marine frontier @ unikl · 2018. 1. 10. · universiti kuala lumpur, 32200 lumut, perak, malaysia...

MARINE FRONTIER @ UniKL

MIMET TECHNICAL BULLETIN

VOLUME 7 EDITION 1 2016

MIMET TECHNICAL BULLETIN VOLUME 7 EDITION 1 2016

MARINE FRONTIER


MARINE FRONTIER


MARINE FRONTIER


MARINE FRONTIER

© 2016 Marine Frontier @ UniKL MIMET Technical Bulletin. This publication is

copyright under Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology Universiti

Kuala Lumpur.

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmit-

ted without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Permission is not, however,

required to copy abstracts of papers or of articles on condition that a full reference to

the source is shown.

Published by:

UniKL MIMET

Dataran Industri Teknologi Kejuruteraan Marin

Bandar Teknologi Maritim

Jalan Pantai Remis

32200 Lumut

Perak Darul Ridzuan

+(605)- 6909000(Phone)

+(605)-6909091(Fax)

[email protected]

http://www.mimet.edu.my

mailto:[email protected]://www.mimet.edu.my


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MESSAGE FROM ASSOC. PROF. ZAINORIN MOHAMAD

THE CHIEF EDITOR OF MARINE FRONTIER

i

WINDMILL WATER PUMPING SYSTEM FROM RECYCLE ITEMS by M.A.N.A

HAMID, M.Z. NURIJAN, M.S.M ARRIF AND AMIRRUDIN YAACOB 1-15

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT THE GEAR BEARING SYSTEM FOR HARVEST-ING THE FREE ENERGY by MOHAMAD ALIFF B ISMAIL, NURUL NAJWA B

MOHD DIN AND AHMAD MAKARIMI ABDULLAH

16-19

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIY MINI ROV USING 3D PRINTER by AHMAD MAKARIMI ABDULLAH, MUHD AMIRUL AFIQ B JESMIN , MUHD AZRI

RAHMAN B KHASIM , ARMAN B MOHD ARSHAD

20-23

INFLUENCE OF NUMBER OF BLADES CHARACTERISTIC ON EFFECTIVE-NESS OF WIND TURBINE by M.A. ISHAK, A.R.M. FIRDAUS, S. SULAIMAN--,

Z.N. ISMARRUBIE, B.T.H.T. BAHARUDIN, A.R.M. ZAKI

24-29

THE PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNIKL MIMET DEEPWATER OFFSHORE WAVE TANK by M.A.A. WAHAP, F.A. ADNAN, I.

MUSTAFFA KAMAL

30-40

STUDENTS’ DISCOURSE PERFORMANCES IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE CLASSROOM by NURAIN BINTI JAINAL

41-46

STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SMALL TRADITIONAL WOODEN FISHING BOAT IN KEDAH IN COMPLIANCE WITH IMO SAFETY RECOMMENDATION ANNEX 2 BY SHAMSUL EFFENDY ABD HAMID, MUHAMMAD NASUHA

MANSOR AHMAD AZMEER ROSLEE

47-59

USAGE OF INTELLIGENT CONTROL FOR AUTOMATIC SHIP BERTHING by

YASEEN ADNAN AHMED 60-77

THE STRANDED ROHINGYA REFUGEES ‘BOAT PEOPLE’: MALAYSIA, ASEAN AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE THROUGH DIPLOMACY AP-PROACH by AIZAT KHAIRI, AMIRRUDIN YAACOB AND SARAH NADIAH RASHIDI

78-93

DETERMINANTS OF A SUCCESSFUL SHORT SEA SHIPPING OPERATION:

LESSONS FOR INDONESIA-MALAYSIA-THAILAND GROWTH TRIANGLE by

AMAYROL ZAKARIA

94-111

INSIDE THIS ISSUE:

CHIEF EDITOR:

Assoc. Prof. Zainorin Mohamad

EXECUTIVE EDITOR:

Dr. Puteri Zarina Megat Khalid / Mrs. Fauziah Ab Rahman

EDITORS:

Assoc. Prof. Cmdr. (Rtd.) Dr. Aminuddin Mohd Arof

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Yuzri Mohd Yusop

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Md Salim Kamil

Mrs. Aminatul Hawa Yahaya

Mr. Aziz Abdullah

Mr. Hamdan Nurudin

Ms. Shahida Ishak

Mrs. Hanisah Johor

Mrs. Shareen Adleena Shamsuddin

Mrs. Fatin Zawani Zainal Azaim

Mrs. Zaifulrizal Zainol

EDITORIAL MEMBERS:

Mrs. Norfadhlina Khalid

Mrs. Puteri Zirwatul Nadila Megat Zamanhuri

Mrs. Nor Hafidah Haliah

GRAPHIC EDITORS:

Mr. Mohd Fadzly Abdul Aziz

EDITORIAL


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MESSAGE FROM

Assoc. Prof. Zainorin Mohamad

The Chief Editor of Marine Frontier

All praises to Allah, it is my great pleasure to once again welcome readers to this 1st edi-

tion of 2016 Marine Frontier which has entered its 7th year. With the increase in PhD holders

amongst the academic staff and the new We4Asia Protocols laid down, Marine Frontier is poised

to play a more significant role and become an important platform for faculty members and re-

searchers to publish and share their marine related research work and studies.

The papers included in this issue are windmill water pumping system from recycle items,

design and construct of gear bearing system for harvesting free energy, design and construction of

DIY Mini ROV using 3D printer, influence of number of blades on wind turbine effectiveness, the

preliminary analysis in the development of deep water offshore wave tank, stability assessment of

small traditional fishing boats and the use of intelligent control for automatic ship berthing.

This issue also features studies in teaching and learning including topics on students’

discourse performances in the second language classroom and the stranded Rohingya refugees

‘boat people’: Malaysia, ASEAN and International response through diplomacy approach. I hope

the knowledge shared through these papers will create interest for readers and spur new research

ideas and initiatives.

Currently there are 15 Master degree students and 2 PhD students pursuing their studies

by research in UniKL MIMET and their numbers is expected to grow in the coming years. UniKL

will also continue to raise the percentage of PhD holders amongst its faculty members through

recruitment and further studies scheme. Both these developments augur well for the improvements

of Marine Frontier as more papers are expected to be featured in future issues of Marine Frontier.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation

Dr. Puteri Zarina Megat Khalid, the former Executive Editor and I wish a very warm welcome to

Mdm. Fauziah Ab Rahman, the new Executive Editor of Marine Frontier. I also wish to extend my

appreciation to all paper contributors, editors, reviewers, editorial and technical support team for

the publication of this issue. Thanks for all your hard work, dedication and commitment in produc-

ing this 1st edition of 2016 Marine Frontier.

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ABSTRACT

Wind energy can be extracted by using the suitable wind turbine with the correct wind speed at few

observed location in Malaysia. Generally, Malaysia has a potential to used wind energy as alterna-

tive energy because the wind speed can reached until 12 meter per second in Malaysia and this is

advantages to exploit the wind power to drive the windmill for water pumping system. Calcula-

tions have been made on the energy wind speed value which is required for the system to work. If

wind speed is low, the windmill can be adjusted by placing the connecting rod closer to the center

of the rotation where it requires less work to function. As a result, the volume of water per stroke

will decrease and it will take longer time to fill the tank. The test has been performed under the

circumstances where the performance of the windmill is consistent with the theoretical calcula-

tions. This model was designed by using Computational Aided Design AutoCAD 2D and 3D.

Keywords: Wind Pump, Green Energy, Recycle Items.

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays efficiently and quality service in the industry become an attraction, especially with the

increasing innovation in the windmill system. For buyers, they offer the best service to deliver

fresh ideas and reliable supply capable of competing. The benefit of wind energy as the mechanism

is to water pump system is that increase requirement for livestock and irrigation tend to coincide

with the seasonal increase of incoming wind energy.

