kompilasi artikel al-quran

5/10/2018 Kompilasi Artikel Al-Quran - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kompilasi-artikel-al-quran 1/89

Afe|ndi}n Irznacd id%Ysrio

jn}s}so fdch7

idnk knarn



9

Gsjsd 7 Afe|ndi}n Irznacd id%Ysrio

\co~s}so 7 idnk knarn

\co~s}soio7 > Giosirn 2<9<

\crhiznio7

C%bffa non bcrzsgsio sozsa ac|coznoìo |co~cbirio ndes jio ji„pih }ceizi$ bsaio sozsa jn|crgsidbcdnaio izis zsgsio afecr}nid dinoo~i/

Bcbcri|i irznacd zio|i aczcrioìo |cosdn} bsaiodih air~i |co~s}so/\co~s}so hio~i eco~irno` irznacd z}b aircoi |crznebioìo acndesio/

ي ؠكـ9:=9 ك=2



2

Jikzir N}n9/9/9/9/ \co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id%%%%Ysrio \iji Ei}i Oibn }ipYsrio \iji Ei}i Oibn }ipYsrio \iji Ei}i Oibn }ipYsrio \iji Ei}i Oibn }ip

2/2/2/2/ IdIdIdId%%%%Ysrio Ijidih Es'gnwiz Eshieeij }ip ~io` IbijnYsrio Ijidih Es'gnwiz Eshieeij }ip ~io` IbijnYsrio Ijidih Es'gnwiz Eshieeij }ip ~io` IbijnYsrio Ijidih Es'gnwiz Eshieeij }ip ~io` Ibijn

=/=/=/=/ I}bibso OswsdI}bibso OswsdI}bibso OswsdI}bibso Oswsd

:/:/:/:/ Biìneioi Miri Eco`czihsn I}bibso OswsdBiìneioi Miri Eco`czihsn I}bibso OswsdBiìneioi Miri Eco`czihsn I}bibso OswsdBiìneioi Miri Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsd

3/3/3/3/ BcbcriBcbcriBcbcriBcbcri|i Kinjih Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsd|i Kinjih Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsd|i Kinjih Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsd|i Kinjih Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsd

;/;/;/;/ Bcbcri|i Acn}znecpiio Es}hhik Ibs Biair i}hBcbcri|i Acn}znecpiio Es}hhik Ibs Biair i}hBcbcri|i Acn}znecpiio Es}hhik Ibs Biair i}hBcbcri|i Acn}znecpiio Es}hhik Ibs Biair i}h%%%%]hnjjny ri]hnjjny ri]hnjjny ri]hnjjny ri

0/0/0/0/ Bcbcri|i \crzio~iio ]canzir \co`se|sdio idBcbcri|i \crzio~iio ]canzir \co`se|sdio idBcbcri|i \crzio~iio ]canzir \co`se|sdio idBcbcri|i \crzio~iio ]canzir \co`se|sdio id%%%%YsrioYsrioYsrioYsrio

8/8/8/8/ JidndJidndJidndJidnd%%%%jidnd Jnzsrsoaioo~i idjidnd Jnzsrsoaioo~i idjidnd Jnzsrsoaioo~i idjidnd Jnzsrsoaioo~i id%%%%Ysrio jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk Ysrio jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk Ysrio jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk Ysrio jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk

>/>/>/>/ Hnaeih Jnzsrsoaioo~i idHnaeih Jnzsrsoaioo~i idHnaeih Jnzsrsoaioo~i idHnaeih Jnzsrsoaioo~i id%%%%Ysrio Jcoìo Zsgsh HsrsYsrio Jcoìo Zsgsh HsrsYsrio Jcoìo Zsgsh HsrsYsrio Jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk kk k

9</9</9</9</ Gsedih Ynriiz jio Iocai Riìe \coji|iz Zcozio` YnriizGsedih Ynriiz jio Iocai Riìe \coji|iz Zcozio` YnriizGsedih Ynriiz jio Iocai Riìe \coji|iz Zcozio` YnriizGsedih Ynriiz jio Iocai Riìe \coji|iz Zcozio` Ynriiz

99/99/99/99/ Acoi|i idAcoi|i idAcoi|i idAcoi|i id%%%%Ysrio Znjia Jnbsasaio jidie ]izs Es}hhik (|iji Ei}i Oibn.Ysrio Znjia Jnbsasaio jidie ]izs Es}hhik (|iji Ei}i Oibn.Ysrio Znjia Jnbsasaio jidie ]izs Es}hhik (|iji Ei}i Oibn.Ysrio Znjia Jnbsasaio jidie ]izs Es}hhik (|iji Ei}i Oibn.

92/92/92/92/ Dioàih ~io` Zc|iz jidie \co`se|sdio idDioàih ~io` Zc|iz jidie \co`se|sdio idDioàih ~io` Zc|iz jidie \co`se|sdio idDioàih ~io` Zc|iz jidie \co`se|sdio id%%%%YsrioYsrioYsrioYsrio

9=/9=/9=/9=/ Dnozi}io ]cgirih Ndes idDnozi}io ]cgirih Ndes idDnozi}io ]cgirih Ndes idDnozi}io ]cgirih Ndes id%%%%YsrioYsrioYsrioYsrio

9:/9:/9:/9:/ OieiOieiOieiOiei%%%%oiei idoiei idoiei idoiei id%%%%YsrioYsrioYsrioYsrio

93/93/93/93/ \co`se\co`se\co`se\co`se|sdio id|sdio id|sdio id|sdio id%%%%Ysrio |iji Ei}i Ibs Biair i}hYsrio |iji Ei}i Ibs Biair i}hYsrio |iji Ei}i Ibs Biair i}hYsrio |iji Ei}i Ibs Biair i}h%%%%]hnjjny ri]hnjjny ri]hnjjny ri]hnjjny ri



=

9;/9;/9;/9;/ \co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id%%%%Ysrio |iji Ei}i ‘Sz}eio riYsrio |iji Ei}i ‘Sz}eio riYsrio |iji Ei}i ‘Sz}eio riYsrio |iji Ei}i ‘Sz}eio ri

90/90/90/90/ Yirn Zsgsh ~io` Ei}~hsrYirn Zsgsh ~io` Ei}~hsrYirn Zsgsh ~io` Ei}~hsrYirn Zsgsh ~io` Ei}~hsr

98/98/98/98/ Ynriiz îo` Ei}~hsrYnriiz îo` Ei}~hsrYnriiz îo` Ei}~hsrYnriiz îo` Ei}~hsr

9>/9>/9>/9>/ Zik}nr jio \iri Eski}}nrZik}nr jio \iri Eski}}nrZik}nr jio \iri Eski}}nrZik}nr jio \iri Eski}}nr

2</2</2</2</ Ihdn Zik}nr @fdfoìo ]ihibizIhdn Zik}nr @fdfoìo ]ihibizIhdn Zik}nr @fdfoìo ]ihibizIhdn Zik}nr @fdfoìo ]ihibiz

29/29/29/29/ Zik}nr Rnpi~izZik}nr Rnpi~izZik}nr Rnpi~izZik}nr Rnpi~iz %%%% Zik}nr ]ihibizZik}nr ]ihibizZik}nr ]ihibizZik}nr ]ihibiz

22222222//// IdIdIdId%%%%Ysrio jio Cri Birs Ziozioìo \cenanrioYsrio jio Cri Birs Ziozioìo \cenanrioYsrio jio Cri Birs Ziozioìo \cenanrioYsrio jio Cri Birs Ziozioìo \cenanrio

Dids Osrsd Bi~iond HsjiDids Osrsd Bi~iond HsjiDids Osrsd Bi~iond HsjiDids Osrsd Bi~iond Hsji

2=/2=/2=/2=/ Ecenozid Bcoio` \iainio Ziapi jn RieijhioEcenozid Bcoio` \iainio Ziapi jn RieijhioEcenozid Bcoio` \iainio Ziapi jn RieijhioEcenozid Bcoio` \iainio Ziapi jn Rieijhio

Jr/ Izzibna Dszhkn$ EIJr/ Izzibna Dszhkn$ EIJr/ Izzibna Dszhkn$ EIJr/ Izzibna Dszhkn$ EI

2:/2:/2:/2:/ \crio Wiaiz sozsa Aceiaesrio Ria~iz\crio Wiaiz sozsa Aceiaesrio Ria~iz\crio Wiaiz sozsa Aceiaesrio Ria~iz\crio Wiaiz sozsa Aceiaesrio Ria~iz


23/23/23/23/ Ecojnjna N}dien Idi Dsyeio idEcojnjna N}dien Idi Dsyeio idEcojnjna N}dien Idi Dsyeio idEcojnjna N}dien Idi Dsyeio id%%%%HianeHianeHianeHiane

Jr/ Izzibna DJr/ Izzibna DJr/ Izzibna DJr/ Izzibna Dszhkn$ EIszhkn$ EIszhkn$ EIszhkn$ EI



:

\co`se|sdio\co`se|sdio\co`se|sdio\co`se|sdio iiiidddd%%%%YsrioYsrioYsrioYsrio \\\\iji Ei}i Oibniji Ei}i Oibniji Ei}i Oibniji Ei}i Oibn }ip}ip}ip}ip

Ei}i |co`se|sdio Id%Ysr'io jcoìo eco``soiaio jsi aizc`frn$ ~inzs7 |co`se|sdio

jidie jiji$ jio jidie jfaseco& mizizio/

\co`se|sdio Id%Ysr'iosd Airne zcrbi`n jidie jsi |crnfjc7

(9. \crnfjc Oibn ]IP/

(2. \crnfjc Ahsdikisr Ri}~njno/

Ei}no`%ei}no` |crnfjc zcr}cbsz ece|so~in bcbcri|i mnrn jio acn}znecpiio/ N}zndih

|co`se|sdio aijio`%aijio` jneia}sjaio jcoìo |co`hikidio jidie hizn$ jio aijio`%

aijio` |sdi jneia}sjaio jcoìo |cosdn}io jio |comizizio jidie dcebirio%dcebirio/

\co`se|sdio Id%Ysr'io jn ei}i Oibn iji jsi aizc`frn7

(9. \co`se|sdio jidie jiji bcrs|i |co`hikidio jio |co`hi~izio& |co`ca}|rc}nio$ jio

(2. \co`se|sdio jidie jfaseco izis mizizio bcrs|i |cosdn}io |iji anzib eis|so

bcrs|i sanrio/

Aien iaio ecogcdi}aio acjsio~i }cmiri zcrsrin jio ecojczind iìr oie|ia bi`n anzi

}sizs |crhiznio ~io` ecojidie zcrhiji| id%Ysrio jio |cosdn}ioo~i }crzi

|cebsasioo~i/ Dioàih%dioàih }ceimie non znjia zcrgijn |iji anzib%anzib }ieip~

dinoo~i }cbiìneioi hido~i |crhiznio zcrhiji| Id%Ysr'io$ }cbiìn anzib ~io` eihi

i`so` jio es'gnwiz Eshieeij ~io` ibijn/



3

\co`se|sdio id%Ysrio Jidie Jiji

Id%Ysr'iosd Airne zsrso ac|iji Oibn ~io` see~ (znjia bn}i bimi%zsdn}./ Aircoi nzs

|crhiznio Oibn hio~idih jnzsioàio sozsa }cacjir eco`hikid jio eco`hi~izno~i$ iìr

ni ji|iz eco`si}in id%Ysrio |cr}n} }cbiìneioi hido~i id%Ysrio ~io` jnzsrsoaio/

]czcdih nzs ni ecebimiaioo~i ac|iji frio`%frio` jcoìo bc`nzs zcrio` iìr ecrcai|so

ji|iz eco`hikid jio eceiozi|aioo~i/ îo` gcdi} ijidih bihpi Oibn }cfrio` ~io`

see~ jio jnszs} Iddih jn aidioìo frio`%frio` ~io` see~ |sdi$ Iddih bcrknreio7

—Jnidih ~io` eco`szs} ac|iji aise ~io` bszi hsrsk }cfrio` Ri}sd jn ioziri ecrcai

~io` ecebimiaio i~iz%i~iz%O~i ac|iji ecrcai$ eco}smnaio ecrcai jcoìo

ecoìgiraio ac|iji ecrcai anzib jio hnaeih―/ (Y]/ Id%Gses'ih7 2.

Bni}io~i frio`%frio` ~io` see~ nzs hio~i ecoìojidaio acasizio hikidio jio

noìzioo~i$ aircoi ecrcai znjia bn}i ecebimi jio ecosdn}/ Eceio` bio`}i Irib |iji

ei}i zsrsoo~i id%Ysrio$ ecrcai bcriji jidie bsji~i Irib ~io` bc`nzs zno``n$ noìzio

ecrcai }ioìz asiz jio hikidioo~i mc|iz }crzi ji~i knanro~i bc`nzs zcrbsai/

Frio`%frio` Irib bio~ia ~io` hikid bcrizs}%rizs} rnbs }~inr jio eco`czihsn }nd}ndih }crzi

oi}ib aczsrsoioo~i/ Ecrcai ji|iz eco`soài|aioo~i jn dsir ac|iji$ jio eco`czihsn

}cgiriho~i/ Girio` }caidn jn ioziri ecrcai ~io` znjia bn}i eco`soài|aio }nd}ndih jio

oi}ib zcr}cbsz izis znjia hikid id%Esiddiyizsd I}~ir ~io` bc`nzs bio~ia }~inro~i di`n |sdi

}sdnz jidie eco`hikido~i/

Bc`nzs id%Ysrio jizio` ac|iji ecrcai jcoìo gcdi}$ zcì} aczcozsioo~i jio

acasi}iioo~i ~io` dshsr$ ecrcai ecri}i ai`se$ iaid knanrio ecrcai zcrzne|i jcoìo id%

Ysrio$ }chno`ì |crhiznioo~i jnmsrihaio ac|iji id%Ysrio/ Ecrcai eco`hikido~i i~iz

jcen i~iz jio }sriz jcen }sriz/ Ecrcai zno`ìdaio }~inr%}~inr aircoi ecri}i ece|crfdch

rsh& gnpi jirn Id%Ysr'io/



;

\c`se|sdio Jidie Bcozsa Zsdn}io

Acn}znecpiio ~io` acjsi jirn id%Ysriosd Airne nidih |co`se|sdio jio |cosdn}ioo~i

jidie dcebirio/ Ri}sdsddih ]IP ece|so~in bcbcri|i frio` }carczirn} pih~s/ ]czni|

zsrso i~iz id%Ysrio bcdnis ececrnozihaio ac|iji ecrcai ecosdn}o~i$ sozsa

ece|crasiz mizizio jio jfasecozi}n jidie achizn%hiznio bcdnis zcrhiji| anzib Iddih

'Iwwi Pi Giddi$ }chno`ì |cosdn}io zc}cbsz ji|iz ecdihnraio hikidio jio ece|crasiz

noìzio/

\cosdn}%|cosdn} zcr}cbsz ijidih }ihibiz |ndnhio ~io` jn|ndnh fdch Ri}sd jirn aidioìo frio`

~io` zcrbina jio nojih zsdn}ioo~i iìr ecrcai ji|iz eco`cebio zsì} ~io` esdni non/ Jn

ioziri ecrcai ijidih Winj bno Z}ibnz$ Sbi~ bno Ai'ib$ Es„ijw bno Gibid$ Es'ipn~ih bno

Ibn ]sk~io$ Ahsdikisr Ri}~njno jio }ihibiz%}ihibiz dino/

Neie Bsahirn jio Es}dne ecrnpi~izaio jirn Ioi} r/i/ bihpi}io~i ni bcraizi7 "Id%

Ysr'io jnase|sdaio |iji ei}i Ri}sd ]IP fdch : (ce|iz. frio` ~io` ac}cesio~i jirn

aise Io}hir7 Sbi~ bno Ai'ib$ Es'ijw bno Gibid$ Winj bno Z}ibnz jio Ibs Winj/ Ioi}

jnzio~i7 "]ni|i i~ih Winj6" Ni ecogipib7 "]idih }cfrio` |ieioas"/



0

IdIdIdId%%%%Ysrio Ijidih Es'gnwiYsrio Ijidih Es'gnwiYsrio Ijidih Es'gnwiYsrio Ijidih Es'gnwiz Eshieeijz Eshieeijz Eshieeijz Eshieeij }ip}ip}ip}ip ~io` Ibijn~io` Ibijn~io` Ibijn~io` Ibijn

Bcbcri|i Oibn ecoji|izaio es'gnwiz ~io` }|c}nid/ Zi|n jirn }cesi es'gnwiz ~io` zsrso ac

bsen$ hio~i es'gnwiz Oibn Eshieeij ]IP ~io` |idno` }|c}nid/

Hnaeih Iddih ~io` iwidn zcdih bcrgidio sozsa eco`sizaio |iri Oibn jio Ri}sd%O~i ~inzs

jcoìo bcbcri|i es'wngiz ~io` oie|ia$ jidnd%jidnd zioji%zioji ~io` o~izi$ }crzi hsggih

jio idi}io ri}nfoid$ ~io` eco~iziaio bihpi ecrcai ijidih bcoir jio ecrcai ijidih

|iri Oibn jio Ri}sd Iddih ]PZ/

Iddih ]PZ eco`n}znecpiaio Oibn anzi Eshieeij ]IP jcoìo bcaid es'gnwiz ~io` dsir

bni}i ~inzs id%Ysriosd Airne $ ni ijidih osr ndihn jio pih~s }ieip~ ~io` jndcziaaio ac

jidie dsbsa hizn Oibn%O~i }cbiìn Ysrâoio 'Iribn~~io (bimiio bcrbihi}i Irib. ~io`

esds} jio dce|io`$ ni ecebimio~i }c|iogio` eidie jio }nio`/ Jcoìoo~i ni ji|iz

eco`hnjs|aio }ceioìz `cocri}n jirn bihi~i aces}oihio$ jirn `cocri}n ~io` }sjih

|soih ecogijn `cocri}n ~io` hnjs| acebidn jcoìo |iomirio }noir id%Ysrio jio

ecosogsano~i jcoìo gidio ~io` zcrieiz dsrs} }crzi ecebioànzaioo~i acebidn$ jirn

dcebih acon}ziio ecogijn seeiz ~io` zcrbina ~io` jnzie|ndaio sozsa naizio }cdsrsh

eios}ni/ Iddih ecocì}aio jcoìo knreioo~i7

―Jio i|iaih frio` }sjih eizn acesjnio jni aien hnjs|aio jio aien bcrnaio

ac|ijio~i mihi~i ~io` zcrio`$ ~io` jcoìo mihi~i nzs jni ji|iz bcrgidio jn zcoìh%

zcoìh ei}~iriaiz eios}ni }crs|i jcoìo frio` ~io` acijiioo~i bcriji jidie `cdi|%

`sdnzi ~io` }caidn%aidn znjia ji|iz acdsir jirn|ijio~i6 Jcenaniodih aien gijnaio frio`

~io` aiknr nzs eceiojio` bina i|i ~io` zcdih ecrcai acrgiaio/― (Y]/ Id%Io'âe7 922.

id%Ysrio zcdih ecebioànzaio seeiz ece|crbihirsn ei}~iriaiz$ jio eco~s}so

`cocri}n ~io` bcdse |croih zie|nd jidie }cgirih$ ni ecoie|ndaio frio` Irib jirn

achnjs|io }cbiìn |co``cebidi sozi jio aiebno` ecogijn |cene|no bio`}i%bio`}i$



8

~io` ji|iz eco`si}in jsoni bihaio }ie|in ac|iji oc`crn%oc`crn ~io` bc`nzs gish

eco`coido~i/ Ac}cesio~i nzs bcraiz id%Ysrio }cbi`in es'gnwiz (Eshieeij. |coszs|

|iri Oibn jio Ri}sd/



>

I}bibso OswsdI}bibso OswsdI}bibso OswsdI}bibso Oswsd

\coznoò~i ndes i}bibso oswsd jidie ndes id%Ysrio soi ece|crzcì} jio

ece|cresjih jidie eceihien i~iz%i~izo~i/

Ndes I}bibso Oswsd ece|so~in |coìrsh ~io` |cozno` jidie eceihien i~iz$

aircoio~i acbio~iaio sdiei bc`nzs ece|crhiznaio ndes zcozio` I}bibso Oswsd bihaio

iji ~io` eco~s}soo~i }cmiri ahs}s}/ Jn ioziri zfafh (|co~s}soo~i. ioziri dino Idn nbo

id%Eijno~ srs Neie id%Bsahirn ri/

Anzib ~io` zcracoid jidie hid non ijidih anzib I}bibso Oswsd airioìo id%Pihnj~

}cbiìneioi hido~i gsjsd ~io` zcdih jnairio` fdch ]~inahsd N}die Nbos Higir/ ]cjioàio

i}%]i~szh~ gsì zcdih eco~s}so }cbsih anzib ~io` dcoài| di`n |sdi }ioìz bcrondin

jcoìo gsjsd Dsbibso Osysd Kn I}bibno Oswsd /

Fdch aircoi |coznoò~i ndes i}bibso oswsd jidie ndes Id%Ysrio soi ece|crzcì} jio

ece|cresjih jidie eceihien i~iz%i~izo~i$ ji|izdih aien aiziaio bihpi jn ioziri

i~iz Id%Ysrio iji ~io` znjia esoàno ji|iz jn|ihien izis znjia esoàno jnaczihsn

aczcozsioo~i& hsaseo~i zio|i ndes I}bibso Oswsd/ ]cbiìn mfozfh knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—Jio ac|so~iio Iddihdih znesr jio biriz$ eiai ac eioi|so aies eco`hiji| jn }nzsdih

pigih Iddih/ ]c}so``sho~i Iddih Eihi Dsi} riheiz%O~i di`n Eihi Eco`czihsn /― (Y]/

Id%Biyirih7 993./

Jirn i~iz zcr}cbsz ji|iz jn|ihien bfdcho~i ecdiasaio }hidiz eco`hiji| ac }cdinoanbdiz/ \ceihieio }c|crzn non ijidih }idih$ aircoi eco`hiji| anbdiz ijidih }idih }izs

}~iriz }iho~i }hidiz/ Jcoìo ndes i}bibso oswsd ji|izdih jn|ihien }cmiri gcdi}$ jn eioi

i~iz jn izi} zsrso }chsbsoìo jcoìo ai}s} }c}cfrio` ~io` iji jidie |crgidioio jio

znjia eco`czihsn anbdiz }crzi irih$ aircoi nzs ni bfdch bcrngznhij sozsa ecendnh irih jio

}cdiogszo~i ni ecdiasaio }hidiz/ Ac eioi }igi ni eco`hiji| jidie }hidizo~i eiai



9<

}ihdih }hidizo~i/ Ni znjia hirs} eco`sdio`n acebidn jn }iiz ni eco`czihsn irih ~io`

