PENYELENGGARAN DAN KESINAMBUNGAN HIDUPTOPIK:KOORDINASI BADAN

Sistem saraf manusia

Human nervous system

2.2.3 Neuron Type of neurones

Ciri-ciri

CharacteristicsNeuron deria

Sensory neuroneNeuron perantaraan

Relay neuroneNeurone motor

Motor neurone

Struktur

Structure

Kedudukan badan sel

Position of cell bodyDi tengah neuron

In the middle of neuroneDi tengah neuron

In the middle of neuroneDi hujung neuron

At the end of the neurone

Panjang akson

Length of axonPendek

ShortBerubah-ubah

ChangesPanjang

Long

Arah pergerakan impuls

Movement of impulseDari organ deria atau reseptor ke sistem saraf pusat

From the sensory organ or the receptor to the central nervous system Dari neuron deria ke neuron motor dalam sistem saraf pusat

From the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in the central nervous systemDari neuron perantaraan keluar dari sistem saraf pusat ke otot atau efektor

From the relay neurone going out from the central nervous system to the muscle or effectors.

Fungsi

FunctionMembawa impuls dari organ deria atau reseptor ke sistem saraf pusat

Carries impulses from sensory organ or receptor to central nervous systemMenghantar impuls dari neuron deria ke neuron motor

Transmits impulses from sensory neurone to motor neuroneMenghantar impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke efektor

Transmits impulses from central nervous system to effector

Bahagian neuron dan fungsinya

Part of the neurone and their function

Bahagian neuron

Neurone partFungsi

Function

Badan sel

Cell bodyMengawal semua aktiviti neuron

Controls all activities of the neurone

Dendrit

DendriteMenerima impuls dari neuron-neuron lain dan menghantarnya ke badan sel

Receives impulses from other neurone and transmits them to cell body

Dendron

DendroneDendrit yang membawa impuls ke arah badan sel

Dendrite that carries impulses towards cell body

Akson

AxonDendrit yang membawa impuls keluar dari badan sel

Dendrite that carries impulses out of cell body

Salut myelin

Myelin sheathPenebat pada akson yang mengelakkan kebocoran impuls

Insulator on axon that prevents the leakage of impulses

Mempercepatkan halaju penghantaran impuls

Increases the speed of impulse transmission

2.3 : Koordinasi Saraf Nervous Coordination

Hubungan antara reseptor, neuron, dan efektor dengan sistem saraf pusat

Relationship between receptors, neurones and effectors with the central nervous system

2.4 Peranan Reseptor Regang dalam Mengekalkan Keseimbangan dan Koordinasi The Role of Proprioceptors In Maintaining Balance and Coordination

Fungsi _______________: Untuk mengimbangkan kedudukan dan koordinasi badanFunction of _______________ : to maintain body balance and coordination of muscular activity

Receptor regang dijumpai pada otot, ____________, sendi dan _________________Proprioceptors found in muscle, ______________, joint and ___________________Contoh aktiviti yang menggunakan reseptor regang :

Examples of activity involves proprioceptors:(Mengenakan butang baju tanpa melihat