WINDMILL WATER PUMPING SYSTEM FROM RECYCLE ITEMS

M.A.N.A HAMID1, M.Z. NURIJAN, M.S.M ARRIF AND AMIRRUDIN YAACOB1, 2

1Section of Design Technology,

Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology,

Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 32200 Lumut, Perak, Malaysia

2Department of Aeronautics, Automotive and Ocean Engineering,

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

[email protected]

___________________________________________

Corresponding author: [email protected]

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This system can also give in significant for long-term cost saving and a smaller environmental

footprint compared to another systems. Wind pump is a pumping machine that is used to pump

water for irrigation in the agriculture sector or any domestic use in houses. The water pumping

system is beneficial to farming sectors as well as promoting green energy that is free from pollu-

tion. Most of the existing wind pumps use piston as a medium for suction. The long piston rod

with the vertical up and down motions produces discontinuous water flow and a pulsating flow of

water discharged. So the purpose of this project is to develop a wind pump by centrifugal action to

overcome the disadvantages of the pump.

WIND ENERGY

Wind energy had been used for many centuries but the discovery of the internal combustion en-

gine and development of electrical grids had reduced the use of wind energy to generate electricity

or used energy. Wind energy is usually used for water supply and irrigation using the wind pumps,

and electrical generation using wind generators.

Figure 1. Example of Wind Energy

WINDMILL SYSTEM

Wind is often used as an energy source to operate pumps and supply water to livestock. Because

of the large amount of water needed for crops, wind power is rarely used for irrigation. As larger

or more efficient wind turbines are developed, groups of these wind turbines or the single wind

turbine are expected to be able to generate enough electricity to be used for irrigation projects.

Wind generators are also used to charge batteries and to provide electricity for small communities.

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However, from the ship owner’s perspective cost escalations may have been a result of poor

asset maintenance during the operational life of a ship, hence any underlying problem would not

have revealed earlier on, but would have surfaced unexpectedly during a refit or slipping pro-

gram, thus becoming a ship owner’s liability.

With regards to maintenance management, ship repair is an inherently difficult business to

manage. Variously described as complex, dynamic, fast-moving and chaotic, the business of ship

repair is undoubtedly difficult to plan and then manage. Ship repairers are often of the firm belief

that processes of ship repair cannot be planned in the conventional sense, and that any control is

limited to short term management. Kattan (n.d) further argues that, for basic process improve-

ments, cost has to be reflected in both design and production, while man-hours costing can only be

controlled through good management systems and stable processes. Thus, a good management

system may help improve man-hour costing.

Additionally, Yardley et. al (2006) acknowledged that unfortunately, many ship owners are

still in a reactive mode of operation. Their main objective is to maximize the use of their assets’

operation. If the ship’s equipment breaks down, they fix it as quickly as possible and then run it

until it breaks down again, hence overlooking the aspects of preventive measures.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

There are currently issues relating to a general perception of shipyards’ inability to achieve

maintenance efficiency, possibly due to poor planning, poor overseeing, lack of leadership or lack

of control and monitoring of repair process that results in cost escalations of planned refits or slip-

ping of ships.

Negative perception is similarly casted on ship owner’s improper maintenance of their assets

during normal operation that may have exaggerated any underlying technical problems resulting in

unexpected breakdowns, hence incurring additional cost on unexpected repairs during planned

refits or slipping.

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The use of mechanical equipment to convert wind energy to pump water goes back many

years. By the late nineteenth century there were more than 30,000 windmills operating in Western

Europe, many of the Dutch “tower” mill design. In 1854, Daniel Halliday invented the American

multi blade windmill using wooden blades. By 1915, Aeromotor Company of Chicago had patent-

ed the first self-oiling machine, with the open gears enclosed in a water resistant case. Windmills

are classified as vertical or horizontal axis machines depending on the axis of rotation of the rotor.

Vertical axis windmills can obtain power from all wind directions whereas horizontal axis wind-

mills must be able to rotate into the wind to extract power.

Windmills are also classified as either electrical power generators or water pumpers.

Power generators are typically horizontal axis “propeller” type blade designs or vertical axis “egg

beater” designs. Power generators typically operate at high rotational speeds with low starting tor-

ques, appropriate for generators. Based on Figure 1 direct water pumping windmills are character-

ized by the “old west” style of a multi blade, horizontal axis design set over top of the well. Water

pumping requires a high torque to start the pump and this is supplied by the multi blade design.

Figure 2 shows the typical design of wind turbine that pumps the underground water or water from

well to the stock tank. The design consist of major parts of the typical wind pump design such as

rotor, gearbox, pump and its structural body. In Malaysia, this potential energy has been quite

widely used. The potential for wind energy generation in Malaysia depends on the availability of

the wind resource that varies with location. Understanding the site specific nature of wind is a cru-

cial step in planning wind energy project.

Figure 2. American Windmill Iron Man

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FUNCTION OF WINDMILL

A windmill's function is to harness the power of the wind to generate useful energy for humans. In

the past, people used this energy to grind grain or pump water. More modern windmills turn wind

energy into electrical power. People in ancient China used windmills to pump water, while Persian

and Middle Eastern farmers and merchants used vertical windmills to grind grain. Brought back to

Europe after the Crusades, the windmill caught on quickly, becoming an integral part of the econ-

omy. The most famous windmills were in the Netherlands, where people used them to grind grain

and to drain lakes and marshes. Dutch innovators created the modern wind turbine to generate

electricity in the 1890s. Since then, scientists have made wind turbines that generate as much pow-

er in some regions as fossil fuels do, making them the fastest growing source of energy in the

world, according to the Department of Energy.

Figure 3. Wind Turbine Configuration

HISTORY OF WIND PUMP TECHNOLOGY

Wind pumps were used to pump water since at least the 9th century in what is now Afghanistan,

Iran and Pakistan. The use of wind pumps became widespread across the Muslim world and later

spread to China and India. Windmills were later used extensively in Europe, particularly in the

Netherlands and the East Anglia area of Great Britain, from the late Middle Ages onwards, to

drain land for agricultural or building purposes. Simon Stevin's work in the water street involved

improvements to the sluices and spillways to control flooding. Windmills were already in use to

pump the water out but in Van de Molens (On mills), he suggested improvements including the

idea that the wheels should move slowly and a better system for meshing of the gear teeth. These

improvements increased the efficiency of the windmills used to pump water out of the polders by

three times. He received a patent on his innovation in 1586.

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Figure 4. Charles Brush’s Windmill of 1888

Eight- to ten-bladed windmills were used in the Region of Murcia, Spain, to raise water

for irrigation purposes. The drive from the windmill's rotor was led down through the tower and

back out through the wall to turn a large wheel known as a noria. The noria supported a bucket

chain which dangled down into the well. The buckets were traditionally made of wood or clay.

These windmills remained in use until the 1950s, and many of the towers are still standing.

Technology of wind pump is brought by the New World early immigrants to the Europe.

Great Plains at United State, mostly the farm there used wind pump to pump water from their well

for their cattle. In California and some other states, the windmill was part of a self-contained do-

mestic water system including a hand-dug well and a redwood water tower supporting a redwood

tank and enclosed by redwood siding (tank house). In 1854, the self-regulating farm wind pump

was invented by Daniel Halladay.

The multi-bladed wind pump or wind turbine stop a lattice tower made of wood or steel

hence became, for many years, a fixture of the landscape throughout rural America. These mills,

made by a variety of manufacturers, featured a large number of blades so that they would turn

slowly with considerable torque in low winds and be self-regulating in high winds. A tower-top

gearbox and crankshaft converted the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried downward

through a rod to the pump cylinder below. Today, rising energy costs and improved pumping tech-

nology are increasing interest in the use of this once declining technology.

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HISTORY OF WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Over 5,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians used wind power to sail their ships on the

Nile River. Later, people built windmills to grind their grain. The earthiest known windmills were

in Persia (Iran). These windmill looked like large paddle wheels. Centuries later, the people of

Holland improved the basic design of the windmill. They gave it propeller-type blades made of

fabric sails and invented ways for it to change direction so that it could continually face the wind.