}cbcoiro~i iojinaizi }idih/ Jcoìo jcenanio eiai i~iz jn izi} znjiadih bcr}nkiz sese

zczi|n bcr}nkiz ahs}s} bi`n }c}cfrio` ~io` znjia eco`czihsn anbdiz jio irih/

Mfozfh dino ~io` bcrhsbsoìo jcoìo |coznoò~i ndes I}bibso Oswsd jidie

eceihien i~iz ijidih knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—]c}so``sho~i ahieir$ bcrgsjn$ bcrafrbio sozsa bcrhidi$ eco`sojn oi}nb jcoìo |ioih$

ijidih |crbsizio acgn zcrei}sa |crbsizio }~inzio/ Eiai gishndih |crbsizio%|crbsizio nzs

iìr aies ecoji|iz acbcrsozsoìo /― (Y]/ Id%Eânjih7 ><./

Jn ioziri bcbcri|i frio` }ihibiz Ri}sd bcrzio~i7 "Biìneioiaih hido~i jcoìo frio`%

frio` ~io` bcr|crio` jn gidio Iddih jio zcdih econo`ìd }cjio` ecrcai bni}i ecenose

ahieir |ijihid ahieir zcr}cbsz ijidih acgn6"/ ]chsbsoìo jcoìo nzs eiai zsrsodih

i~iz ~io` ecogcdi}aio bihpi |cenose ahieir }cbcdse jnhirieaio$ Iddih

eceiikaioo~i/ Ni znjia bcrjf}i jio znjia bcr}idih aircoi Iddih znjia iaio ecebcrnaio

hsaseio izi} |crbsizio }cfrio` hiebi }cbcdse N}die izis }cbcdse zsrsoo~i

|co`hirieio/ Aircoi nzs eiai i~iz zcr}cbsz bcrji}iraio }s}soioo~i ji|iz jn|ihien

}cmiri zcì} zcrhiji| hirieo~i enoseio ahieir/

I|i Irzn I}bibso Oswsd

Zcraijio` iji }izs ai}s} (acgijnio./ Jirn ai}s} zcr}cbsz zsrso }izs izis bcbcri|i i~iz

~io` bcrhsbsoìo jcoìo ai}s} zcr}cbsz$ nzsdih ~io` jn}cbsz jcoìo I}bibso Oswsd/

Jirn }c`n dino$ aijio`%aijio` iji }sizs |crzio~iio ~io` jndfoziraio ac|iji Oibn ]IP$

jcoìo eia}sj enozi aczcì}io zcozio` hsase }~iri' izis efhfo |cogcdi}io }cmiri

zcr|crnomn zcozio` srs}io iìei$ fdch aircoi nzs zsrso bcbcrii i~iz$ ~io` jcenanio gsì

jn}cbsz I}bibso Oswsd/



99

Mfozfh |crn}znpi ~inzs hijnz} ~io` jnrnpi~izaio Bsahirn jirn Ahibbib nbosd Iriz r/i/ ni

bcraizi7 "]i~i ijidih zsaio` bc}n$ ]i~i eco`hszioàio ac|iji I}h nbo Pind/ ]sizs acznai

}i~i jizio` ac|ijio~i sozsa ecoi`nh |nszioàs"/ Ni ecogipib7 "]i~i znjia iaio

ecebi~ir hszioàs ac|ijies }cbcdse coàis ecoàsksraio Eshieeij jio bcridnh

eco~cebih Dizi jio Swwi "/ ]i~i ecogipib7 "Ias znjia iaio ecoàsksraioo~i }chno`ì

coàis jneiznaio Iddih jio jnbioànzaio acebidn"/ Gipib I}h Nbo Pind7 "Aidis bc`nzs

acdia ias iaio eizn jio jnbioànzaio acebidn6"/ "Zso``s jsds$ hirn non gsì iaio

asjizioàio hirzi jio ioia sozsa ecebi~ir hszio` ac|ijies"/ Aircoi ai}s} non Iddih

ecosrsoaio i~iz7

—Eiai i|iaih aies zcdih ecdnhiz frio` ~io` aiknr ac|iji i~iz%i~iz aien jio jni

ecoìziaio |i}zn ias iaio jnbcrn hirzi jio ioia/ Ijiaih ni ecdnhiz ~io` `hinb izis ni

zcdih ecebsiz |crgiognio jn }n}n Zshio ~io` Eihi \cesrih6/ ]caidn%aidn znjia$ Aien iaio

ecosdn} i|i ~io` ni aiziaio jio bcoir%bcoir Aien iaio ece|cr|iogio` ijwib sozsao~i

jio aien iaio ecpirn}n i|i ~io` ni aiziaio nzs$ jio ni iaio jizio` ac|iji Aien jcoìo

}cfrio` jnrn /― (Y]/ Eir~ie7 00%8<./



92

Biìneioi Miri Eco`czihsn I}bibso OswsdBiìneioi Miri Eco`czihsn I}bibso OswsdBiìneioi Miri Eco`czihsn I}bibso OswsdBiìneioi Miri Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsd

I}bibso Oswsd znjia bn}i jnaczihsn }ceizi%eizi jcoìo iaid (ri}nf.$ znjia dino

eco`czihsno~i hirs} bcrji}iraio rnpi~iz ~io` }hihnh jio jnjcoìr dio`}so` jirn frio`%

frio` ~io` eco`czihsn zsrsoo~i id%Ysrio$ izis jirn frio`%frio` ~io` eceihien

i}bibso oswsd$ dids ecrcai ecocdnzno~i jcoìo mcreiz$ bina jirn aidioìo }ihibiz$ zibn'no

izis dinoo~i/ jcoìo mizizio |co`czihsio ecrcai jn|crfdch jirn sdiei%sdiei ~io`

ji|iz jn|crmi~i/

Nbos ]nrno ecoìziaio$ —]i~i |croih bcrzio~i ac|iji Ibnjih zcozio` }izs i~iz Id%

Ysr'io$ bcdnis ecogipib7 "Bcrziypidih ac|iji Iddih jio bcraizidih ~io` bcoir

}cbiìneioi frio`%frio` ~io` eco`czihsn jn eioi Id%Ysr'io zsrso"/―

Miri eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsd bcrs|i rnpi~iz ~io` }hihnh ijidih7

9/ I|ibndi |cripn }cojnrn eco~iziaio 9ikiwh }cbib }cmiri zcì}/ Jidie hid non zcozs

ecrs|iaio oi}h ~io` o~izi$ }c|crzn aizi%aizi |cripn$ "}cbib zsrso i~iz non

bc`non//////////"

2/ Bndi |cripn eco~iziaio rnpi~izo~i jcoìo ecei}saaio hsrsk "ki' zi'ynbn~ih"

|iji aizi "oiwidi" }c|crzn aizi%aizi |cripn"7

rnpi~iz ~io` jcenanio gsì ecrs|iaio oi}h ~io` }hirnh jidie }cbib oswsd/

Zcraijio` iji }sizs bcozsa soài|io ~io` znjia eco~iziaio ]cbib Oswsd ~io` zcì}

}c|crzn aizi%aizi |cripn7

Aijio`%aijio` ~io` jneia}sj jcoìo soài|io zcr}cbsz ijidih }cbib zsrso$ zczi|n

aijio`%aijio` |sdi eco~iziaio hsase ~io` zcraiojso` jidie i~iz }c|crzn hido~i iw%

Wirai}~n jidie anzibo~i id%Bsrhio ecoìziaio "bni}io~i zrijn}n }hihibiz jio zibn'no bndi

" " ecoìziaio" " eia}sjo~i ijidih bihpi i~iz non



9=

ijidih ecoìojso` hsase non bsaio eco~iziaio }sizs }cbib Oswsd/ Nbos Zinen~ih

ecoìziaio7 "Aizi%aizi ecrcai " " zcraijio` eco~iziaio }sizs }cbib

zsrso jio zcraiojso` |sdi eco~iziaio aiojsoìo hsase ec}an|so }cbibo~i znjia iji/



9:

Bcbcri|i KiBcbcri|i KiBcbcri|i KiBcbcri|i Kinnnnjih Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsdjih Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsdjih Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsdjih Eco`czihsn I}bibso Oswsd

]cbi`nio frio` iji ~io` bcrio`ì|io bihpi ndes I}bibso Oswsd znjia iji `soio~i

jio znjia iji |coìrsho~i aircoi |cebihi}ioo~i hio~idih bcran}ir |iji di|ioìo

}cgirih jio mcrnzi/

Ecosrsz io`ì|io ecrcai ndes I}bibso Oswsd znjiadih iaio ece|cresjih bi`n frio`

~io` eis bcracmne|so` jidie ecoik}nraio i~iz%i~iz id%Ysrio/ Io`ì|io zcr}cbsz

ijidih }idih jio znjiadih |izsz jnjcoìr aircoi znjia bcrji}iraio |coji|iz |iri ihdn id%

Ysrio ~io` jnacoid jcoìo ihdn zik}nr/

Jn }non iaio jnsoài| }cmiri }candi} |coji|iz }cbi`nio sdiei jio acesjnio iaio

jn}crziaio bcbcri|i kicjih zcozio` ndes I}bibso Oswsd/

Id%Pihnj~ bcr|coji|iz7 "Ecoik}nraio i~iz zio|i bcrznzna zfdia jirn }cgirih jio

|cogcdi}io zsrsoo~i znjiadih esoàno/"

Nbos Jiynynd 'Ncj bcr|coji|iz7 "Aczcrioìo zcozio` I}bibso Oswsd ijidih ecrs|iaio

}idih }izs gidio ~io` zc|iz jidie eceihien id%Ysrio/"

Nbos Zinen~ih bcr|coji|iz7 "Ndes I}bibso Oswsd iaio ecebiozs jidie eceihien

i~iz$ aircoi ndes zcozio` }cbib iaio econebsdaio ndes zcozio` ianbiz"/

Jcoìo jcenanio iaio gcdi}dih |coznoò~i ndes I}bibso Oswsd }cbiìn bi`nio jirn ndes

id%Ysrio/

Iji|so kicjih jirn ndes I}bibso Oswsd ji|iz jn}ne|sdaio }cbiìn bcrnasz7

9/ Eco`czihsn bcozsa hnaeih rihi}ni ~io` zcraiojso` jidie hsase/

2/ Ecocozsaio hsase (ziah}hn}h . jcoìo }cbib ecosrsz frio` ~io` bcr|coji|iz

bihpi }sizs nbiriz nzs jno~iziaio bcrji}iraio ahs}s}o~i }cbib/

=/ Eco`hnojiraio |ri}ioài ~io` ecoìziaio irzn hi}hr jidie }sizs i~iz ~io`

whihnro~i hi}hr/

:/ Eco`czihsn }ni|i frioò~i ~io` ecogijn ai}s} zsrsoo~i i~iz }crzi ecebcrnaio

aczcì}io bndi zcrji|iz acri`s%ri`sio/



93

3/ Jio dino%dino ~io` iji hsbsoìoo~i jcoìo kicjih ndes I}biso Oswsd/

Bcbcri|i mfozfh zcozio` kicjih ndes I}bibso Oswsd

\crziei7

Eirpio nbosd Hiaie }sdnz jidie eceihien i~iz7

—Gioìodih }caidn%aidn aies eco~ioài$ bihpi frio`%frio` ~io` bcr`cebnri jcoìo

i|i ~io` ecrcai zcdih acrgiaio jio ecrcai }sai }s|i~i jn|sgn zcrhiji| |crbsizio ~io`

bcdse ecrcai acrgiaio gioìodih aies eco~ioài bihpi ecrcai zcrdc|i} jirn }na}iio/―

(Y]/ Idn Nerâo7 988./

Bcdnis ececrnozihaio ac|iji |cebiozso~i7 "\cr`ndih ecocesn Nbos Ibbi} jio aiziaio

ac|ijio~i$ bndi }cesi frio` zcdih ecri}i |si} jcoìo i|i ~io` zcdih iji jio no`no

jn|sgn zcrhiji| |crbsizio ~io` bcdse zcrbsazn hi}ndo~i |i}zn ni iaio jn}na}i jio aien|so

iaio zcracoi }na}i"/ Nbos Ibbi} ecogcdi}aio ac|ijio~i (|cebiozs.$ bihpi ni (Eirpio.

ecri}i ac}sdnzio jidie eceihien i~iz zcr}cbsz jio acesjnio Nbos Ibbi}

ecogcdi}aioo~i7 "I~iz zcr}cbsz zsrso }chsbsoìo jcoìo |cr}fidio Ihdn Anzib (îhsjn.

zizaidi jnzio~i fdch Oibn ]IP$ zcozio` }c}sizs |cr}fidio jn eioi ecrcai znjia

ecogipib |crzio~iio ~io` }cbcoiro~i jnzio~iaio$ ecrcai ecoìdnhaio ac|iji

|cr}fidio ~io` dino }crzi ecoìo`ì| bihpi |cr}fidio ~io` jnzio~iaio fdch Oibn

ac|ijio~i zcdih zcrgipib/ ]czcdih nzs ecrcai ecenozi |sgnio ac|iji Oibn$ eiai

zsrsodih i~iz zcr}cbsz jn izi}/― (HR/ Bsahirn$ Es}dne./

Acjsi7

Srpih Nbos Gsbinr gsì ecoìdien ac}sdnzio jidie eceihien eiaoi knreio Iddih ]PZ7



9;

—]c}so``sho~i ]hiki jio Eirpih ijidih }cbi`nio jirn }~nir Iddih/ Birio`}ni|i ~io`

bcrnbijih Hign ac Binzsddih izis bcrserih$ eiai znjia iji jf}i bi`no~i eco`crgiaio }i'n

ioziri acjsio~i/― (Y]/ Id%Biyirih7 938./

Ecosrsz whihnr i~iz jno~iziaio bihpi }i'n ioziri ]hiki jio Eirpih ijidih znjia pignb$

bihaio }ie|in Srpih nbo Wsbinr ecoìziaio ac|iji bnbno~i In}~ih r/i/7 "Hin bnbnas)

}c}so``sho~i Iddih zcdih bcrknreio7 "Znjia ecoì|i bi`no~i sozsa ecdiasaio }i'n ioziri

acjsio~i"$ aircoi nzs }i~i bcr|coji|iz bihpi znjia i|i%i|i bi`n frio` ~io` ecdiasaio

Hign Serih }caidn|so znjia ecdiasaio }i'n ioziri acjsio~i"/ In}~ih }cri~i ecogipib7

"Hin ac|foiaioas) aizi%aizies nzs znjia bcoir/ Iojinaizi eia}sjo~i }cbiìneioi ~io`

ais aiziaio on}mi~i Iddih bcrknreio "Znjia ecoì|i aidis znjia ecdiasaio }i'n ioziri

acjsio~i"/

]czcdih nzs In}~ih ecogcdi}aio7 bihpi}io~i frio`%frio` Gihndn~ih jihsds ecdiasaio }i'n

ioziri ]hiki jio Eirpih }cjio` ecrcai jidie }i'no~i eco`sogso`n jsi |izso` ~io`

bcroiei N}iir ~io` bcriji jn bsanz ]hiki jio Oi'ndih ~io` bcriji jn bsanz Eirpih/

Zizaidi frio`%frio` ei}sa N}die jn ioziri aidioìo }ihibiz iji ~io` ecri}i

bcracbcrizio sozsa ecdiasaio }i'n ioziri acjsio~i aircoi ahipiznr mie|sr%bisr ioziri

nbijih N}die jcoìo nbijih gihndn~ih/ Jirn nzs zsrsodih i~iz }cbiìn biozihio zcrhiji|

acbcrizio ecrcai (~io` ecoìziaio. aidis%aidis zcrmcdi izis bcrjf}i jio eco~iziaio

pignb bi`n ecrcai sozsa ecdiasaio }i'n aircoi Iddih }ceizi bsaio aircoi bcrhidi/ Nzsdih

}cbibo~i In}~ih ecebiozih |coji|iz Srpih bcrji}iraio }cbib zsrso i~iz/

Acznì7

]cbi`nio Neie ecoìdien ac}sdnzio jidie eceihien eiaoi }~iriz jidie

knreio Iddih ]PZ7



90

—Jio |crce|sio%|crce|sio ~io` zcrhcozn jirn hinj jn ioziri |crce|sio%|crce|sioes

gnai aies ri`s%ri`s (zcozio`. njjiho~i eiai njjih ecrcai ijidih = bsdio/― (Y]/ Izh%

Zhidiy7 :./

@fdfoìo Whihnrnih bcr|coji|iz bihpi i~n}ih (pionzi ~io` znjia di`n hinj aircoi }sjih

diogsz s}ni. ecrcai znjia |crds ei}i njjih bndi aci~n}ihioo~i znjia jnri`saio di`n/

Ac}idih|ihieio ecrcai oie|ia jcoìo bcrji}iraio I}bibso Oswsd$ jn eioi i~iz

zcr}cbsz ijidih ecrs|iaio ahnzib (aczcozsio. bi`n frio` ~io` znjia eco`czihsn

biìneioi }chirs}o~i jidie ei}i njjih$ }crzi ecrcai ri`s i|iaih ecrcai |crds njjih

izis znjia/ Jirn nzs eiai eiaoi " " (bndi ioji bno`so` zcozio` biìneioi

ecrcai jio znjia eco`crzn zcozio` njjih ecrcai$ eiai nondih sojio`%sojioò~i./ I~iz

zsrso }czcdih iji }cbi`nio }hihibiz ~io` ecoìziaio bihpi jn ioziri njjih aise

pionzi znjia zcrji|iz jidie id%Ysrio1 ~inzs pionzi ~io` ei}nh acmnd jio pionzi ~io`

I~n}ih/ ]czcdih nzs zsrsodih i~iz ~io` ecogcdi}aio aczcozsio zcozio` ecrcai/ Piddâhs

i'die /

Acce|iz7

Jn ioziri mfozfh zcozio` ndes I}bibso Oswsd }cbiìn }io`ìhio zcrhiji| jsìio hi}hr

(bizi}io zcrzcozs. }cbiìneioi jnrnpi~izaio fdch Neie ]~ikn'n zcozio` knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—Aiziaiodih) Znijidih ias |crfdch jidie pih~s ~io` jnpih~saio ac|ijias }c}sizs

~io` jnhirieaio bi`n frio` ~io` hcojia eceiaioo~i$ acmsidn aidis eiaioio nzs bioàin$ izis jirih ~io` ecoìdnr izis ji`no` bibn aircoi }c}so``sho~i }cesi nzs afzfr

izis bnoizio` ~io` jn}cebcdnh izi} oiei }cdino Iddih/― (Y]/ Id%Io'âe7 9:3./

Jidie hid non bcdnis eco`soài|aio ~io` eia}sjo~i7 bihpi frio` aiknr acznai

eco`hirieaio }c}sizs ~io` jnhididaio Iddih jio eco`hidi9aio i|i ~io` jnhirieaio



98

Iddih ecrcai zcrdids bcrdcbnhio$ eiai zsrsodih i~iz }cbiìn biozihio zcrhiji| ecrcai/

Jcoìo jcenanio }cfdih%fdih Iddih bcrknreio "îo` hidid hio~i ~io` aies io`ì|

hirie jio ~io` hirie nzs ~io` aies io`ì| hidid"/

Jidie hid non Iddih znjia bcreia}sj ecoczi|aio acbidnaio jirn aczcozsio jn izi}

ecdinoaio }cacjir ecogcdi}aio aczcozsio ~io` hirie }iei }caidn znjia eco~no``so`%

o~no``so` ~io` hidid/

Neie id%Hirieino bcraizi "S}dsb i~iz zcr}cbsz }ioìz nojih/ Aidis }igi Neie ]~ikn'n znjia

ecoìziaio |coji|iz ~io` jcenanio on}mi~i aien znjia ji|iz ecoirna ac}ne|sdio

|crbcjiio Neie Eidna jidie hid hi}hr& bizi}io hid ~io` jnhirieaio }cbiìneioi

jn}cbszaio jidie i~iz jn izi}"/

\cogcdi}io jirn Eiaoi I~iz

]cacjir |cogcdi}io jirn srinio jn izi} }i~i bcr|coji|iz bihpi whihnr i~iz ecosogsaaio

bizi}io ~io` hirie$ jn eioi ~io` hirie ijidih hio~i ~io` zcr}cbsz jidie i~iz jn izi}$

|ijihid |cr}fidioo~i znjia jcenanio$ aircoi jn }ie|no` ~io` zcr}cbsz |iji i~iz jn izi}

ei}nh iji di`n ~io` dino$ hio~i }igi eco`soài|ioo~i ~io` bcrbcozsa hi}h }cjio`

eiaoio~i znjia jcenanio$ ~inzs }cbiìn biozihio zcrhiji| frio`%frio` es}~rna ~io`

eco`hirieaio }c}sizs ~io` }cbcoiro~i jnhididaio Iddih jio eco`hididaio ~io`

}cbcoie~i jnhirieaio Iddih/

Acdnei7

Jn ioziri kicjih I}bibso Oswsd ijidih sozsa eco`czihsn oiei frio` ~io` ecogijn

ai}s} zsrsoo~i i~iz iìr acri`sio jio acaibsrio ecogijn hndio`$ }cbiìneioi Eirpio

ecojsì bihpi knreio Iddih ]PZ7

Nidih jnzsrsoaio }chsbsoìo jcoìo ai}s} Ibjsrriheio nbo Ibn Biair/ In}~ih

ecebiozih bihpi io`ì|io zcr}cbsz ijidih }idih$ ni ecogcdi}aio ac|iji Eirpio



9>

zcozio` }cbib zsrsoo~i/ Iji|so }cmiri dcoài| an}ih zcr}cbsz }cbiìneioi jnrnpi~izaio

Bsahirn }cbiìn bcrnasz7

"Eirpio ijidih }cfrio` iend (@sbcrosr. pndi~ih Eijnoih/ Esipn~ih eco`no`noaio

iìr iwnj ecogijn ahidnkih }czcdih aceioàizioo~i/ Ni ecosdn} }sriz ac|iji Eirpio

zcozio` |cr}fidioo~i/ Aircoio~i Eirpio eco`se|sdaio ria~iz jio bcr|njizf jn

hiji|io ecrcai/ Jidie |njizfo~i ni eco~cbszaio oiei iwnj (ecekn`sraio./ Jidnd ni

eco~crs sozsa ecebinizo~i }iebnd bcraizi7 "]c}so``sho~i Ienrsd Esaenono zcdih

jn|crdnhizaio fdch Iddih zcozio` |coji|iz ~io` bina jidie jnrn îwnj/ Bndi Ienrsd

Es'enono ecoìoàizo~i }cbiìn ahidnkih$ }so``sh Ibs Biair jio Seir |so zcdih

ecogijn ahidnkih"/ Ibjsrriheio ecogipib7 "Bsaioaih }n}zce ~io` jcenanio nzs

ecrs|iaio Hcriadns}n}ec6" (Eia}sjo~i nzs ijidih acjnazizfrio }cfrio` rigi

}cbiìneioi znojiaio rigi%rigi Rfeipn./ Eirpio ecogipib7 ―Nzs }iei jcoìo }soih

Ibs Biair jio Seir/― Ibjsrriheio ecogipib di`n "Hcriadns}n}ec"/ Ibs Biair jio

Seir znjia ecoìoàiz aczsrsoio izis kiendno~i }cjioàio Esipn~ih bcrznojia

}ceizi%eizi sozsa achfreizio ioiao~i }cri~i Eirpio bcraizi "Zioài|dih ni$

Ibjsrriheio"/ Ibjsrriheio ei}sa ac rseih In}~ih$ aircoi nzs |co`cgir%|co`cgiro~i

znjia ji|iz ecoioài|o~i/ ]czcdih nzs Eirpio ecoìziaio "Jnidih frio` ~io` ecogijn

ai}s} }chno`ì Iddih ecosrsoaio i~iz7

—Jio frio` ~io` bcraizi ac|iji acjsi nbs bi|iao~i mn} bi`n aies acjsio~i$ i|iaih

aies acjsio~i ece|crnoìzaio ac|ijias bihpi ias iaio jnbioànzaio |ijihid

}so``sh zcdih bcrdids bcbcri|i seiz }cbcdseas6― (Y]/ Id%Ihyik7 90.

