mangrove debarati

Presented by:

Debarati Chakraborty

M.Phil,2nd year

School Of Oceanographic

Studies,

Jadavpur University

Under supervision of : Dr. Punarbasu Chaudhuri, Faculty Department of Environmental Science

University of Calcutta

Dr. Sugata Hazra ,Director School of Oceanographic Studies

Jadavpur University

Under supervision of : Dr. Punarbasu Chaudhuri, Faculty Department of Environmental Science

University of Calcutta

Dr. Sugata Hazra ,Director School of Oceanographic Studies

Jadavpur University

Graph showing gradual increase in heavy metal pollution since Industrial Revolution.

J.O. Nriagu, “History of Global Metal Pollution,” Science,Vol.272

Primary sources are the burning of fossil fuels, mining and smelting of metalliferous ores,

automobiles, agrochemicals municipal wastes & sewage (Velez &Montoro,

1998;Conacher, et al.,1993). The most common heavy metals found at contaminated

sites, in order of abundance are Pb, Cr, As, Zn, Cd, Cu & Hg. USEPA, Report(1996).

Debarati Chakraborty,J.U

Plant exposure to Environmental stresses (high salinity, high light intensity,

heavy metal toxicity, temperature extremes, drought, herbicide treatment etc.)

Disturbed redox homeostasis balance between the production of reactive

oxygen species(ROS)[singlet oxygen(1O2),superoxide anion(O2-), hydrogen

peroxide H2O2,hydroxyl radical(OH-)[via the Haber-Weiss and Fenton reactions(K.J.Dietz et al.1999;A.Polle et al.2002)]. Often resulting in oxidative damage(Hernandez et al. 1999).

Mangroves , a complex intertidal ecosystem possess a remarkable capacity to retain heavy metals(Dwivedi et al.1983).


Occurrence:

Primarily along sheltered tropical & sub-tropical coastal regions within 300 of the equator(Alongi 2002,Upadhyay et al.2002)

Mangroves occur in 2 distinct bio-geographical

region:

1. The Indo-West Pacific(IWP) including Asia ,Australia & Eastern coast of Africa.

2. The Atlantic-East Pacific (AEP) covering America & western coast of Africa.

Covers about 6,768 km2 constituting 7% of world mangroves(Krishnamurthy 1987)

Of which ,70% is on East coast & 12% is on West coast.


•Mangroves survives extremely hostile & inhospitable conditions(high salinity, tidal extremes, high temperature & muddy anaerobic soil conditions) [Kathiresan & Ramesh 1991].

•Mangroves and their associates have high antioxidant potential [Kathiresan et al.2013].

•Mangroves can act as a long term sink for heavy metals because of their precipitation with sulphides during diagenetic reactions (Huerta-Diaz,Morse,1992).

•Endophytes hidden within them can also have contributed towards relieving HM stress (Redman et al.2002; Rodriguez et al. 2004; Swarthout et al.2009;Tian et al.2008).

•A novel application of endophytes in the area of phytoremediation has been reported in

many reviews (Ma et al. 2011).

•Metal bioavailability is a function not only of their total concentration but also of physico-chemical (e.g. pH, Eh, organic matter, clay content)& biological (e.g. biosorption, bioaccumulation & solubilization) factors (Berthelin et al.,1995).

Debarati Chakraborty, J.U

Aims & Objectives

• To identify Mangal population having heavy metal polluted zones in West Bengal.

•To analyze the amount of Stress Enzymes namely SOD,POD,CAT( for

assessing

antioxidant potential) of five mangal species and their endophytes.

•To assess the photoactive state of mangals in heavy metal polluted zones by

measuring chlorophyll content.

•To gather information regarding various physico-chemical parameters which

may affect bioavailability of heavy metals of the sites.

•Establishing the role of enzymatic potential of the concerned Mangroves

conferring them heavy metal tolerance.


Map showing location of sampling sites


Acanthus ilicifolius Sonneratia caseolaris Excoecaria agallocha

Sonneratia apetala Avicennia officinalis

Methodology- Samples collected


Biochemical parameters-

•Chlorophyll Content ( Chla ,Chlb, Total Chlorophyll, Chla /Chlb )by Arnon’s

Method(1949)& application of Porra’s Correction(1991).

• Protein Content (Folin-Ciocalceteau method,1940).

•Peroxidase content(Cippolini 1998) and Superoxide dismutase content ( Giannapolitis

& Ries,1977 with modifications of Chowdhury & Chowdhuri,1985).

Physico-chemical parameters –

• pH, Conductivity, oxidation reduction potential of soil samples.

•Percentage of organic carbon and Percentage of organic matter.

•Available phosphorus


Chlorophyll content Calculation Formula (D.I. Arnon (1949) Plant Physiol. 24: 1)

Chla(mg g-1)= [(12.7 × A663) - (2.6 × A645)] × ml acetone/mg leaf tissue

Chl b(mg g-1)= [(22.9 × A645) -(4.68 ×A663)] × ml acetone/mg leaf tissue

Total Chl = [Chla + Chlb ]A

Total chlorophyll pigment value, although flawed by interferences by other chlorophylls, phaeo-pigments etc. is the only value that remains fairly independent of chlorophyll methodology. Therefore, it is the only measurement that provides historical consistency.

