kraf perkhemahan.pp

8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp

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Pengenalan

Merupakan kemahiran asas yang perlu

dipelajari untuk menghadapi cabaran alam

semulajadi dalam kegiatan luar.

Pengetahuan dalam kraf perkhemahan adalah

penting dan digunakan apabila individu

melakukan aktiviti perkhemahan atau

pengembaraan.

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Rasional

Melatih diri untuk menjadi lebih mahir dan

berkeyakinan dalam menghadapi cabaran

alam semulajadi dan habitatnya. Memupuk perasaan cinta terhadap alam

semulajadi dan mensyukuri ciptaanNya.

Mengamalkan nilai-nilai murni danmenghayati keindahan flora dan fauna yang

terdapat di muka bumi

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Objektif

Mengalakkan masyarakat untuk mengaplikasikemahiran dan teknik kraf perkhemahandalam kegiatan luar.

Memahami habitat dan alam semula jadi danmengetahui cara untuk hidup apabila beradadi dalam hutan.

Memberi kesedaran kepada masyarakattentang kepentingan menjaga alam sekitardengan cara yang sepatutnya.

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Jenis-jenis Kraf Perkhemahan

Fire craft

Ropes craft

Woodcraft Tool craft

Khemah

Shelter (tempat berteduh)

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Fire craft

Api penting digunakan dalam kehidupan

seharian.

Selain itu, digunakan untuk membekalkancahaya, memanaskan suhu badan, keselesaan,

memasak dan sebagainya.

Api juga boleh merosakkan alam sekitar jikadisalahgunakan iaitu tanah menjadi hitam,

merosakkan dahan dan akar pokok

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Membuat Unggun Api

Kaedah Fire Triangle bentuk hurufA.

Menggunakan 3 elemen iaitu:Haba, angin danbahan bakar

Bentukkan hurufA menggunakan ranting kayudengan bukaan huruf A menghala arah angin

Letakkan rabuk/bahan mudah terbakar di dalamhuruf A dan nyalakan api.

Kipas secara perlahan dan letakkan lagi bahanbakar untuk menyalakan.

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Bahan

Kertas tebal

Sarang telur

Surat khabar Lilin

Dahan /ranting kayu

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Jenis-jenis Kraf Api

Hunters Fire

Reflector Fire

Star Fire

Teepee Fire

Log Cabin Fire

Council Fire

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Hunter's Fire

Selain daripada menjadi bahan bakar, kayu-

kayu ini juga berfungsi sebagai tungku untuk

memasak kerana ia disusun rapat.

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Reflector Fire

Fungsi utama api jenis ini ialah untuk menghalakanhaba ke satu arah.Contoh:memanaskan badan. Bolehdigunakan untuk memanggang.

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Star Fire

Boleh menggunakan kayu yang pelbagai saiz

dan panjang.

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Teepee Fire

paling sesuai dan mudah digunakan.Tetapi

sukar untuk didirikan kerana perlu susun dan

seimbangkan kayu.

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Log Cabin Fire

Senang dan mudah didirikan kerana ia sangat stabil,

apabila terbakar, api hanya membakar bahagian dalam

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Council Fire

Dikenali sebagai Api piramid.

Sangat stabil,mudah membakar dan senang

dinyalakan.

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Ropes craft

Kemahiran asas berkaitan ikatan dan simpulan

tali.

Ikatan tali perlu dipelajari untuk digunakandalam kehidupan seharian.

Dalam kraf tali, ia penting untuk membuat

ikatan pada pelbagai jenis kraf dalam aktiviti

perkhemahan.

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Jenis-jenis Tali

Manila

Sisal

Jute

Cotton

Nilon

Polyester

Polypropylen

Polyethylene

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Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopper knots)

Overhand

This is the simplest knot. Thereforeprobably the most used. The knot isvery useful to support knots in yarns.The loose ends become a bit thicker.When this support makes the total bendtoo bulky you have to look for anotherbend. The overhand knot is not strong,so it is not used in situations where youmight expect great force. It also reduces

the strength of the rope or yarn byabout 50%. But as an "anti-slip-knot" itdoes not have to withstand a lot.

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The Double Overhandknot

The double overhand knot is beautiful, thickerthan the common overhand knot, but not anystronger. But use it with caution. The doubleoverhand knot is also called the bloodknot when itis used at the end of a whip. This knot has several

ways of tying and in principle two ways of workingup. Both ways of tying shown here also show bothresults. The bloodknot shown in the middle is thepreferred way of working up the second way oftying marked with the crosses. The bloodknot isvery hard to untie after it has been under stress. If

you put an object through the cross-marked holethe knot will work up as the strangleknot. It isusefull to practice this way.