Jirn bidna zibnr In}~ih ecogipib$ "Iddih znjia |croih ecosrsoaio i~iz id%Ysrio zcozio`

ai}s} }c}cfrio` zcrzcozs jn ioziri anzi acmsidn i~iz ~io` ecdc|i}aio ias jirn zsjshio

bcrbsiz gihiz$ iojinaizi ias eis ecogcdi}aio frio` ~io` ecogijn ai}s} zsrso~i i~iz

zc}cbsz on}mi~i iaio asgcdi}aio/――



2<

Bcbcri|i Acn}znecpiio Es}hhik Ibs Biair i}hBcbcri|i Acn}znecpiio Es}hhik Ibs Biair i}hBcbcri|i Acn}znecpiio Es}hhik Ibs Biair i}hBcbcri|i Acn}znecpiio Es}hhik Ibs Biair i}h%%%%]hnjjny ri]hnjjny ri]hnjjny ri]hnjjny ri

Dcebirio%dcebirio ~io` jnase|sdaio jidie }izs es}hhik |iji ei}i Ibs Biair

ecendnan bcbcri|i acn}znecpiio ~io` zcr|cozno 7

9/ Jn |crfdch jirn hi}nd |cocdnznio ~io` }ioìz ecojczind jio aceiozi|io ~io`

}ce|sroi/

2/ îo` zcrmiziz jidie es}hhik bio~idih bimiio ~io` |i}zn$ znjia iji oi}iah

bimiioo~i/

=/ Ngei' seeiz zcrhiji| es}hhik zcr}cbsz }cmiri eszipiznr bihpi ~io` zcrmiziz

ijidih i~iz%i~iz id%Ysrio/

:/ Es}hhik ecomias| ynriiz }ib'ih ~io` jnosand bcrji}iraio rnpi~iz ~io` bcoir%

bcoir }hihnh/

Acn}znecpiio%acn}znecpiio zcr}cbsz ecebsiz |iri }ihibiz ai`se jio zcr|c}foi

zcrhiji| s}ihi Ibs Biair$ jn eioi ni ececdnhiri id%Ysrio jirn bihi~i aces}oihio$

jio nzs bcraiz ziskny }crzi hnji~ih jirn Iddih Iwwi pi Giddi/

Idn bcraizi7 "Frio` ~io` |idno` bcrgi}i jidie hid id%Ysrio nidih Ibs Biair r/i/ ni ijidih

frio` ~io` |crziei eco`se|sdaio id%Ysrio& Anzibsddih/

\co`se|sdio id%Ysrio ijidih |crbsizio ~io` esdni di`n ibijn/ ]cgirih }coiozni}i iaio

eco`coioò~i jcoìo acnojihio jio |sgnio ~io` hirse zcrhiji| Ibs Biair aircoi

|coìrihio jio |coìpi}ioo~i$ jio ac|iji Winj bno Z}ibnz aircoi |cdia}ioiio jio

s}ihio~i/

\co`se|sdio id%Ysrio jidie bcozsa }izs es}hhik |iji ei}i Ibs Biair znjiadih

jneia}sjaio bihpi |iri }ihibiz }cbcdseo~i }iei }caidn znjia iji ~io` ecendnan

dcebirio%dcebirio acrzi} ~io` bcrzsdn}aio id%Ysrio/ Znjiadih eco~iziaio bihpi jn

aidioìo }ihibiz znjia iji ~io` ecendnan es}hhik zcrzcozs$ hio~i }igi es}hhik%es}hhik

~io` iji |iji ecrcai nzs znjia jnzcdnzn }cmiri }ca}iei }cbiìneioi hido~i es}hhik Ibs

Biair ~io` bc`nzs bcoir%bcoir jidie |cocdnznioo~i$ ~io` zcrzsdn} hio~idih ~io` znjia

jnoi}iah bimiioo~i$ ac|f|sdcrioo~i }ie|in eszipiznr (ecosrsz }cesi frio`./ ]cesi

frio` }c|coji|iz sozsa ecocrneio~i$ di`n |sdi ecomias| bimiio ecosrsz ynriiz }ib'ih

}cbiìneioi zcdih jnacesaiaio zcrjihsds/



29

Idn }cmiri |rnbijn ecendnan es}hhik ahs}s} ~io` jnzsdn}o~i |iji ei}i |cresdiio

|coìoàizio ahidnkih Ibs Biair jn eioi ni zcdih bcrzcaij ecosdn}o~i jcoìo znjia

iaio acdsir%acdsir rseih acmsidn sozsa ecdiasaio }hidiz }ie|in ni }cdc}in ecosdn}o~i/

Jnrnpi~izaio fdch i}%]s~szh~ jirn Eshieeij nbos ]nrno jirn 'Narneih bihpi}io~i ni

bcraizi7 "\iji }iiz |coìoàizio Ibs Biair$ Idn zczi| bcriji jn rseiho~i/ Acesjnio

jnaiziaio ac|iji Ibs Biair7 Idn znjia eco~coio`n binizes////" ]cdiogszo~i Ibs Biair

eco`nrne }sriz ac|iji Idn/

Jio ni ecoìziaio7 "I|iaih ioji bcomn jcoìo |coìoàizioas6" Idn ecogipib7 "Ias

ecdnhiz anzib Iddih iji ~io` jn}cdn|n$ gnpio~i ecebn}naaio |ijias iìr ias znjia

eceiain }cdcojio` izis bcr|iainio acmsidn aidis ias ecdiasaio }hidiz }ie|in ias

ecebsasaioo~i"/ Ibs Biair ecoìziaio ac|ijio~i7 "Bcoir ~io` ioji dnhiz nzs"/ \iji

aco~iziioo~i Idn ecendnan }izs es}hhik$ zczi|n }cbiìneioi ~io` jnacesaiaio Nbos

]nrrno jn jidieo~i ei}nh zcrji|iz oi}nah jio eio}sah znjia }cbiìneioi es}hhik Ibs

Biair/



22

Bcbcri|i \crzio~iio ]canzir \co`se|sdioBcbcri|i \crzio~iio ]canzir \co`se|sdioBcbcri|i \crzio~iio ]canzir \co`se|sdioBcbcri|i \crzio~iio ]canzir \co`se|sdio iiiidddd%%%%YsrioYsrioYsrioYsrio

Iji bcbcri|i |crzio~iio ~io` |crds jngipib

}cmiri zcr|crnomn/ ]cmiri rnoài} aien

}ne|sdaio }cbiìn bcrnasz7

\crziei7 Ecoì|i Ibs Biair ri`s%ri`s

jidie ei}idih |co`se|sdio id%Ysrio

|ijihid ei}idiho~i }ioìz bina di`n |sdi

jnpignbaio fdch N}die6

Gipibo~i ijidih7 Ibs Biair ahipiznr aidis%

aidis frio` ece|cresjih jidie s}ihi eco`hi~izn jio eco`hikid id%Ysrio$ msas|

jcoìo hikidio ~io` znjia eiozi| jio ahipiznr aidis%aidis ecrcai hio~i bcr|cìo`

jcoìo i|i ~io` iji |iji es}hhik ~io` iahnro~i gnpi ecrcai dceih sozsa eco`hikid

id%Ysrio/ Enoiz sozsa eco`hikid jio eco`hi~izn id%Ysrio iaio bcrasrio` aircoi zcdih

iji zsdn}io jio zcrji|iz jidie es}hhik%es}hhik ~io` jnmczia sozsa }ziojir

ecebimio~i$ }cjioàio }cbcdse iji es}hhik%es}hhik ecrcai bc`nzs ecomsrihaio

ac}so``shioo~i sozsa eco`hikid id%Ysrio/

Jirn }c`n ~io` dino bihpi}io~i Ibs Biair i}h%]hnjjny ijidih bcoir%bcoir frio` ~io`

bcrznzna%zfdia jirn bizi}io%bizi}io }~irn'iz$ }cdids bcr|cìo` ecosrsz gcgia%gcgia Ri}sdsddih

]P$ jn eioi ni ahipiznr aidis%aidis njco~i nzs zcrei}sa bnj'ih ~io` znjia jnachcojian

fdch Ri}sd/ Aircoi nzsdih eiai Ibs Biair ecoìziaio ac|iji Seir7 "Ecoì|i }i~i

hirs} eco`crgiaio }c}sizs ~io` znjia |croih jndiasaio fdch Ri}sdsddih ]IP6― Birioàidn

ni ziasz zcr}crcz fdch njc%njc jio ìì}io ~io` ecebipio~i sozsa eco~idihn }sooih

Ri}sdsddih ]IP }crzi ecebipi ac|iji bnj'ih/

Zczi|n zizaidi ni ecoìo`ì| bihpi hid zcr}cbsz ijidih }ioìz |cozno` jio |coji|iz

zcr}cbsz |iji hianaizo~i ijidih ecrs|iaio }sizs }irioi ~io` ieiz |cozno` jcen

acdc}zirnio anzib id%Ysrio jio jcen zcr|cdnhirio~i jirn aces}oihio jio |crsbihio$

di`n|sdi ni ec~ianon bihpi hid zcr}cbsz znjiadih zcrei}sa ei}idih ~io` eco~idihn

aczcozsio jio bnj'ih ~io` }coìgi jnbnano%bnano$ eiai ni bcrzcaij bina sozsa

eco`se|sdaio id%Ysrio/ Iahnro~i ni bn}i ecesi}aio Winj eco`coin ei}idih non



2=

}chno`ì Iddih ecdi|ioàio jijio~i jio Winj zie|nd sozsa ecdia}ioiaio s}ihi ~io`

ieiz |cozno` non/ piddihs idie/

Acjsi7 Acoi|i Ibs Biair jidie hid non ecendnh Winj bno Z}ibnz jirn }hihibiz dinoo~i6/

Gipibo~i ijidih7 Winj ijidih frio` ~io` bczsd%bczsd ecendnan |cebipiio& aceie|sio

~io` znjia jnendnan fdch }hihibiz dinoo~i jidie hid eco`se|sdaio id%Ysrio$ ni ijidih

frio` ~io` hikid id%Ysrio$ ni }cfrio` }carczirn} pih~s bi`n Ri}sdsddih ]IP$ ni

eco~ieiaio }ignio ~io` zcriahnr jirn id%Ysrio ~inzs jn aidi |coszs|io ei}i hi~iz

Ri}sdsddih ]IP/

Jn }ie|no` nzs ni jnacoid }cbiìn frio` ~io` piri' (bcr}nh jirn ofji.$ }ioìz bc}ir

zio``so`gipibo~i zcrhiji| ieioiz$ bina iahdiao~i jio ziiz jidie iìeio~i/ Di`n |sdi

ni jnacoid }cbiìn frio` ~io` zioài} (NY%o~i zno``n./ Jcenaniodih ac}ne|sdio aizi%aizi

Ibs Biair ~io` jnrnpi~izaio fdch id%Bsahirn zizaidi ni eceio``ndo~i jcoìo

ecoìziaio7 "Ioji ijidih }cfrio` |cesji ~io` zioài} ~io` znjia aien ri`saio/ Ioji

ijidih |cosdn} pih~s Ri}sd"/

Jcoìo bcbcri|i }nkiz jio acn}znecpiio jn izi}$ Ibs Biair i}h%]hnjjny ecendnh jio

ecosogsao~i }cbiìn |co`se|sd id%Ysrio/ Iji|so idi}io ~io` eco~iziaio bihpi Winj

bno Z}ibnz ijidih }cfrio` ~io` }ioìz zcdnzn$ ji|iz jndnhiz jirn aizi%aizio~i7 "Jcen Iddih$

iojinaizi }i~i jnzsì}aio sozsa ecenojihaio }cbsih bsanz znjiadih dcbnh bcriz gnai

jnbiojnoàio jcìo zsì} ~io` jnbcbioaio ac|ijias non" (id%Hijnz}./

Acznì7 "I|iaih ~io` jneia}sj jcoìo aizi%aizi jidie rnpi~iz id%Bsahirn "]ie|in ias

ecocesaio iahnr }sriz Zisbih |iji Ibs Ahswineih$ }cjioàio |iji frio` dino znjia

iji6―

Gipibo~i ijidih7 Winj r/i/ znjia ecocesaio i~iz zcr}cbsz zcrzsdn} |iji es}hhik }ihibiz%

}ihibiz }cdino jirn Ibn Ahswineih id%Io}hir~/ Bsaiodih ~io` jneia}sjaio jidie aizi%

aizi jn izi} znjia iji jidie hikidio$ aircoi Winj }cojnrn hikid i~iz zcr}cbsz/

Jio acbio~iaio }hihibiz|so hikid/ Hio~i }igi ni bcreia}sj hcojia eco`fe|rfenaio

ioziri hikidio jio zsdn}io }cbiìneioi iaio aien gcdi}aio (no}~i Iddih. }cacjir sozsa



2:

ecoiebih ir`secozi}n jio jizi jn }ie|no` }cbi`in ri}i achizn%hiznio/ Jio aircoi

dio`aih ~io` dsrs} zcr}cbsz eiai }ce|sroidih |co`se|sdio id%Ysrio/



23

JidndJidndJidndJidnd%%%%jidnd Jnzsrsoaioo~i idjidnd Jnzsrsoaioo~i idjidnd Jnzsrsoaioo~i idjidnd Jnzsrsoaioo~i id%%%%Ysrio jcoìo ZsgsYsrio jcoìo ZsgsYsrio jcoìo ZsgsYsrio jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk h Hsrsk h Hsrsk h Hsrsk

Neie Bsahirn jio Neie Es}dne

Jidie }hihnho~i ecrnpi~izaio hijnz} jirn Nbos Ibbi} r/i/ bihpi ni bcraizi7 Ri}sdsddih

]IP bcr}ibji7 "Gnbrnd ecebimiaio id%Ysrio ac|ijias jcoìo }izs hsrsk acesjnio ias

eco`sdio`no~i/ (]czcdih nzs. }coiozni}i ias ecenozi ziebih jio ni|so ecoiebihnas

}ie|in jcoìo zsgsh hsrsk"/ Neie Es}dne ecoiebihaio7 "Nbos ]~nhib ecoìziaio7

Zcdih }ie|in bcrnzi |ijias bihpi zsgsh hsrsk nzs sozsa |crairi ~io` }izs ~io` znjia

jn}cdn}nhaio hidid hirieo~i"/

Neie Bsahirn

Ecrnpi~izaio ~io` dikiwho~i jirn Bsahirn bihpi1 Seir bno Ahizzib bcraizi7 "Ias

ecojcoìr Hn}~ie bno Hiane ecebimi }sriz id%Ksryio jn ei}i hnjs|~i Ri}sdsddih

]IP$ ias ecojcoìr bimiioo~i$ znbi%znbi ni ecebimio~i jcoìo bcbcri|i hsrsk ~io`

bcdse |croih Ri}sdsddih ]IP ecebimiaioo~i ac|ijias }chno`ì ias hie|nr bcriogia

jirn }hidiz$ acesjnio ias ecoso``so~i }ie|in }idie/ ]czcdih ni }idie ias ecoirna

}frbioo~i jio bcrzio~i7 "]ni|i ~io` ecebimiaio }sriz non ac|ijies6"/ Ni ecogipib7

"Ri}sdsddih ]IP ~io` ecebimiaioo~i ac|ijias" Ias eco~cdi7 "Js}zi ais$ jcen Iddih

}c}so``sho~i Ri}sdsddih ]IP zcdih ecebimiaio }sriz ~io` zcdih asjcoìr jirn ~io` ais

bimi non"/

]czcdih nzs ias |cr`n ecebipi jni eco`hiji| Ri}sdsddih ]IP dids ias bcrzio~i7

"Pihin Ri}sdsddih ias zcdih ecojcoìr dcdian non$ ni ecebimi }sriz id%Ksryio jcoìo

bcbcri|i hsrsk ~io` bcdse |croih coàis bimiaio ac|ijias$ }cjioàio coàis }cojnrn

zcdih ecebimiaio }sriz id%Ksryio non ac|ijias"/ Ri}sdsddih ]IP ecogipib7 "Hin Seir)

Dc|i}aio jni/ Bimidih Hn}~ie)"/ Acesjnio ni ecebimiaio bimiio ~io` zijn ias jcoìr

acznai ni ecebimio~i/ Ri}sdsdddih ]IP bcr}ibji7 "Bc`nzsdih }sriz nzs jnzsrsoaio" ]iebnd

eco~iebso` }ibjio~i7 "Bihpi Id%Ysr'io non jnzsrsoaio izi} zsgsh hsrsk eiai bimidih

~io` |idno` esjih)"/



2;

Jidie }izs rnpi~iz dino jn}cbszaio bihpi

Ri}sdsddih ]IP ecojcoìraio |sdi

bimiio }ihibiz Seir r/i/ acesjnio

bcdnis bcr}ibji7 "Bc`nzsdih bimiio nzs

jnzsrsoaio"/

Neie Es}dne

Ecrnpi~izaio jcoìo }ioijo~i jirn Sbi~ Bno Ai'ib ni bcraizi7 "Ias bcriji jn ei}gnj$

znbi%znbi ei}sadih dcdian$ ni }hidiz acesjnio ecebimi bimiio ~io` ias noàirn/ ]czcdih

nzs ei}sa di`n dcdian dino ecebimi bcrbcji jcoìo bimiio aipioo~i ~io` |crziei/

]czcdih aien }cdc}in }hidiz$ aien bcr}iei%}iei ei}sa ac rseih Ri}sdsddih ]IP$ dids ias

bcrmcrnzi7 Bihpi }n dcdian non ecebimi bimiio ~io` ias noàirn jio aipioo~i non

ecebimi bcrbcji jcoìo bimiio aipioo~i ~io` |crziei/ Iahnro~i Ri}sdsddih ]IP

ececrnozihaio acjsio~i sozsa ecebimi/ ]czcdih ecrcai ecebimi Ri}sdsddih ]IP

ecoìo`ì| bina bimiioo~i/ ]czcdih eco~ia}naio hid nzs$ zcrhi|s}dih jidie jnrnas }nai|

sozsa ecojs}ziaio$ znjia }c|crzn hido~i jnrnas acznai ei}i gihndn~~ih/ Oibn ecogipib

jcenanio zizaidi bcdnis ecdnhiz jnrnas bcr}nebih |cdsh aircoi acbno`soìo$ acznai nzs

acijiio aien }cfdih%fdih bcracdfe|fa%acdfe|fa jn hiji|io Iddih io` Eihi I`so`/

]czcdih ecdnhiz }i~i jidie acijiio jcenanio$ bcdnis ecocì}aio |iji jnrnas jio

bcraizi7 Hin Sbi~) Ias jnszs} sozsa ecebimi id%Ysrio jcoìo }sizs hsrsk dihgih

(jnidca.$ acesjnio ias ecenozi |iji Gnbrnd sozsa ecesjihaio seizas$ jni

ecebimiaioo~i jcoìo hsrsk acjsi$ ias|so ecenozi di`n |ijio~i sozsa ecesjihaio

seizas$ dids ni ecogipib sozsa acznì aidno~i7 "Hin Eshieeij$ bimidih Ysrio jidie 0

dihgih jio zcr}crih |ijies Eshieeij i|iaih }czni| gipibioas ais }s}sd jcoìo

|crzio~iio |crenoziio di`n/ Acesjnio ias ecogipibo~i7 Pihin Iddih) Ie|sondih

seizas$ ie|sondih seizas jio iaio aszio``shaio ~io` acznì aidno~i |iji }iiz jn

eioi }cesi eiahdsa ecomnozinas }chno`ì Oibn Nbrihne i}/―

Neie Ysrzhsbn bcraizi7 Jco~szio hizn non (jidie gnpi Sbi~. ianbiz jirn }ibji Ri}sdsddih

]IP acznai frio`%frio` bcrzio~i ac|ijio~i7 "Bihpi}io~i aien ecoji|izaio }c}sizs

jidie jnrn aien$ jn eioi }c}cfrio` ecri}i bcriz }caidn sozsa ecoìziaioo~i"/ Ri}sdsddih

]IP bcrzio~i7 "I|iaih }sjih aidnio zcesn gipibioo~i6"/ "î" gipib ecrcai/ Ri}sdsddih

]IP bcr}ibji7 "Nzs ijidih neio ~io` gcdi}"/ (HR/ Es}dne.