Windmills helped Holland become one of the world's most industrialized countries by the 17th

century. American colonists used windmills to grind wheat and corn, pump water, and cut wood.

As late as the 1920s, Americans used small windmills to generate electricity in rural areas without

electric service. When power lines began to transport electricity to rural areas in the 1930s. Local

windmills were used less and less, even though they can still be seen on some Western ranches

1181. The oil shortages of the 1970s changed the energy picture for the country and the world. It

created an environment more open to alternative energy sources, paving the way for the re-entry of

the windmill into the American landscape to generate electricity [IS]. Wind turbines come in all

different tower heights and rotor sizes. The worlds largest is in Ontario, Canada, at 117 m (384 ft)

high, with a 39 m (128 ft) blades.

HISTORY OF WINDMILL IN MALAYSIA

Malaysia had taken a baby step on harnessing the energy in its country by develop the

wind turbine and hybrid solar generator at the heart of Pulau Perhentian. The project costing

RM12.6million was jointly funded by the Federal and state governments while Tenaga Nasional

Berhad (TNB) through his subsidiary Tenaga Nasional Energy Services (TNES) Sdn Bhd was

commissioned to complete the task. Micheal Cheang, reporter from The Star reported that the pro-

ject, at an estimated cost of RM12.67 million was financed through a project funding initiative

under the Federal Government Electricity Supply Industrial Trust Account together with the Ter-

engganu State.

Government was undertaken by TNB Energy Services (TNB-ES) Sdn Bhd. This unique

electricity generation system uses a combination of wind, solar, battery and diesel as fuel where

the wind and solar source are primary sources that enable power to be generated in an optimum

and environment friendly manner. The system has a 100kW solar capacity comprising two wind

turbines, each generating 100kW. The battery connected to the system can store 480kWh of elec-

trical power. To ensure continuity of supply in the event of a lack of wind or solar source or when

the stored power is low, the standby generator connected to the system is able to provide 550kW

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TNB completed the construction of this nation’s first solar and wind turbine hybrid sys-

tem project on 2008. TNB has already built similar solar hybrid systems in six islands neighbour-

ing Mersing comprising Pulau Pemanggil, Pulau Aur, Pulau Sibu, Pulau Besar and Pulau Tinggi.

The system was also built in the Orang Asli village of Kampung Denai in Rompin, Pahang. TNB

with the cooperation of the Terengganu Government launched the solar hybrid system in Pulau

Kapas on June that year.

DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY PROJECT IN MALAYSIA

Many countries worldwide recognize that the current energy trends are not sustainable

and that a better balance must be found between energy security, economic development and pro-

tection of the environment including in Malaysia. One of these sources is wind energy. In Malay-

sia, the potential energy has been quite widely researched. The potential for wind energy genera-

tion in Malaysia depends on the availability of the wind resource that varies with location. Under-

standing the site-specific nature of wind is a crucial step in planning a wind energy project. Malay-

sia has tropical weather, influenced by monsoonal climate because of its latitude and longitude.

Tropical climate here gives hot summer that is accompanied with high humidity level. But the

weather in general in Malaysia is without extremities. Malaysia's climate is hot and humid with

relative humidity ranging from 80 - 90 percent, except in the highlands. The temperature averages

from (20-34ºC) throughout the year. Monsoon comes twice a year. Due to the country’s locations,

winds over the area are generally light. The strongest wind only occurs on the East coast of Penin-

sular Malaysia during the Northeast monsoon. Therefore, the assessment of wind energy potential

in Peninsular Malaysia can be performed.

DATA COLLECTION OF WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION

Located in Southeastern Asia, Malaysia is an island nation that forms a part of the Malay-

sian Peninsular. Bordered by Thailand, Indonesia and Brunei, the geography of Malaysia is divid-

ed into two major parts which is Peninsular Malaysia (latitude 04°N and longitude 102°' E) and

East Malaysia. The South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca are the other two prominent fea-

tures of Malaysian geography. The researchers from Universiti Sains Malaysia had made research

on the five selected regions in Peninsular Malaysia. Wind speed data variations from Meteorologi-

cal Station of year 2005 until year 2009 were obtained at five selected regions in Peninsular Ma-

laysia.

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The regions are Langkawi, Penang, Kuala Terengganu, Kota Bharu and Mersing These

wind speed data were recorded every minute using anemometer meanwhile the wind direction

were measured using wind vane. The data comprise monthly, average hourly wind speed, wind

direction, temperature, and humidity. The elevations of anemometer for each region are different

which is depending on the geographical aspect. The wind speed will be measured in meter per sec-

ond unit (see Table 1) present the description of the selected regions in Peninsular Malaysia which

consist of latitude, longitudes elevation of anemometer at population.

Table1: Description of the Selected Regions in Peninsular Malaysia

ANALYSIS ON SUITABLE LOCATION OF WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN

MALAYSIA

In this analysis of the past feasibility study, the potential of wind energy were investigat-

ed at Langkawi Island, Penang, Kuala Terengganu, Kota Bharu and Mersing. The results of wind

speed obtained from Mauritius Metrological Services (MMS) presented that the corresponding

annual mean speed in Langkawi Island within five year in is approximately 1.76m/s. Meanwhile in

Penang, it is approximately 1.15m/s whilst Kuala Terengganu having annual wind speed around

1.69m/s. The highest annual mean wind speed happened at Mersing with approximately 2.65m/s

and Kota Bharu obtaining the lower of annual mean wind speed which is about 1.58m/s. Further

work is conducted at Mersing as it has the potential for used wind in generating energy. Accord-

ingly, the annual and monthly wind speed variation at Mersing has been performed and it is view-

ing in table 2.2. As can be seen, the development annual and monthly mean wind speed in 2005

until 2009 is similar. It is established that the stronger mean wind speed at Mersing was occurred

during the Northeast monsoon season from November to February. It was range roughly 2m/s to

5m/s. During this region, the wind northeast monsoon blowing and dominate this region.

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Table 2. Annually Monthly Mean Wind Speed at Mersing

It is also expected that there is a heavy rainfall occurred. In contrast, the worst wind

speed had been experience from March until October. Mostly during the months, the mean wind

speed remains constant between 1.94m/s to 3.6m/s. From this result, it can perceive that the annu-

ally and monthly mean wind speed at Mersing is higher and more unwavering than other regions.

From example, in April until October 2005, the mean wind speed remains constant at 2.22m/s

except August. This is almost similar in 2006 until 2008.

WINDMILL WATER PUMPING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

The development process divided into few stages. The first stages was the design

development. The research have been done about the design of windmill water pumping system.

The AutoCAD Mechanical 2010 can generate the design, visualize and communicate the ideas

with ease and efficiency. Creating mechanical designs in AutoCAD Mechanical 2010 is easy and

has many new software features that make plotting, publishing and scaling so much easier and

quicker. Its new user interface makes commands easy to find and allows users to be trained easily

and quickly. This basic concepts course provides the user with the skills needed to develop the

AutoCAD knowledge to a competent user level, giving the ability to plot, publish and scale with

ease, impressing your customers and colleagues. The windmill water pumping system project

begin from 9/9/15 until 22/12/15 and total duration hours is about 599 hours to be completed in-

cluded presentation of FYP and submitted report to supervisor.

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The project begins from group making to the research the assessment project (windmill

water pumping system) such as internet, documentation, you tube, and etc. After research is

completed, though to the design making phase, from sketching on the paper go to the primary de-

sign and the last is conformation design by using AutoCAD. The next step is selection of material

from recycle item such as break disc, crank bike and etc. The cutting process is needed after selec-

tion of material and after that go through the fabrication process to assemble all partition that al-

ready. The main phase is, testing the project and collected needed data such measured project ca-

pability. Based on the positive result, the project can go to the last phase is finishing, if resulting

is negative back to the fabrication phase. The finishing process is about to make project more val-

uable and have commercial potential.