Buttoning shirt without looking(Ahli sarkas berjalan atas tali

Acrobatic walking on rope(Jurutaip menaip tanpa mata tertumpu pada papan kekunci

Typist do typing without looking at key board

2.5 Otak Manusia dan Kerencamannya

Human Brain and Its Complexity

Tindakan Terkawal dan Tindakan Luar Kawal

Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

Tindakan Terkawal

Voluntary actionPerbezaan

DifferencesTindakan Luar Kawal

Involuntary action

Tindakan yang kita sedari

Actions we are aware ofJenis gerak balas

Type of responseAutomatik

Automatic

Bermula di otak

Begin in the brainRangsangan tindakan

Stimuli of actionsTiada rangsangan

No stimuli

Serebrum

CerebrumBahagian otak yang mengawal tindakan

Region of the brain which controls the actionsMedula oblongata

Medula oblongata

Dari otak ke otot melalui saraf tunjang

From the brain to the muscles through the spinal cordPenghantaran impuls

Impulse transmissionDari medulla oblongata ke organ-organ dalaman

From medulla oblongata to the internal organs

Otot-otot rangka seperti otot biceps

Skeletal muscles like the bicepsBahagian yang bergerakbalas

Part that respondsOrgan-organ dalaman seperti jantung

Internal organs like the heart

Sistem saraf soma

Somatic nervous systemJenis saraf yang terlibat

Type of nerve involvedSistem saraf autonomi

Autonomic nervous system

Menulis, bercakap, berjalan, mendengar dan menari

Writing, speaking, walking, hearing and dancingContoh tindakan

Examples of actionDenyutan jantung, peristalsis, pernafasan, tindakan reflex, pembesaran dan penguncupan anak mata

Heartbeat, peristalsis, breathing, reflex actions, dilation and constriction of pupils

2.6 Koordinasi Kimia dalam Badan Harmonal Coordination

Kelenjar/Organ

Gland/OrganHormon yang dirembeskan/

Hormones secretedFungsi Utama

Main Functions

Kelenjar Pitutari

Pituitary GlandHormon pertumbuhan (GH)

Growth hormone

Mengawal proses tumbesaran tulang dan otot

Controls growth of bone and muscles

Hormon perangsang folikel (FSH)

Follicle-stimulating hormonesMerangsang perkembangan folikel ovary dan spermatogenesis

Stimulates development of ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis

Hormon peluteinan (LH)

Luteinising hormone

Merangsang ovulasi dan penghasilan progesterone daripada ovary serta testosterone daripada testis

Stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone from ovaries and testosterone from testes

Prolaktin

ProlactinMerangsang penghasilan susu

Stimulates milk production

Hormon perangsang tiroid (TSH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone Merangsang penghasilan hormone tiroid oleh kelenjar

Stimulates growth of thyroid gland

Oksitosin

OxytocinMerangsang pengecutan uterus

Stimulates contraction of uterus during birth

Hormon antidiuresis

Antidiuretic hormoneMengawal proses penyerapan semula air di tubul ginjal

Causes the kidney tubules to become permeable to water so that more water is absorbed into the blood

Kelenjar tiroid

Thyroid glandTiroksina yang mengandungi iodine

Thyroxine in conjuction with iodineMengawal kadar metabolisme dan membantu pertumbuhan yang normal

Controls metabolic rate as well as ensures normal physical and mental development.

Pankreas

PancreasInsulin

InsulinMenurunkan aras glukosa darah; menggalakkan pertukaran glukosa kepada glikogen

Lowers blood glucose level. Increases glucose uptake and utilization by cells

Glukogen

GlucagonMeningkatkan aras glukosa darah dengan merangsang penguraian glikogen kepada glukosa. Kedua-dua hormone ini mengawal aras glukosa darah

Increases blood glucose level by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver.

Both of these hormones control blood glucose level

Kelenjar adrenal

Adrenal glandAdrenalina

AdrenalineMenyediakan badan untuk menghadapi situasi cemas; meningkatkan kadar degupan jantung dan pernafasan; menambah bekalan darah ke otot

Prepares the body for action.It speeds up heartbeat and breathing, raises blood pressure and allows for more glucose to go to the blood to give energy. This is a short term effect

Testis

TestisTestosteron

TestoteroneMerangsang spermatogenesis; mengawal perkembangan kematangan organ seks lelaki dan menonjolkan ciri-ciri seks sekunder lelaki.

Spermatogenesis: development and maintenance of male secondary such as deeper voice and more body hair.

Ovari

OvaryEstrogen

OestrogenMengawal cirri-ciri seks sekunder perempuan seperti perkembangan buah dada, kulit yang lembut dan suara yang halus

Stimules growth of uterus lining (endometrium): development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics such as breast, soft skin and a feminine voice.