Corrections(Porra et al. 1989; Porra 1991)

Chl a/bT = 0.593 +0.459·(Chl a/bA)+0.229·(Chl a/bA)2

[Chl a + b]T = 0.895[Chla + Chlb]A

Ref: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.17th Edition. APHA. 1989.


Acid digestion protocol (Santra et al.2009)

0.5gm sample was soaked overnight in

5ml nitric acid and next day the samples

were heated upto 600 c for two hours and

precautions are taken so that the samples

don’t be dried.

The tubes were cooled and sulphuric acid and perchloric acid were

added to the samples in 3:2 ratio and was heated for 4 hrs.until dense

white fumes were obtained along with white ppt.Finally volume

makeup was done with double distilled water and filtrate was obtained

with Whatman filter paper no.42.


Avicennia officinalis correlation matrix(Pb)

*=95% confidence interval,**=99% confidence interval


Avicennia officinalis correlation matrix (Cd)

% *=95% confidence interval,**=99% confidence interval


Sonneratia apetala correlation matrix(Cd)



Sonneratia apetala correlation matrix(Pb)



Excoecaria agallocha correlation matrix(Cd)



Excoecaria agallocha correlation matrix(Pb)



Avicennia alba correlation matrix(Cd)



Avicennia alba correlation matrix(Pb)



Table showing correlations of various parameters with increase in Heavy Metal(Pb & Cd) content

Parameters Pb content Cd content

Protein content ‘+’ve ‘+’ve

Peroxidase content

‘+’ve

‘+’ve

Total Chlorophyll content

‘-’ve ‘-’ve

Chla/Chlb ‘-’ve ‘-’ve

Organic matter ‘-’ve ‘-’ve

Available phosphorus

‘-’ve(A.alba) ‘-’ve(A.alba)


Excoecaria agallocha, leaf

endophytes

Acanthus ilicifolius, leaf

endophytes

Sonneretia apetala,

pneumatophore endophytes

Endophytes isolated from various parts of mangrove samples of Jharkhali


Endophytes isolated from Sonneratia apetala, leaf,Ghushighata

Endophytes isolated from Sonneratia apetala, leaf, Jharkhali


Future Scope:

1) Isolation of endophytes from plant samples showing high enzyme activity

(especially those collected from polluted sites) and their identification.

2) Obtaining enzyme data from isolated fungi & correlating fungal data with plant

data.

3) Obtaining total Phenolics & total Flavonoids data from leaf samples

4) Obtaining metal uptake data of various plant parts.

5) Antioxidant assay by DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging.


•Physico-chemical Data courtesy: Harish Sharma, M.Sc, 2nd year, Dept.of Environmental

Science,University of Calcutta.

•Niharda, sample collection, Jharkhali.

•Akbarda, sample collection ,Shamshernagar.

•Somdeep Ghosh, research fellow, Dept.of Environmental Science,University of Calcutta.

•Madhurima Bakshi, research fellow, Dept.of Environmental Science,University of Calcutta.

•Kushal Banerjee,M.Sc, 1st year, Dept.of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta.

• Avra Chanda, Anirban Akhand, School of Oceanographic

Studies,Jadavpur University.

•Dr. Ashish Ghosh, Guest faculty,. School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University.

•Dr. Joydeep Mukherjee, Environmental Science Department, Jadavpur University.

Acknowledgement

References •Mohammad Anwar Hossain, Pukclai Piyatida,Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva and Masayuki Fujita(2012) MolecularMechanism of HeavyMetal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Central Role

of Glutathione in Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species and Methylglyoxal and in HeavyMetal Chelation.

•Zhen-Jian Lin, Guo-Jian Zhang, Tian-Jiao Zhu, Rui Liu, Hong-Juan Wei, and Qian-Qun Gu(2009)Bioactive Cytochalasins from Aspergillus flavipes, an Endophytic Fungus Associated with

the Mangrove Plant Acanthus ilicifolius. Helvetica Chimica Acta – Vol. 92, 1538-1544.

•X.K. Xing, J. Chen1, M.J. Xu, W.H. Lin and S.X. Guo(2011) Fungal endophytes associated with Sonneratia (Sonneratiaceae) mangrove plants on the south coast of China. For. Path. 41 334–340.

•Chinnarajan Ravindran , Thangaiah Naveenan, Govindaswamy R. Varatharajan, Raju Rajasabapathy, Ram Murthi Meena(2012)Antioxidants in mangrove plants and endophytic fungal associations. Bot. Mar., vol.55; 2012; 269-279.

•Manokaran Kalaiselvi,Duraisamy Gomathi,Balasubramanium Vidya,Chandrasekhar Uma(2012)Evaluation of antioxidant potential and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy

analysis of Ananus comosus(L.)Merrill peel .International research journal of Pharmacy.pp237-242. •P. Bhattacharya, A.C. Samal, J. Majumdar and S.C. Santra.Transfer of Arsenic from Groundwater

and Paddy Soil toRice Plant (Oryza sativa L.):A Micro Level Study in West Bengal, India. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5 (4): 425-431, 2009

mangrove debarati

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