20

Id%Hiknwh Ibs î'di

Jidie es}oij aibnro~i ecrnpi~izaio7 "Bihpi Sz}eio r/i/ |iji }sizs hirn ni bcraizi jn

izi} enebir7 "Ias }cbsz oiei Iddih zcrnoìz }cfrio` dcdian ~io` ecojcoìr Ri}sdsddih

]IP bcr}ibji bihpi Id%Ysr'io jnzsrsoaio jcoìo zsgsh hsrsk ~io` ac}cesio~i zcì}

di`n }ce|sroi"/ Acznai Seir bcrjnrn |iri hijnrno bcraizi7 "Id%Ysrio jnzsrsoaio jcoìo

zsgsh hsrsk ~io` ac}cesio~i zcì} jio dcoài|"/ Acesjnio Sz}eio r/i/ bcraizi7 "]i~i

eco~ia}naioo~i bcr}iei ecrcai"/

Neie Es}dne

Jcoìo }ioij jirn Sbi~ bno Ai'ib ecrnpi~izaio bihpi Oibn ]IP acznai bcriji jn Fi}c

Bion @hikkir jnjizio`n Eidinaiz Gnbrnd i/}/ dids Gnbrnd bcraizi7 "]c}so``sho~i Iddih ]PZ

zcdih ececrnozih coàis sozsa ecebimiaio id%Ysrio ac|iji seeizes jcoìo }izs

hsrsk"/ Oibn ecogipib7 "Ias ecenozi jsds ac|iji Iddih }chiz jio ie|soioo~i$ }cbib

seeizas znjia eie|s ecogidioaio |crnozih nzs"/ Acesjnio Gnbrnd jizio` sozsa acjsi

aidno~i$ }cri~i bcraizi7 "Iddih ]PZ zcdih ececrnozihaio ais sozsa ecebimiaio id%

Ysrio jcoìo jsi hsrsk"/ Oibn ecogipib7 "Ias ecenozi }chiz jio ie|soio jsds

ac|iji Iddih$ aircoi seeizas znjia asiz ecogidioaioo~i"/ Gnbrnd jizio` di`n sozsa

acznì aidno~i jio bcraizi7 "Iddih ]PZ zcdih ececrnozihaio ais sozsa ecebimiaio id%

Ysrio ac|iji seeizes jcoìo znì hsrsk―/ Oibn ecogipib7 "Ias enozi }chiz jio

ei`hknrih jsds ac|iji Iddih$ }cbib seeizas znjia }io``s| eco`crgiaioo~i"/ Gnbrnd

jizio` di`n sozsa acce|iz aidno~i }cri~i bcraizi7 "Ais zcdih jn|crnozihaio Iddih sozsa

ecebimiaio id%Ysrio ac|iji seeizes jcoìo zsgsh hsrsk jio hsrsk eioi }igi ~io`

ecrcai bimi bcrirzn bcoir"/

Iz%Zsresjw~

Gsì ecrnpi~izaio jirn Sbi~ bno Ai'ib$ ni ecoìziaio7 Ri}sdsddih ]IP bcrgse|i

jcoìo Gnbrnd jn `sojsaio Eirpih/ Ni (Ai'ib. bcraizi7 "Acesjnio Ri}sd bcraizi ac|iji

Gnbrnd bihpi ias non jnszs} sozsa seeiz ~io` see~ (znjia bn}i ecosdn} jio ecebimi./



28

Jn iozirio~i iji ~io` aiaca%aiaca zsi$ ococa%ococa bioài jio ioia%ioia"/ Gnbrnd

ecogipib7 "\crnozihaio$ ecebimi id%Ysrio jcoìo zsgsh hsrsk"/ Neie Zsresjw~

ecoìziaio7 "Hijnz} non hi}io di`n }hihnh"/

Jidie }sizs dikiwh dino jn}cbszaio7 "Birio`}ni|i ecebimio~i jcoìo }izs hsrsk }igi

bcrirzn zcdih ecebimi }c|crzn ni (Oibn. ecebimi"/

Jnzszsraio jidie dikiwh Hsjwinkih7 Acesjnio ias bcraizi7 "Pihin Gnbrnd bihpi ias

jnszs} sozsa seeiz ~io` seen~ih jn jidieo~i zcrji|iz frio` dcdian$ |crce|sio$ ioia%

ioia$ |cdi~io (bibs. jio aiaca zsi ~io` znjia bn}i ecebimi }iei }caidn"/ Gnbrnd bidna

bcraizi7 "Bihpi id%Ysrio jnzsrsoaio jcoìo zsgsh hsrsk"/

Neie Iheij

Eco`cdsiraio hijnz} jcoìo }ioijo~i jirn Ibn Yin} eisdi 'Ieir bno 'I}h jirn 'Ier7

Bihpi iji }c}cfrio` non bcrjnrn }chno`ì znjia zcrio` ecebimi }izs i~iz id%Ysrio/

Acesjnio 'Ier bcraizi ac|ijio~i$ "]cbcoiro~i i~iz nzs bc`non jio bc`non"/ ]czcdih nzs ni

ecoìziaio hid nzs ac|iji Ri}sdsddih ]IP/ Ri}sdsddih ]IP ecogipib$ "]c}so``sho~i

id%Ysrio nzs jnzsrsoaio jcoìo zsgsh hsrsk$ eioi }igi ~io` aidnio bimi bcrirzn bcoir jio

gioìo aidnio }idno` ecri`saio"/

Izh%Zhibir~ jio izh%Zhibrio~

Ecrnpi~izaio jirn Winj bno Iryie/ Ni bcraizi7 Iji }c}cfrio` jizio` ac|iji Ri}sdsddih

]IP dids bcraizi$ "Nbos Ei}'sj zcdih ecebimiaio }cbsih }sriz ac|ijias }c|crzn ~io`

zcdih jnbimiaio fdch Winj bno Z}ibnz jio ecebimiaio |sdi ac|ijias Sbi~ bno Ai'ib/

Zcro~izi bimiio ecrcai bcrbcji%bcji/ Eiai bimiio }ni|i ~io` }i~i iebnd6"/ Ri}sdsddih

]IP zcrjnie$ }cjioàio }hihibiz 'Idn bcriji jn }ie|noò~i$ acesjnio 'Idn bcraizi7

"]czni| frio` jn ioziri aidnio hcojiadih ecebimi ecosrsz |co`czihsioo~i$ aircoi

ac}cesio~i bina di`n nojih"/

Nbos Girnr izh%Zhibir~



2>

Eco`cdsiraio hijnz} jirn Ibn Hsrinrih$ bihpi ni bcraizi7 Ri}sdsddih ]IP bcr}ibji$

"]c}so``sho~i id%Ysrio non jnzsrsoaio jcoìo zsgsh hsrsk$ eiai bimidih }ceie|so~i

jio znjia bcrjf}i/ Zczi|n gioìo }caidn%aidn ecoìahnrn jwnanr riheiz jcoìo ijwib izi}

jwnanr ijwib jcoìo riheiz"/



=<

Hnaeih Jnzsrsoaioo~i idHnaeih Jnzsrsoaioo~i idHnaeih Jnzsrsoaioo~i idHnaeih Jnzsrsoaioo~i id%%%%Ysrio Jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk Ysrio Jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk Ysrio Jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk Ysrio Jcoìo Zsgsh Hsrsk

9/ Ece|cresjih seeiz N}die ahs}s}o~i bio`}i Irib ~io` jnzsrson id%Ysrio

}cjioàio ecrcai ecendnan bcbcri|i jnidca} (dihgih. ec}an|so ecrcai bn}i

jn}izsaio fdch }nkiz ac%Iribioo~i/ Aien iebnd hnaeih non jcoìo idi}io }ibji

Ri}sdsddih ]IP$ "Iìr ece|cresjih seeizas$ bihpi seeizas znjia eie|s

ecdia}ioiaioo~i"$ jio dino%dino/

]cfrio` ihdn zihyny$ Nbos Giwir~ bcraizi$ "Iji|so }cbibo~i id%Ysrio jnjizioàio

jcoìo zsgsh hsrsk$ zsgsioo~i ijidih sozsa ecebcrnaio acrnoìoio ac|iji

seeiz$ }crzi ecebcrnaio acesjihio }cbiìn bsazn acesdniio$ acdsi}io$ riheiz

jio }|c}nidn}i}n ~io` jnbcrnaio ac|iji seeiz sziei jn }ie|no` sozsa ececoshn

zsgsio Oibno~i }cbiìn eiahdsa ~io` |idno` sziei jio acai}nh Iddih"/

Jn eioi Gnbrnd jizio` ac|ijio~i }iebnd bcraizi$ "Bihpi Iddih zcdih

ececrnozihaio aies sozsa ecebimiaio id%Ysrio ac|iji seeizes jcoìo

}izs hsrsk"/ Acesjnio Oibn ]IP ecogipib7 "]i~i iaio enozi 'ikn~ih (ac}chizio.

jio |crzfdfoìo jsds ac|iji Iddih aircoi seeizas znjia eie|s"/ Bcdnis zcrs}

eco`sdio`%sdio` |crzio~iio }ie|in jcoìo zsgsh hsrsk/

2/ Eco~izsaio seeiz N}die jidie }izs bihi}i ~io` jn}izsaio jcoìo bihi}i

Ysrin}~ ~io` zcr}s}so jirn bcrbiìn bihi}i |ndnhio jn aidioìo }sas%}sas bio`}i

Irib ~io` bcrasogso` ac Eiaaih |iji es}ne hign jio dinoo~i/



=9

Gsedih YnriizGsedih YnriizGsedih YnriizGsedih Ynriiz jjjjio Iocai Riìe \coji|iz Zcozio` Ynriizio Iocai Riìe \coji|iz Zcozio` Ynriizio Iocai Riìe \coji|iz Zcozio` Ynriizio Iocai Riìe \coji|iz Zcozio` Ynriiz

Ynriiz iji eimie%eimie gcon}o~i/ \coji|iz zcozio` ynriiz nzs }cojnrn gsì }ioìzdih

bcriìe jio }cesi |coji|iz zcr}cbsz }ioìzdih bcrbfbfz }c|crzn ~io` zcrzcri jn bipih

non/

\coìrio` anzib Id%Nzyio eco~cbszaio eimie%eimie ynriiz nzs iji ~io` eszipiznr$

ei}~hsr$ }~ijw$ ihij$ eisjhs' jio esjirrig/

Yijhn' Gididsjjno id%Bsdyno~ ecoìziaio ynriiz nzs zcrbi`n ac jidie eszipiznr$ ihij jio

}~ijw/

îo` eszipiznr ijidih ynriiz zsgsh ~io` ei}~hsr/ îo` ihij ijidih ynriiz z}idiz}i (znì.

~io` ecogijn |cdcoài| ynriih 'i}~rih (}c|sdsh.$ ~io` ac}cesio~i jn|cr}ieiaio jcoìo

ynriiz |iri }ihibiz/ Iji|so ynriiz ~io` }~ijw nidih ynriiz |iri zibn'no }c|crzn ynriiz

I'ei}~$ îh~i nbos Piz}ib$ Nbos Gsbinr jio dino%dino/

Neie i}%]s~szh~ ecoìziaio bihpi aizi%aizi jn izi} |crds jnznogis acebidn/ io` |iozi}

sozsa bcrbnmiri jidie bnjio` non ijidih zfafh ysrri' |iji ei}io~i ~io` bcroiei ]~inah

Ibs id%Ahinr nbos id%Giwir~ jn eioi bcdnis ecoìziaio jidie esyijjneih anzibo~i Io%

Oi}~r$ "]cesi ynriiz ~io` }c}sin jcoìo bimiio Irib pidis hio~i }izs }c`n }igi jio

}c}sin jcoìo }idih }izs es}hhik Sz}eio~ pidis|so hio~i }cacjir ecojcaizn }crzi

}ioijo~i bcoir eiai ynriiz zcr}cbsz ijidih }hihnh (bcoir.$ ~io` znjia jnzfdia jio hirie

ecocozioò~i$ bihaio nzs zcrei}sa jidie bi`nio

hsrsk ~io` zsgsh jn eioi id%Ysrio jnzsrsoaio/ Pignb

bi`n }cesi frio` sozsa ecocrneio~i bina znebsdo~i

jirn neie ~io` zsgsh eis|so jirn ~io` }c|sdsh izis

dinoo~i ~io` bn}i jnzcrnei/ I|ibndi }idih }izs

|cr}~irizio ~io` znì zcr}cbsz jn izi} znjia zcr|coshn

eiai ynriiz nzs jnaiziaio ynriiz ~io` }~ijw izis bizhnd$

bina jizioò~i jirn idnrio ~io` zsgsh eis|so jirn

zfafh ~io` dcbnh zcroiei di`n/ Nondih |coji|iz ~io`

bcoir ecosrsz |iri eshiyyny jirn aidioìo }idik

eis|so ahidik/



=2

\coìrio` anzib izh%Zhi~~nbih jidie ecebcrnaio bizi} jnzcrneio~i ynriiz ecoìziaio7

]czni| bimiio ~io` }c}sin jcoìo oihps$ enrn| jcoìo zsdn}io es}hhik Sz}eio~$ bcoir

ijio~i nzsdih bimiio/ Acznì }cojn non$ bndi rs}ia }idih }izso~i eco~iziaio nzs mimiz$

ec}an jirn ynriiz }ib'ih jizioò~i/

Ynriiz iji ~io` ecoìrznaio ynriiz }ib'ih$ ynriiz }c|sdsh jio ynriiz ce|iz bcdi}/

]cesio~i ~io` |idno` zcracoid jio ondin acjsjsaioo~i zno``n nidih ynriiz }ib'ih/

Ynriiz }ib'ih (zsgsh. ijidih ynriiz ~io` jnon}bizaio ac|iji neie ~io` zsgsh jio

zcracoid$ ~inzs7 Oikn'$ I}hne$ Hiewih$ Ibjsddih bno Ienr$ Ibjsddih nbos Aiz}nr$ Ibs Ienr

nbos 'Idi' jio Idn id%An}in~/

Ynriiz 'i}~ir (}c|sdsh. ijidih ynriiz ~io` zsgsh jnziebih jcoìo ynriiz7 Ibn Gi'kir$

î'ysb jio Ahidik/

Ynriiz irbi' 'i}~ir (ce|iz bcdi}. ~inzs ynriiz ~io` }c|sdsh jnziebih ce|iz ynriiz7 Hi}io

id%Bi}hr~$ Nbos Eihn}h$ îh~i id%îwnj~ jio i}~%]~iebsjw~/

Ndes ynriiz ijidih ndes ~io` dihnr |iji ei}i ~io` }cbcdseo~i znjia |croih jn}cbsz%

}cbsz/ Frio` ~io` |crziei eco~s}soo~i ijidih Ibn Sbinj id%Yi}ne nbo ]iddie$ Ibs

Hizne i}%]ign}zio~$ Ibn Gi'kir izh%Zhibir~ jio N}eind id%Yijh~/

Bndiaih ynriiz ecogijn |f|sdcr6

Ynriiz }ib'ih |f|sdcr jn }cdsrsh ocìri N}die |iji |cresdiio ibij acjsi hngrn~ih/ Jn

Bi}hrih frio` ecebimi ecosrsz ynriiz Ibn Ier jio î'ysb$ jn Askih ecosrsz ynriiz

Hiewih jio I}hne$ jn ]~ie ecosrsz ynriiz Nbos Ienr$ jn Eiaaih ecosrsz ynriiz Nbos

Aiz}nr jio jn Eijnoih ecosrsz ynriiz Oikn'/



==

Acoi|i idAcoi|i idAcoi|i idAcoi|i id%%%%Ysrio Znjia JnbsasaioYsrio Znjia JnbsasaioYsrio Znjia JnbsasaioYsrio Znjia Jnbsasaio jjjjidie ]izs Es}hhik (idie ]izs Es}hhik (idie ]izs Es}hhik (idie ]izs Es}hhik (||||iji Ei}i Oibn.iji Ei}i Oibn.iji Ei}i Oibn.iji Ei}i Oibn.

\co`se|sdio id%Ysrio ~io` znjia jndiasaio }cmiri }caidn`s}$ ecdinoaio ecdidsn bcbcri|i

ei}i$ jn eioi acesjnio ecogijn }sizs es}hhik ~io` szsh/

Jn }non esoàno iji ~io` bcrzio~i$ "Acoi|i id%Ysrio |iji ei}i Oibn ]IP znjia

jnase|sdaio jio jn}s}so jidie bcozsa }izs es}hhik6

Gipibo~i ijidih7

\crziei7 Id%Ysrio jnzsrsoaio znjia }caidn`s}$ zczi|n bcrio`}sr%io`}sr jio zcr|n}ih%|n}ih/

Znjiadih esoàno sozsa ecebsasaioo~i }cbcdse }cmiri ac}cdsrshioo~i }cdc}in/

Acjsi7 ]cbi`nio i~iz iji ~io` jn eio}sah / Bndi zsrso i~iz ~io` eco~iziaio oi}iah $

eiai biìneioi esoàno bn}i jnbsasaio jizie }izs bsas/

Acznì7 ]s}soio i~iz jio }sriz znjiadih bcrji}iraio srszio zsrsoo~i/ ]cbi`nio i~iz iji

~io` zsrsoo~i |iji }iiz zcriahnr pih~s zczi|n srszioo~i jnzce|izaio |iji ipid }sriz/

io` jcenanio zcozso~i eco`hcojian |crsbihio }s}soio zsdn}io/

Acce|iz7 Ei}i zsrsoo~i pih~s zcriahnr jcoìo pikizo~i Ri}sdsdih ]IP ijidih }ioìz

|cojca& jcaiz/ ]cbiìneioi |cebihi}io zcrjihsds bihpi i~iz id%Ysrio ~io` zcriahnr

ijidih knreio Iddih ]PZ7

Acesjnio Ri}sdsddih ]IP bcr|sdio` ac riheizsddih }czcdih }cebndio hirn jirn zsrsoo~i

i~iz zcr}cbsz/ Jcoìo jcenanio ei}io~i }ioìz rcdiznk }noàiz$ ~io` znjia ecesoànoaiosozsa eco~s}so izis ecebsasaioo~i }cbcdse }ce|sroi zsrsoo~i pih~s/

Acdnei7 Znjia iji efzn{i}n ~io` ecojfrfo` sozsa eco`se|sdaio id%Ysrio ecogijn

}izs es}hhik }cbiìneioi ~io` znebsd |iji ei}i Ibs Biair/ Frio`%frio` N}die iji

jidie acijiio bina$ ihdn bimi Ysrio bc`nzs bio~ia$ knzoih%knzoih ji|iz jnizi}n/ Bcrbcji



=:

|iji ei}i Ibs Biair jn eioi `cgidi%`cgidi zcdih iji1 bio~iao~i ~io` `s`sr$ }chno`ì

ahipiznr aidis id%Ysrio iaio dco~i|/

Ac}ne|sdio

Aidis id%Ysrio }sjih jnbsasaio jidie }izs es}hhik$ }cjioàio }nzsi}n }cbiìneioi

~io` zcr}cbsz jn izi}$ on}mi~i id%Ysrio iaio ecoìdien |crsbihio jio |crìoznio }cdiri}

jcoìo zcrgijno~i oi}ah (ridiz. izis esomsdo~i }cbib jn }ie|no` |crdcoài|io ecosdn}

znjia esjih jnji|iz/

Afojn}n znjia iaio ecebiozs sozsa ecdc|i}aio es}hhik ~io` dcbnh jihsds jio hirs}

bcr|cìo` |iji es}hhik ~io` birs aircoi znjia esoàno }czni| bsdio iji }izs es}hhik

~io` ecomias| zni| i~iz id%Ysrio ~io` jnzsrsoaio/ Oieso }czcdih ei}idiho~i }zibnd

~inzs jcoìo bcriahnro~i |cosrsoio$ pikizo~i Ri}sd$ znjia di`n jnridiz$ jio jnaczihsno~i

}s}soio$ eiai esoànodih jnbsasaio ecogijn }izs es}hhik/ Jio nondih ~io` jndiasaio

fdch Ibs Biair r/i/ ahidnkih ~io` bngia}ioi$ }cefì Iddih ecebidi} gi}io~i izi}

|crbsizio bcdnis jidie eco`se|sdaio id%Ysrio bc}crzi frio`%frio` N}die ~io`

eco`naszn gcgiao~i jcoìo bidi}io ~io` bcrdn|iz ioji/



=3

DioàihDioàihDioàihDioàih ~~~~io` Zc|izio` Zc|izio` Zc|izio` Zc|iz jjjjidie \co`se|sdio ididie \co`se|sdio ididie \co`se|sdio ididie \co`se|sdio id%%%%YsrioYsrioYsrioYsrio

Jidie s}ihi |co`se|sdio id%Ysrio Winj bno Z}ibnz zcdih ecoìebnd dioàih ~io` zc|iz$

zcdnzn jio eiozi|/ Dioàih zcr}cbsz ijidih }sizs gienoio (~io` |iozi}. jidie |cosdn}io

id%Ysrio jcoìo eiozi| jio |cosh aczcdnznio/

Winj bno Z}ibnz znjia ecoìo`ì| msas| ecosrsz ~io` jnhikid jidie hizn jio ~io` jnzsdn}

jcoìo zioìoo~i }crzi hi}nd |cojcoìrio$ zczi|n ni bcrznzna%zfdia |iji |co~cdnjnaio ~io`

ecojidie jirn jsi }sebcr7

(9./ ]sebcr hikidio ~io` zcr}ne|io jidie hizn |iri }ihibiz1 jio

(2./ ]sebcr zsdn}io ~io` jnzsdn} |iji wieio Ri}sdsddih ]IP/

Jsi hid zcr}cbsz ~inzs hikidio jio zsdn}io hirs} zcr|coshn/ Aircoi }ioìz bcr}so``sh%

}so``sh jio bcrhizn%hizno~i ni znjia ecocrnei jizi bcrs|i zsdn}io }cbcdse jn}ia}naio

fdch jsi frio` ~io` ijnd bihpi zsdn}io zcr}cbsz jnzsdn} jn hiji|io Ri}sdsddih ]IP/

Hid non jnacesaiaio fdch }cbsih hijnz} ~io` jnrnpi~izaio fdcb Ibs Jisj jidie anzib

}sooiho~i jn eioi ni bcraizi7 Seir jizio` }cri~i ecoìziaio7 "]ni|i ~io` ecocrnei

id%Ysrio jirn Ri}sdsddih ]IP eiai mfbidih jizioàio$ ecrcai ecosdn}o~i jidie

dcebirio%dcebirio acrzi}$ |i|io ai~s jio |cdc|ih asrei"/

]caidn|so jcenanio ni (Seir. znjia eis ecocrneio~i bc`nzs }igi }cbcdse jn}ia}naio fdch

jsi frio` }ia}n/ Hijnz} non jnjsaso` |sdi fdch hijnz} dino ~io` gsì jnrnpi~izaio fdcb

Ibs Jisj1 bihpi Ibs Biair ecoìziaio ac|iji Seir jio Winj7 "Jsjsadih ioji

bcrjsi jn |nozs ei}gnj/ Bndi iji frio` ~io` ecojizio`nes |crnhid id%Ysrio (Anzibsddih.

jcoìo ecebipi jsi frio` }ia}n$ eiai zsdn}dih)"

Nbos Higir ecoìziaio$ "îo` jneia}sj jcoìo jsi frio` }ia}n ijidih hikidio jio

zsdn}io$ }cjioàio i}%]iahip~ ecoìziaio bihpi ~io` jneia}sj$ ijidih ecrcai bcrjsi

eco~ia}naio zsdn}io zcr}cbsz jn hiji|io Ri}sdsddih ]IP nzs aircoi bcoir%bcoiro~i s}ihi

|ceiozi|io$ aczcdnznio jio ac}so``shio ~io` jnìrn}aio fdcb Ibs Biair i}h%]hnjjny

ac|iji Winj bno Z}ibnz/



=;

Dnozi}io ]cgirih Ndes idDnozi}io ]cgirih Ndes idDnozi}io ]cgirih Ndes idDnozi}io ]cgirih Ndes id%%%%YsrioYsrioYsrioYsrio

Id%Ysrio ~io` ecogijn anzib |idno` iahnr jio ~io` |idno` sziei$ |cosrsoioo~i znjiadih

}cmiri dio`}so` ecdinoaio }cmiri bcrzihi|$ }chno`ì |nhia ~io` bcriji jn jidie

|rf}c}o~i jirn ipid hno`ì szsh }ioìzdih bcr|coìrsh asiz/

\iri }ihibiz oibn ijidih frio`%frio` Irib esron$ eie|s ecomcroi ac}s}i}zriio

bcreszs zno``n/ Ecrcai ji|iz eceihien i~iz%i~iz id%Ysrio ~io` zsrso ac|iji

Ri}sdsddih }ip/ Gnai eco`hiji|n ac}sairio jidie eceihien }c}sizs eco`coin id%

Ysr'io$ ecrcai ecoio~iaioo~i dio`}so` ac|iji bcdnis/ En}i9o~i$ |crzio~iio ecrcaiq9u

acznai zsrso i~iz7 "jio znjia ecomie|sr neio ecrcai jcoìo acjwidneio" (Y]/ Id%

Io'ie7 82./ Ecrcai bcrzio~i ac|iji bcdnis7 "]ni|iaih jn ioziri anzi ~io` znjia |croih

whidne zcrhiji| jnrn }cojnrn6" Ri}sdsddih jidie gipibioo~i ecoik}nraio aizi

"acwhidneio" |iji i~iz zcr}cbsz jcoìo "}~nrna"$ jio }cbiìn ji9nd bcdnis ecosogsa knreio

