modul 2 markah

7/30/2019 Modul 2 Markah

1/69

JEO]EH ZEKCKO NK]GNK]LA WVZP

NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB ;

;

0N

:=/8 . ;0/7< >

0

0N

7

Blyg }hg kozrgp lo an /@gplako dkrkvko# mkckn an/

:

0N

:6 mk|z ! 02 mk|z >Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo rggaz kom mk|z/:6 hkpl ! 02 hkpl >O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn nlobbw mko hkpl/


2/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB 0

=

0N

PN7= ! 26 zgo ! PN;0/27 >

7/

0N

928 ! 968 8 >

9/

0N

;7' ei 9=6 vwvlcz lz;7' mkplvkmk 9=6 epkob nwplm lkckh


3/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB :

2/

0N

;:8

.78

>

8

0N

Mlkbpkn 8 zherz }hg }lng eo k mlbl}kc jceja/Pkdkh 8 ngowodwaako rka}w vkmk zg`wkh dkn mlbl}kc/

Mlkbpkn 8%Pkdkh 8

Rhk} rkz }hg }lng : hewpz 07 nlow}gz `giepg }hg }lng zhero5O|k}kako rka}w : dkn 07 nlol} zg`gcwn rka}w ml k}kz/


4/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB =

;6/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;6 zherz k pgj}kobcg/Pkdkh ;6 ngowodwaako zg`wkh zgblgnvk} }gvk}/

Jkcjwck}g }hg kpgk# lo jn # }hg pgj}kobcg/Hl}wob cwkz# mkckn jn # zgblgnvk} }gvk} l}w/

;;/

0N

76/2 . :/82 >

;0/

0N

7/79 c = >Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo nc/O|k}kako dkrkvko # mkckn nc

8 jn

7 jn Mlkbpkn ;6Pkdkh ;6


5/69


NKPAKH 0


;:/

0N

:2 nlow}gz = >:2 nlol} = >Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo hewpz kom nlow}gz/O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn dkn mko nlol}/

;=/

0N

7= nn ! == nn >Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo jn /O|k}kako dkrkvko # mkckn jn/

;7

0N

786 ! 96 ;0 ! 8 >


6/69


NKPAKH 0


;9/

0N

>

8

:

=

;

;2/

0N

PN;06/87 . 86 zgo ! PN :7/

;8/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;8 zherz k jw`g/Pkdkh ;8 ngowodwaako zg`wkh aw`wz/

Jkcjwck}g }hg yecwng # lo jn # 0 zlnlckp jw`gz/Hl}wob lzlvkmw# mkckn jn# 0 `wkh aw`wz |kob zknk/

7 jn

Mlkbpkn ;8% Pkdkh ;8


7/69


NKPAKH 0


;


8/69


NKPAKH 0


00/

0N

PN=6 . PN2/87 ! 86 zgo >

0:/

0N

226 n ! ;/02 an >Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo an/O|k}kako dkrkvko# mkckn an/

0=/

0N

Jeoygp}0:

hewpz lo}e nlow}gz/

]wakpako0

:dkn agvkmk nlol}/


9/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB

9

7mkplvkmk 2==>

09/

0N

:0< ! 97 < >

02/

0N

Jkcjwck}g }hg kygpkbg ei gkjh own`gp/Hl}wobako vwpk}k zg}lkv oen`ep/

27 < 8;


10/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB ;6

08/

0N

]k`cg 08 zherz }hg own`gp ei kolnkcz lo V ikpn/Dkmwkc 08 ngowodwaako `lckobko hklrko }gpokako mkckn ckmkob V/

KolnkcHklrko

]hg own`gp ei kolnkc@lckobko

jerCgn`w

;9

bek}akn`lob

0=

Rhk} lz }hg vgpjgo}kbg ei rhecg kolnkcz lz jer 5@gpkvkakh vgpk}wz cgn`w mkplvkmk zgnwk hklrko mkckn ckmkob l}w5

0


11/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB ;;