Figure 5. 2D and 3D View of Windmill Water Pumping System

THE CONSTRUCTION OF WHEELS AND GEARS

The screw was assembled to the disc for gear construction. The first gear need to com-

bine to the windmill then the second gear with crank bike need to attach to the windmill by using

PVC pipe. The scope of work for this stages completed by attached of the silicon to the gear.

Figure 6. The construction of Disc for Windmill

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THE INSTALLATION OF FIBERGLASS WIND BLADES

The construction of the blade which made form fiberglass is the recycle items. The half cut or re-

cycle plywood also was used as part of the wind blades. After the installation of the fiberglass

blades to the plywood, the sand paper need to be used as the mechanism to smooth the surface of

the plywood. Then the curve of fiberglass blades can be shape by using cable ties.

Figure 7. The Wind Blades

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PVC WATER PUMP

The connection of the gear to the pump needs PVC pipes with diameter of 1 inch and the

valve combined to male socket adapter by using super PVC glue and white tape. The valve and the

pump need to attach together for the installation of water pumping system.

Figure 8. Pump holder and Windmill Stand

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WIND MILL WATER PUMPING SYSTEM ASSEMBLY PROCESS

All the parts from the previous process need to maintains and ensure there is no damaged

to outside factors. After the assembly process has been completed, the test need to be done just to

ensure that the construction of the windmill water pumping system are successfully.

Figure 9. Windmill Assembly Process

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

From the experiment, the project needs wind about more than 40km/h to be function

efficiently. The measurement of wind speed and how identify what types of wind can be used is

based on the anemometer and also Beaufort scale.

Figure 10. Wind Speed by Anemometer

To operated normally, the windmill system need Beaufort force level 5, which is fresh

breeze which Beaufort force level 5 is normally in sea area. To make this project operated normal-

ly without strong wind, few recommendations can be made which are first is bigger and lighter

blade for easy to move event a normal wind, using bearing could increase the efficiency of work

done by the projects, add height level of the tower cause normally at height at 5 to 6 feet velocity

of wind faster than under 5 feet and lastly increase the diameter of windmill blade to operate faster.

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Figure 11. Beaufort Scale

CONCLUSION

The green technology is a not a new thing in the Global but it is still new in Malaysia. As

the time goes by, the demand for green technology in Malaysia is growth bigger daily. The current

situation like lack of water and high electricity bill also the factor of the important to use green

technology such as to use wind power to pump out the water from underground by using a wind-

mill water pumping. The wind speed factor is the most crucial in selected windmill water pumping

type. It is because the wind in Malaysia is low speed wind. The most suitable for design the wind-

mill water pumping is the American Multi-blade type of windmill. From the calculation, it does

prove with using wind speed data in Malaysia, the windmill water pumping can fully operate and

usable.

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REFERENCES [1] A.G. Drachmann, Heron's Windmill, Centaurus, 7 (1961)

[2] Siti Khadijah Najid, Azami Zaharim, Ahmad Mahir Razali, Mohd Said Zainol, Kamarul-

zaman Ibrahim & Kamaruzzaman Sopian), Analyzing the East Coast Malaysia Wind

Speed Data, Issue 2, Volume 3, 2009.

[3] The Incredible Guy, Water Pumping Windmill, http://www.studymode.com/essays/Water

-Pumping-Windmill-798462.html retrieved 2.11.2015.

[4] Water Resources , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources retrieved 29.10.2015

[5] DIY Wind-Powered Water Pump by flyingpuppy http://www.instructables.com/id/

DIYWind-Powered-Water-Pump. Retrieved 4.11.2015.

[6] Acid Rain, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain retrieved 29.10.2015.

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ABSTRACT

Nowadays, an idea of “one house, one independent power generation system” is created to help in

supplying electrical energy to those who live in rural and remote areas. This system or idea is

ingenious especially in helping low-income community and every household in rural areas which

has not receive a stable and enough power supply. It will help daily activities to be done efficiency

and give more comfortable life to the consumer. It would be a good alternative to provide a free

energy by using green technology system. In Malaysia, there are still areas which has poor electri-

cal supply. Thus, the concept of wind turbine system has a transmission system that helps in trans-

ferring energy .Gear bearing system is used to connect from wind turbine to the generator. Be-

sides, it also can stabilize the speed of wind. Design a good gear bearing must be done to produce

more energy than its experience.

Keywords: Power generation, Power supply, Wind turbine, Gear bearing.

INTRODUCTION

This project produced a prototype of gear bearing system from the integration of wind turbine

concept. The development in the real gear bearing system in wind turbine concept for making the

integration working efficiency as well as with its design. It also can maintain the speed of the

transferred energy by stabilize the rotation of both of blades turbine and the magnetic flux. Thus,

this project has being designed and constructed the prototype by using 3D printer.

___________________________________________


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT THE GEAR BEARING SYSTEM FOR

HARVESTING THE FREE ENERGY

1MOHAMAD ALIFF B ISMAIL, 2NURUL NAJWA B MOHD DIN AND

3AHMAD MAKARIMI ABDULLAH

1 2 3Section of Marine Electrical & Electronic Technology,,



[email protected]

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It required low cost in construction and its parts are easily to assemble. Integration of free energy

concepts by combination of physics and mechanical principles is an advantages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 1 shows the basic flow of design gear bearing system. Software was used to design

and simulate the specification of the project. The design process creates gear bearing system in a

wind turbine concepts while collecting data and info of the general review. A Scaffler design of

wind turbine as it is among the best in world. It was then converted to solid works software. It is

because we can be able to transfer the design into the 3D printing software by change it into stl

file.

Figure 1. The Basic Flow of Design Gear Bearing System

After that, it was proceeded by printing design by loading it into the 3D printer software that is

Cura. Other than that, the software has so many guidelines on the gearing parts and it helps us to

go through our design completely. After that, we have to assemble the gear bearing parts to check

either the design is well function or not. Lastly, the prototype will be clean up as a finishing. Fig-

ure 2, 3, 4 and 5 shows the equipment and materials used in producing the 3D prototype. The re-

sults were observed and recorded in the next chapter.

Figure 2. Assemble view of Gear Bearing System

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Figure 3. Parts view of Gear Bearing components

Figure 4. Material for 3D printing - Clear Scent™ ABS

Transparent Dark Blue 1.75mm

Figure 5. 3D Printer is used to produce the prototype

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RESULT

The gear bearing is compatible with the reducer and adjuster gearing to achieve a smooth required

rotations. Besides, the design has been printed using the 3D printer based on the sketched design

and function as expected. The prototype design can be integrated with variable of size options.

Thus, the prototype can move and the objective is achieved as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Final Design of Gear Bearing System

CONCLUSION

This prototype of gear bearing system project can be construct by emphasize its design. So that, it

can produce an optimum energy. In a wind turbine system, gear bearing is the most suitable to use

as it can produce an efficiency movement of gearing. This concepts also would be a good alterna-

tive to provide a free energy by using green technology system. The development and improve-

ment of gear bearings system need to be done to create a better energy.

REFERENCES

[1] Analysis and design machine equipment, Vijay Kumar Jordan, 2010.

[2] Scaeffler Germany, sector key and industry wind turbine, 2011.

[3] Techtips - ring and pinion selection for optimal efficiency.

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ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to design Remote-Operated-Vehicle (ROV) on a mini scale and to

construct with fabrication using 3D Printer while also make it easy to Do-It-Yourself (DIY). This

DIY Mini ROV can be a platform for a student and lecturer to understand the basic function of

ROV and incorporate knowledge of marine engineering. Furthermore, DIY Mini ROV can be ex-

ploit its function, such as for underwater exploration, inspection and also for Remote-Control en-

thusiast. Student and lecturer can also learn the knowledge of 3D Printer since the chassis of ROV

is fully fabricated using 3D Printer.