I99ih ]pz jidie }srih Dsyeio7 9= ~io` ecocì}aio7 "]so``shdih bihpi }~nrna ijidih

acwhidneio ~io` ieiz bc}ir"/

Ac|iji bcdnis Iddih ]pz zc9ih ecosrsoaio Anzib }smn id%Ysrio jio ecoìgir jio ac|iji

bcdnis }cìdi }c}sizs ~io` znjia bcdnis aczihsn }cbcdseo~i/ Airsoni Iddih ac|iji bcdnis

}so``sh zcrieiz bc}ir/ \iji ei}i hnjs| Ri}sdsddih jio ei}i bcrnaszo~i$ |iji wieio

`cocri}n |iri }ihibiz Oibn$ znjia iji acbszshio }iei }caidn sozsa ecosdn} izis

ecoìrio` bsas%bsas zcozio` n9es id%Ysrioq2u/

]cbi`nio bc}ir |iri }ihibiz Oibn zcrjnrn jirn frio`%frio` bszi hsrsk$ jio idiz zsdn}%

ecosdn} |so znjia ji|iz ecrcai |crfdch jcoìo esjih/ Nzs ecrs|iaio hidioìo bi`n

ac`nizio ecosdn} bsas zcozio` n9es id%Ysrio/ ]cdino nzs Ri}sdsd9ih }cojnrn ecdirio` |iri

}ihibizo~i ecosdn} }c}sizs ~io` bsaio id%Ysrio/ \iji ei}i |cresdiio zsrsoo~i pih~s

bc9nis ecpiozn%piozn$ "Gioìodih aidnio ecosdn} }c}sizs zcozio` jnrnas/ ]ni|i ~io` }sjih

ecosdn} zcozio` jnrnas$ bsaio id%Ysrio$ hcojiadih eco`hi|s}o~i/ Zia iji }idiho~i bndi

aidnio bcrbnmiri eco`coin jnrnas/ Oieso$ }ni|i ~io` }coìgi bcrbnmiri bfhfo` eco`coin

jnrnas$ hcojiao~i ni }ni| ecoce|izn zce|izo~i jn jidie ocriai"q=u/

Dirioìo bcdnis nzs jnjfrfo` acahipiznrio iaio zcrgijno~i |comie|srio id%Ysrio

jcoìo hid%hid dino ~io` bsaio jirn id%Ysrio/



=0

\iji wieio hnjs|o~i Ri}sdsddih eis|so |iji wieio bcrnaszo~i$ ~iaon wieio

acahidnkihio Ibsbiair jio 'Seir rijhn~iddihs 'iohsei$ n9es id%Ysrio ei}nh

jnrnpi~izaio ecdidsn |coszsrio }cmiri dn}io/ Acznai wieio Acahi9nkihio 'Sz}eio ri jn

eioi frio` Irib esdin bcrìsd jcoìo frio`%frio` ofo Irib$ |iji }iiz nzs 'Sz}eio

ececrnozihaio }s|i~i aise es}9neno bcr|cìo` |iji es}hik nojsa jio ecebsiz

rc|rfjsa}n ecogijn bcbcri|i bsih oi}aih sozsa jnanrne ac jicrih%jicrih/ Bcr}ieiio

jcoìo nzs ni ececrnozihaio }s|i~i ecebiair }cesi es}hik dinoo~i ~io` jnzsdn} frio`

ecosrsz mirio~i ei}no`%ei}no`/ io` |crds anzi aczihsn }cairio`$ jcoìo

ececrnozihaio rc|rfjsa}n oi}aih id%Ysrio bcrirzn 'Sz}eio ri ecdcziaaio ji}ir ~io` jn

acesjnio hirn zcracoid jcoìo oiei 'Ndes Ri}end id%Ysrio izis 'Ndes%Ri}end%'Sz}eion

(ndes zcozio` |cosdn}io id%Ysrio./

]cdino nzs 'Idn bno Ibn Zhidnb ri/ gsì zcracoid jcoìo |crnoziho~i ac|iji Ibsd%I}pij ij%

Jsidnq:u (pikiz zihso ;> H. }s|i~i ecdcziaaio ainjih |riei}i}zri bihi}i Irib `soi

ecogiì mfria aci}dnioo~i/ Jcoìo |crnoziho~i nzs bcrirzn |sdi 'Idn bno Ibn Zhidnb ri/

ijidih frio` ~io` ecdcziaaio ji}ir n9es N'ribsd%Ysrio/

Ji|izdih aien aiziaio$ |iri |crnozn} n9es zcr}cbsz7

9/ Ce|iz frio` Ahidnkih Ri}~njso (Ibsbiair$ 'Seir$ 'Sz}eio jio 'Idn.$ Nbos „Ibbi}$

Nbos Ei}'sj$ Winj bno Z}ibnz$ Sbin bno Ai'ib$ Ibs Es}i id%I}~'irn jio 'Ibjsddih

bno Wsbinrq3u/ Ecrcai nzs jirn ai9ioìo |iri }ihibiz Oibn/

2/ Esgihnj$ 'Izhi bno î}}ir$ 'Narneih$ Yizijih$ Hi}io Bi}hrn$ ]i'nj bno Gsbinr$ jio

Winj bno I}die jirn aiso zibn 'no jn Eijnoih/

=/ Eidna bno Ioi} jirn aise zibn'nz%zibn'no (`cocri}n acznì aise es}dneno./ di

ece|crfdch n9eso~i jirn Winj bno I}die/

Ecrcai nzsdih frio`%frio` ~io` ecdcziaaio i|i ~io` }cairio` anzi acoid jcoìo n9es

Zik}nr$ ndes I}bibso%Oswsd$ n9es zcozio` i~iz%i~iz ~io` zsrso jn Ecaaih jio ~io` zsrso

jn Eijnoih$ n9es zcozio` Oi}nah jio Eio}sah jio n9es `hirnbsd%Ysr io (}fid%}fid ~io`

ececrdsaio |cozi'pndio jio |co`ìdnio eiaoio~i./

\iji ei}i afjnknai}n id%Ysrio$ n9es Zik}nr bcriji jn izi} }cìdi ndes ~io` dino$ aircoi ni

jn|iojio` }cbiìn nojsa n9es id%Ysrio/ Jn ioziri frio`%frio` ~io` }nbsa ecocason jio

ecosdn} bsas eco`coin bnjio` ndes zcr}cbsz nidih7



=8

Jirn aidioìo sdiei ibij ac%2 H7 ]~s'bih bno Id%Higgigq;u$ ]sk~io bno 'S~inoihq0u jio

Pian' bno id%Girrihq8u/ Anzib%anzib Zik}nr ~io` ecrcai zsdn} |iji seseo~i ecesiz

|coji|iz%|coji|iz jio i|i ~io` jnaiziaio fdch |iri }ihibiz Oibn jio aise zibn'no/

Acesjnio esomsd |iji wieio bcrnaszo~i7 Nbos Girnr izh%Zhibirn pikiz dihso =9< H/

Anzibo~i ecrs|iaio anzib ~io` |idno` bcooszs aircoi bio~ia bcrn}n rnpi~iz%rnpi~iz

hijnz} }hihnh jnzs9n} jcoìo rses}io ~io` bina/ Acmsidn nzs gsì bcrn}n n'rib (|riei}i}zri.$

|coàignio jio |coji|iz%|coji|iz ~io` bcrhirì/ Jn }ie|no` zik}nr ~io` jnzsdn} ecosrsz

i|i ~io` jnaiziaio fdch frio`%frio` zcrjihs9s$ esdin esoms9 anzib%anzib zik}nr ~io`

jnzs9n} frio` bcrji}iraio |coji|iz/ Iji ~io` ecoik}nraio }c9srsh n}n id%Ysrio$ iji ~io`

ecoik}nraio }cbi`nio }igi (~iaon }izs gsw.$ iji ~io` ecoik}nraio }cbsih }srih jio iji

|sdi ~io` ecoik}nraio hio~i }izs izis bcbcri|i i~iz ahs}s}$ }c|crzn i~iz%i~iz ~io`

bcrainzio jcoìo hsase/

Anzib%anzib dinoo~i eco`coin n9es id%Ysrio ~io` zc9ih jnzsdn} frio` nidih7

Jidie ibij ac%= H7 'I9n bno id%Eijionq>u$ `srs Neie Bsahirn$ ecos9n} anzib zcozio`

i}bibso%oswsd/ Ibs 'Sbinj id%Yi}ne bno ]idie ecosdn} zcozio` oi}nah jio eio}sah$

ynriiz jio kijhindsd Ysrio (acszieiio jio acn}znecpiio id%Ysrio./ Eshieeij bno

I~~sb ijh%Jhirn} (pikiz 2>: H. ecosdn} zcozio` aiojsoìo i~iz%i~iz ~io` zsrso jn

Ecaaih jio jn Eijnoihq9<u1 jio Eshieeij bno Ahi9ik bno Esrwibio (pikiz =<> H.

ecosdn} anzib bcrgsjs9 Id%Hipn kn 'Sdsend

Ysrioq99u (îo` Zcraiojso` Jidie Ndes

id%Ysrio./

Jidie ibij ac%: H7 Ibsbiair bno Yi}ne

id%Iobirn (pikiz =28 H. ecos9n} bsas

bcrgsjs9 Iginbs 'Sdsend%Ysrio (Aciginbio%

aciginbio N9es id%Ysrio./ Jidie bsas

zcr}cbsz ni bcrbnmiri zcozio` acszieiio

jio acn}znecpiio id%Ysrio$ zcozio`

zsrsoo~i id%Ysrio jidie zsgsh hsrsk'$

|cos9n}io es}hik$ gse9ih }srih$ i~iz jio

dikiwo~i/ Ibs9%Hi}io id%I}~'irn ecos9n}

anzib bcrgsjs9 id%Esahziwio kn 'Sdsend%



=>

Ysrio (îo` Zcr}ne|io jn Ji9ie Ndes i9%Ysrio.$ anzib ~io` bcrsasrio rc}ir }cai9nq92u/

Ibs Biair i}%]ign}zionq9=u ecosdn} zcozio` aciochio%aciochio id%Ysrio/ Ibs Eshieeij

id%Yi}h}hib Eshieeij 'I9n Id%Asrahn (pikiz }canzir zihso =;< H. ecosdn} anzib

bcrgsjsd |iogio`7 Osaizsd%Ysrio ij%Jiiddih 'Idid%Bi~io kn Iopii'nd%'Sdsen pid%Ihaie id%

Esoibbn'ih 'io Nahzndiknd%Ioieq9:u (Znzna%znzna id%Ysrio Ecosogsaaio Acgcdi}io Zcozio`

Bcrbiìn N9es jio Hsase ~io` Ecebcrnziaio \crbcjiio Knanrio No}io./ Eshieeij bno

'I9n id%Ikjipn (pikiz =88 H. ecosdn} anzib zcrjnrn jirn 2< gndnj bcrgsjsd id%N}zn`hoiq93u

kn'Sdsend%Ysrio (Acbszshio Iaio Ndes id%Ysrio./

Jidie ibij ac%3 H7 'I9n bno Nbrihne bno ]i'nj id%Hsknq9;u ecosdn} anzib bczgsjsd id%Bsrhio

kn 'Sdsend%Ysrio$ jio anzib dinoo~i di`n ~io` bczgsjsd N'ribsd%Ysr io/ Ibs 'Ier ij%Jion

(pikiz ::: H. ecosdn} anzib bcrgsjsd Iz%Zin}nr knd%Ynriizn}%]ib'n jio anzib dinoo~i di`n

bcrgsjsd Id%Eshaie kno%Osyizh/

Jidie ibij ac%; H7 Ibsd%Yi}ne 'Ibjsrriheio ~io` zcacoi9 jcoìo oiei i}%]shindnq90u

ecosdn} anzib zcozio` }fid%}fi9 ~io` }ieir jn jidie id%Ysrio/

Jidie ibij ac%0 H7 Nbos 'Ibjs}%]idieq98u ecosdn} anzib zcozio` Eigiwsd%Ysrio (aizi%

aizi kn`sriznk jidie id%Ysr'io./ 'Ndesjjno i}%]iahipnq9>u ecosdn} anzib zcozio` ynriiz/

Acesjnio esomsd n9es birs eco`coin id%Ysrio$ ~inzs7 ddes Bijin'sd%Ysrioq2<u$ ndes

Hsgigsd%Ysrioq29u$ ndes Iy}iesd%Ysrioq22u jio ndes Iez}idsd%Ysrioq2=u/ Ecrcai

ecoce|sh miri ecojidien bcbcri|i bi`nio id%Ysrio }ie|in ac }fid ~io` }cacmnd%

acmndo~i$ aircoi nzs |cdbiìn gcon} ndes |crds jnrnoài} jn jidie }sizs ndes birs ~io`

zcr|ijs$ ~inzs ~io` ecrcai oiein 'Sdsesd%Ysrio (Ndes%ddes id%Ysrio./

Jidie }cgirih achnjs|io Neie ]~ikn'n ri$ acznai ni eco`hiji|n mfbiio jnzsjsh }cbiìn

ac|idi `fdfoìo I'dipn~~no jn îeio$ jidie acijiio jnbfr`fd ni jn`nrno` eco`hiji|

Ahidnkih Hirso id%Ri}~nj jn Bi`hjij/ Hirso id%Ri}~nj bcrzio~i$ "Hin ]~ikn'n$ biìneioi

}c}so``sho~i |co`czihsioes eco`coin Anzibsddih 'Iwwi pi Giddi6 Aircoi Anzibsddih

ijidih ~io` zcrbina sozsa ecesdin }cìdi |cebnmiriio"/ Neie ]~ikn'n bidna bcrzio~i$ "îi

Ienrsd%Es'enono$ Anzibsddih ~io` eioiaih ~io` ioji zio~iaio ac|ijias$ }cbib Iddih

]pz zcdih ecosrsoaio bio~ia Anzib ]smn"/ Hirso Id%Ri}~nj ecogipib7 "Binadih$ ~io`

aien zio~iaio nidih Anzibsddih ~io` jnzsrsoaio ac|iji |szri |ieioas Eshieeij }ip"

(Hirso id%Ri}~nj$ ahidnkih jirn aise Bion 'Ibbi}$ aircoi nzs ni ecoìo`ì| Ri}sds99ih



:<

}cbiìn }isjiri en}ioo~i./ Neie ]~ikn'n ecogipib$ "Ndes id%Ysrio nzs gsediho~i bio~ia

}caidn/ I|iaih ioji bcrzio~i ac|ijias eco`coin bi`nio%bi`nioo~i ~io` eshaie (i~iz%

i~iz ~io` gcdi} eiaoio~i. jio bi`nio%bi`nio ~io` eszi}~ibnh (~io` }ieir jio

ececrdsaio |cozi'pndio.$ izisaih ioji ecoio~iaio bi`nio%bi`nioo~i ~io`

jnjihsdsaio jio jnbcdiaioàio6 Izisaih |crnhid oi}nah jio eio}saho~i (i~iz%i~iz ~io`

eco`c}ie|noàio i~iz%i~iz dino jio i~iz%i~iz ~io` jnac}ie|noàio.6 Izisaih ioji

ecoio~iaio }fid////$ }fid/////$ }fid//////jio }czcrs}o~iq2:u/

]cbi`nio |iri |cocdnzn }cgirih id%Ysrioq23u$ n}zndih 'Sdsesd%Ysrio$ jidie irzn ac}cdsrshio

birs esomsd }cbi`nio aco~iziio ~io` gcdi} }czcdih esoms9o~i anzib bcrgsjsd id%Bsrhio kn

'Sdsend%Ysrio (\cebsaznio Zcozio` ddes%ddes id%Ysrio. zsdn}io 'Idn bno Nbrihne bno ]i'nj$

~io` zcracoid jcoìo oiei id%Hskn (pikiz :=< H.$ zcrjnrn jirn =< gndnj/ 93 gndnj jn

iozirio~i ei}nh zcr}ne|io jn jidiro Jirsd%Aszsb$ Ainrf$ jn bipih ofefr 3> Zik}nr$

jidie acijiio znjia zcrizsr jio znjia srsz Anzib zcr}cbsz ecomias| bcbcri|i bnjio`

n9es id%Ysrio$ zczi|n }cbcoiro~i ni ecrs|iaio anzib Zik}nr/ \cosdn} anzib Ai}~ksjw%

Jwsoso ecoìziaio$ "Jn jidieo~i jn}cbsz id%`hirnb (hid%hid ~io` ioch.$ id%n'rib

(|riei}i}zri. jio zik}nr"/ ]cbcdseo~i aien zcdih eco`noìzaio ijio~i bcbcri|i anzib

~io` ece|cdigirn bcrbiìn }fid id%Ysrio jcoìo oiei ~io` gcdi}$ ~inzs 'sdsesd%Ysr'io/

Ecosrsz hceiz aien$ ~io` |idno` zcrjihsds esomsd nidih anzib ~io` jnzsdn} fdch Nbosd%

Enrwibio |iji ibij ac%= H/

\iji ibij ac%; H Nbosd%Giswn (pikiz 3>0 H. ecosdn} jsi bsih anzib$ }izs jn iozirio~i

bcdgsjsd Ksososd%Ikoio kn 'Igi'nbn 'Sdsend Ysr'ioq2;u/ Acjsi bcrgsjsd id%Esgzibi kn

'Sdseno Zizi'iddiys bnd%Ysrio/ Acjsio~i bcrs|i oi}aih zsdn}io zioìo ei}nh zcr}ne|io jn

jidie Jirsd%Aszsb$ Ainrf/

\iji ibij ac%0 H 'Ndesjjno i}%]iahipn (pikiz 3>0 H. ecosdn} anzib bcrgsjsd Gieidsd%

Ysrri pi Aieidsd%Nyriq20u$ jio Ibs ]~iroih (pikiz ;;3 H. ecosdn} anzib id%Esr}~njsd%

Pignw kn ei izi'iddiys bnd%Ysriond%'Iwnw/

\iji ibij ac%8 H Bijrsjjno iw%Wirai}~n (pikiz 0>: H.q28u ecosdn} id%Bsrhio kn ‘Sdsend%

Ysr'io/ \rfkc}fr Eshieeij Ibsd%Kijhd zcdih bcrgi}i jidie s}ihio~i ecocrbnzaio anzib

zc}cbsz/



:9

\iji zihso ac%> dcbnh bio~ia di`n frio` ecosdn}/ Gididsjjno id%Bsdyinonq2>u ecosdn}

Eipiyn'sd%'Sdse eno Eipiiyn'so%Osgse (dnhiz id%Nzyio$ 9 hid =./ Eshieeij bno

]sdineio id%Aikn~ign (pikiz 80> H.q=<u ecosdn} }cbsih anzib ~io` jn}cbsz fdch i}%]i~szhn

jcoìo eco`szn| aizi%aizi |cosdn}o~i$ bihpi ni ecoìziaio$ "Bcdse |croih iji ~io`

}c|crzn nzs"q=9u/ Zi|n gsjsd anzib zcr}cbsz znjia |ceih }ie|in ac|iji anzi/ Acesjnio i}%

]i~szhn (pikiz >99 H. ecosdn} iz%Zihbnr kn'Sdsenz%Zik}nr ~io` jn}s}sd jcoìo anzib dinoo~i

id%Nzyio kn ‘Sdsend%Ysrioq=2u/

\iji ibij%ibij bcrnaszo~i

bio~ia sdiei ~io`

bcrenoiz ecosdn} zcozio`

id%Ysrio$ }cgiriho~i jio

ndes%ndes ~io` ecogijn

mias|ioo~i/ ]~cnah Zhihnr

id%Giwinrn eco`cdsiraio

bsas bcrgsjsd iz%Znb~io Dn

Bi'jhnd%Eibihnz}n id%

Eszi'iddnyih bnd%Ysrio"/ ]~inah Eshieeij Gieidsjjno id%Yi}nen ecebsiz Eihi}nosz

Zi'pnd/ ]~inah Eshieeij 'Ibjsd%'Ijhne iw%Wiryion ecosdn} Eioihndsd 'Nrkio kn 'Sdsend%

Ysrio/ ]~inah Eshieeij 'Idn ]idieih ecosdn} anzib bcrgsjsd Enohigsd%Ksryio kn 'Sdsend%

Ysrio/ ]~inah Zhiozhipn jcoìo bsaso~i ~io` zcracoid id%Gipihnr Kn Zik}nrnd%Ysriond%

Airne/ ]cfrio` }i}zripio bc}ir bcroiei Es}zhiki ]hijny ir%Rikn'n ecosdn} N'giwsd%Ysrio/

\rfkc}fr Eidna bno Oibn ecosdn} ijh%Jhihnrizsd%Ysrion~~ih$ }cbsih anzib ~io` jcoìo

asiz jio bcoir ecebihi} ei}idih pih~s/ ]i~~nj Neie Eshieeij Ri}~nj Rnjhi

ecosdn} Zik}nrsd%Ysr'iond%Hiane ~io` ecoìojso` bio~ia |cebihi}io eco`coin

bcrbiìn gcon} ndes zcozio` id%Ysrio/ Acesjnio ~io` zcriahnr$ Jfazfr Eshieeij

Ibjsddih Jriw ecosdn} anzib bcrgsjsd io%Oibi'sd%'Ijwne$ bcrn}n |iojioìo birs eco`coin

id%Ysrioq==u/

Mizizio Aian

9/ Id%Bsrhio$ N hid/ 9:

2/ \crnhid an}ih 'Ijn' bno Hizne$ nzs ecrs|iaio |crn}znpi nojn{njsid ~io` znjia ji|iz jn|sasd%riziaio |iji

}cesi }ihibiz Oibn/ Aircoi nzs9ih Ri}sdsddih bcraizi ac|ijio~i7 "Biozides eceio` dcbir"$ aizi }nojnrio



:2

~io` bcrirzn "|iojnr"/ Id%Yijhn 'N~ijh znjia ecebcoiraio irzn zcr}cbsz/ Ni bcr|coji|iz bihpi ~io`

jneia}sj ijidih "Coàis zcrdids `cesa"$ izis }cbiìneioi ~io` zcrmiozse jidie ]hihnh Bsahirn$ ~inzs