:6/

0N

Mlkbpkn :6 zherz }hg }lng }hk} \ktlm z}kp} j|jclob }e zjheec lo }hgnepolob/Pkdkh :6ngowodwaako nkzk \ktlm nwck `gp`kzlakc ag zgaeckh vkmkrka}w vkbl/

Hg pgkjhgm k} zjheec:=

hewpz ck}gp/ K} rhk} }lng mlm \ktlm pgkjh k}

zjheec5

Mlk zknvkl ag zgaeckh:=

dkn agnwmlko/ Vkmk vwawc `gpkvk \ktlm }l`k

ml zgaeckh/

:;//

0N

Her nko|0:

ei ;68 vwvlcz vkz} }hg Nk}hgnk}ljz }gz}/5/

@gpkvkakh0:

mkplvkmk ;68 epkob nwplm cwcwz mkckn wdlko Nk}gnk}la5

;0

Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo ab /O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn ab/

::/

0N

= hewpz :7 nlow}gz ! ; hewpz =6 nlow}gz >= dkn :7 nlol} ! ; dkn =6 nlol} >


13/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB ;:

:=/

0N

( 289 . ;7 , :6 >

:7/

0N

2

Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo nlxgm own`gp/O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn oen`ep `gpjknvwp/

:9/

0N

Mlkbpkn :9 zherz k own`gp ei mliigpgo} vlj}wpgz/Pkdkh :9 ngowodwaako g`gpkvk bkn`kp |kob `gpckloko/

Rhk} lz }hg vgpjgo}kbg ei }hg rhecg vlj}wpgz lz vlj}wpgz5O|k}kako vgpk}wzko bkn`kp mkplvkmk zgnwk bkn`kp/

:2

0N

PN06 ! PN:0/87 . ;

Mlkbpkn :9% Pkdkh :9


14/69


15/69


NKPAKH 0


=6

0N

=76 nc = >Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo C /O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn C/

=;/

0N

]hg vpljg ei 8 zlnlckp vgojlc jkzgz lz PN 06/86/ Jkcjwck}g }hg }e}kcvpljg ei : zlnlckp vgojlc jkzgz/Hkpbk 8 `wkh `gakz vgozgc |kob zknk lkckh PN 06/86/ Hl}wob dwnckhhkpbk : `gakz vgozgc |kob zknk/

=0

0N

Mlkbpkn =0 zherz iewp own`gp jkpmz rl}h woaoero own`gpz eo jkpmzV kom [/Pkdkh =0 ngowodwaako gnvk} agvlob akm oenèp mgobko mwk akm Vmko [ }lmka `gpoenèp/

Mlkbpkn =0% Pkdkh =0]hg }e}kc own`gp ei }hg iewp jkpmz lz 096 / Ilom }hg }e}kc own`gp ei Vkom [/Dwnckh oenèp vkmk aggnvk}.gnvk} akm l}w lkckh 096 / Jkpl dwnckhoenèp vkmk akm V mko [

=:

0N

Mlkbpkn =: zherz }hg }re own`gp jkpmz/

Pkdkh =: ngowodwako 0 agvlob akm oenèp/

Ilom }hg }e}kc own`gp 5Jkplako dwnckh agmwk.mwk oenèp l}w/

=8 0=27

Mlkbpkn =: %Pkdkh =:

9= V [ 20


16/69


NKPAKH 0


==/

0N

;9

!0:

>

=7/

0N

Mlkbpkn =7 zherz k gnv}| jceja/Pkdkh =7 ngowodwaako zg`wkh dkn aezeob/

Mpkr }hg hewpz kom nlow}gz hkomz iep ;707 hewpz/Cwalzako dkpwn dkn mko nlol} wo}wa dkn ;707/

=9/

0N

Mlkbpkn =9 zherz }hg vlgjgz ei oe}g kom jeloz/Pkdkh =7 ngowodwaako `g`gpkvk aggvlob rkob agp}kz mko z|lclob/