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Figure Eight

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This knot is larger, stronger and more easy to

untie than the overhand knot. It does not

harm your rope as much as the overhand knot

does. So therefore sailors use this knot in most

cases. (! not for bend support, where the

smaller overhand is used, or in rope, a

permanent small stopper)


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Figure Eight Double

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Double Overhand

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Joiner Knots

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Joiner Knots

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Joiner Knots

The square Knot is usedto join the two ends ofthe same rope orbandage. ("Right over left

- left over right"). It isonly useful in simpleapplications. It is easytied and will not jam, so itis always easy to untie. Itis used to tie packages,and as a base for he

shoe-bow. Its relatives,the granny, the thief-knotand the what-knot allhave their purposes, butnot as a trustful knots.

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Joiner Knots

(The Sheet Bend)

The sheet bend is one of themost important knots forjoining two rope ends,especially if the ropes are ofdifferent sizes. Sailors namedit in the days of sailing shipswhen they would "bend"

(tie) the "sheets&quot'(ropes in the rigging of aship). Begin with a bight inthe larger rope. Then weavethe end of the smaller ropethrough the eye, around thebight, and back under itself.

Snug it carefully beforeapplying any strain to theknot.

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Loop Knots

The Bowline Knot is one of themost useful and one of thesimplest ways of putting a fixedloop in the end of a rope. It is easy

to tie and untie, it never slips norjams and has a high breakingstrength. If the loop is expected tobe heavily loaded, the bowline is,in fact, not secure enough. Thereis a rule of thumb which states

that the loose end should be aslong as 12 times the circumferencefor the sake of safety.

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Loop Knots

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Loop Knots

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Loop Knots

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End Securing Knots

The clove hitch is a veryimportant knot since alllashing projects start withthis knot. Without extra

support, it is untrustworthyin any situation, except as acrossing knot. If you have touse it, work it up properly;pull length-wise only atboth ends before you load

the working end.

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End Securing Knots

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End Securing Knots

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End Securing Knots

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tautline hitch

The tautline hitch is aremarkably useful knot. Itis adjustable ANDtrustworthy. Anyone whouses a tent should know

this knot. Place rope endaround pole, make a turnbelow it, then bring ropeup across the standingpart around the pole andtuck through. It is the bestway to adjust your lines tothe tent-poles. It is themost simple of theadjustable knot family.

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HalfHitches

HalfHitches is areliable and usefulknot for attaching arope to a pole orboat mooring. As itsname suggests, it istwo half hitches,one after the other.

To finish, push themtogether and snugthem by pulling onthe standing part.

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Lashing

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Lashing

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The Sheepshank knot

The Sheepshank knot is usedto shorten a rope that isfastened at both ends. Takeup the slack, then make anunderhand loop and slide itover the blight and pull tight.Do the same to the other endto complete the knot. Thesheepshank is only atemporary knot as it stands.

But it can be made morepermanent by adding asecond half hitch to eachend.

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Eye Splice To make an eye splice in three stranded

rope, unlay the strands for a short distance

and bend the rope to form an eye of thedesired size, placing two end strands acrossat right angle to the lay of the standing partof the rope and the other strand behind(A). Then take the centre strand under thenearest strand of the standing part (B).Take the first end strand under the nextstrand, going where the second strandcame out (C). Turn the rope over and tuckthe third strand under the remainingstrand of the standing part, going wherethe first strand comes out (D). There shouldnow be an end strand projecting from eachspace of the standing part (E). Thiscompletes the first tuck. Tuck each strand

in turn over and under one, making threefull tucks and two taper tucks. The tapertuck is made with the strand thinned downby scraping away some of the fibers. Tocomplete the splice, roll it underfoot, thenstretch it and finally cut off surplus end.

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Whipping a rope

The end of a rope should always bebound or whipped to prevent it fromfraying or becomingunlade. Whippings are usually madewith a strong twine and the lengthof whip should be approximately

equal to the diameter of the rope onwhich it is used.

Following the above illustration, laya loop along the rope and thenmaking a series ofvery tight turnsover the loop until the desiredlength of whip is obtained.Theworking end is finally brought upthrough the loop and pulled out ofsight by pulling on the oppositeend. Both ends are then trimmed.

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Slippery Hitch

Very useful because of

the ease with which it

can be released in

emergency. It holdssecurely for so long as

there is a strain on the

standing end.

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Boat Knot

This is a method of

securing a rope to a

thole pin or other

small piece of wood

on a boat. It is

quickly released.

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Double Boat Knot

A bight is simplypassed throughthe ring and amarlin spike or

other round pieceof wood is putbetween the bightor the rope.

Withdrawal of thespike quicklyreleases the knot.

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Slippery Hitch

Very usefulbecause of theease with whichit can be

released inemergency. Itholds securelyfor so long as

there is a strainon the standingend.

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Rolling Hitch

To fasten a rope to a spar. This is a very secure

fastening.

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.Halliard Hitch

For fastening a rope to a spar. The sketch

shows the hitch open. When pulled taut, and

the hitches closed, it makes a very neat and

secure fastening.