"Dioàih aianes }ioìz dcbir"/ Dnhiz7 ]hihnh Es}9ne jcoìo }~irh (srinio. Oipipn Gndnj [NN$ hid 29</ An}ih

|crn}znpi 'Ijn' jn jidie ]hihnh Es}dne bib "]hn~ie"$ ijidih }cbiìn bcrnasz7 Acznai zsrso i~iz7 "//// hno`ì

zie|ia gcdi} bi`n aidnio bcoio` |sznh jirn bcoio` hnzie$ ~inzs kigir"/ 'Ijn bcraizi7 "î Ri}sdsddih/ iaio

asdcziaaio jsi bsih 'nyid (}ceimie naiz ac|idi. jn bipih biozidas$ ~io` }izs |sznh jio ~io` dino hnzie/

jcoìo bc`nzs ias ji|iz ecebcjiaio }nio` jirn eidie"/ ]iiz nzs Ri}sdsddih ecogipib7 "Biozides eceio`

dcbir) îo` jneia}sj "hnzie" ijidih "eidie" jio ~io` jneia}sj "|sznh" ijidih "}nio`"/

=/ Hijnz} jnaczcoìhaio fdch Es}dne jn jidie ]hihnh%o~i Gndnj [NNN hid/22>$ bcri}id jirn Ibs ]i'nj id%Ahsjrn/

Biojnoàio jcoìo Bsas aien ~io` bcrgsjsd "Sdsesd%Hijnz} Pi%Es}hzhidihsds hidieio 8/

: Dnhiz7 Nobihsr%Rspih N$ hid/ 9=%2= jio Zihjwnbsz%Zihjwnb XNN hi9/ 9<%92

3 / Dnhiz7 Id%Kihri}iz hidieio 2=/

; / Neie ihdn Hijnz} zcracesai jn Bi}hrih/ Oiei dcoài|o~i7 ]~s'bih bno id'Higgig bno id%Pirj id%'Izan id%

Iwjn id%Pi}nzhn/ Zcracoid jcoìo oiei |io``n9io Ibs Bs}zhie$ di ecoìdien hnjs|o~i Ioi} bno Eidna ri/

jio ecojcoìraio |cenanrio :<< frio` jirn aise Zibn'no/ Jn aidioìo }cesi neie ihdn Hijnz}$ ni

jn|iojio` }cbiìn hsggih (|coji|izo~i jnon9in }ioìz bcrbfbfz jio asiz jngijnaio jidnd./ Pikiz zihso 9;< H/

0 / ]cfrio` sdiei ihdn zik}nr jio hijnz} jn Hngiw/ Oiei dcoài|o~i7 ]sk~io bno 'S~inoih id%Hndidn id%Askn/

Pikiz zh/9>8 H/ (Dnhiz Zijwanrizsd%Hskkijw N$ hid/ 2:2./

8 / Pian' bno id%Girrih bno Eidnh bno 'Ijn'/ Oiei |io``ndioo~i 7 Ibs ]sk~io ir%Rspi}n id%Askd$ jirn Ycn}

'Iindio/ Niecojcoìraio |coji|iz%|coji|izNbos Girng$ id%I'ei}~$ id%Iswi'n jio ]sk~io iz}%Z}isrn/ Hijnz} ~io`

bcri}id jirno~i jnaczcoìhaio fdch 'Ibjsddih bno id'Esbiria$ îh~i bno Ijie$ Iheij bno Hiobid jio 'Idn

bno id%Eijion/ Dihnr 928 H/ jio pikiz 9>0 H/ Iheij bno Hiobid jio îh~i bno Es'no ecoìziaio7 "Frio`

~io` zcr|crmi~i jn Nriy iji9ih Pian"/ (Dnhiz7 Zirnah Bi`hjij XNNN$ hi9/ :;;%:89./

> /Ni ijidih 'Idn bno 'Ibjs9dih bno Gi'kir/ Oiei |io``ndioo~i7 Ibs Gi'kir$ }cfrio` jirn aibndih ]i'ij

bcrji}iraio pidi (\crpidnio./ Pikiz zihso 2=: H/ (Dnhiz7 Zijwanrizsd/ Hskkijw NN hi9/ 93% 9;$

]~ijwi$izsjw/Jwihib NN hi9/ 89./

9</ Anzibo~i bcrgsjsd 'Kijhi'ndsd%Ysr'io$ oi}aiho~i ~io` jidie acijiio dcoài| zcr}ne|io jn Jwihnrn~ih/

99/ ]cbi`nio oi}aiho~i zcr}ne|io jn ji9ie |cr|s}ziaiio "Bidijn~ih" jn Idcxiojrni$ Ec}nr/

92/ Dnhiz 7 Ij%Jnbig'9>3

9=/ Eshieeij bno 'Iwnw bno id%'Iwnwn i}%]ign}zion/ Pikiz zh/ ==< H/ (Dnhiz7 Bs`h%~izsd%Ps'ih$ 02./ Jidie id%

dzyio 9&9>3 ]i~szhn ecoìziaio (jidie |cebnmiriioo~i eco`coin anzib i}%]ign}zion ~io` bcrgsjs9 '@hirnbsd%

Ysr'io.7 "di ecosdn} anzibo~i }c9iei 93 zihso bcr}iei `srso~i/ Ibsbiair bno in%Iobirn"/



:=

9:/ Oi}aiho~i zcr}ne|io jn Esrijeidi/

93/Esoàno zsdn}io zioìoo~i zcrbimi n}znkzi$ zczi|n aien io`ì| dcbnh zc|iz jnbimi n}zn`hoi

9;/ Ni ijidih ¼Idn bno Nbrihne bno ]i'nj id%Hskn id%En}hrn$ |cosdn} anzib Id%Bsrhio Kn Sdsend%Ysr'io jio

anzibrribsd%Ysr'io/ Pikiz :=< H/ (Dnhiz7 Hs}osd%Eshijhirih NN hid/228 jio Nobihsr Rspih NN hid/ 29>./ \iji

bi`nio ecojizio` iaio aien bnmiriaio anzibo~i ~io` bcrgsjsd id%Bsrhio$ ~io` ei}nh bcrs|i zsdn}io zioìo/

90/Ni ijidih 'Ibjsrriheio bno /Ibjsddih bno Iheij I}%]shind/ oiei |io``ndioo~i7 Ibsd%Yi}ne/ Pikiz jn

Eiriac}h |iji zihso 389 H/ anzibo~i bcrgsjsd Esbihieizsd%Ysr'io jn}cbsz fdch |cosdn} anzib Ai}~ksjw%

Jwsoso jcoìo oiei7 Iz%Zi'rnk Pid%N'die Bneii Sbhnei Knd%Ysr'io Enoid%I}ei Pid%N'die (\co`coidio jio

\cebcrnzihsio Eco`coin Oiei%Oiei Jio Zioji%Zioji Jn jidie id%Ysr'io./ Oiei nzs ecogcdi}aio eia}sj

anzib zcr}cbsz/ Oi}aiho~i ~io` bcrs|i zsdn}io zioìo zcr}ne|io jn Jirsd%Aszsb$ Ainrf/ jio jn |cr|s}ziaiio

iz%Znesrn~~ih/ Anzibo~i ~io` dino di`n nidih Ir%Risjhsd%Ionks 'Idii ]nriz Nbon Hn}~ie/ (Dnhiz aszn|ioo~i jn

jidie Nobihsr%Rspih NN hid/ d;2./

98 /Ni ijidih ]~cnahsd%d}die Neie Ibs Eshieeij 'Ibjsd%'Iwnw bno 'Ibjs}%]idie$ zcracoid jcoìo oiei IN%

'Nww/ Pikiz ;;< Hf (Zhibiyids}~%]~ikn'n~~ih [ hid 8<%9<0 jio ]~ijwiridsjw%Jwihib [ hid/ ==<./

9> / Ni ijidih 'Idn bno Eshieeij bno 'Ibjs}%]ieij$ zcracoid jcoìo oiei i}%]iahipn/ Pikiz ;:= H/

Anzibo~i eco`coin ynri'iz zcrizsr bina jio zcracoid jcoìo oiei i}%]iahipn~~ih/ Gsjs9 ~io` }cbcoiro~i

nidih Hnji~izsd%Esrzib Knd%Eszi}~ibnh (\czsogsa Bi`n Frio` îo` Ri`s Eco`coinHid îo` ]ieir./ îo`

jneia}sj "}ieir" (eszi}~ibnh. bsaio dipioo~i gcdi} eiaoio~i" (eshaie.$ ecdinoaio |co~ignio }izs an}ih

jcoìo bcrbiìn {cr}n jio bi`nio ~io` bcrdinoio/ Dnhiz7 Aszn|io i}%]iahipn jn jidie Pik~izsd%I'~io N hid/

=:3 jio id%Bsrhio N hi9/ 992$ gcon} acdnei ndes eszi}~ibnh/

2< / Ndes ~io` ecebihi} bcrbiìn gcon} id%bijn' (}cìdi ~io` nojih. jn jidie id%Ysr'io$ jnzsdn} }cmiri

zcr}cojnrn fdch Nbos Ibnd%N}hbi'/ Anzibo~i zcdih jnmczia/ (Dnhiz id%Nzyio NN hid/ 9:<%9;</ gcon} ac%38./

29 / Jnoieiaio gsì Ndes Gijid id%Ysr'io (ddes Jcbiz id%Ysr'io./ Eia}sjo~i$ i9%Ysr'io bcrbnmiri eco`coin

}cì9i eimie jidnd jio |cebsaznio$ zczi|n izi} ji}ir eczfjc Irib$ bsaio bcrji}iraio miri%miri |iri ih9n

ndes Ai9ie/ Hid nzs jnzsdn} }cmiri zcr}cojnrn fdch Oigesjjno iz%Zhskn (]sdineio iz%Zhskn (]sdineio bno 'Ibjsd%

Yipn bno 'Ibjsd%Airne.$ pikiz 09; H/ }cbiìneioi zcrmiozse ji9ie ij%Jirirsd%Aienoih NN hid/93:/

Eco`coin ndes zcr}cbsz$ dnhizih id%Nzyioo hi9/ 22>%22=$ gcon} ac%;8$ jio dnhiz gsì7 id%Bsrhio o hi9/ 2:%20

$gcon} ac%99.

22 /Dnhiz7 id%dzyio o hid/ 223%228$gcon} ac%;0 / Jnzsdn} }cmiri zcr}cojnrn fdch Id%'Iddieih nbosd%Yi~~ne$ jio

fdch |cosdn} wieio bcrnaszo~i ~io` bcroiei 'Ibjsd%Hienj Id%Kirihn jcoìo anzibo~i ~io` bcrgsjsd de'io kn

Iy}iend%Fsr'io/

2= / Dnhiz bcbcri|i |iojioìo eco`coin ndes zcr}cbsz jn jidie id%Nzyio NN hid/ 222%223$ gcon} ac%;;/



::

2: / Hid nzs jn}cbsz fdch Neie Gididsjjno id%Bsdyinon jidie anzibo~i Eipiyn'nd%'Sdse Eno Eipiyn'no%Osgse/

Dnhiz Eioihndsd%'Nrkio N hid/ 2;/

23 / Nbnj

2; / Oi}aih i}dn rcrzsdn}io zioìo ei}nh zcr}ne|io jn jidie \cr|s}ziaiio Iz% Znesrn~~ih$ Ainrf/ jidie

acijiio znjia dcoài|/ ofefr 222 Zik}nr/

20/Jirn Anzib Ai}~ksjw%Jwsoso ji|iz jnzirna ac}ne|sdio bihpi anzib Gieidsd%Ysrri Pi Aieidsd%Nyri

ecomias| rcrbiìn bnjio` ndes Ynri'iz$ }c|crzn7 Z igpnj/ Piyik (dczia bimiio bcrhcozn. jio nbznji (dczia

biio jnesdin./ oi}nah jio eio}sah/

28 / Neie Bijrsjjno Eshieeij bno 'Ibjsddih bno Bihijsr iw%Wirai}~nh$ zcrei}sa gigirio sdiei ihdn zik}nr

jio ih9n ndes s}hsdsjjno/ Dihnr zihso 0:3 H$ jio pikiz 0>: H (Dnhiz }idnoioo~i jio }sebcr }idnoio nzs

jidie \cojihsdsio anzibo~i ~io` bcrgsjsd id%Bsrhio Kn%'Sdsend%Ysr'io$ jnzcrbnzaio fdch \rfkc}fr

Eshieeij Ibsd%KijhdNbrihne jidie ce|iz gndnj/

2> / Ibjsrridsoio bno Rs}dio Ibs9%Kijh9 Gididsjjno id%Bsdyinon$ }cfrio` sdiei ~io` mcrji} ihdn jn bnjio`

ndes Knyh$ S}hsdsjjno/ bihi}i Irib$ Zik}nr$ Ei'ion jioBi~io/ di Nbhie (Eceihiorn Hid%Hid îo` ]ieir

Jidie ]hihnh Id%Bsahirn./ di bcrsdioàidn jnioàiz }cbiìn AczSi Eihaieih N}die jn Ec}nr hno`ì pikizo~i

|iji zihso 82: H/ (]~ijwirizsjw%Jwihib$ {o hid/ 9;;./

=</ Eshieeij bno ]sdineio bno ]i'ij bno Ei}'sj Esh~njjno Ibs 'Ibjsddih id%Aikn~ign/ Jnidih ~io`

ecocason }~i'nr bcriahnrio hsrsk aik }chno`ì ni zcracoid jcoìo Aikn~ign/ I}%]i~szhn |croih eiìo` jcoìo

eco`naszno~i }cdiei 9: zihso/ Id%Aikn~ignecosdn} bio~ia anzib ecoòin zik}nr$ Knyh$ \fafa%|fafa Bihi}i

Irib jio Oihps/ Anzibo~i ~io` znjia jn}cbsz gsjsdo~i jidie id%Nzyio$ zcro~izi jidie id%Bs`h~ih jn}cbsz

fdch ]i~szhn bcrgsjsd iz%Zin}nr Kn Yipi'n%jgz%Zik}nr/ ]i~szhn ecoìziaio$ id%Aikn~ign bcraizi$ ni ecocesaio

n9es zcr}cbsz }cbiìn hid ~io` bcdse |croih iji }cbcdseo~i/ Aircoio~i id%Aikn~ign znjia ecebizi}n jnrno~i

|iji id%Bsrhio zsdn}io Wirai}~n jio znjia |sdi |si} jcoìo Eipiiyn'sd%'Sdse air~i Gididsjjno id%Bsdyinon$ di

pikiz zihso 80> H/ (Dnhiz7 Bs`h~izsd%Ps'ih/ hidieio:8./

=9 / Jidie id%Nzyio N hid/ = i}%]i~szhn ecoìziaio7 "Ias ecdnhizo~i }cbiìn airioìo ~io` hids}$ }cbiìn

afdca}n ~io` ri|nh$ bcrsrszio jio |so~i ac}ne|sdio"/

=2/ Anzib id%Nzyio bcrsdio` aidn jnmczia jn Ainrf/ Zsdn}io i}%]i~szhn bio~ia bcr}iojir |iji id%Bsrhio Kn

'Sdsend%Ysr'io airioìo Wirai}~n/ Bihaio bio~ia bi`nioo~i ~io` jnaszn|/ Ijiaidio~i aszn|io nzS jn}cbsz

}sebcro~i jio iji aidio~i gsì znjia/ Dnhiz afecozir ]i~szhn zcozio` idVbsrhio jidie \cojihsdsio

anzibo~i$ id%Nzyio N hid/ ;%8/

==/ \iji zihso%zihso zcriahnr gsì bcoosomsdio |cocdnznio }fid%}fid id%Ysr/io ~io` ieiz bcr`soi jio

bcr}nkiz ecebcrn |coìrihio }cmiri sese eco`coin iìei N}die/ Ioziri dino$ anzib ~io` bcrgsjsd Oijwiriiz

Knd%Ysr'io airioìo id%S}zijw Eshieeij id%@hiwidn/ ]cdino nzs$iji gsì anzib dino ~io` bcr}nkiz ecoìrihaio

efrid jio ecofogfdaio }c`n%}c`n cznai jn jidie soài|io%soài|io id%Ysr$io/ Anzib id%Eiohidsd%Ahidnj nzs



:3

ijidih air~i rcaio aien$ \rfkc}fr Eshieeij id%Esbiria$ jf}co Kiasdzi} Ndes ]~irn'iz |iji Son{cr}nzi}

Jie}~na/



:;

OieiOieiOieiOiei%%%%oiei idoiei idoiei idoiei id%%%%YsrioYsrioYsrioYsrio

Id%Ysrio ece|so~in bcbcri|i oiei ~io` ac}cesio~i ecosogsaaio acjsjsaioo~i

~io` zno``n jio dshsr$ jio }cmiri eszdia id%Ysrio ijidih anzib }ieip~ ~io` |idno`

esdni/

Aircoio~i jnoieindih anzib }ieip~ nzs jcoìo7 id%Ysrio$ id%Ksryio$ iz%Ziownd$ ijw%

Jwnar$ id%Anzib$ j}b/ ]c|crzn hido~i Iddih gsì zcdih ecebcrn }nkiz zcozio` id%Ysrio }nkiz%

}nkiz ~io` dshsr ioziri dino7 osr (mihi~i.$ hsjio (|czsogsa.$ riheiz $ }~nki' (fbiz.$

eis'nwhih (oi}nhiz.$ 'iwnw (esdni.$ esbiria (~io` jnbcraihn.$ bi}~nr (|cebipi ahibir

bina.$ oijwnr (|cebipi ahibir bsrsa. jio }nkiz%}nkiz dino ~io` ecosogsaaio acbc}irio

jio ac}smnioo~i/

Idi}io \coieiio

9/ Idi}io jnoieino~i jcoìo Id%Ysr'io nidih aircoi bio~ia (aizi%aizi Id%Ysr'io.

zcrji|iz jidie i~iz$ ioziri dino knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—Yâk/ Jcen id%Ysrio ~io` }ioìz esdni/― (Y]/ Yâk7 9./

Jio knreio%O~i7

—]c}so``sho~i Id%Ysr'io non ecebcrn |czsogsa |iji gidio ~io` ieiz dsrs}/― (Y]/ Id%N}râ7

>./

2/ Idi}io id%Ysrio jnoiein jcoìo id%Ksryio }cbiìneioi zcrzcri jidie knreio Iddih

]PZ7



:0

—Eihi }smn Iddih ~io` zcdih ecosrsoaio id%Ksryio (id%Ysrio. ac|iji hiebio~i$ iìr

jni ecogijn |cebcrn |crnoìzio ac|iji }cdsrsh idie/― (Y]/ Id%Ksryio7 9./

=/ Idi}io id%Ysrio jnbcrn oiei jcoìo iz%Ziownd $ }cbiìneioi zcrzcri jidie knreio Iddih

]PZ7

—Jio }c}so``sho~i id%Ysrio non bcoir%bcoir jnzsrsoaio fdch Zshio }cec}zi idie$ ni

jnbipi zsrso fdch ir%Rsh Id%Ieno (Gnbrnd i}./― (Y]/ I}~%]~s'irâ7 9>2%9>=./

:/ Idi}io jnoieiaio jcoìo ijw%Jwnar $ }cbiìneioi knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—]c}so``sho~i Aiendih ~io` ecosrsoaio Id%Ysr'io$ jio }c}so``sho~i Aien bcoir%

bcoir ececdnhirio~i/― (Y]/ Id%Hngr7 >./

3/ ]cjioàio jnoieiaio jcoìo id%Anzib }cbiìneioi zcrzcri jidie knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—Hâ Eïe/ Jcen Anzib (Id%Ysr'io. ~io` ecogcdi}aio/ ]c}so``sho~i Aien ecosrsoaioo~i

|iji }sizs eidie ~io` jnbcraihn/― (Y]/ Ij%Jsahâo7 9%=./

Iji|so eco`coin }nkiz%}nkizo~i }so``sh zcrzcri jidie }cgsedih i~iz%i~iz id%Ysrio$

bihaio }cjnanz }caidn (girio`. }sriz%}sriz jidie id%Ysrio ~io` znjia eco~cbszaio }nkiz%

}nkiz ~io` nojih jio esdni zcrhiji| anzib ~io` jnzsrsoaio fdch Zshio ~io` Eihi Esdni



:8

~io` jngijnaio es'gnwiz (zniji ziojno`. ~io` ibijn bi`n }cfrio` Oibn ~io` zcriahnr/ Aien

}cbszaio jniozirio~i7

i/ Knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—Hin eios}ni }c}so``sho~i zcdih jizio` ac|ijies bsazn acbcoirio jirn Zshioes

(Eshieeij jco`io es'gnwizo~i. jio zcdih aien zsrsoaio ac|ijies mihi~i ~io` zcrio`

bcojcrio`& id%Ysrio/― (Y]/ Io%On}â'7 90:.

b/ Knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—Jio Aien zsrsoaio jirn id%Ysrio }c}sizs ~io` ecogijn |coipir jio riheiz bi`n

frio`%frio` ~io` bcrneio jio id%Ysrio nzs znjiadih ecoiebih ac|iji frio`%frio`

~io` whidne }cdino acrs`nio/― (Y]/ Id%N}râ'7 28./

m/ Knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—Aiziaiodih id%Ysrio nzs ijidih |czsogsa jio |coipir bi`n frio`%frio` ~io` bcrneio/―

(Y]/ Ks}h}hndiz7 ::./

j/ Knreio Iddih ]PZ7



:>

—Hin eios}ni) ]c}so``sho~i zcdih jizio` ac|ijies |cdigirio jirn Zshioes jio

|co~cebsh bi`n |co~ianz%|co~ianz ~io` bcriji jidie jiji jio |czsogsa }crzi riheiz

bi`n frio`%frio` ~io` bcrneio/― (Y]/ ^ñoñ}7 30./

Aizi id%Ysrio ijidih }iei hido~i jcoìo aizi Ynriiz ijidih ei}jir jirn aizi yirii$

ynriizio jio ysrâoio / Jcenaniodih ecosrsz }cbi`nio sdiei jcoìo ecoìebnd idi}io

Knreio Iddih ]PZ7

—]c}so``sho~i izi} zio``soìo Aiendih eco`se|sdaioo~i (jn jijies. jio (ecebsizes |iojin. ecebimio~i/ I|ibndi aies zcdih }cdc}in ecebimiaioo~i eiai

naszndih bimiioo~i nzs/― (Y]/ Id%Yn~âeih7 90%98./

\co`crznio ysrâoihñ jn }non }iei jcoìo ynrâizihñ / Eiai dikiwh ysrio ecosrsz |coji|iz

non ijidih es}~zia (|coìebndio jirn aizi acrgi./ ]cbi`nio sdiei ~io` dino bcr|coji|iz

bihpi dikiwh id%Ysrio bsaiodih es}~zia jirn yirii ecdinoaio n}ne idie (oiei }c}sizs.

bi`n anzib ~io` esdni }cbiìneioi hido~i oiei Zisriz jio Nognd/ Non ijidih |coji|iz

Neie ]~ikn'n (dnhiz anzib Eibihnz}sd Ysr'io airioìo id%S}zijw Eiooi' id%Yizhzhio./



3<

\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id%%%%Ysrio |iji Ei}i Ibs BiairYsrio |iji Ei}i Ibs BiairYsrio |iji Ei}i Ibs BiairYsrio |iji Ei}i Ibs Biair i}hi}hi}hi}h%%%%]hnjjny]hnjjny]hnjjny]hnjjny riririri