Ilom }hg 76' ei }hg }e}kc ei neog| /Jkplako 76' mkplvkmk dwnckh l}w/

PN;6 PN7

76

zgoPN7

76

zgo

Mlkbpkn =9% Pkdkh =9

;0

Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo c

O|k}kako dkrkvko mkcknc

/

7:/

0N

PN::/96 ! PN:6 . 27 zgo >


19/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB ;

77/

0N

7

0ei ;=6 `gkmz kpg `cwg `gkmz kom }hg pgz} kpg pgm `gkmz/

Her nko| kpg }hgpg megz pgm `gkmz5

7

0mkplvkmk ;=6 `ldl nkola `gprkpok `lpw mko `kalo|k `gprkpok ngpkh#

@gpkvkakh `lckobko nkola |kob `gprkpok ngpkh5

79/

0N

7 mk|z x < >//////////////////// rggaz////////////////////mk|z7 hkpl x //////////////////////////nlobbw///////////////////////hkpl


20/69


NKPAKH 0


72/

0N

]k`cg 72 zherz }hg own`gp ei vwvlcz lo }hpgg jckzzz/Dkmwkc 72 ngowodwaako `lckobko nwplm mkckn }lbk `wkh agckz/

Jckzzagckz

]hg own`gp eivwvlcz

@lckobko nwplm9 Loeyk}li 079 Mloknla :99 Apgk}li 0

97

0N

Mlkbpkn 97 zherz }hg yecwng ei ne}ep elc lo k jeo}klogp/Pkdkh 97 ngowodwaako lzlvkmw nlo|ka vgclojlp mkckn zg`wkh `gakz/

Li 076 nc ei ne}ep elc lz kmmgm }e }hg jeo}klogp# rhk} lz }hg }e}kcyecwng# ei }hg ne}ep elc lo }hg jeo}klogp oer5Dlak 076ncnlo|ka vgclojlp ml}kn`kh ag mkckn `gakz# `gpkvkakhdwnckh nlo|ka vgclojlp ml mkckn `gakz l}w zgakpkob/

Mlkbpkn 97 % Pkdkh 97


23/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB 0:

99

0N

Mlkbpkn 99 jeozlz}z ei z{wkpgz rl}h zlmgz ; jn/ Eo }hg mlkbpkn # mpkrk pgj}kobcg = jn ceob kom 7 jn rlmg/Pkdkh 99 }gpmlpl mkplvkmk vg}ka.vg}ka zgblgnvk} zknk `gpzlzl ; jn/Vkmk pkdkh l}w# cwalzako zg`wkh zgblgnvk} }gvk} `gpwawpko = jnvkodkob mko 7 jn cg`kp/

92/

0N

:866 b ! 266 b >Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo ab/O|k}kako dkrkvko## mkckn ab

98/

0N

79 !

0:

>

Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo nlxgm own`gp /O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn oen`ep `gpjknvwp/

Mlkbpkn 99 %Pkdkh 99


24/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB 0=

9Pewom eii }hg kozrgp }e }hpgg mgjlnkc vckjgz/@womkpako dkrkvko agvkmk }lbk }gnvk} vgpvwcwhko/

26

0N

: ;76 zgo < >Blyg |ewp kozrgp lo PN/@gplako dkrkvko mkckn PN

2;/

0N

Jhkobg =;:

mk|z }e hewpz5

]wakpako =;:

hkpl agvkmk dkn 5


25/69


NKPAKH 0


20/

0N

Mlkbpkn 20 zherz }hg own`gp ei vlj}wpgz/Pkdkh 20 ngowodwaako zgdwnckh bkn`kp/

Rhk} lz }hg vgpjgo}kbgz ei rhecg vlj}wpg lz 5@gpkvkakh vgpk}wz bkn`kp mkplvkmk zgnwk bkn`kp 5

2:

0N

< x ( :== ! 2 297 ,>

2=/

0N

Mlkbpkn 2= zherz k jwèlm/Pkdkh 2= ngowodwaako zg`wkh awèlm/

Jkcjwck}g }hg yecwng# lo jn # }hg jwèlm/Hl}wob lzlvkmw# mkckn jn # awèlm l}w /

: jn

= jn

9 jn

Mlkbpkn 20% Pkdkh 20

Mlkbpkn2 = %Pkdkh 2=


26/69


NKPAKH 0


27/

0N

Ilom }hg kygpkbg ei :/= # < kom 6/8 /Jkplako vwpk}k `kbl :/= # < mko 6/8 /

29

0N

= |gkpz 2 neo}hz ! 9 |gkpz 8 neo}hz>/|gkpneo}hz= }khwo 2 `wcko ! 9 }khwo 8 `wcko >/ }khwo /`wcko

22/

0N

>!

;6

2:

7

::


27/69


NKPAKH 0


28/

0N

;2 8/02 >

2


28/69


NKPAKH 0


8;/

0N

=: nlow}gz = >=: nlol} = >Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo hewpz kom nlow}gz/O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn dkn mko nlol}/

80

0N

Jkcjwck}g = c :=6nc =>Alpk= c :=6nc =>Blyg |ewp kozrgp lo c /@gpl dkrkvko mkckn c

8:/

0N

:7 jn ! 87 jn >Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo n /O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn n/


29/69


NKPAKH 0


[ >

89/

0N

=;9

.79

Mlkbpkn 87 %Pkdkh 87

V [


30/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB :6

82/

0N

]k`cg 82 zherz k own`gp ei Vpe}eo vgpmkok lo }hpgg ylcckbgz /Dkmwkc 82 ngowodwaako `lckobko agpg}k Vpe}eo Vgpmkok ml }lbk `wkhaknvwob/

YlcckbgAknvwob

]hg own`gp ei jkp@lckobko agpg}k

X :\ =T 8

Rhk} lz }hg vgpjgo}kbgz ei }hg rhecg Vpe}eo Vgpmkok lz ipen ylcckbg X5@gpkvkakh vgpk}wzko Vpe}eo Vgpmkok mkpl Aknvwob X mkplvkmk zgnwkVpe}eo Vgpmkok ml }lbk `wkh aknvwob l}w5

88

0N

>

;69

0N

Mlkbkpkn ;69 zherz k own`gp clog/

Pkdkh ;69 ngowodwaako zk}w bkplz oen`ep/

8

=[

8

2

Mlkbpkn ;69%Pkdkh ;69Z}k}g }hg ykcwg ei [ lo l}z zlnvcgz} iepn/

O|k}kako olckl [ mkckn `go}wa }gpnwmkh/

;62/

0N

Jeoygp}7

:}e k vgpjgo}kbg/

]wakpako 7

:

agvkmk vgpk}wz/

;


37/69


NKPAKH 0


;68

0N

76 mk|z x =>/rggazmk|z76 hkpl x = >nlobbwhkpl

;6b

Mlkbpkn ;6< %Pkdkh ;6


38/69


NKPAKH 0


;;;/

0N

=6' ei =76 `gkmz lz@gpkvkakh =6' mkplvkmk =76 `ldl nkola 5

;;0/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;;0 zherz k jen`lok}leo ei k }plkobcg K@I kom k pgj}kobcg IJMG/KIG kom I@J kpg z}pklbh} clogz/ KI > IG/Pkdkh ;;0 ngowodwaako bk`wobko zg`wkh zgbl }lbk K@I mko zg`wkh zgblgnvk} }gvk} IJMG/ KIG kom I@J lkckh bkplz cwpwz mko KI>IG/

K

9jn=jn

@I J

G M;0jn

Mlkbpkn ;;0%Pkdkh ;;0

Rhk} lz }hg vgplng}gp # lo jn# ei }hg rhecg mlkbpkn5@gpkvkakh vgplng}gp # mkckn jn# zgcwpwh pkdkh l}w5

7jn


39/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB :@gplako dkrkvko komk mkckn `wcko/


