improvement in a process of increasing safety at the workplace. Managers’

attitude and behavior may influence employee attitudes as well as their behavior.

(Rundmo and Hale,2003)

Some researcher decide that it is not easy to decide in what really an ideal attitude

contributing to safety (Rundmo & Hale,2003). The ideal attitude enhancing safety which



23

it capable in reducing the number of accident in the workplace. Instead there are two

dimensions that reflect employee attitude. There are positive and negative attitude of

employee. These attitude will determine whether they are aware of the organizational

safety and health or not.

Positive culture in organization creates a positive environment. The aim of create positive

culture is to create an atmosphere in which employees are aware of the risks that they

facing in their workplace and to avoid the unexpected conditions. Positive culture is

defined by B.Fernandez-Muniz et al (2007) as a set values, perceptions, attitudes and

pattern of behavior with regard to safety shared by members of the organization; as well

as a set of policies, practices and procedure relating to the reductions of employees’

exposure to occupational risk, implemented at every level of the organization and

reflecting high level of concern and commitment to the prevention of accidents and

illness. Every organization has its own culture to develop its own organization. Culture is

the mood created by those beliefs and attitude which shape our behavior.

Safety culture consist of shared beliefs, value and behavior and attitude in an organization

as ‘safety culture’ may be perceived as a subset of organizational culture where the

beliefs and values refer specifically to the matter of health and safety (Clarke, 1999)

Safety culture is an organizations norm, employee beliefs, roles, attitude and practice

concerning on with minimizing exposure of employees to workplace hazards (Ostram et

al,1993 and A.G Vrendenburgh,2002)



24

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework for employees’ awareness

Conceptual framework is the framework that is done in order to give an overview on the

study. According to the figure above, there are three independent variables which are

employees’ attitude, safety culture, and employees’ involvement. The dependent variable

for this study is the level of employees’ awareness on organizational safety and health.

Employees’

Attitude

Safety cultureThe level of employees’

awareness on organizational

safety and health

Employees’

Involvement



25

2.3 HYPOTHESIS

2.3.1 Employees’ Attitude

(HA) There is a significant relationship between employees’ attitude and the

level of employees’ awareness on organizational safety and health.

(Ho) There is no significant relationship between employees’ attitude and the

level of employees’ awareness on organizational safety and health.

2.3.2 Safety Culture

(HA) There is a significant relationship between safety culture and the level of


(Ho) There is no significant relationship between safety culture and the level of


2.3.3 Employees’ Involvement

(HA) There is a significant relationship between employees’ involvement and

the level of employees’ awareness on organizational safety and health.

(Ho) There is no significant relationship between employees’ involvement and

the level of employees’ awareness on organizational safety and health.



26

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design is refers to the overall approach that have been used by the

researcher. For the purpose of this research, the researcher used the hypotheses testing.

This is because the research is to identify the relationship between the dependent variable

and all independent variable.

3.2 UNIT OF ANALYSIS AND RESPONDENTS

The unit of analysis for this research paper is the employees that working in Honda

Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. in Alor Gajah, Melaka. The respondent will be focus on the

employee of the company whereby they are handling and using the equipment in the

organization and they were facing with the health and safety hazards every day.

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

This study covered 100 respondents who are the employees of Honda Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.

The respondents would be randomly chosen.



27

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sampling technique is divided into two categories which are probability sampling

technique and non-probability sampling technique. For this research paper, the sampling

technique that is chosen is convenience sampling which is under the non-probability

sampling technique. This is where all the elements are readily available to ascertain how

they are experiencing the safety and health at the workplace.

3.5 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

There are two categories of data while conducting this study which are the primary data,

and secondary data. The primary data is the data that is collected directly by the

researcher. While secondary data is the data that is gathered from other resources such as

published materials, journals, articles or websites. The primary data for this study is

questionnaire and the secondary data is from other sources.