Keywords: Remotely-Operated-Vehicle (ROV), 3D printer, Underwater Exploration, Remote

Control.

INTRODUCTION

Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) is a tethered underwater vehicle which is commonly

used in deep water industries. ROV are unoccupied, highly maneuverable and operated by a crew

on a land using control room or onboard the vessel. It is linked by either a neutrally buoyancy teth-

ered or a load-carrying umbilical cord when working in rough condition or in deeper water. The

umbilical cable is an armored cable that contains an electrical conductor and fiber optic that carry

electrical power, video and data signal.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIY MINI ROV

USING 3D PRINTER

1AHMAD MAKARIMI ABDULLAH, 2MUHD AMIRUL AFIQ B JESMIN ,

3MUHD AZRI RAHMAN B KHASIM AND 4ARMAN B MOHD ARSHAD

1 2 3 4Section of Marine Electrical & Electronic Technology,,



[email protected]

___________________________________________


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3D Printer also known as additive manufacturing (AM) is a process of making three

dimensional solid objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using

additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of

material until the entire object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced hori-

zontal cross-section of the eventual object. The purpose of this project is to enhance the previous

model of ROV with effective cost. Furthermore, using raw material will limit the design of ROV

because lack of facilities in UniKL MIMET to fabricate material to construct ROV.

MATERIALS AND METHODS DIY Mini ROV is design by using SolidWorks Software while fabricate using 3D Printer.

The materials being used to fabricate is Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament. It start

with making a design of the Mini ROV. Then, the drawing will be save as Stereo Lithography

(STL) file which is a file format native to the software created by 3D Systems. This file format is

supported by many other software packages, it is widely used for rapid prototyping, 3D printing

and computer-aided manufacturing. STL files describe only the surface geometry of a three-

dimensional object without any representation of color, texture or other common CAD model at-

tributes. Afterwards, print out the design using 3D Printer and assemble it as shown in Figure 1

and Figure 2. The process of assemble is easy because of DIY natures.

Figure 1. Design in SolidWorks

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Figure 2. Assembly View of Mini ROV

Figure 3. ABS Filament - Material for Mini ROV Prototype

Figure 4. Printing Process using 3D Printer

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Figure 5. Final product of Mini ROV

RESULT

From the project there are several processes being done and they are shown in Figure 3,

Figure 4 and Figure 5. Those hardware are being printed out using 3D printer, means there is no

fault in the design. Besides, the project is capable to assemble and disassemble certain parts of

Mini ROV, waterproof and able to function.

CONCLUSION

At the end of the project, it is measure to be successful by testing the working prototype

as planned. Its only problem is tolerance with 3D Printing. The tolerance of 3D Printing does ef-

fect only marginal of our dimension. With full commitment and team work from group members

were managed to achieve the objectives. From this project, the team acquired the experience on

how to design using SolidWorks, operate a 3D Printing, and knowledge about ROV. The project

are the first batch in UniKL MIMET that utilize 3D Printing and the team capable to complete the

project without failure. For the result, it will benefit us in gaining new knowledge and also gener-

ate students creativity. Moreover, this project will benefit the marine industries, since this project

literally breakdown the limitation of design, fabrication and able to cut down the cost when com-

paring with current market Mini ROV.

REFERENCES

[1] Lipson, H., & Kurman, M. (2013). Fabricated: The new world of 3D printing.

[2] Lygouras, J. N. (1999). DC thruster controller implementation with integral anti-wind up

compensator for underwater ROV. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, 25(1),

79-94.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to look on how the number of blades character on the turbine blade

will influence the rotation of the blades. Turbine blade design and engineering is one of the most

complicated and important aspects of rotation machinery technology. The structural integrity of

all rotating components is the key to successful operation of any machinery. There were four ma-

jor factors that will affect the rotation of the blades which are pitch angle, blade area ratio

(including blade thickness and blade width), number of blades and blade diameter. This study will

determine the number of blades factor on designing and producing the ideal turbine blade design.

This study also will be use the reverse engineering method which involving the scanning process,

designing process and fabrication process. Fabrication process will be carry out by using the Rap-

id Prototype machine to produce the model of blade. The model of blades will be tested by using

the simple concept of wind turbine. From the experiment, data will be collected and used to find

another data through calculation method. Some of the result had been getting from the calculation

and will be compared with an experiment data and these shows that the number of blades will ef-

fected the quantity of power generation. Some modification can be used in order to get the better

result for further study on this project.

___________________________________________


INFLUENCE OF NUMBER OF BLADES CHARACTERISTIC ON EF-

FECTIVENESS OF WIND TURBINE

*1M.A. ISHAK, 2A.R.M. FIRDAUS, 3S. SULAIMAN, 4Z.N. ISMARRUBIE,

5B.T.H.T. BAHARUDIN, 6A.R.M. ZAKI

1,2 Section of Technical Foundation,


Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 32200 Lumut, Perak, Malaysia.

3,4,5Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

6Section of Technical Workshop,

Malaysian Spanish Institute, Universiti Kuala Lumpur,

Kulim Hi-Tech Park, 09000 Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia

[email protected]

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INTRODUCTION

The number of blades in each row and in moving rows in particular is closely linked to

the airfoil shape. Most turbine manufactures rely on a library of standard airfoil section shapes

that are selected to match the desired flow angle determined by the velocity diagram for each

stage. Once the basic airfoil shape has been selected, the turbine designer can then “scale” the

airfoil to an appropriate size for a particular stage. In this way, the turbine designer can fine-tune

the number of blades in the row and the strength of individual blades and can optimize the propor-

tions of the flow passages bounded by the blades. Note that both the axial and tangential directions

must be scaled by the same factor and the basic airfoil section shape (importantly, the inlet angle

and exit angle) will be changed.

The optimum solidity for a stage using a specific airfoil shape depends primarily on the

inlet and exit angles of the airfoil, but also on the passage area and relative flow velocities. Since

the number of blades is also inversely proportional to the scale factor, relative bending strength of

a given airfoil section increases with the square of the scale factor, so a small increase in airfoil

chord results in a large increase in bending strength. The objective of these studies has to be con-

sidered to ensure the blades comply with the standard requirement by determine the best number

of blades characteristic which will result in maximum output and to identify the whole blade fabri-

cation process from design stages to fabrication stages. The scope of research are to produce a

model and to conduct an experiment and to ensure the analysis from the experiment is valid and

applicable, determination of scope of research has to be considered.

METHODOLOGY

The study started to review the manufacturing books related to the sand casting mold

method for the various products aims to the symmetric shape such as piping, ring, bottle and etc.

The previous researches had been used as a guideline in order to complete this study. All of infor-

mation about blade geometry, fabrication process, blade materials, and the detail design had been

highlighted in this study. On this stage, the reverse engineering process will be used as the initial

process or the foundation of the blade design. The benchmark blade’s complete with all the param-

eters to be calculated. In scanning process, the benchmark blade was scanned by using a scanner

machine, GOM ATOS Operating Technical Scanner. The modification process performed using

solid-works 2014 software. The modification was only covered on number of blades. The other

parameter remains unchanged.

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The number of blades was adjusted to 3 blades, 4 blades and 5 blades. The material used in the

blade fabrication is Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The blade fabrication by Rapid Proto-

type (RP) Machine. The example of model blades are shown in Figure 1. The data collection of

blade testing by developing of small wind turbine tunnel model will consist of rotor, blade and

ammeter. The experiment will be conducted for testing in wind tunnel experimental unit.

Figure 1: Model of Turbine Blade - 5 Blades

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter describes the results that have been obtained from experiments were defined

by the different outcome of the electrical potential of the blade model. In this experiment, there

were three types number of propeller which is 3 blades propeller, 4 blades propeller, and 5 blades

propeller that need to be tested to find which blade to be the more effective. The experiment was

carried out by using wind tunnel unit. The data collected are number of blades, wind speed in m/s,

voltage produced in Volt (V), and current generated in Ampere (A). The power consumption was

calculated by summing the equation of; Power (Watts) = Potential difference (V) X Current (A).