40/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB =6

;;9/

0N

2== 0 = >

;;2

0N

;= mgjkmgz = |gkpz. 8 mgjkmgz 8 |gkpz>;= mgakm = }khwo 8 mgakm 8 }khwo>

;;8

0N

< an =6 n 8 >Blyg }hg kozrgp # lo n/@gplako dkrkvko # mkckn n


41/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB =;

;;Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo c /O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn c /

;06/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;06 jeozlz}z ei pgj}kobcgz ei }hg zkng zltg/Pkdkh ;06 }gpmlpl mkplvkmk vg}ka.vg}ka zgblgnvk} }gvk} |kob zknk `gzkp/

0jn

=jnMlkbpkn ;06%Pkdkh ;06

Jkcjwck}g }hg vgplng}gp # lo jn # ei }hg zhkmgm pgbleo/Hl}wob vgplng}gp # mkckn jn# akrkzko `gpcepga/


42/69


NKPAKH 0


;0;/

0N

=6' ei 276 jerz lz@gpkvkakh =6' mkplvkmk 276 gaep cgn`w5

;00/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;00 zherz }hg }lng Np Twc begz }e hlz eiiljg lo }hg nepolob/Pkdkh ;00 ngowodwaako nkzk Go Twc vgpbl ag vgdk`k} vkmk rka}w vkbl/

Hg pgkjhz k} hlz eiiljg 76 nlow}gz ck}gp/ K} rhk} }lng #hg pgkjh k} hlz eiiljg 5Mlk zknvkl ml vgdk`k}o|k 76 nlol} agnwmlko/ Vkmk vwawc `gpkvk mlk }l`k mlvgdk`k}5

;0

;07/

0N

87 279 ! 8=:0 . 0 =8< >

2 jn

;6 jn

Mlkbpkn ;0: Pkdkh ;0:


44/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB ==

;09/

0N

:6/: . ;=/27 >

;02/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;02 jeozlz}z ei zgygpkc z{wkpgz ei g{wkc zltgz/Pkdkh ;02 }gpmlpl mkplvkmk vg}ka.vg}ka zgblgnvk} zknk |kob zknk `gzkp/

Mlkbpkn ;02 %Pkdkh ;02

Eo }hg mlkbpkn# mpkr ko lzezjgcgz }plkobcgz/Cwalzako zg`wkh zgbl}lbk akal zknk mkckn pkdkh }gpzg`w}/

;08/

0N

>

2

:;9

;076 nlol} : >

Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo hewpz kom nlow}gz/O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn dkn mko nlol}/


45/69


NKPAKH 0


;:6/

0N

0686 n . 876 n >Blyg }hg kozrgp lo an /@gplako dkrkvko mkckn an/

;:;/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;:; lz nkmg wv ei zgygpkc }plkobcgz ei }hg zkng zltg/Pkdkh ;:; }gpmlpl mkplvkmk `g`gpkvk vg}ka zgbl}lbk zknk `gzkp/

Mlkbpkn ;:;

Pkdkh ;:;

Her nko| }plkobcgz pgvpgzgo} 96' ei }hg rhecg mlkbpkn5

@gpkvkakh vg}ka zgbl}lbk |kob ngrkalcl 96'mkplvkmk zgcwpwh pkdkh l}w5

;:0/

0N

Dkznlog hkz PN 97/76/ Zkpkhz neog| lz }rljg }hg knewo} ei Dkznlogz /Jkcjwck}g }hg knewo} ei neog| }hk} Zkpkh kom Dkznlog hkyg kc}ebg}hgp/Dkznlog kmk PN97/76/ Rkob Zkpkh kmkckh mwk akcl rkob Dkznlog/ Hl}wobdwnckh rkob Zkpkh mko Dkznlog/


46/69


NKPAKH 0


;::/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;:: zherz k jw`gPkdkh ;:: ngowodwaako zg`wkh aw`wz/

Jkcjwck}g }hg yecwng # lo jn # : zlnlckp zltg ei jw`gzHl}wob lzlvkmw # mkckn jn# : `wkh aw`wz |kob zknk/