Progesteron

ProgesteroneMerangsang penebalan dinding uterus (endometrium);

Mencegah pengecutan uterus bagi wanita hamil untuk elak keguguran

Promotes growth of endometrium. Inhibits ovulation

2.7 Koordinasi antara Sistem Saraf dengan Sistem Endokrin

Coordination between The Nervous System and The Endocrine System

Persamaan:

Similarities:

1. Mengawal dan menyelaraskan fungsi serta aktiviti-aktiviti badan

Controls and coordinates body functions and activities

2. Bergerakbalas terhadap rangsangan

Responds to a stimulus

3. Mempunyai organ sasaran

Possesses target organ

Perbezaan:

Differences:

Sistem saraf

Nervous systemDifferencesPerbezaanSistem endokrin

Endocrine system

Terdiri daripada saraf-saraf

Consists of nervesKoordinasi

CoordinationTerdiri daripada kelenjar-kelenjar tanpa duktus

Consists of ductless glands

Melalui saraf secara elektrokimia

Goes through the nerves electrochemicallyCara penghantaran impuls

Way of impulse transmissionMelalui aliran darah dalam bentuk bahan kimia

Goes through the bloodstream in the form of chemical substance

Sangat cepat

Very fastKelajuan penghantaran impuls

Speed of impulse transmissionPerlahan

Slow

Kesan jangka pendek

Short-term effectTempoh kesan

Duration of effectKesan jangka panjang

Long term effect

Terhad

LimitedKawasan tindakan

Target areasLuas

Wide

Cepat dan serta merta

Fast and immediateGerak balas

ResponseLambat dan berlaku secara berterusan

Slow and continuous

Menulis,menari

Writing , dancingContoh koordinasi badan

Examples of body coordinationPertumbuhan, metabolisme badan

Growth, body metabolisme

2.8 Kesan Penyalahgunaan Dadah terhadap Koordinasi Badan dan Kesihatan

The Effect of Drug Abuse on Body Coordination and HealthJenis dadah

Type of drugContoh

ExampleCiri-ciri

Characteristic

Depresen

Depressant Morfin

Morphine

Heroin

Heroin

Barbiturat

Barbiturate Mengurangkan tekanan

Relieve tension

Menenteramkan fikiran seseorang

Calm a persons mind

Melambatkan tindakbalas terhadap rangsangan

Slow down the response to a stimulus

Stimulan

Stimulants Amfetamin

Amphetamine

Nikotina

Nicotine Meningkatkan kadar metabolisme badan

Increase the body metabolic rate

Menjadikan seseorang lebih aktif

Make a person more active

Opiat

Opiates Morfin

Morphine

Heroin

Heroin

Kokain

Coccaine Melegakan kesakitan dan kegelisahan

Relieve the sensations of pain and anxiety

Halusinogen

Hallucinogens Ganja

Marijuana

LSD

LSD Menyebabkan khayalan

Cause hallucination

Menyebabkan kegilaan dan kematian

Cause madness and death

Jenis dadah

Type of drugSumber dadah

Source

Candu

Opium

Diperoleh daripada bunga pokok popi

Obtained from the flower of the poppy plant

Morfin

MorphineBahan berwarna perang yang diproses daripada candu

Brown substance processed from morphine

Heroin

HeroinSerbuk putih atau perang yang diproses daripada morfin

White or brown powder processed from morphine

Ganja

MarijuanaDaun dan bunga kering daripada tumbuhan Cannabis sativa

Leaves and dry flowers of the Cannabis sativa plant

2.9 Kesan Pengambilan Alkohol Berlebihan terhadap Koordinasi Badan dan Kesihatan

The Effect of Excessive Consumption of Alcohol on Body Coordination and Health 2.10 Kepentingan Minda Yang Waras dan Waras

Importance of Sound And Healthy Mind

Kepentingan Koordinasi Badan

Importance of Body Coordination

Membolehkan semua organ badan berfungsi sebagai satu unit _____________________dan bergerak balas terhadapnya