3.5.1 PRIMARY DATA (QUESTIONNAIRE)

The ways of collecting data is through questionnaire methods. The questionnaire

will be distributed to the employees of Honda Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. There will be

25 questions being prepared in the questionnaire. The questions will be

categorized into three variables which consist of attitude, safety culture, and

employees’ awareness and involvement.



28

3.5.2 SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data refers to the published data that are collected by the other parties

in the previous time. The data might be collected through journals, articles,

websites, case study, books and other sources. For this study, the sendary data is

collected from the websites of Department of Safety and Health (DOSH), articles

and journals from Emerald Group Publishing Limited, and from the

Organizational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA).



29

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

After conducting the research, the data had been analyzed using the SPSS. This section

shows the data that have been collected through the questionnaire. The data that has been

collected will be represented in the form of table, chart, and graph. The data are in term

of respondent’s profile, all independent variables and dependant variables.

4.2 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

4.2.1 Employee’s Attitude

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.783 5

Table 4.2.1: Reliability statistic for employees’ attitude

The table above shows the reliability statistic for employees’ attitude. N indicates

the number of question under this variable. There are five questions under

employees’ attitude. The Cronbach’s Alpha for this variable is 0.783. It shows

that the reliability of this variable is very good because it’s more than 0.7.



30

4.2.2 Safety Culture


.810 5

Table 4.2.2: Reliability statistic for safety culture

The table above shows the reliability statistic for safety culture. There are also

five questions under this variable. The Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.810 and it indicates

that the reliability of this data is very good.

4.2.3 Employees’ involvement


.809 4

Table 4.2.3: Reliability statistic for employees’ involvement

The table above shows the reliability statistic for employees’ involvement. There

are four questions under this variable. The Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.809. It indicates

that the reliability of the data under employees’ involvement is very good.



31

4.2.4 Employees’ Awareness on Organizational Safety and Helath.


.738 4

Table 4.2.4: Reliability statistic for employees’ awareness

The table above shows the reliability statistic for all independent variable in this

survey. There are three independent variables that includes in this survey which

are employees’ attitude, safety culture, and employees’ participation. The result of

Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.782. It indicates that the reliability of all of the data of

independent variables is very good.

4.3 RESPONDENTS’ PROFILE

This refers to the demographic section of the questionnaire. The respondents’ profile

includes the analysis of respondents’ background which is gender, age, marital status,

monthly income, employment period, and job title.



32

4.3.1 Gender

Table 4.3.1: Gender

Gender

FemaleMale

P e r c e n t

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 4.3.1: Gender

The table and figure above show that the total number of respondents is 100.

There are 53 (53%) male respondents and 47 (47%) female respondents. It is clear

that the number of male respondents is more than female respondents.

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

Male53 53.0 53.0 53.0

Female 47 47.0 47.0 100.0

Valid

Total 100 100.0 100.0



33

4.3.2 Age


Percent

18-2528 28.0 28.0 28.026-33 51 51.0 51.0 79.0

34-41 16 16.0 16.0 95.0

42> 5 5.0 5.0 100.0

Valid

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Table 4.3.2: Age

42>34-4126-3318-25

P e r c e n t

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 4.3.2: Age

The table and figure above shows that there are 28 respondents are in the age of

18 to 25 years old, 51 respondents are 26 to 33 years old, 16 respondents are 34 to

41 years old, and 5 respondents are in the age of 42 and above. Most respondents

are ranging from 26 to 33 years old.



34

4.3.3 Marital Status


Percent

Single44 44.0 44.0 44.0Married 55 55.0 55.0 99.0

Widowed 1 1.0 1.0 100.0

Valid

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Table 4.3.3: Marital Status

WidowedMarriedSingle

P e r c e n t

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 4.3.3: Marital Status

The table and figure above shows that 44 respondents are single, 55 respondents

are married, and only one respondent is divorced. Most of the respondents for this

study are the employees that are married.