;:=/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;:= zherz Zlz|z kom Kplikz neog|/Pkdkh ;:= ngowodwaako rkob Zlz| mko Kplik

Zlz|z neog| Kplikz neog|Rkob Zlz| Rkob Kplik

Mlkbpkn ;:=Pkdkh ;:=

Ilom }hg mliigpgojg `g}rggo }hg knewo} ei neog| }hk} Zlz| kom Kplik hkyg/Jkpl vgp`gtkko rkob ko}kpk Zlz| mko Kplik

0 jn

Mlkbpkn;:: %Pkdkh ;::


47/69


NKPAKH 0


;:7

0N

=97 7 : >

;:9/

0N

6/:0 8 >

;:2/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;:2 zherz }hg }lng Zl}l kpplygm ei k jeojgp}/Pkdkh ;:2 ngowodwaako rka}w Zl}l }l`k ml zwk}w aeozgp}/

Mlkbpkn ;:2%Pkdkh ;:2

]hg jeojgp} z}kp}gm =

;

hewp ck}gp/ K} rhk} }lng mlm }hg jeojgp} z}kp}5

Aeozgp} gpnwck=

;dkn agnwmlko/ Vkmk vwawc `gpkvkakh aeozgp} l}w `gpnwck5


48/69


NKPAKH 0


;:8/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;:8 zher k own`gp jkpm/Pkdkh ;:8 ngowodwaako zgagvlob akm oenèp/

Mlkbpkn ;:8Pkdkh ;:8

Ilom }hg vpemwj} ei }hg ykcwg ei mlbl} : kom }hg ykcwg ei mlbl} = lo }hg own`gp/Jkpl hkzlc mkpk` `kbl olckl mlbl} : mko olckl mlbl} = mkckn oenèp l}w/

;:Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo nO|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn n/

;=6/

0N

Gxvpgzz=

;: nlccleo lo owngpkcz/

O|k}kako =

;

: dw}k mkckn oenèp/

:7 90=


49/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB =

;=9/

0N

0806 zgo = >Blyg }hg kozrgp lo PN

@gplako dkrkvko mkckn PN

2 jn

;: jn

9 jn

VVVV[[[[

Mlkbpkn ;== %Pkdkh ;==


51/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB 7;

;=2

0N

Khnkm zvgo} ; hewpz 06 nlow}gz lo k cl`pkp|/ Hg cgi} }hg cl`pkp| k} =/;6 vn/Mpkr }hg }lng hg pgkjhgm }hg cl`pkp| eo }hg jceja ikjg zhero `gcer/Khnkm `gpkmk ml zg`wkh vgpvwz}kakko zgcknk ; dkn 06 nlol}/ Mlkngolobbkcako vgpvwz}kakko l}w vkmk =/;6 vn/ Cwalz vkmk nwak dkn# rka}wmlk }l`k ml vgpvwz}kakko/

Mlkbpkn ;=2Pkdkh ;=2

;=8

0N

;06 ! 9;7 : >


52/69


NKPAKH 0


;=

06 jn

Mlkbpkn ;7: Pkdkh ;7:


54/69


NKPAKH 0


;77/

0N

Ktnl `w|z k ne}ej|cjg rhgo hg lz ;< |gkpz kom < neo}hz ecm/ Hg `w|z kznkcc jkp ki}gp wzlob ne}ej|cjg = |gkpz 2 neo}hz ck}gp/K} rhk} kbgz Ktnl `ewbh} hlz znkcc jkp 5

Ktnl ngn`gcl zg`wkh ne}ezlakc kvk`lck mlk `gpwnwp ;< }khwo < `wcko/ Mlk

ngn`gcl zg`wkh agpg}k agjlc = }khwo 2 `wcko agnwmlko/ Vkmk wnwp`gpkvkakh Ktnl ngn`gcl agpg}k agjlc 5

;79

0N

Mlkbpkn ;79 jeozlz}z ei k z{wkpgz kom }re lzezjgcgz }plkobcgz rl}h }hg zkng zltg/