From the experiment, the result are shown as Table 1, result for Wind Tunnel Unit. The experi-

mental result showed that the 3 blades model produced the highest voltage at every level of wind

speed and at both condition of experiments. While, the 5 blades model produced the lowest volt-

age at every level of wind speed and at both condition of experiments. The resistance was set to be

fixing as using the same motor at 6.3Ω. The current was measured by using the Ohm’s Law for-

mula, V = IR. All the data from the experiment were taken after one minute rotation of the blade

model.

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The wind speed applied to the blade model was set at the low speed fan table (3.0 m/s),

middle speed (4.5 m/s) and high speed (6 m/s). This experiment identified the behavior of the

blade when applying wind to the blade model.

Table 1: Data collected from the testing

The graph of voltage versus number of blades are shown in Figure 2 was illustrates how

changing the number of blades affects the voltage produced in different wind speeds.

Figure 2: Graph of Voltage (V) vs Number of Blades

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These showed that the voltage generated by the propeller are gradually decreased when

the number of blades are increased. These happened for all wind speed and showed that the num-

ber of blades will effect the voltage production. The relations with the total number of blades is

inversely proportional to the voltage production. In Figure 3, that showed the relations of power

output versus wind speed.

Figure 3: Graph of Power Output (W) vs Wind Speed (m/s)

CONCLUSION

The number of blades the wind turbine will affect the power output generated. The

experimental was carried out to study the effect of blades number by developing a simple model of

3, 4 and 5 blades of turbine propeller. The experiment was successful and the data had been col-

lected for analysis. The result showed that the lowest number of blades will generated highest volt-

age (V) or power output (W) in any wind speed. The hypothesis stated that as the number of

blades less, the wind speed increases and the power output or voltage increased. In the experi-

ment, it was found out that the optimal number of turbine blades is three. The amount of voltage

produced by three blades keep increased as the wind speed increased. So, the three turbine bladed

represents the best combination of high power output with optimum wind speed.

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REFERENCES

[1] Anish Bhattacharya (2010). The Effect of Blade Angle and Size on Wind Turbine

Performance - 8th grade Unity Point School District 140.

[2] Brondsted P (2005). A Composite material for wind power turbine blades.

[3] F.Manwell, Jon G, McGowan & Anthony L, (2002). Wind Energy Explained.

Theory Design and Application.

[4] George Lucas, Professional Engineer, PE (2012), Blade Design & Analysis for Steam

Turbine.

[5] Giguere P and Selig M.S, (2000). Blade Geometry Optimization of Wind Turbine Rotors.

ASME Wind Energy Symposium Reno – New Jersey.

[6] Jakson K L and Migliore P G (1987). Design of Wind Turbine Blades Employing

Advanced Airfoils – San Francisco, CA.

[7] James L Tangler, (2000). Conference paper “American Wind Energy Association”.

The Evolution of Rotor and Blade Design.

[8] Laura Levanen (2011). The effect on Power Output of a Wind Turbine when Changing

the Pitch Angle of The Blades.

[9] Leon Mishnaevsky Jr, (2012), Composite Material in Wind Energy Technology, Thermal to

Mechanical Energy Conversion: Engine and Requirement, Technical, University of

Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark.

[10] Qiyue Song, (2012), Master of Applied Science in Engineering, Design, Fabrication,

and Testing of a New Small Wind Turbine Blade, University of Guelph.

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ABSTRACT

This paper presents the preliminary analysis of a proposed UniKL MIMET deepwater offshore

wave tank. The tank will be equipped with a set of wave generator which able to generate bidirec-

tional regular and irregular wave. It is a benchmarking approach which utilise Universiti Teknolo-

gi Malaysia (UTM) towing tank specifications as the main reference, combining with few others

existing model testing facilities specifications around the globe. Based on the breadth model

(Bmodel) to breadth tank (Btank) ratio, several analyses were performed to determine the range of full

scale offshore platform suitable to the range of scale ratio used in model testing. The analyses are

model wave estimation, model size determination and suitable tank length for adequate constant

speed measurement period. The analyses show that the proposed UniKL MIMET deepwater off-

shore wave tank of 10 m wide is capable of running a wide range of offshore model testing. The

scale factor used can be varied from a scale factor of 9 to 200. In conclusion, the wave height, Hw

recommended for MIMET’s wave tank is at a maximum of 0.5m. The recommended wave period,

Tw is from 0.5 to 2.0secs.

Keywords: Deepwater offshore wave tank, benchmarking analysis, constant speed

measurement length, model wave characteristics.

INTRODUCTION

Universiti Kuala Lumpur – Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology

(UniKL-MIMET) has plan to develop a deep-water offshore wave tank for testing ship and off-

shore platform models. This deep-water wave tank is considered as an essential facility for the

newly proposed Bachelor Engineering Technology in Offshore Engineering (BET Offshore Engi-

neering).

___________________________________________


THE PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNIKL

MIMET DEEPWATER OFFSHORE WAVE TANK

1M.A.A. WAHAP, 2F.A. ADNAN, 3I. MUSTAFFA KAMAL

1Section of Marine Design Technology,



[email protected]

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This new programme is planned to be delivered in 2017. The proposed size of the deep-

water tank is 30m in length, 10m in breadth and having 6m of water depth (the tank is 7.5m in

height). The tank is planned to be equipped with a set of wave generator which able to generate

bi-directional regular and irregular wave. Figure 1 shows the proposed tank’s layout, complete

with a wave generator which able to produce regular wave height, Hw, up to 0.5m in height and

irregular wave up to 0.25m significant wave height, Hsig for wave periods, Tw, from 0.5secs to

2.5secs.

A preliminary analysis on the tank specification is therefore required. This analysis is

important in determining the final tank dimensions and the required capability of the wave genera-

tor. The preliminary analysis used the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) towing tank parame-

ter as a benchmark reference. The benchmark reference is not limited to UTM’s towing tank pa-

rameter but also including few others existing model testing facilities parameter around the globe.

Therefore few analyses were carried out according to the proposed tank dimensions and the re-

quired wave characteristics.

There are plans in the future to add a towing carriage for slow speed seakeeping model

tests. Therefore a suitable tank length that permits for a slow speed seakeeping test need to be de-

termined. The analyses are as the followings:

a. Model waves estimation based on UTM’s wave generator benchmarking for a range of

scale factor.

b. Model size determination based on the estimated wave generator characteristics.

c. Suitable tank length and available data acquisition measurement period for slow speed

seakeeping test based on UTM Tank’s parameters.

Figure 1. Proposed UniKL MIMET deepwater offshore tank complete with wave generator

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ESTIMATION OF WAVE CHARACTERISTICS

The benchmark reference which is the UTM’s towing tank (Maimun et al., 2007), has a

dimension of length, Ltank at 120 m, its breadth, B tank at 4 m, and its tank water depth, Dwater at

2.5m. They has years of experience in conducting offshore model testing with scale ratio ranging

from 70 up to 80. Therefore, the estimations of the wave characteristics of MIMET’s deep-water

wave tank were based on UTM’s wave characteristics. UTM’s largest offshore model is a model

with a breadth of 1.2m, therefore the calculated blockage effect, Bmodel/ Btank, is 0.3. Using a simi-

lar blockage effect of 0.3 for MIMET’s tank, therefore the maximum model size or the model

breadth suitable for MIMET’s wave tank should be at 3.0 m, where the blockage effect of 0.3 mul-

tiplies with 10m of MIMET’s tank breadth.

Using a similar maximum scale factor of 80 as the biggest scale ratio used in UTM, then

a series of full scale size platform, full scale wave characteristics and model scale wave character-

istics are calculated as in Table 1. A sea-state of 10 or Beaufort Number 10 is taken as the rough-

est possible operating environment used to calculate the model scale wave characteristics. The

scale factor was then expanded in order to give a wider range of testing capability.