Enables all body organs to function as a unit to __________________________ and respond towards them

Mengawal koordinasi antara rangsangan dengan gerak balas

Controls coordination between stimuli and body responses

Mengelakkan kita daripada kecederaan atau bahaya

Helping us to avoid injuries or dangers

Membolehkan kita menyesuaikan diri terhadap perubahan di sekeliling kita

Enables us to adapt to the changes around us

Pertumbuhan badan, pembiakan, pengawalan kepekatan darah, dan pencernaan makanan

Body growth, reproduction, controlling blood concentration and food digestion

Berjalan, melihat, menulis, bercakap, mendengar dan membaca

Walking, looking, writing, talking, listening and reading

Koordinasi hormon

Hormonal coordination

Pertumbuhan badan, pembiakan pengawalan kepekatan darah, dan pencernaan makanan

Body growth, reproduction, controlling blood concentration and food digestion

Koordinasi saraf

Nervous coordination

Dikawal dan diselaraskan oleh ____________

Controlled and coordinated by the _______________

2.1 Koordinasi Badan

2.1 Body Coordination

Saraf spina

Spinal nerves

Sistem saraf soma (mengawal tindakan terkawal)

Somatic nervous system (controls voluntary actions)

Sistem saraf autonomi (mengawal tindakan luar kawal)

Autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary actions)

Saraf tunjang

Spinal cord

Sistem saraf pusat

Central nervous system

Sistem saraf periferi

Peripheral nervous system

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi minda

Factors that affect the mind

2.2 Sistem Saraf Manusia

Human Nervous System

Reseptor dan efektor

Receptors and effectors

-Efektor ialah organ yang bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan. Contoh: otot dan kelenjar

An effector is an organ which responds to the stimuli.Examples: muscles and glands

- Semua reseptor dan efektor disambungkan kepada sistem saraf dan neuron

All receptors and effectors are connected to the nervous system by neurons

Reseptor

Receptor

-Reseptor ialah sel di dalam organ deria yang mengesan rangsangan akibat perubahan di persekitaran

A resptor is a cell in the sensory organ which detects stimuli resulting from the changes in the surroundings

-Terdapat lima jenis organ deria utama iaitu mata, lidah, telinga, hidung dan kulit

There are five main types of sensory organs i.e. the eyes, ears,tongue, nose and skin.

Efektor

Effector

Neuron motor

Motor neurone

Jawapan:

Answers:

reseptor

receptor

efektor

effector

Neuron perantaraan

Relay neurone

Synapse

Sinaps

Reseptor

Receptor

Neuron deria

Sensory neurone

Serebrum

Cerebrum

Fungsi: Mengawal tindakan terkawal

Function:Control voluntary action

Serebelum

Cerebellum

Fungsi:

Function:

mengawal keseimbangan badan

control body balance

memelihara postur badan

maintain body posture

Medula Oblongata

Medula Oblongata

Fungsi: Mengawal tindakan luar kawal

Function:Control involuntary action

Kesan-kesan pengambilan minuman beralkohol secara berlebihan

Effect of execessive consumption of alcoholic drinks

Alkohol melambatkan kadar penghantaran impuls saraf dan mempengaruhi sistem saraf pusat

Alcohol slows down the rate of nerve impulse transmission and effects the central nervous system

Alkohol dapat merosakkan sel-sel hati, mengurangkan penghasilan hempedu, dan menyebabkan sirosis hati (tisu berparut) serta hepatitis

Alkohol can damage liver cells, reduce the production of bile, cause cirrhos of the liver (scar tissue) and hepatitis

Dalam kes yang teruk, pengambilan alcohol secara berterusan akan membawa maut

In severe cases, continuous consumption of alcohol can cause death

Gerak balas seorang peminum terhadap keadaan kecemasan adalah perlahan

Response of a drinker in an emergency is slow

Peminum tidak dapat memandu dengan selamat kerana penglihatannya kabur, pendengarannya kurang baik, dan reaksinya perlahan.