Ri}sdsddih ]IP bcr|sdio` ac riheizsddih

}czcdih bcdnis }cdc}in eco~ie|inaio rn}idih

jio ieioih$ ecoi}chizn seeiz }crzi

ecebcrn |czsogsa/ |iji iìei ~io` dsrs}/

]czcdih bcdnis pikiz acasi}iio jn|cìo`

fdch Ibs Biair ]njjna ri

\iji ei}i |cecrnozihioo~i Ibs Biair

bio~ia eco`hiji|n eidi|cziai$ bcrbiìn

ac}sdnzio jio |rfbdce ~io` rsenz$ jn iozirio~i ececrio`n frio`%frio` ~io` esrzij

(acdsir jirn iìei N}die. ~io` iji jn aidioìo frio` N}die$ ececrio`n |co`nasz

Es}indieih id%Aijwjwib/

\c|crioìo îeieih ijidih }sizs |c|crioìo ~io` ieiz jih}~iz/ Bio~ia aidioìo

}ihibiz ~io` hikid id%Ysrio jio ihdn bimio~i eizn }~ihnj ~io` gsediho~i dcbnh jirn 0<

frio` hskkiwh zcroiei/ Fdch aircoio~i aise es}dneno ecogijn bno`so` jio ahipiznr/

Seir }cojnrn ecri}i |rnhizno dids bcdnis ecocesn Ibs Biair ~io` }cjio` jidie acijiio

}cjnh jio }ianz/ Seir ecoìgsaio s}sd (bcres}~ipirih jcoìoo~i. }s|i~i

eco`se|sdaio id%Ysrio aircoi ahipiznr dco~i| jcoìo bio~iao~i hskiwh ~io` `s`sr$

Ibs Biair |crziei aidn ecri}i ri`s/

]czcdih jngcdi}aio fdch Seir zcozio` ondin%ondin |f}nznko~i ni eceiojio` bina sozsa

ecocrnei s}sd jirn Seir/ Jio Iddih ecdi|ioàio jiji Ibs Biair sozsa ecdia}ioiaio

zsì} ~io` esdni zcr}cbsz$ ni eco`szs} Winj bno Z}ibnz jio ecoìgsaio |cr}fidioo~i$

}crzi eco~srsho~i iìr }c`cri ecoioìon jio eco`se|sdaio id%Ysrio jidie }izs

es}hhik/ Esdi |crziei Winj |so ecri}i ri`s$ acesjnio ni|so jndi|ioàio Iddih

jijio~i }cbiìneioi hido~i Iddih ecdi|ioàio jiji Ibs Biair jio Seir/

Id%Bsahirn zcdih ecrnpi~izaio jidie }hihnho~i zcozio` an}ih |co`se|sdio non/ Aircoi

|coznoò~i eiai jn }non aien ecosando~i }cbiìn bcrnasz7



39

Jirn Winj bno Z}ibnz r/i/ bihpi ni bcraizi7 Ibs Biair eco`nrneaio bcrnzi ac|ijias

zcozio` afrbio |crzce|srio ieieih$ }czcdih frio` ~io` hikid id%Ysrio }cgsedih 0<

frio` `s`sr/ Aidi nzs Seir bcriji jn }ie|no` Ibs Biair/ Acesjnio Ibs Biair

ecoìziaio$ "Seir zcdih jizio` ac|ijias jio ni ecoìziaio7 ]c}so``sho~i

|crzse|ihio jirih |iji |crzce|srio ieieih bio~ia ecoìomie zcrhiji| |iri

|co`hikid id%Ysrio/ Ias ahipiznr aidis |cebsoshio zcrhiji| |iri |co`hikid id%Ysrio

zcrs}%ecocrs} zcrgijn jn }czni| |crzce|srio$ iaio ecoìanbizaio bio~ia id%Ysrio ~io`

hndio`/ ]i~i bcr|coji|iz iìr ioji ececrnozihaio }c}cfrio` sozsa eco`se|sdaio id%

Ysrio/ Ias (Ibs Biair. ecogipib7 Biìneioi ias hirs} ecdiasaio }sizs |crbsizio

}cjio` Ri}sd ]IP znjia |croih ecdiasaioo~i6 Seir r/i/ ecogipib7 Jcen Iddih

|crbsizio zcr}cbsz ijidih bina/ Jio ni bcrsdioàidn eco`smi|aioo~i }chno`ì Iddih

ecdi|ioàio jijias }cbiìneioi ni ecdi|ioàio jiji Seir/ Jidie hid nzs ias

}c|coji|iz jcoìo |coji|iz Seir/―

Winj bcraizi7 Ibs Biair ecoìziaio$ "Ioji ijidih }cfrio` |cesji ~io` zioài}$ ias

znjia ecri`saio aceie|sio ioji/ Ioji ijidih |cosdn} pih~s jirn Ri}sdsddih ]IP/

Fdch aircoi nzs zcdnzndih id%Ysrio jio ase|sdaiodih////)" Winj ecogipib$ "Jcen Iddih

iojinaizi ias jnbcbion zsì} sozsa ecenojihaio `soso` znjiadih iaio bcriz bi`nas gnai

jnbiojnoàio jcoìo zsì} ~io` jnbcbioaio ac|ijias non"/

]i~i ecoìziaio7 "Biìneioi ioji bcrjsi iaio ecdiasaio |cacrgiio ~io` znjia |croih

jndiasaio fdch Ri}sdsdih ]IP6"/ Ibs Biair ecogipib7 "Jcen Iddih hid non ijidih bina"$

jio ni eco`sdio`no~i bcrsdioàidn }ie|in ias jndi|ioàio jiji fdch Iddih ]PZ

}cbiìneioi ni zcdih ecdi|ioàio jiji Ibs Biair jio Seir/

]cdiogszo~i ias ecocdnzn jio eco`se|sdaio id%Ysrio jirn ac|noìo bizs$ |cdc|ih asrei

jio jirn }ihibiz%}ihibiz ~io` hikid id%Ysrio$ }ie|in iahnro~i ias ecoji|izaio iahnr

}sriz iz%Zisbih jirn Ibs Ahswineih id%Io}hir~ ~io` znjia zcrji|iz |iji dinoo~i (~inzs.7



32

—]c}so``sho~i zcdih jizio` ac|ijies }cfrio` Ri}sd jirn aisees }cojnrn$ bcriz bi`no~i

i|i ~io` aies ri}iaio$ ni }io`iz eco`no`noaio (acneioio jio ac}cdieizio. bi`nes$

ieiz bcdi} ai}nhio di`n |co~i~io` zcrhiji| frio`%frio` esaeno/ Gnai ecrcai bcr|idno`

(jirn acneioio. eiai aiziaiodih7 Msas|dih Iddih bi`nas$ znjia iji Zshio }cdino Jni/

Hio~i ac|iji%O~i ias bcrzipiaaid jio Jni ijidih Zshio ~io` ecendnan 'Ir}~ ~io`

i`so`/― (Y]/ Iz%Zisbih7 928%92>./

Dcebirio%dcebirio zcr}cbsz jn}ne|io |iji Ibs Biair }ie|in ni pikiz Acesjnio

(jn}crihaio. ac|iji Seir }ie|in pikiz jio acesjnio jn}ne|io jn rseih Hik}ih bnozn

Seir/

Rnpi~iz non eco~iziaio zcozio` }cbib |co`se|sdio id%Ysrio/



3=

\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id\co`se|sdio id%%%%Ysrio |iji Ei}iYsrio |iji Ei}iYsrio |iji Ei}iYsrio |iji Ei}i ‘‘‘‘Sz}eio riSz}eio riSz}eio riSz}eio ri

]ceiano ecdsi}o~i jicrih acasi}iio N}die |iji ei}i Sz}eio ecebsiz |crbcjiio ~io`

msas| ecoji}ir jnbiojnoàio jcoìo |iji ei}i Ibs Biair

Dizir bcdiaio` |co`se|sdio id%Ysrio jn ei}i Sz}eio r/i/ ijidih aircoi bcbcri|i kiazfr

dino ~io` bcrbcji jcoìo kiazfr ~io` iji |iji ei}i Ibs Biair/ Jicrih acasi}iio N}die

|iji ei}i Sz}eio zcdih ecdsi}$ frio`%frio` N}die zcdih zcr|comir jn bcrbiìn jicrih

jio afzi/ Jn }czni| jicrih zcdih |f|sdcr bimiio }ihibiz ~io` ecoìgir ecrcai/

\cojsjsa ]~ie ecebimi id%Ysrio eco`naszn bimiio Sbi~ nbos Ai'ib$ |cojsjsa Askih

eco`naszn bimiio Ibjsddih Nbos Ei}'sj$ jio }cbi`nio ~io` dino eco`naszn bimiio Ibs

Es}i id%I}~'irn/ Jn ioziri ecrcai zcrji|iz |crbcjiio zcozio` bso~n hsrsk$ jio bcozsa

bimiio/ Ei}idih non ecebipi ecrcai ac|iji |nozs |crznainio jio |cr|cmihio

}c}ieio~i/ Hie|nr }izs }iei dinoo~i }idno` asksr%ecoàsksraio aircoi bcrbcji

|coji|iz jidie bimiio/

Jnrnpi~izaio jirn Ibn Yndibih bihpi}io~i ni bcraizi$ "\iji ei}i |cecrnozihio Sz}eio

`srs%|coìgir eco~ie|inaio ac|iji ioia jnjnao~i$ srs ~io` dino gsì eco~ie|inaio

ac|iji ioia jnjnao~i/ Jsi acdfe|fa esrnj zcr}cbsz bcrzces jio bimiioo~i bcrbcji$

iahnro~i ei}idih zcr}cbsz }ie|in ac|iji `srs& |coìgir }chno`ì }izs }iei dino }idno`

ecoàsksraio/ Bcrnzi zcr}cbsz }ie|in ac|iji Sz}eio/ Sz}eio bcr|njizf jio }cri~i

ecoìziaio7 Aidnio ~io` iji jn hiji|ioas bcrbcji |coji|iz$ i|idi`n frio`%frio` ~io`

bcrzce|iz zno`ìd gish jirnas |i}zn dcbnh%dcbnh di`n |crbcjiioo~i/ Aircoi dizir bcdiaio`

jirn acgijnio zcr}cbsz Sz}eio jcoìo achcbizio |coji|izo~i jio acbcoirio

|iojioìoo~i ni bcr|coji|iz sozsa ecdiasaio znojiaio |rckcoznk ecoiebid |iainio

~io` }fbca }cbcdse }fbcao~i ecdsi} jio ecomcìh |co~ianz }cbcdse }sdnz ecoji|iz

|co`fbizioo~i/ Ni eco`se|sdaio }ihibiz%}ibibiz ~io` zcracesai jio mcrjna

mcojcanipio sozsa bcres}~ipirih jidie ecoio``sdio`n knzoih (|cr|cmihio. jio

|cr}cdn}nhio/ Ecrcai }cesi }c|coji|iz iìr Ienrsd Es'enono eco~idno jio

ece|crbio~ia es}hhik acesjnio eco`nrneaioo~i ac }c`coi| jicrih jio afzi jio

}cdiogszo~i eco`no}zrsa}naio iìr frio`%frio` ecebiair es}hhik ~io` dinoo~i }chno`ì

znjia iji di`n gidio ~io` ecebipi ac|iji |crznainio jio |cr}cdn}nhio jidie hid bimiio

id%Ysrio/―



3:

]ihibiz Sz}eio ecdia}ioiaio ac|szs}io ~io` }so``sh bngia}ioi zijn$ ni ecosì}aio

ac|iji ce|iz frio` }ihibiz |ndnhio$ di`n |sdi hikidioo~i ji|iz jniojidaio/ Ecrcai

zcr}cbsz ijidib Winj bno Z}ibnz$ Ibjsddih bno Wsbinr$ ]inj Nbos id%'I}b jio Ibjsrriheio

nbo Hn}~ie/ Ecrcai }cesi jirn }sas Ysrin}~ `fdfoìo eshignrno acmsidn Winj Nbos

Z}ibnz$ jn eioi ni ijidih jirn aise Io}hir/ \cdia}ioiio ìì}io ~io` esdni non ijidih

|iji zihso acjsi |sdsh ce|iz hngrih/

Sz}eio ecoìziaio ac|iji ecrcai$ "Bndi ioji }caidnio iji |cr}cdn}nhio |coji|iz

zcozio` bimiio$ eiai zsdn}dih bcrji}iraio bihi}i Ysrin}~$ aircoi id%Ysrio jnzsrsoaio

jcoìo bihi}i Ysrin}~"/ Sz}eio ecenozi ac|iji Hik}ih bnozn Seir iìr ni }sjn

eco~crihaio es}hhik ~io` iji |ijio~i }cbiìn hi}nd jirn gi}i ~io` zcdih jnase|sdaio

Ibs Biair$ sozsa jnzsdn} jio jn|crbio~ia/ Jio }czcdih }cdc}in iaio jnacebidnaio di`n$

Hik}ih ecoìbsdaioo~i/

Efznk Sz}eio Eco`se|sdaio id%Ysrio

Neie Id%Bsahirn ecrnpi~izaio jirn Ioi} nbo Eidna bihpi}io~i ni bcraizi7

]c}so``sho~i Hsjwinkih Nbos id%îeio jizio` ac|iji Sz}eio$ acznai nzs$ |cojsjsa

]~ie bcr}iei%}iei jcoìo |cojsjsa Nria }cjio` bcr|crio` ecoiadsaaio jicrih

Ireconi jio Ijwcrbingio/ Znbi%znbi Hsjwinkih ecri}i zcrmcoìo` aircoi |co~cbibo~i

ijidih kiazfr |crbcjiio jidie bimiio/ Hsjwinkih bcraizi ac|iji Sz}eio$ "îi Ienrsd

Es'enono |crhiznaiodih seiz non }cbcdse ecrcai zcrdnbiz jidie |cr}cdn}nhio jidie

ei}idih Anzib }cbiìneioi |cr}cdn}nhio jn ioziri aise îhsjn jio Oi}rion"/

]cdiogszo~i Sz}eio eco`nrne }sriz ac|iji Hik}ih ~io` n}no~i7

"Anrnedih ac|iji aien dcebirio%dcebirio ~io` bcrzsdn}aio id%Ysrio aien iaio

eco~idnoo~i jidie bcozsa es}hhik jio }czcdih }cdc}in iaio aien acebidnaio di`n ac|iji

ioji"/



33

Acesjnio Hik}ih eco`nrneaioo~i ac|iji Sz}eio/ Sz}eio ececrnozihaio ac|iji Winj

nbo Z}ibnz$ Ibjsddih nbo Wsbinr$ ]inj nbo id%'I}h jio Ibjsrriheio nbo id%Hirnz} nbo

Hn}~ie dids ecrcai eco~idnoo~i jidie es}hhik/

Sz}eio bcr|c}io ac|iji acznì aise Ysrin}~$ "Bndi ioji bcrznì jio Winj nbos Z}ibnz

bcrbcji |coji|iz zcozio` hid id%Ysrio eiai zsdn}dih jcoìo smi|io& dn}io Ysrin}~

aircoi id%Ysrio jnzsrsoaio jcoìo dn}io Ysrin}~"/

]czcdih ecrcai }cdc}in eco~idno ac jidie bcbcri|i es}hhik$ Sz}eio eco`cebidnaio

dcebirio& es}hhik i}dn ac|iji Hik}ih/ ]cdiogszo~i ni eco~cbiraio es}hhik ~io` birs

zcr}cbsz ac }cdsrsh jicrih jio ni ececrnozihaio iìr }cesi bcozsa dcebirio& es}hhik

~io` dino jnbiair (HR/ id%Bsahirn./

\crbcjiio ioziri \co`se|sdio Es}hhik Ibs Biair jio Es}hhik Sz}eio

\crbcjiio ioziri |co`se|sdio (es}hhik. Ibs Biair jio Sz}eio }cbiìneioi aien

acesaiaio jn izi} ji|iz aien aczihsn jio aien ziojin jirn ei}no`%ei}noò~i/

\co`se|sdio es}hhik |iji ei}i Ibs Biair ijidih bcozsa |cenojihio jio |cosdn}io

id%Ysrio ac jidie }izs es}hhik ~io` i~iz%i~izo~i }sjih zcr}s}so$ bcri}id jirn zsdn}io

~io` zcrase|sd |iji ac|noìo%ac|noìo bizs$ |cdc|ih asrei jio asdnz%asdnz bnoizio`/

Iji|so dizir bcdiaioò~i aircoi bio~iao~i hskkiwh ~io` s`sr/ ]cjioàio

|co`se|sdio es}hhik |iji ei}i Sz}eio ijidih eco~idno acebidn ~io` zcdih zcr}s}so

|iji ei}i Ibs Biair$ jcoìo zsgsio sozsa jnanrneaio ac }cdsrsh ocìri N}die/ Dizir

bcdiaioò~i ijidih jn}cbibaio aircoi ijio~i |crbcjiio jidie hid ecebimi id%Ysrio/

Piddâhs i'die pi }hiddiddâhs 'idâ }i~~njnoâ Eshieeij pi âdnhï pi}hihbnhï pi }iddie/



3;

Yirn Zsgsh ~io` Ei}~hsrYirn Zsgsh ~io` Ei}~hsrYirn Zsgsh ~io` Ei}~hsrYirn Zsgsh ~io` Ei}~hsr

\iri Yirn ~io` hikid id%Ysrio jio zcracoid jcoìo hikidio }crzi aczcdnznioo~i$ jio

eco~ie|inaio ynriiz ac|iji anzi }c}sin jcoìo ~io` ecrcai zcrnei jirn }ihibiz

Ri}sdsddih ]IP/

Ynriiz ~io` eszipiznr }cesio~i anzi aszn| jirn |iri yirn ~io` hikid id%Ysrio jio

zcracoid jcoìo hikidio }crzi aczcdnznioo~i/ Ecrcai nidih neie%neie ynriiz ~io`

ei}~hsr ~io` ec~ie|inaio ynriiz ac|iji anzi }c}sin jcoìo ~io` ecrcai zcrnei jirn

}ihibiz Ri}sdsddih ]IP/ Ecrcai ecendnan acszieiio ndes jio |coìgirio zcozio`

anzibsddih id%Ysrio }cbiìneioi }ibji Ri}sdsddih ]IP$ "]cbina%binao~i frio` jn ioziri

aidnio ijidih frio` ~io` ece|cdigirn id%Ysrio jio ecoìgiraioo~i"/

]~inah Ibsd ^s}rn 'Ibnjno zcdih eco~cbszaio oiei%oiei yirn jidie jsi binz }~i'nr7

Oikn'$ Nbos Aiz}nr$ 'I}hne jio Hiewih$ Ibs 'Ienr$ Nbos 'Ienr jio An}in~/

Nzsdih zsgsh Neie ~io` zia jnri`saio di`n/

Nbos 'Ienr

Oiei dcoài|o~i ijidih Ibjsddih id%îh}h}hsb~ }cfrio` yijhn jn Jiei}as} |iji ei}i

|cecrnozihio Pidnj nbos Ibjsd Eidna/ \io``ndioo~i ijidih Ibs Nerio/ Jni ijidih



30

}cfrio` zibn'no$ bcdigir ynriiz jirn id%Es`hnrih nbo Ibn ]~nhib id%Eihwse~ jirn Sz}eio

bno Ikkio jirn Ri}sdsddih ]IP/ Bcdnis Pikiz jn Jiei}as} |iji zihso 998 H/ Frio` ~io`

ecogijn esrnj$ jidie ynriizo~i ijidih Hn}~ie jio Nbos Jwiapio/

Jidie hid non |coìrio` i}~%]~izhnb~ ecoìziaio$ "Jiei}as} zce|iz zno`ìd Nbos 'Ienr$

jn }ioidih zce|iz ~io` ecìh bsiz Ibjsddih/ Hn}~ie ijidih }cbiìn |cocrs} Ibjsddih/

Jwiapio gsì ecoìebnd jirn }ioijo~i/―

Nbos Aiz}nr

Oiei dcoài|o~i ijidih Ibs Eshieeij Ibjsddih Nbos Aiz}nr ij%Jir~ id%Eiaa~$ ni

ijidih neie jidie hid ynriiz jn Eiaaih$ ni ijidih }cfrio` zibn'no ~io` |croih hnjs|

bcr}iei }hihibiz Ibjsddih nbos Gsbinr$ Ibs I~~sb id%Io}hirn jio Ioi} nbos Eidna$ jni

pikiz jn Eiaaih |iji zihso 92< H/ \cripno~i jio |cocrs}o~i ijidih id%Biw~ pikiz

|iji zihso 23< H jio Ysobsd pikiz |iji zihso 2>9 H/

I}~%]~izhnb~ eco`cesaiaio7 "Eiaaih zce|iz zno`ìd Ibjsddih/ Nbos Aiz}nr |io``ndio

aiseo~i/ Iheij id%Biw~ }cbiìn |cocrs}o~i/ Gsì///// Eshieeij ~io` jn}cbsz Ysebsd

oieio~i/―

'I}hne id%Ask~

Oiei dcoài|o~i ijidih 'I}hne nbo Ibn io%Osgsj id%I}ij~/ Jn }cbsz gsì jcoìo Nbos

Bihjidih/ \io``ndioo~i ijidih Ibs Biair$ ni ijidih }cfrio` zibn'no ~io` pikiz |iji

}canzir zihso 920%928 H jn Askih/ Acjsi \cripno~i ijidih7 ]~s'bih pikiz |iji zihso 9>=

H jio Hik}h pikiz |iji zihso 98< H/

Anzib ]~izhnb~ jidie }~i'nro~i ecoìziaio$ "Jn Askih ~io` `cendio` iji znì frio`/

Achirseio ecrcai ecdcbnhn pio`n%pio`nio jirn mcoàch Ibs Biair izis I}hne nbo N~i}~

|io``ndioo~i/ ]~s'bi |cripn szieio~i di`n zcracoid |sdi }n Hik}h ~io` zcracoid jcoìo

aczcdnznioo~i$ nzsdih esrnj Nbos N~i}~ izis Ibs Biair ~io` jnrnjhin/



38

Ibs Ier

Oiei dcoài|o~i ijidih Ibs 'Ier Wibbio nbosd 'Idi' nbos Ieeir id%Bi}hr~$ }frio` `srs

bc}ir |iji ripn/ Jn }cbsz gsì }cbiìn oieio~i jcoìo îh~i$ ecosrsz }cbi`nio frio`

oiei Ibs Ier nzs oiei |io``ndioo~i/ Bcdnis pikiz jn Askih |iji zihso 93: H/ Acjsi

|cripno~i ijidih ij%Jsr~ pikiz |iji zihso 2:; H jio i}%]s}~ pikiz |iji zihso 2;9 H/

I}~%]~izhnb~ ecoìziaio$ "Neie Eiwno~ jn|io``nd frio`%frio` jcoìo oiei Ibs 'Ier

id%Bi}hr~$ i~iho~i bcroiei 'Idi/ Ecosrsoaio ndeso~i |iji îh~i id%îwnj~/ Oieio~i

zcracoid biìnaio }soìn C{kriz/ Frio` ~io` |idno` }hidch jn ioziri ecrcai$ Ibs ]~si'nb

izis i}%]s}~ bcr`srs |ijio~i/

Hiewih id%Ask~

Oiei dcoài|o~i ijidih Hiewih nbo Hibnb Nbo 'Neirih iw%Wi~~iz id%Kirjhn izh%Zhine~