35

4.3.4 Monthly Income


Percent

1,000 -1,99944 44.0 44.0 44.02,000-2,999 39 39.0 39.0 83.0

3,000-3,999 13 13.0 13.0 96.0

4,000> 4 4.0 4.0 100.0

Valid

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Table 4.3.4: Monthly income

4,000>3,000-3,9992,000-2,9991,000 -1,999

P e r c e n t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 4.3.4: Monthly Income

The above table and figure shows that most of the respondents (44 respondents)

have an income between RM 1,000 to RM 1, 999. It means that most of the

respondents come from the lower or middle level of management.



36

4.3.5 Employment Period


Percent

0-247 47.0 47.0 47.03-5 33 33.0 33.0 80.0

6> 20 20.0 20.0 100.0

Valid

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Table 4.3.5: Employment Period

6>3-50-2

P e r c e n t

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 4.3.5: Employment Period

The table and figure above shows that most of the respondents (47 respondents)

have been working in Honda Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. between 0 to 2 years. While the

lowest number of respondents (20 respondents) from the senior group which have

been working for 6 or more than 6 years.



37

4.3.6 Job Title


Percent

Operation employees33 33.0 33.0 33.0Administration

employees 62 62.0 62.0 95.0

Others 5 5.0 5.0 100.0

Valid

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Table 4.3.6: Job Title

OthersAdministration employeesOperation employees

P e r c e n t

60

40

20

0

Figure 4.3.6: Job Title

The above table and figure shows that the respondents are come from 3 categories

which are operation employees, administration employees, and others. The

highest number of respondents is the administration employees which are 62

respondents.



38

4.4 CORRELATION ANALYSIS

4.4.1 Correlation between employees’ attitude and employees’ awareness

Employees' attitude Employees' awareness

Employees'attitude

Pearson Correlation1 .586(**)

Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N100 100

Employees'awareness

Pearson Correlation.586(**) 1


N 100 100

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 4.4.1: Correlation between employees’ attitude and employees’ awareness.

The table above shows the correlation between employees’ attitude and

employees’ awareness. The correlation between the two variables is 0.586. It

indicates that there is positive and moderate relationship between employees’

attitude and employees’ awareness. Since p (0.00) < α (0.05), it rejects null

hypothesis (Ho). Therefore, there is significant relationship between employees’

attitude and employees’ awareness.



39

4.4.2 Correlation between safety culture and employees’ awareness.

Safety culture Employees' awareness

Safety culture Pearson Correlation 1 .443(**)


N100 100

Employees'awareness



N 100 100


Table 4.4.2: Correlation between safety culture and employees’ awareness.

The above table shows that the correlation (r) is 0.443. It indicates that there is a

positive and moderate relationship between the safety culture and the employees’

awareness. Since p (0.000) < α (0.05), it rejects null hypothesis (Ho). Therefore,

there is significant relationship between the safety culture and employees’

awareness.



40

4.4.3 Correlation between employees’ involvement and employees’ awareness.

Employees' involvement Employees' awareness

Employees'

involvement

Pearson Correlation

1 .590(**)Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N100 100

Employees'awareness



N 100 100


Table 4.4.3: Correlation between employees’ involvement and employees’ awareness.

From the table above, it shows that the correlation (r) is 0.590. It shows that there

is a positive and moderate relationship between employees’ involvement an

employees’ awareness. Since p (0.00) < α (0.05), reject the null hypothesis (Ho).

Therefore, there is significant relationship between employees’ involvement and

employees’ awareness.



41

CHAPTER V

RECOMMENDATION

Employees’ attitude stated a lowest score towards the employees’ awareness on

organizational safety and health. It is recommended that, the employer should make extra

effort in shaping the employees’ attitude towards organizational safety and health. This

can be done through strictly enforcing the safety and health policy at the workplace.

As what we know, it is difficult to shape the behavior of a people. This is because the

behavior is something that is difficult to control. Most of the employees did not take full

concern about their safety at the workplace. The task is often done by not following the

safety rules. This is may be due to the time constraints. The employees may want to

accomplish their task in a quick time. Therefore, they did not follow the safety rule.