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Blackwall Hitch

A quick way to secure a rope to a hook. The

strain on the standing end will hold the rope

secure to the hook.

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Noose Hitch

This is a quick and easy method of securing a

rope to a spar or beam. If desired, the rope

can be made more secure by means of the

overhand knot shown in Fig

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Cat's Paw Hitch

For securing a rope to a hook or a spar. It is

most useful because it is so easily tied.

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Lark's Head

This is an easymethod of securing arope to a ring or

hook. If desired tomake more secure, itcan be stoppered, asshown, with an

overhand or thumbknot.

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Double Lark's Head

The bight is

first made.

The ends

passed

through it.

This knot is

verysecure.

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Triple Lark's Head

The apparentlycomplicated knot iseasily made by takingthe bight of the rope

through the ring, theends are passedthrough the bight andup through the ring,then down through

its own bight. Like thedouble lark's head,this knot is absolutelysecure.

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Sailor's Backhand Knot

Used to secure

a rope to a ring

or hook. This is

very similar to

the rolling hitch

and sailor's

backhand knot(alternative

variation).

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Sailor's Knot

Simply two

half

hitches

round the

standing

end of the

rope.

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Wood craft

Dalam perkhemahan, individu perlumempelajari cara untuk membina kraf kayuatau disebut sebagai gajet

Gajet penting dalam aktiviti luar danmempunyai pelbagai fungsi iaitu:

Memudahkan pengurusan tempat ataukawasan perkhemahan.

Menjadikan aktiviti perkhemahan lebihtersusun dan teratur.

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Jenis-jenis wood craft

Ampai kain

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Kerusi

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Tempat buang sampah.

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Dapur- bowl stand, hook, mug tree, cook shelter

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Meja dan kerusi

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Tangga

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Katil

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Tool craft

Kemahiran menggunakan alatan semasa

berada di luar atau dalam hutan.

Kemahiran ini penting kerana dapat

membantu dan memudahkan individu untuk

melakukan aktiviti ketika berada di hutan.

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Jenis-jenis alatan/senjata

Club (belantan)

Pisau

Batu Kayu

Buluh

Besi

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Khemah

Khemah merupakan alatan penting dalam

menjalankan aktiviti luar

Ciri-ciri tapak atau kawasan khemah:

Mendapatkan kebenaran dan maklumat

Kemudahan asas seperti bekalan air

Kawasan lapang Tidak terlalu jauh dari penduduk atau

perkampungan

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Mendirikan Khemah:

Menentukan arah cahaya matahari terbit dan

terbenam.

Berlawanan dengan arah tiupan angin.

Tempat yang selamat dan sesuai seperti tanah

rata, lapang, teduh dan selesa.

Elakkan mendirikan khemah di bawah pokok yang

reput, tua dan mudah tumbang,berumput tebaldan dipenuhi lalang supaya mengelakan serangga

atau binatang berbisa.

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Jenis-jenis khemah

Khemah terdapat dalam pelbagai bentuk, saiz dan

kegunaan iaitu:

Rigde tent

Frame tent

Dome tent

Bell tent

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Ridge tent

Mempunyai tiangyang melintang disepanjang bumbung.

Diperbuat daripadamaterial nylon yangringan supaya mudahdibawa dan dilipat

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Dome tent

Berbentuk gelembung dan menggunakan material yangsesuai dan fleksibel.

Ringan, mudah dibawa dan sesuai digunakan untuk

perkhemahan seperti di sekolah dan sebagainya.

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Frame tent

Khemah jenis besar yang biasa digunakanuntuk perkhemahan keluarga.

Rangka khemah akan dipasang dahulu dankanvas dipasang kemudian.

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Bell tent

Mempunyai satu tiang tinggi di puncak khemah.

Khemah jenis ini sudah jarang digunakan dan

digantikan dengan khemah jenis DO

ME

.

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Shelter

Shelter sukar untuk dibina dan memerlukan

kemahiran yang tinggi

Boleh melindungi daripada serangga,panas,

hujan, angin, salji dan suhu sejuk.

Boleh menyembunyikan diri daripada musuh

bahaya

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Jenis-jenis Shelter

Phonco-Lean-To

Mudah dan cepat dibina.

Diikat pada dua batang pokok Shelter tertutup pada satu bahagian sahaja

Pastikan shelter tidak menghala arah angin

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Phonco Tent

Mudah dibina.

Diikat diantara dua pokok

Shelter tertutup pada dua bahagian,kiri dan kanan.

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One man Shelter

Mudah dibina dan terhalang dari rintangan angin.

Saiz yang kecil menjadikan ia lebih sejuk dan nyaman.

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Rujukan

Rujukan

http://www.inquiry.net/outdoor/skills/b-p/wb/

http://www.campcraftwildernessskills.com/ http://tions.net/CA256EA900408BD5/vwWWW/

http://www.bushcraftnorthwest.com/articles/

http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/

http://ga-op349-royalrangers.netfirms.com/

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