In Table 1, the full scale offshore platform breadth between 60 m to 600 m were scaled to

3 m breadth of the model, therefore the range for MIMET’s tank Hw and Tw are calculated to be

from 0.0625m to 0.625m and from 0.5294 secs to 1.674 secs respectively. Comparing to UTM’s

wave characteristics, MIMET’s tank wave frequency is still within reasonable range since UTM’s

maximum Tw is 2.5 secs which equivalent to 2.513 rad/s. Applying the same Tw of 2.5 secs for

MIMET’s wave tank, this will give the smallest scale factor of 8.97. Furthermore, the number of

wave cycle generated along the 30 m length of the tank will reflect to the number of platform re-

sponse during measurement period.

It is worth to note that the model scale wave characteristics used for model testing do not

necessary need to follow the same scale factor of the model. The wave characteristics can be as-

signed in any scale during testing, as long as it able to give enough motion response that can be

measured by the data acquisition and analysis system (DAAS). The relationship between motion

response and wave characteristics are normally presented in terms of Response Amplitude Opera-

tor (RAO), which is a transfer function describing the relationship between motion response and

wave characteristics (Tupper and Rawson, 2001). From this dimensionless RAO, any further full

scale environment (sea state condition) can be easily calculated.

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International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) recommended procedure in conducting

seakeeping experiment for ship in moving condition (ITTC, 2002), recommended that the test

should cover an average of 10 wave cycles. Table 1 also highlighted the number of wave cycle

according to their own scale throughout the 30 m length of the MIMET’s tank. But in this case, the

offshore structure is in static condition, where the speed forward, V forward is 0 m/s. Therefore the

larger the wave generated inside the tank, the shorter the period of the data recording. For model

tested in irregular waves for measurement of rarely occurrence events such as slamming, the mini-

mum measurement period recommended by ITTC (2002) is three hours full scale.

Table 1. Model scale wave estimation for a range of scale factor with fixed model breadth of 3.0m

Table 2. Existing wave generator capability compared to water depth and tank breadth

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ESTIMATION OF MODEL SIZE

In determining the suitable model scale wave characteristics, existing wave tank and tow-

ing tank around the globe as listed in Table 2 were used as a guideline. All the tanks as listed in

Table 2 shared almost similar water depth and tank breadth, except for UTM’s towing tank. Based

on these references as in Table 2, it was decided that UniKL MIMET’s deepwater offshore wave

tank should be able to generate Hw up to 0.5 m. Initially, the range for the wave period, Tw was

decided to be from 0.5 to 5.0 secs. However, Table 1 shows that the model scale wave period from

0.5 secs to 2.5 secs is already adequate to cover a scale factor ranging from 8.97 to 200.

Based on the 0.5 m maximum model scale wave height and full scale environment condi-

tion of sea state 10 with its maximum wave height Hw at 12.5 m, the calculations for suitable scale

factor were performed. The full scale platform rig length was set to be at 240 m, referring to UTM

as explained previously. The ranges of offshore platform model scale that can be tested in

MIMET’s tank are as tabulated in Table 3. But as the model wave height, Hw was decided to be

maximum at 0.5 m for MIMET’s tank, the range of scale factor that can be performed in

MIMET’s tank had to be limited from 25 to 250.

Table 3. Range of offshore platform model scale according to wave generator specifications

THE REQUIRED LENGTH FOR TESTING MODELS MOVING AT A CONSTANT

SPEED

There is another intention to make use of MIMET’s wave tank facility for seakeeping and

calm water resistance test for the University’s teaching and learning purposes. Therefore it is

necessary to estimate the adequate tank’s length for a model moving at a constant speed allowing a

reasonable measurement period.

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Table 4 shows the UTM Towing Tank towing carriage specifications. It should be noted

that, item (d), (e) and (f) are calculated values. Acceleration and deceleration length are assumed

to be the same at both end of the tank. The profile of the UTM’s carriage speed movement in

achieving maximum speed of 0.5 m/s is shown in Figure 2.

Table 4. UTM towing carriage specifications

With MIMET’s relatively shorter tank of 30 m in length, it was decided to restrict the

ship model testing to low speed testing only. With a maximum full scale ship speed at 25 knots

and using a scale ratio of 80, this corresponded to 1.44 m/s in model speed. With the same acceler-

ation of 1.0 m/s2 as in UTM’s tank, the acceleration length and effective constant speed measure-

ment length for MIMET’s wave tank were estimated as shown in Table 5. The acceleration length

was estimated based on the carriage speed to acceleration length ratio.

Figure 2. UTM towing carriage specifications

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Assuming both acceleration and deceleration will have the same distance and period and

with maximum model speed of 1.5 m/s, MIMET’s wave tank has only has 18 m effective constant

speed measurement length with 27 seconds of constant speed measurement period. Therefore, in

the design consideration in the development of MIMET’s wave tank, the wave generator and the

wave absorber need to be outside the 30 m length of the wave tank. Otherwise it will reduce the

total measurement period of the moving model during a seakeeping or a calm water resistance

test.

Table 5. Estimation of MIMET deepwater wave tank carriage specifications

Figure 3. Estimation of UniKL MIMET Wave Tank carriage specifications

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DISCUSSION

Figure 4 shows the plot of the wave height, Hw and wave period, Tw and full scale plat-

form dimensions with respect to the scale factor. In other words, it is a graphical illustration of

UniKL MIMET Deepwater Offshore Wave Tank capability. A scale ratio of 80, which is the maxi-

mum scale ratio used by UTM, is used as the reference. As the scale factor increases, towards the

left side of the graph, the smaller the model size, the wave height and the wave period will be. It

should be noted that the smaller the model size, the larger the scale effect will be. On the other

hand, with a larger scale ratio means a larger dimension of full scale platform can be tested in the

tank.

The merit of using a smaller scale factor is that a larger wave height, Hw and a longer

wave period, Tw, can be used. However, a larger wave relative to the model size may give unfa-

vourable effect to the model itself and the measurement equipment especially the transducers due

to the larger response. Figure 5 shows the plot of the model wave frequency with respect to the

scale factor. It is noted that the smaller model size (towards the left side of the graph) requires a

higher model wave frequency, considering both are using the same scaling factor. The requirement

of a higher model wave frequency will certainly influence the selection of wave generator which

requires a wave generator that capable of producing a higher frequency of flap movement. Howev-

er, it is not compulsory for the wave to have similar scale factor.

Fig. 4. Relationship between Scale Factor, Wave Characteristics, Hw and Tw

and Full Scale Platform size

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Table 6 is a combination of different full scale platform size with a series of scale factors.

This table and the chart in Figure 3 can be used as a guideline to determine a suitable scale factor

and model size. For example if the wave tank is limited to a 10.0 m breadth, and the model size is

set to 3.0 m either in breadth or in length, as the maximum size based on UTM blockage effect, the

test performed shall be able to model a full scale platform size from 60.0 m in either breadth or

length, to 450.0 m in either breadth or length. It is worth to note that for testing models in irregular

waves where the same test condition may be needed to be repeated for a few times in order to

achieve the total required time.

Figure 5. Relationship between Scale Factor and Model Wave Frequency

Table 6. Combination of various full scale size platform and scale factor.

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Figure 6. Combination of various full scale size platform and scale factors against model size

CONCLUSION

The preliminary analysis in the development of UniKL MIMET deepwater offshore wave

tank has been described. The analyses show that the proposed UniKL MIMET deepwater offshore

wave tank of 10 m wide is capable of running a wide range of offshore model testing. The scale

factor used can be varied from a scale factor of 9 to 200. However, the smaller the model size, the

larger the scale effect will be. In terms of the required tank length for allowing an adequate con-

stant speed measurement length, the 30 m length of the tank is adequate for a 27 seconds constant

speed measurement running at a maximum model speed of 1.5 m/s. This was estimated by assum-

ing of using a scale factor of 80. In the design consideration in the development of MIMET’s wave

tank, the wave generator and the wave absorber need to be outside the 30 m length of the wave

tank. Otherwise it will reduce the total measurement period of the moving model during a sea-

keeping or a calm water resistance test. For the proposed MIMET’s 30m length wave tank, testing

models in irregular waves may be needed to be repeated for a few times in order to achieve the

total required time.

