lecture note asas psikologi

8/18/2019 Lecture Note Asas Psikologi

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INTRODUCTION

PSYCHOLOGY

Nuzsep Almigo


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Predict what will happenSystematically observe events

Do events support predictions

Life Before Psychology

René Descartes(1596-1650)

Philosophy asks questions about the mind: Does perception accuratel re!lect realit" #o$ is sensation turned into perception"

Problem - No “scientic” wayof studying problems

Physiology asks similar questions about the mind

SCIENTIFICMETHD


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Psychology IsBorn

%ilhelm %undt(1&'-190)

First !perimental Psych Lab "#$%&'

ocuses on the scientiic stud o! the mind*

%% insists that +sch methods be as ri,orous

as the methods o! chemistr phsics*

(ni)ersity of Leip*ig+ar)ard (ni)ersity ,ale (ni)ersity

olumbia (ni)ersity

atholic (ni)ersity

(ni) of Pennsyl)ania

ornell (ni)ersity.tanford (ni)ersity

/undt0s students start labsacross (.1 "#$$2-#&22'


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/omen of Psychology

3ary al4ins - student of /illiam 5ames at+ar)ard but was not awarded a Ph676Founded psych lab at /ellesley ollege "#$'

3aragaret /ashburn - rst woman to recei)ePh676 in Psychology6 /rote 8he 1nimal 3ind9

which helped begin the Beha)iorist mo)ement6

Leta +ollingworth - 7ebun4ed popular theoriethat suggested women were inferior to men6

7id pioneering wor4 on adolescent de)elopmen

mental retardation : “gifted” children6


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Psychology "pre-#&;2'

!ilhelm !un"t (1&'-190)+hsiolo,ist +erceptual +scholo,ist

ounder o! +scholo, as a .cience/periments

#"$%&" Titchne& (1&6-19).tudent o! %undt

ormed Ψ at 2ornell3ntrospection

!illi%m '%mes (1&4-1910)

+hilosopher +scholo,ist

ormed Ψ at #arard

Psychology

nderstandin,

7ental +rocesses


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e a) or sm

.cienti!ic +scholo, should !ocus on

observable behavior*

8ohn %atson

(1&&-195&)

3an

Psych the .cience ofBeha)ior

Stimulus!esponse

Psycholo"y

Mental Processes cannotbe studied directly


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Psychology "#&;2s-#&


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.tructuralism )s Functionalism

%illiam 8ames1&4-1910

An%lyze consciousness into -%sic elements

%n" stu"y ho$ they %&e &el%te"

Introspection - sel!-obserationo! one?s o$n conscious eperiences

In,estig%te the unction. o& pu&pose

o consciousness &%the& th%n its st&uctu&e

@eaned to$ard applied $ork

(natural surroundin,s)

.tructuralism

Functionalism

%ilhelm %undt


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=estalt Psychology

7a %ertheimer

(1&&0-194')

#The whole is di$erent thathe sum o% its parts&'

Phi Phenomenon3llusion o! moement created b

presentin, isual stimuli in rapidsuccession*

; reaction a,ainst .tructuralism ;n attempt to !ocus attention back

onto conscious eperience

(i*e*A the mind )

(H)*


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+nconscious e,pressed in

dreams - #slips o% the ton"ue'

Freud : Psychoanalysis

.i,mund reud(1&56-19'9)

roposes the idea o% the +NCNSCI+S

Thou"hts. memories - desirese,ist below conscious awarene

and e,ert an in/uence on ourbehavior

Psychoanalytic Theory attempts to e,plaipersonality. mental disorders - motivation

terms o% unconscious determinants o% beha

i i


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ogniti)ePsychology

No%m Choms+y/L%ngu%ge0

1d)ent of computers "late #&>2s' pro)ides

a new model for thin4ing about the mind

o"nitive Psycholo"ists returnto the study o% learnin".

emory. perception. lan"ua"e.

evelopment - problem solvin"

ognition the mental processesin)ol)ed in ac?uiring9 processing9storing : using information

P h l "#&


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Psychology "#&


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7i@erent Perspecti)es in Psychology

iolo,ical +scholo,

ehaioralB2linical +scholo,

2o,nitie +scholo,

.ocial-2ultural +scholo,


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Biological Perspecti)e

Focus

#o$ the bod and brain create emotionsA memoriesA

and sensor eperiences*

Focus

#o$ the bod and brain create emotionsA memoriesA

and sensor eperiences*

Sample Issues

• #o$ do eolution and heredit in!luence behaior"• #o$ are messa,es transmitted $ithin the bod"• #o$ is blood chemistr linked $ith moods and moties"


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Beha)ioralAlinical Perspecti)e

Focus#o$ $e learn !rom obserable responses*

#o$ to best studA assess and treat troubled people*

Focus#o$ $e learn !rom obserable responses*

#o$ to best studA assess and treat troubled people*

Sample Issues• #o$ do $e learn to !ear particular obCects or situations"• %hat is the most e!!ectie $a to alter certain behaiors"• %hat are the underlin, causes o!:

;niet Disorders +hobic Disorders

=bsessie-2ompulsie Disorders


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ogniti)e Perspecti)e

Focus

#o$ $e processA store and retriee in!ormation*

Focus

#o$ $e processA store and retriee in!ormation*

Sample Issues• #o$ do $e use in!o in rememberin, and reasonin,"

• #o$ do our senses ,oern the nature o! perception"(3s $hat ou see reall $hat ou ,et")

• #o$ much do in!ants kno$E $hen the are born"


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.ocial-ultural Perspecti)e

Focus

#o$ behaior and thinkin, ar across situations

and cultures*

Focus

#o$ behaior and thinkin, ar across situations

and cultures*

Sample Issues• #o$ are $eA as members o! di!!erent races and

nationalitiesA alike as members o! one human !amil"• #o$ do $e di!!erA as products o! di!!erent social contets"• %h do people sometimes act di!!erentl in ,roups than

$hen alone"


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Psycholo"ists must be s0eptical

and thin0 critically

/hat is the e)idence+ow was it collected

Psychology is mpirical

Psych conclusions based on research

NC8 tradition or common sense

owled"e ac2uired throu"h observation


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Psych Is Theoretically Diverse

Theory

Dreams

3iolo"icalPsycholo"yPerspective

ClinicalPsychoanalytic

Perspective

; sstem o! interrelated ideas usedto eplain a set o! obserations


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Psych : .ociohistorical onte!t

Trends -Issues InSociety

4dvances InPsycholo"y

Psycholo"y develops in both asocial - historical conte,t

#%&ly Psychology;!!ected b

phsics phsiolo,

Society To"%y;!!ected b

pscholo,ical testin,

(3FA .;A


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/hat auses Beha)ior

3 e h

a v i o r


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Beha)ior is .haped by ulture

Personal Space

5alue o% Education

Punctuality

Social Norms


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InDuence of +eredity :n)ironment

Nature versus Nurture


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Perception Is .ubEecti)e

nternal In%ormation+rior /pectations2urrent 7ental .tate

/perience

E,ternal In%ormation;ctual %ordsB;ctions3ma,e Re!lected !rom =bCects

.oundE %aes


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3oth Determineur E,perience

o% the (orld


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/or4 In Psychology "'

Uni,e&sities 2

Colleges

34)35

#lement%&y6Secon"%&y

Schools

7)35

Hospit%ls.Counseling.

Clinics. etc)

33)85

(usiness.Go,e&nment o&

Consulting

93)95

In"epen"ent

P&%ctice

88)95


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.pecialties In Psychology

2linicalA

2ommunit

2ounselin,51*1G


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Hum%n (eh%,io&

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