In order to make them follow the safety rules, the manager or supervisor should force

them to follow the policy. The supervisor or safety officer should make a strict control

over the safety and health behavior. One of the best practice that the organization can

take is observe the staff through the CCTV. Through this, the manager or supervisor will

be able to detect the unsafe behavior practice by the employees. Whenever the unsafe

behavior has been identified, the safety officer should strictly take disciplinary action

towards the employees. As a result, the employees will more careful in doing their job as

they did not want to be taken disciplinary action by the safety officer. Through this, the



42

organization can enhance positive attitude towards safety and health at the workplace.

Whenever the attitude of the employees is enhanced, it will increase the level of

awareness on OSH.

Besides the attitude, it is recommended that the manager or supervisor need to develop

more positive culture on organizational safety and health. This is because, the safety

culture is important in enhancing the level of awareness among employees on

organizational safety and health. The safety culture can be developed through the daily

safety advice by the supervisor. It is suggested that, every morning, before the employees

start their work, the manager or supervisor should give brief advice on safety and health.

This culture can help in enhancing employees’ awareness.



43

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION

Safety and health is very important aspects that need to be given full attention in one

organization. It is not only in private sector but it also essential to the public sector. The

accidents that are occurred in the workplace will have a great impact towards the

organization. The production will be most affected when there are accidents in the

workplace. The study had shown that there are positive relationships between the

employees’ attitude, safety culture, and the employees’ involvement towards the level of

employee’ awareness on organizational safety and health.

The employees’ awareness towards the organizational safety and health is mostly

influence by the employees’ involvement. Whenever the employees involve in the safety

and health program that is conducted by the organization, it will increase their awareness

on the important of safety and health. It is undeniable that the employees that are not

involved in the organization’s program on safety and health did not aware about the

importance of OSH. This is because, some of the employees did not have even little

knowledge about OSH. Therefore, if they are not involving in the program conducted by

the organizations, they will not know what is actually OSH and it make them unaware on

the safety and health hazard.

To conclude, the most factor that influence the level of employees’ awareness is the

employees’ involvement. It is important for the organization to make sure that the



44

employees are always involved in the safety and health program conducted by the

organization. The involvement of employees is important in order to increase their

awareness on workplace safety and health. The employees’ awareness towards safety and

health in the workplace is very important as it will reduce the number of accidents

occurred during working hours.



REFERENCES

WEBSITES

http://www. niosh.com.my

http://www.freedictionary.com

http://www.dosh.gov.my

http://www.mohr.gov.my

http://www.allaboutsafety.com/articles

BOOKS AND JOURNALS

Dane Lukic, A. M. (2010). How Organisations Learn From Safety Incidents: A Multifaceted

Problem. The Journal of Workplace Learning , 22, 428-450.

Dilley, H. and Kleiner, B.H. (1996). Creating a Culture of Safety. Work Study. 45(3): 5-8

Fernandez B.M, Peon J.M.M. and Varquez-Ordas C.J. (2007). Safety culture: Analysis of the

casual relationship between its key dimensions. Journal of Safety Research. 38.627-641

Glendon, A.I. and McKenna, E.F. (1995). Human Safety and Risk Management.

London: Chapman & Hall.

Hussain, N. H. (2009). The Critical Success Factor in Implement Occupational Safety and Health(OSHA).

Lind, S. (2008). Safety risk assessment in industrial maintenance. Journal of Quality inMaintenance Engineering , 14, 205-217.

Modarres, M. (2006), Risk Analysis in Engineering. Techniques, Tools, Trends, Taylor &

Francis. Boca Raton, FL.

Mohd Saidin Misnan, A. H. (2008). Development of Safety Culture in the Construction Industry:

The Leadership and Training Roles. 19.

Ostrom, L., Wilhelmsen, C. and Kaplan, B. (1993). Assessing Safety Culture. Journalof Nuclear Safety. 34(2): 163-173.



Rundmo T. and Hale A.R. (2003) Managers’ attitudes towards safety and accident prevention.Safety Science, 41, 557-574.