In conclusion, the wave characteristics recommended for MIMET’s wave tank are as follows:

a. Wave height, Hw = 0.5 m (maximum)

b. Wave period, Tw = 0.5 – 2.0 secs.

This wave height and the wave period recommended above are adequate for a minimum

scale factor of 20. It is not recommended to use a smaller scale factor than 20 as a smaller scale

factor used will further increase the wave length thus reducing the number of wave cycle through-

out the 30 m length of the tank. This will directly affect the average of the motion response meas-

urements.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

It is recommended to conduct an analysis to determine the model scale irregular wave

based on the regular wave characteristics. During the commissioning it is recommended to con-

duct a benchmarking model test with other institution model testing facilities using the same ship

and model characteristics to validate MIMET’s tank accuracy.

REFERENCES

[1] ITTC. (2002). Testing and Extrapolation Methods: Loads and Responses, Sea Keeping

Experiments. Rev. 01. New Jersey: SNAME.

[2] ITTC. (2002). Testing and Extrapolation Methods Loads and Responses, Seakeeping

Experiments on Rarely Occurring Events. Rev. 01. New Jersey: SNAME.

[3] ITTC (2011). The Seakeeping Committee Final report and recommendations to the

26th. Paper presented at 26th ITTC Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

[4] Lloyd, A. R. J. M. (1989) Seakeeping Ship Behavior in Rough Weather. United King

dom: Ellis Horwood.

[5] Maimun, A., Adnan, F. A. and Priyanto, A., (2007) Marine Technology Education in

Malaysia – The UTM Experience, proceeding of Marine Science and Technology

Conference MARSTEC 2007, 22-23 February 2007.

[6] Massey, B. S. (1986) Measured in Science and Engineering, their expression, relation and

interpretation. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.

[7] Rawson, K. J. and Tupper, E. C. (2001) Basic Ship Theory Vol 2. United Kingdom:

Butterworth-Heinemann.

[8] Balai Teknologi Hidrodinamika, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.

Retrieved October 26, 2016 from http://bth.bppt.go.id/fasilitas/towing-tank.

[9] ITTC. Retrieved October 26, 2016 from http://www.ittc.info/.

[10] Marine Technology Research Institute Italy (INSEAN). Retrieved October 26, 2016

from http://www.insean.cnr.it/.

[11] Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN). Retrieved October 26, 2016

from http://www.marin.ml.

[12] Norwegian University of Science and Technology Marine Norway. Retrieved October

26, 2016 from www.ntnu.edu/imt/lab/towing.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a relevant review of literature throughout the study

conducted. This chapter will include all the reviews of literature connected with the research study

such as gender roles, classroom discourse, communication in the second language learning class-

room, roles of students in the language classroom, discourse analysis and coding. The term linguis-

tic performance was used by Noam Chomsky in 1960 to describe “the actual use of language in

concrete situations”. It is used to describe both the production, sometimes called parole, as well as

the comprehension of language. Performance is defined in opposition to “competence”; the latter

describes the mental knowledge that a speaker or listener has of language. Part of the motivation

for the distinction between performance and competence comes from speech errors despite having

a perfect understanding of the correct forms, a speaker of a language may unintentionally produce

incorrect forms. This is because performance occurs in real situations, and so is subject to many

non-linguistic influences. As for an example, distractions or memory limitations can affect lexical

retrieval (Chomsky 1965:3), and give rise to errors in both production and perception or distrac-

tions. Such non-linguistic factors are completely independent of the actual knowledge of language,

and establish that speakers' knowledge of language or their competence is distinct form their actu-

al use of language or in simpler words, their performance.

Keywords: Discourse analysis, Coding, MUET, CDA.

___________________________________________


STUDENTS’ DISCOURSE PERFORMANCES IN THE SECOND LAN-

GUAGE CLASSROOM

NURAIN BINTI JAINAL

1Section of Student Development and Campus Life Style,



[email protected]

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INTRODUCTION

The ability to speak in public is given high value by all people, as evidenced by the num-

ber of speech contests for both Mandarin and English. English majors are required to take a course

in oral presentation. However, students may not be called upon after graduation to give after din-

ner speeches, they may indeed have to use English in their future professions to detail a procedure,

investigate the cause of a problem, or put forth a solution. Ability to express and explain their ide-

as is a necessary skill for the students to acquire, a skill that can be enhanced by the use of a video

camera. It is crucial to enhance students to become critical of their own content and presentation.

In addition, above all, remember to mention the good points of the speech. No matter how bad a

speech is, there must be something good about it.

Observing all students' speeches in class is not a good idea, especially if the class is large

and if the speeches are longer and more serious. Both students and teacher will be bored watching

the same twenty speeches again. Students want to see their won and maybe that of their best

friend. Students sometimes come in small groups to watch their speeches and with that way they

can make suggestions to each other. Small group meetings give teacher and students a chance to

get to know each other better; students are more likely to voice their feelings about public speak-

ing or anything else. Discourse analysis does not presuppose a bias towards the study of either

spoken or written language.

In fact, the solid character of the categories of speech and writing has been widely chal-

lenged, especially as the gaze of analysts’ turns to multi-media texts and practices on the Internet.

Similarly, one must ultimately object to the reduction of the discursive to the so-called “outer lay-

er” of language use, although such a reduction reveals quite a bit about how particular versions of

the discursive have been both enabled and bracketed by forms of hierarchical reasoning which are

specific to the history of linguistics as a discipline as an example, discourse analysis as a reaction

against and as taking enquiry beyond the clause-bound “objects” of grammar and semantics to the

level of analysing “utterances”, “texts” and “speech events”. Proposed in the 1950s by Noam

Chomsky, generative grammar is an analysis approach to language as a structural framework of

the human mind. In transformational generative grammar theory, Chomsky distinguishes between

two components of language production: competence and performance. Competence describes the

mental knowledge of a language, the speaker's intrinsic understanding of sound-meaning relations

as established by linguistic rules. Performance, which is the actual observed use of language in-

volves more factors than phonetic-semantic understanding.

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Performance requires extra-linguistic knowledge such as an awareness of the speaker,

audience and the context, which crucially determines how speech is constructed and analyzed. It is

also governed by principles of cognitive structures not considered aspects of language, such as

memory, distractions, attention, and speech errors.

GENDER ROLES

The development of gender roles often begins as early as infancy. Being at the centre,

gender manifests itself in any subtle and trivial aspect of our social life. Since childhood, it is ever

present in any aspect of our life, in conversation, humour, conflict and so on. The overwhelming

studies on the differences between males and females’ speech style represent the significance of

the issue. Keeping that in mind, this paper applies discourse analysis framework in discussing the

classroom pedagogical discourse practices of English as the second language lessons at a universi-

ty level in Malaysia. The pedagogical discourse in the classroom was observed, video recorded,

and analysed.

The aims were to identify the students’ discourse performances in the second language

classroom. Discourse performances refer to how well the students are able to speak using English

language during a speaking activity in a classroom context. This research focused on the students’

performance to speak English in a speaking activity prepared by the teacher who was also, a re-

searcher for this case study. The study incorporated a speaking activity based on a MUET textbook

entitled ‘MUET Ace Textbook’. This textbook was chosen because it was used as one of the teach-

ing materials in the real classroom. The students were also familiar with exercises given in the

textbook. This speaking activity would not only benefit the students but also, the researcher to

complete her case study together with her group members.

CLASSROOM DISCOURSE

Cla

marine frontier @ unikl · 2018. 1. 10. · universiti kuala lumpur, 32200 lumut, perak, malaysia...

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