A drinker cannot drive safely because his sight is blurred, his hearing is poor and his reaction becomes slower

Masa yang diambil oleh seseorang peminum untuk menghentikan kenderaannya adalah lebih lama

A drinker uses a longer time to stop his vehicle

Kesan buruk penyalahgunaan dadah terhadap koordinasi badan dan kesihatan

Adverse effect of drug abuse on body coordination and health

Merangsang gerakbalas badan

Stimulating body response

Dadah seperti amfetamin mengaktifkan sel-sel otak dan meningkatkan kadar metabolisme. Pengguna menjadi lebih aktif,tidak dapat tidur,dan agresif

Drugs like amphetamine activate the brain cells and increase the metabolic rate. User becomes more active, cannot sleep and behaves aggressively.

Melambatkan gerak balas badan

Slowing body response

Heroin,Morfin dan barbiturat melambatkan gerak balas system saraf terhadap rangsangan.Pengguna berasa mengantuk dan kurang sedar

Heroin, morphine and barbiturate slow down the response of the nervous system to stimuli.Users feel sleepy and less aware

Halusinasi

Hallucination

Ganja mengganggu fungsi otak terutamanya dari segi persepsi jarak, ruang,dan masa.

Marijuana affect the function of the brain, especially its perception of distance, space and time.

Jangkitan penyakit

Infection of diseases

Perkongsian jarum suntikan antara penagih dadah menyebabkan jangkitan penyakit seperti AIDS dan Hepatitis B

The sharing of injection needles among drug addicts causes the spread of diseases like AIDS and hepatitis B.

Faktor dalaman

Internal factors

Faktor luaran

External factors

Jawapan:

Answers:

reseptor regang

proprioceptor

tendon

tendon

ligamen

ligament

Jawapan:

Answers:

Otak

Brain

Saraf kranium

Cranial nerves

Jawapan:

Answers:

sistem saraf

nervous system

mengesan rangsangan

detect stimuli

Kecederaan bahagian otak akibat penyakit atau kemalangan

Brain injury cause by disease or accident

Penyakit seperti gastritis atau sakit sendi boleh mengganggu kesihatan minda

Disease like gastritis or joint pain can interfere with mental health

Ketidakseimbangan hormon dalam badan seperti kekurangan hormon daripada kelenjar tiroid membantutkan perkembangan mental kanak-kanak

Hormone imbalances in the body like lack of hormones from the thyroid glands retard the mental development in children.

Penyalahgunaan dadah menyebabkan seseorang berkhayal dan otaknya tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik

Drug abuse causes a person to hallucinate and his brain does not function

Pengambilan alcohol secara berlebihan menyebabkan seseorang berfikir secara tidak logik.

Excessive consumption of alcohol causes a person not to think logically.

Faktor luaran seperti keluarga dan rakan sebaya

Social factors like family and peers

Keadaan persekitaran seperti keadaan cuaca dan suhu

Environment conditions like weather and temperature

Tekanan mental akibat pengalaman yang mendukacitakan seperti kematian seseorang yang dikasihi

Mental stress caused by sad experiences like the death of someone close

BAB 2

KOORDINASI BADAN

BODY COORDINATION

2.1

KOORDINASI BADAN

BODY COORDINATION

2.2

SISTEM SARAF MANUSIA

HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

2.3

KOORDINASI SARAF

NERVOUS COORDINATION

2.4

RESEPTOR REGANG

PROPRIOCEPTORS

2.5

OTAK MANUSIA

HUMAN BRAIN

2.6

KOORDINASI HORMON

HORMONE COORDINATION

2.7

SARAF & HORMON

NERVOUS & HORMONE

2.8

PENYALAHGUNAAN DADAH

DRUG ABUSE

2.9

ALKOHOL

ALCOHOL

2.10

MINDA YANG SIHAT

HEALTHY MIND

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