Pkdkh ;79 ngobkomwobl zg`wkh zgblgnvk} zknk mko mwk `wkh zgbl}lbk zknk akal

|kob zknk `gzkp/

Mlkbpkn ;79 %Pkdkh ;79

]hg vgplng}gp ei ko lzezjgcgz }plkobcgz lz 0< jn/ Ilom }hg vgplng}gp # lo jn# ei }hg

rhecg mlkbpkn/

Vgplng}gp zg`wkh zgbl}lbk zknk akal lkckh 0< jn/ Jkpl vgplng}gp# mkckn jn#zgcwpwh pkdkh/


55/69


NKPAKH 0


;72

0N

Knlp hkz ; 0=6 z}knvz/ Hg `w|z koe}hgp 0: z}knvz kom }hgo kppkobgz }hgz}knvz g{wkcc| lo}e : kc`wnz/Her nko| z}knvz kpg }hgpg lo gkjh kc`wn5Knlp kmk ; 0=6 agvlob zg}gn/ Mlk ngn`gcl 0: agvlob zg}gn ckbl mkoagnwmlko ngo|wzwo zg}gn.zg}gn l}w zknk `ko|ka ag mkckn : `wkh kc`wn/

@gpkvk `lckobko zg}gn ml mkckn zg}lkv kc`wn5

;78

0N

Jkcjwck}g = hewpz ;7 nlow}gz . ; hewpz =7 nlow}gz >Hl}wobako = dkn ;7 nlol} . ; dkn =7 nlol}>

;7

Z}k}g }hg kozrgp lo neo}hz/O|k}kako dkrkvko mkckn `wcko/

;90/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;90 zher }hg jez} vpljg ei k zhlp}/Pkdkh ;90 ngowodwaako hkpbk aez zghgckl `kdw/

Mlkbpkn ;90%Pkdkh ;90

Jheob `w| 2 zlnlckp ei }hg zhlp}/ Jkcjwck}g her nwjh megz Jheob hkyg }evk|5Jheob ngn`gcl 2 hgckl kdw |kob zknk/ Hl}wobako `gpkvkakh dwnckh |kobvgpcw ml`k|kp ecgh Jheob5

PN :0/


57/69


NKPAKH 0


;9:/

0N

Mlkbpkn ;9: zherz jw`g R kom jwèlm X/Pkdkh ;9: ngowodwaako aw`wz R mko awèlm X

7jn

=jn

Mlkbpkn ;9: %Pkdkh ;9:

Jkcjwck}g }hg yecwng # lo jn# ei jwèlm X /Hl}wob lzlvkmw # mkckn jn # awèlm X/

;9=

0N

>!

:

0

=

;

;97

0N

Mlkbpkn 7 zherz k jwèlm/Pkdkh 7 ngowodwako zg`wkh awèlm/

Jkcjwck}g }hg yecwng# lo jn # }hg jwèlm/Hl}wob lzlvkmw # mkckn jn # awèlm l}w/

: jn

= jn

;6 jn

Mlkbpkn 7% Pkdkh 7

R X


58/69


NKPAKH 0


;99

0N

Mlkpbpkn;9 9 zherz }hg }lng Ikhnl pgkjhgm hlz hewzg ki}gp rkcalob ipenzjheec/Pkdkh ;99 ngowodwaako nkzk Ikhnl }l`k mlpwnkho|k zgcgvkz `gpdkcko mkplzgaeckh/

Hg }kagz =6 nlow}gz }e hlz dewpog|/K} rhk} }lng # hg mgvkp}gm ipen zjheec 5Mlk ngobkn`lc nkzk =6 nlol}/ Vkmk vwawc `gpkvkakh mlk `gp}ecka mkplzgaeckho|k5

;92/

0N

Nwc}lvc| :/;= rl}h ;66 lzMkpk`ako :/;= mgobko ;66

;98/

0N

PN06/


59/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB 7Blyg }hg kozrgp# lo PN@gplako dkrkvko # mkckn PN


60/69


NKPAKH 0


;2:

0N

:2

ei =


61/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB 9;

;29

0N

Mlkbpkn ;29 jeozlz}z }hpgg zlnlckp pgj}kobcgz/Pkdkh ;29 ngobkomwobl }lbk zgblgnvk} }gvk} |kob zknk zklt/

Jkcjwck}g }hg kpgk # lo jn # rhecg mlkbpkn/Hl}wob cwkz# mkckn jn # zgcwpwh pkdkh/

;22

0N

Mlkbpkn ;22 zherz k V z{wkpg kom k [ g{wlck}gpkc }plkobcg/

Pkdkh ;22 ngowodwaako zg`wkh zgblgnvk} zknk V mko zg`wkh zgbl}lbkzknk zlzl [/

Jkcjwck}g }hg vgplng}gp# lo jn# }hg zhkmgm pgbleo/Hl}wobako vgplng}gp# mkckn jn# akrkzko `gpcepga/

;28/

0N

0 rggaz 9 mk|z ! : rggaz 7 mk|z>rggaz mk|z0 nlobbw 9 hkpl ! : nlobbw 7 hkpl>nlobbw hkpl

9 jn

= jn

7 jn

[[[[

VVVV


Mlkbpkn ;29 Pkdkh ;29


62/69


NKPAKH 0


;22=

:

;86

0N

PN26 :27 zgo >

;8;

0N

Zw`}kj} 277 n ipen :/67 anBlyg |ewp kozrgp# lo n]eckaako 277 n mkplvkmk :/67 an@gpl dkrkvko mkckn n

;80

0N

( ;06 . 82 , 2 >


63/69


NKPAKH 0

ML]KLV MKO MLAGNKZALOL ECGH JLABW REOB 9:

;8:

0N

]k`cg;8: zherz }hg vpljg ei zgygpkc l}gn `ewbh} `| Gojla Cgg/Dkmwkc ;8: ngowodwaako hkpbk `g`gpkvk `kpkobko |kob ml`gcl ecgh GojlaCgg/

L}gn

@kpkobko

Vpljg

Hkpbk

[wko}l}|

Awko}l}l

PN72/66 0

PN ;7 ;

]k`cg ;8:%Pkdkh ;8:

Jkcjwck}g }hg }e}kc vpljg ei }hg l}gn vwpjhkzgm `| Gojla CggHl}wobako dwnckh hkpbk `kpkobko |kob ml`gcl ecgh Gojla Cgg/

;8=

0N

:/99= 8 >


64/69


NKPAKH 0


;87

0N

Mlkbpkn ;87 jeozlz}z ei z{wkpgz ei g{wkc zltg/ Her nko| z{wkpgzpgvpgzgo} 76' ei }hg rhecg mlkbpkn5Pkdkh ;87 }gpmlpl mkplvkmk `g`gpkvk vg}ka zgblgnvk} zknk |kob zknk`gzkp/ @gpkvkakh `lckobko vg}ka |kob ngrkalcl 76 ' mkplvkmk zgcwpwhpkdkh5


;89/

0N

Rhk} lz }hg mliigpgojg `g}rggo }hg ykcwgz ei mlbl} 9 kom mlbl} 0 lo }hg own`gp:=2/9=0 5Kvkakh `gtk ko}kpk olckl mlbl} 9 mko mlbl} 0 mkckn oen`ep :=2/9=0 5

;82

0N

>

8

7

=

;9


65/69


NKPAKH 0


;88/

0N

Knlokh }eea8

;hewp }e `k}h kom

=

;hewp }e me hgp hengrepa/ Her ceob mlm

zhg }kag# lo hewp# iep `e}h kj}lyl}lgz5

Knlokh ngobkn`lc nkzk 8

;

dkn wo}wa nkoml mko =

;

dkn wo}wa ngn`wk}

agpdk pwnkh/ @gpkvk cknkakh nkzk# mkckn dkn # |kob mlk kn`lc wo}waagmwk.mwk ka}lyl}l l}w5

;8

modul 2 markah

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