Saksvik, P. and Nitro, K. (1996), “Implementation of internal control of health, environment and

safety in Norwegian enterprises”, Safety Science, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 53-61.

Villanueva, I. N. (2010). PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE. Safety capital: the management of organizational knowledge on occupational health and safety , 16.

Wilson-Donnelly, K.A., Priest, H.A., Salas, E. and Burke, S. (2005), “The impact of

organizational practices on safety manufacturing: a review and reappraisal”, Human Factors andErgonomics in Manufacturing, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 135-76.

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. Act 514.



APPENDICES



QUESTIONNAIRE

THE STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY

AND HEALTH AMONG EMPLOYEES IN HONDA MALAYSIA SDN. BHD

Dear respondents,

I am conducting a survey regarding the awareness on the safety and health at the workplace. This

study is to find out the level of awareness among the employees in Honda Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.

Thank you very much for your cooperation and I greatly appreciate the time that you spent to

answer this questionnaire.

Saya sedang mengendalikan satu kajian mengenai kesedaran keselamatan dan kesihatan di

tempat kerja. Kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti tahap kepekaan di kalangan kakitangan

Honda Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.

Jutaan terima kasih diucapkan di atas kerjasama anda dan saya sangat menghargai masa yang

diluangkan untuk menjawab borang kaji selidik ini.

Prepared by,

Nor Fadilla Binti Othman



SECTION A : RESPONDENT’S PROFILE

Please tick (√) your answer in the following box

1. Gender

( ) Male

( ) Female

2. Age

( ) 18 - 25 years

( ) 26 - 33 years

( ) 34 – 41 years

( ) 42 years and above

3. Marital Status

( ) Single

( ) Married

( ) Widowed



4. Monthly Income

( ) RM 1,000 – RM 1,999

( ) RM 2,000 – RM 2,999

( ) RM 3,000 – RM 3,999

( ) RM 4,000 and above

5. How long you have work for this company?

( ) 0 – 2 years

( ) 3 – 5 years

( ) 6 years and above

6. What is your job title?

( ) Operation Employee

( ) Administration Employee

( ) Others



SECTION B

The following are the statement on the safety and health management that may be practiced in a

company. Please circle on the appropriate number to indicate your agreement.

Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

1 2 3 4 5

EMPLOYEES’ ATTITUDE

1.There are positive attitude towards safety and

health in this organization.1 2 3 4 5

2.Your employer is effective in implementing safety

and health policies.1 2 3 4 5

3.All workers enforce safety and health on their

routine job.1 2 3 4 5

4. Unsafe behavior should not be tolerated 1 2 3 4 5

5.The task should be completely done according to

the safety and health rules.1 2 3 4 5



SAFETY CULTURE

1.The manager always conducts safety and health

training to the employees.1 2 3 4 5

2. There are effective communication channel indealing with safety and health problem.

1 2 3 4 5

3.The whole organization work together to create

safety work environment.1 2 3 4 5

4.Safety rules are enforced even though there are no

accidents occurred.1 2 3 4 5

5.Your company takes full concern on theemployees’ safety, health, and welfare.

1 2 3 4 5

EMPLOYEES’ INVOLVEMENT

1.All employees have the opportunity to contribute

idea regarding safety and health on the workplace.1 2 3 4 5

2.

I often taking part on the safety and health training

provided by this organization. 1 2 3 4 5

3.All the accidents occurred are appropriatelyreported to the top management.

1 2 3 4 5

4.I am willing to report on the safety and health

violence conducted by co-workers.1 2 3 4 5



EMPLOYEES’ AWARENESS

1.I have a good knowledge on the workplace safety

and health.1 2 3 4 5

2.This organization is fully free from safety and

health hazards.1 2 3 4 5

3.All employees need to cooperate in improving the

safety and health environment.1 2 3 4 5

4. New employee must be given training onworkplace safety and health.

1 2 3 4 5

5.Employees should give high priority on safety and

health at workplace.1 2 3 4 5



No of accidents occurred according to

sector

nor fadilla othman

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