}cfrio` bcai} hiebi 'Narneih nbo Ribn' iz%Zine~$ jn|io``nd jcoìo Nbo 'Neirih$ pikiz jn

Hipio |iji ei}i Ahidnkih Ibs Gi'kir id%Eio}hsr zihso 93; H/ Acjsi |cripno~i ijidih

Ahidik pikiz zihso 22> H jio Ahiddij pikiz zihso 22< H jcoìo |crioziri ]idne/

]~iznb~ eco`cesaiaio$ "Hiewih }so``sh neie ~io` ziapi$ }ibir jio zcaso jcoìo id%

Ysrio $ Ahidik jio Ahiddij |cripno~i$ |crioziriio ]idne ecrnpi~izaioo~i/

Neie Oikn/

Oiei dcoài|o~i ijidih Ibs Rspine Oikn' nbo Ibjsrriheio nbo Ibn Oi'ne id%Dinz}~$

i}ido~i jirn N}kihio/ Jcoìo aceioàizio Oikn' bcriahnrdih ac|cene|noio |iri yirn jn

Eijnoih id%Esoippirih/ Bcdnis pikiz |iji zihso 9;> H/ \cripno~i ijidih Yidso

pikiz |iji zihso 92 H$ jio Piri}~ pikiz |iji zihso 9>0 H/

]~inah ]~izhnb~ eco`cesaiaio$ "Oikn' }cfrio` ~io` esdni di`n hirse oieio~i$ ecendnh

Eijnoih }cbiìn zce|iz zno`ìdo~i/ Yfdso izis N}i jio Sz}eio idni} Piri}~$ }ihibiz

esdni ~io` eco`cebioàioo~i/―



3>

Id%An}in~

Oiei dcoài|o~i ijidih Idn nbo Hiewih$ }cfrio` neie oihps `fdfoìo Askih/ Jn

|io``nd jcoìo oiei Ibsd Hi}io$ ecosrsz }cbi`nie frio` jn}cbsz jcoìo oiei An}in~

aircoi eceiain an}i |iji piazs nhrie/ Bcdnis pikiz jn Riobipn~~ih ~inzs }cbsih jc}i

jn Oc`crn Ri~ acznai ni jidie |crgidioio ac Ahsri}io bcr}iei ir%Ri}~nj |iji zihso 98>

H/ \cripno~i ijidih Ibsd Hirnz} pikiz |iji zihso :2: H$ jio ij%Jsr~ pikiz zihso 2:;

H/

]~izhnb~ ecoìziaio$ "Iji|so Idn |io``ndioo~i An}in~$ aircoi an}i |iainio nhrieo~i$

Dinz} Ibsd Hirn} |cripno~i$ Hik}ih ij%Jsr~ hndio` zszsro~i/―



;<

Ynriiz îo` Ei}~hsrYnriiz îo` Ei}~hsrYnriiz îo` Ei}~hsrYnriiz îo` Ei}~hsr

\iji |cebihi}io non aien ecoìo`ì| |cozno` sozsa

ecebnmiriaio }cacdsenz zcozio` ynriiz%ynriiz/ Biìneioi

znebsdo~i jio }ni|i zfafho~i ~io` zcracoid/

\co`crznio Ynriiz

Id%Ynriiz ijidih gieia jirn aizi ynriz ~io` bcri}id jirn

yirii % ~iyris % ynrâizio/ Ecosrsz n}zndih ynriiz nidih

}idih }izs idnrio jidie eco`smi|aio id%Ysrio ~io`

jn|iain fdch }idih }cfrio` neie ysri' ~io` bcrbcji

jcoìo dinoo~i jidie hid smi|io id%Ysriosd Airne/ Ynriiz non bcrji}iraio }ioij%

}ioijo~i }ie|in ac|iji Ri}sdsddih ]IP/

I|iaih |iji ei}i ]ihibiz }sjih iji yirn%yirn6

Bcoir iji/ \crnfjc ysri' ~io` ecoìgiraio bimiio id%Ysrio ac|iji frio`%frio`

ecosrsz miri ecrcai ei}no`%ei}no` ijidih jcoìo }ziojirj jirn ei}i }ihibiz ~io`

esdni/

Jn ioziri }ihibiz ~io` |f|sdcr jcoìo bimiioo~i ijidih7 Sbi~$ Id~$ Winj nbo Z}ibnz$

Nbos Ei}'sj/ Ibs Es}i id%I}~'ir~$ jio dino%dino/

Jirn ecrcai nzsdih acbio~iaio |iri }ihibiz jio zibn'no jn }cdsrsh jicrih bcdigir/ Ecrcai

nzs }cesio~i bcr|cjfeio ac|iji Ri}sdsddih ]IP }ie|in jcoìo jizioò~i ei}i zibn'no

|iji |cresdiio ibij ac%2 H/ ]cdiogszo~i znebsd fdfoìo%`fdfoìo ~io` bc`nzs

ece|crhiznaio ijio~i zioji bimi }cmiri }ce|sroi eioiaidi jn|crdsaio jio ecrcai

ecogijnaioo~i }cbiìn }izs mibio` jirn ndes }cbiìneioi hido~i ndes%ndes }~irn'iz ~io`

dino/

]cgirih Znebsdo~i Ynriiz



;9

Zcdih aien aczihsn zcrjihsds bihpi |crnfjc}i}n ysrri' ijidih }cgia wieio }ihibiz

}ie|in jcoìo ei}i zibn'no/ Frio`%frio` ~io` eco`si}in zcozio` id%Ysrio nidih ~io`

ecocrneio~i jirn frio`%frio` ~io` jn|crmi~i jio jirn neie jcen neie ~io` iahnro~i

bcri}id jirn Oibn/

]cjioàio es}hhik%es}hhik zcr}cbsz znjiadih bcrznzna jio bcrbirn}$ jio bcozsa aidneiz jn

jidieo~i ece|so~in bcbcri|i acesoànoio bcrbiìn bimiio/ Aidis znjia$ eiai

aidneiz nzs hirs} jnzsdn} |iji es}hhik jcoìo }izs pigih acesjnio jnzsdn} |iji es}hhik

dino jcoìo pigih ~io` dino jio bc`nzsdih }czcrs}o~i/

Znjiadih jnri`saio di`n bihpi |co`si}iio zcozio` rnpi~iz jio |cocrneiio ijidih

ecrs|iaio |cjfeio ji}ir jidie bib ynriiz jio id%Ysrio/

Aidioìo }ihibiz }cojnrn jidie |coìebndioo~i jirn Ri}sd bcrbcji%bcji/ Iji ~io`

ecebimi jcoìo }izs hsrsk }cjio` ~io` dino iji ~io` ecoìebndo~i jio hsrsk& bimiio/

Jio bihaio ~io` dino di`n iji ~io` dcbnh jirn nzs/ Acesjnio ecrcai bcrzcbirio ac

}cdsrsh |cogsrs jicrih jidie acijiio }ceimie non/

Sz}eio r/i/ acznai eco`nrne es}hhik%es}hhik ac }cdsrsh |cogsrs afzi ni eco`nrneaio

|sdi frio` ~io` }c}sin bimiioo~i ece|so~in }izs }c`n bimiio jio ~io` dinoo~i iji |sdi

~io` dcbnh jirn nzs/ Fdch aircoi nzsdih znebsdo~i bio~ia |crbcjiio jio asrio` ijio~i

ac}criìeio ioziri }c}ieio~i/

\iji ei}i nzs hnebisio zfafh%zfafh jio |cene|no seeiz sozsa bcacrgi acri} }c}sin

jcoìo aceie|sio ~io` jnendnano~i }chno`ì bn}i ecebcjiaio ioziri bimiio ~io`

bcoir jio ~io` znjia bcoir/ Ecrcai eco`se|sdaio hsrsk jio ynriiz$ eco`cebioàio

pigih%pigih jio jnri~ih$ ecogcdi}aio ~io` bcoir jio ~io` }idih }crzi ~io` bcracebio`

jio ~io` |soih jcoìo |cjfeio%|cjfeio ~io` ecrcai acebioàio jio }c`n%}c`n ~io`

ecrcai szieiaio/q9u

(9./ Eioihndsd 'Nrkio$ gsw N$ hid7 :<0/



;2

Zik}nr jio \iri Eski}}nrZik}nr jio \iri Eski}}nrZik}nr jio \iri Eski}}nrZik}nr jio \iri Eski}}nr

Gidio jio dnai%dnas hnjs| eios}ni ~io` }ioìz rsenz jio bcrdnas$ ecebsiz id%Ysrio

}cbiìn }izs%}izso~i gidio ~io` |i}zn bi`n achnjs|io ~io` |cosh acjieinio jio

aczcozrieio/

Iddih ecosrsoaio anzib%O~i id%Ysrio sozsa |cjfeio jio sojio`%sojio` bi`n aise

es}dneno jidie ecoìrso`n dnas%dnas hnjs|o~i/ Jcoìo |iozsdio }noiro~i$ hizn ecrcai

iaio ecogijn zcrio` jio |czsogsao~i ecrcai iaio ecoji|izaio gidio ~io` dce|io`/

Jirn igirio%igirioo~i ~io` dsrs} }crzi sojio`%sojioò~i ~io` bngia}ioi ecrcai ji|iz

ececzna }sizs hid ~io` ecebsiz ecrcai jidie |somia acbihi`niio jio acdshsrio/ Id%

Ysrio iaio ecoìoàiz ecrcai ac |somia aci`soìo jio ac}ce|sroiio$ ecebni}iaio

ecrcai sozsa eco`cojidnaio rfji aceios}niio$ ecebsiz ecrcai ecogijn |co`hsds

jio dcdshsr jidie ircoi achnjs|io non }chno`ì ecrcai ji|iz bcrgidio bcr}iei%}iei

bio`}i dino ecosgs hnjs| bihi`ni jio esdni }crzi ecoìoziraio ecrcai ecosgs dcebih

aczcozcrieio$ aczcoioìo jio acjieinio/

Znjiadih jnri`saio di`n bihpi ondin hnjs| eios}ni jcpi}i non bcriji jidie ac`cdi|io$

acbnoi}iio jio acgihndio$ zco``cdie jidie }iesjri |co~cdcpcoìo jio zcrdcoi jidie

|cojcpiio |iji hirzi jio bcoji/ Znjia iji di`n gidio ~io` ji|iz eco~cdieizaio~i

acmsidn N}die$ jcoìo gidio ecoìebnd |czsogsa igirio%igirio id%Ysrio jio sojio`%

sojioò~i ~io` }ioìz bngia}ioi/ Jn jidieo~i zcrji|iz }cdsrsh i}|ca jio so}sr

acbihi`niio eios}nipn ~io` zcdih jnìrn}aio bcrji}iraio |co`czihsio Iddih ~io` Eihi

Bngia}ioi/

]cmiri esjih jio gcdi} bihpi ecdia}ioiaio igirio%igirio non znjiadih iaio bcrhi}nd

acmsidn jcoìo eceihien jio eco`hi~izn id%Ysrio zcrdcbnh jihsds }crzi bcr|cjfeio

izi} oi}nhiz jio |czsogsa ~io` zcrmias| jn jidieo~i/ îo` jcenanio znjia iaio zcrmi|in

zio|i |cogcdi}io jio |crnomnio hi}nd ~io` jnachcojian fdch i~iz%i~iz Id%Ysr'io/ Nzsdih

~io` aien eia}sjaio jcoìo Ndes Zik}nr$ ahs}s}o~i |iji ei}i anon jn eioi biaiz

rczfrnai bihi}i Irib zcdih rs}ia jio }|c}nidn}i}n bnjio` non zcdih dco~i| bnoi}i }ie|in

aczsrsoio%aczsrsoio Irib }cojnrn/



;=

Zik}nr ijidih asomn sozsa ecebsai sjio` }ne|ioio ~io` zcrznebso jidie id%Ysrio/

Zio|i zik}nr frio` znjia iaio bn}i ecebsai `sjio` }ne|ioio zcr}cbsz sozsa

ecoji|izaio eszniri jio |creizi ~io` iji jn jidieo~i$ }caidn|so frio`%frio`

bcrsdio`aidn eco`smi|aio dikiwh id%Ysrio jio ecebimio~i jn}c|iogio` |i`n jio

|czio`/



;:

Ihdn Zik}nr @fdfoìo ]ihibizIhdn Zik}nr @fdfoìo ]ihibizIhdn Zik}nr @fdfoìo ]ihibizIhdn Zik}nr @fdfoìo ]ihibiz

Neie ]s~szh~ jidie anzibo~i id%Nzyio ecoìziaio$ "Aidioìo }ihibiz ~io` |f|sdcr

jcoìo zik}nr iji }c|sdsh1 ahidnkih ~io` ce|iz (Ibs Biair$ Seir$ Sz}eio jio Idn.$ Nbos

Ei}'sj$ Nbos Ibbi}$ Sbi~ Nbos Ai'ib$ Winj Nbos Z}ibnz$ Ibs Es}i Id%'I}~'irn jio

Ibjsddih bno Wsbinr/ Jio jirn aidioìo ahidnkih ce|iz ~io` |idno` bio~ia jnacoid

rnpi~izo~i zcozio` zik}nr ijidih Idn bno Ibn Zhidnb r/i/ }cjio` jirn znì ahidnkih ~io` dino

hio~i }cjnanz }caidn$ aircoi ecrcai dcbnh zcrjihsds pikizo~i/

]cbib }cjnanzo~i rnpi~iz jirn acznì frio` }ihibiz ~inzs Ibs Biair$ Seir jio Sz}eio$

ji|iz jnznogis acebidn jirn |coji|iz i}%]s~szh~$ ~inzs aircoi |cojcao~i ei}i gibizio

ecrcai jn }ie|no` ecrcai econo`ìd dcbnh jihsds/ Jirn }c`n ~io` dino aircoi ecrcai

bcrznì hnjs| |iji }sizs ei}i jn eioi acbio~iaio |cojsjsa eco`czihsn jio |iojin

zcozio` Anzibsddih$ }cbib ecrcai }cdids ecojie|no`n Ri}sdsddih ]IP/ Aircoio~i$

ecrcai eco`crzn ji}ir rihi}ni%rihi}ni |cosrsoio$ di`n |sdi eco`czihsn eiaoi jio

hsase%hsase ~io` zcraiojso` jidie i~izo~i/ ]cjio` Idn r/i/ hnjs| bcrasi}i }czcdih

ahidnkih ~io` acznì$ ~inzs |iji ei}i jn eioi jicrih N}die zcdih ecdsi}/ Bio~ia frio`%

frio` dsir Irib ~io` ececdsa N}die }cbiìn iìei birs/ @cocri}n aczsrsoio }hihibiz

bio~ia ~io` ecri}i |crds sozsa ece|cdigirn id%Ysrio }crzi eceihien rihi}ni%rihi}ni

jio hnaeih%hnaeiho~i/ Aircoi nzs pigirdih rnpi~iz jirn|ijio~i bc`nzs bio~ia ecdcbnhn

rnpi~iz ~io` jnosand jirn znì ahidnkih dinoo~i/

Bcrnasz non aien iaio ecebnmiriaio }cjnanz zcr|crnomn zcozio` aidioìo }ihibiz ~io`

zcracoid jcoìo zik}nr id%Ysrioo~i/

Ibjsddih Nbo Ibbi}

Ibjsddih nbo Ibbi} ijidih frio` ~io` zcroiei jn aidioìo seeiz N}die/ Ni ijidih ioia

|ieio Ri}sdsddih ]IP$ ~io` |croih jnjfiaio fdch Oibn Eshieeij ]IP$ jcoìo aizi%

aizi$ "î Iddih bcrndih |ceihieio zcozio` srs}io iìei jio bcrndih ndes ac|ijio~i

zcozio` zi'pnd"/ Ni jnacoid }cbiìn ihdn bihi}i& |cozcrgceih id%Ysrio/ Nbos Ei}'sj

bcraizi$ "\cozcrgceih id%Ysrio ~io` |idno` bina ijidih Ibjsddih bno Ibbi}/" Jni ijidih

}ihibiz ~io` |idno` |iojin& zihs zcozio` zik}nr id%Ysrio/ \iji piazs bcdnis ei}nh bcrs}ni



;3

esji$ |iri |cesai }ihibiz ecrcai zcdih

eco~ia}naio acbfdchioo~i bihaio ni

ji|iz ecoiojno`n ecrcai |sdi ji|iz

eco``sìh aciginbio ecrcai jcoìo

s}nio~i ~io` }ioìz esji/ Seir r/i/

|croih eco`nasz}crziaio Ibjsddih jidie

Eigcdn} \cres}~ipirizio bcr}iei%}iei

jcoìo zfafh%zfafh ]ihibiz sozsa

bcres}~ipirih/ Ni }crnoàidn jn}fjfrn

|crei}idihio/ Aircoi Seir ecoie|ndaio Nbos Ibbi} eiai iìa }cjnanz eco`sojio`

|crjcbizio jn aidioìo }ihibiz/ Jn ioziri ecrcai iji ~io` ecoìziaio$ "Acoi|i ioia

acmnd non jnei}saaio bcr}iei%}iei anzi"/ Aien |so~i ioia ~io` dcbnh bc}ir& zsi sesro~i

jnbiojno` jcoìo jni/

Jni ece|so~in bnf`rikn ~io` jnrnpi~izaio fdch id%Bsahirn jidie ]hihnho~i ~io`

ecosogsaaio acbfdchio ndeso~i jio acjsjsaioo~i ~io` zno``n jidie hid |co`ìdnio

}cmiri ecojidie zcozio` rihi}ni%rihi}ni id%Ysrio }cbiìn bcrnasz7

Id%Bsahirn ecrnpi~izaio jirn ]i'nj nbos Gibnr jirn Nbos Ibbi} r/i/ ni bcraizi$ "Seir

eco`naszaioas bcr}iei zfafh%zfafh |crio` Bijir/ Jn aidioìo ecrcai iji ~io`

bcrzio~i jidie jnrno~i$ dids eco`cesaiaio |coji|iz$ "Acoi|i ioia non jnnasz}crziaio

bcr}iei aien |ijihid aien }so``sh ece|so~in ioia ~io` }cs}ni jcoìoo~i6" Seir

ecogipib7 —Jni ijidih }cfrio` ~io` }sjih aidnio aczihsn$ ni ijidih frio` ~io` zcracoid

acmcrji}ioo~i jio |co`czihsioo~i/― \iji }sizs acznai$ Seir eceio``nd ecrcai jio

eco`naszaioas bcr}iei ecrcai hio~i }cacjir jn|cracoidaio ac|iji ecrcai/ Znbi%znbi

Seir (ecebcrn ac}ce|izio |iji ecrcai sozsa bcrzio~i. bcraizi$ "I|iaih |coji|iz

}caidnio zcozio` knreio Iddih$ "I|ibndi zcdih jizio` |crzfdfoìo Iddih jio acecoioìo/―

(Y]/ Io%Oi}hr7 9./ ]cbi`nio ecrcai iji ~io` bcr|coji|iz7 "Aien jn|crnozih ecosgs

Iddih jio ecenozi ie|so |iji%O~i$ zizaidi aien jnbiozs fdch%O~i jio jnbcrn

acecoioìo"/ ]cbiìno ecrcai ~io` dino bsoàie }crnbs bihi}i/ Seir bcrzio~i

ac|ijias$ —Biìneioi jcoìo |coji|izes (hin Nbo Ibbi}./ Ias gipib7 "Znjia bcoir)―

—Dids ecosrsz ioji biìneioi6" Ias ecogipib$ "\cr}fidioo~i ijidih zcozio` igid

Ri}sdsddih ]IP jn eioi Iddih ecebcrnzihsaio ac|ijio~i"/



;;

Ni (Nbos Ibbi}. ecoik}nraio& |coiadsaio Eiaaih/ Nzs ijidih }sizs zioji zcozio` igides

(hin Eshieeij. aircoi nzs bcrzi}bnhdih jcoìo ecesgn Zshioes jio n}zn`hkirdih

(efhfo ie|so. ac|iji%O~i/ ]so``sh ni ijidih \cocrnei Zisbiz/ ]cri~i Seir bcraizi$

"Jcen Iddih$ }i~i znjia eco`czihsn aiojsoìoo~i }cbcdse coàis gcdi}aio"/

An}ih zcr}cbsz eco~iziaio bc`nzs hcbizo~i ji~i aceie|sio |ceihieio }crzi

|coji|iz Nbos Ibbi} jidie eco~ne|sdaio |czsogsa id%Ysrio ~io` znjia ji|iz jnaczihsn

acmsidn fdch frio`%frio` ~io` ecojidie ndes |co`czihsioo~i/ Znjiadih ioch aidis

Nbos Ibbi} ecoce|izn acjsjsaio ~io` zno``n jidie eceihien rihi}ni aiojsoìo id%

Ysrio aircoi Ri}sd zcdih ecojfiaioo~i iìr jni jnbcrn |ceihieio jio |cojidieio

jidie srs}io iìei }cbiìneioi jnrnpi~izaio fdch Bsahirn jio Es}dne jirn Nbos Ibbi}

}cojnrn jn eioi ni bcraizi7 Ri}sd eco~cai|as }cri~i bcdnis bcr}ibji$ "î Iddih bcrndih ni

|ceihieio jidie srs}io Iìei jio bcrndih ni |co`czihsio zcozio` zi'pnd"/

Jidie rnpi~iz dino rcjia}nfoido~i$ "î Iddih bcrndih ni |co`czihsio zcozio` hnaeih

|co`czihsio ~io` }so``sh ecojidie"/ Nbos Ibbi} jnacoid jcoìo }cbszio diszio aircoi

bc`nzs dsi} ndeso~i/ Jnrnpi~izaio bihpi }idih }cfrio` jizio` ac|iji Ibjsddih bno

Seir$ ni ecoio~iaio zcozio` dio`nz jio bsen }cesdi bcr}izs acesjnio acjsio~i aien

bcdih/ Nbos Seir ecogipib$ "Jizio`dih ac|iji Nbos Ibbi} jio zio~iaiodih ac|ijio~i/

]czcdih ioji zio~iaio$ acebidn di`n jio gcdi}aio ac|ijias"/ Frio` zcr}cbsz |cr`n

bcrzio~i ac|iji Nbos Ibbi} jio ni ecebcrnaio gipibio$ "Dio`nz bcr}izs (rizyio.

eia}sjo~i znjia zsrso hsgio$ jio ~io` jneia}sj jcoìo bsen rizyio znjia zsebsh

zioieio& cr}io`$ acesjnio Ni (Iddih. ecosrsoaio hsgio jio ecosebshaio zioieio%

zioieio/― ]czcdih nzs frio` zcr}cbsz acebidn ac|iji Nbos Seir sozsa ecebcrnzihsaio

hi}ndo~i$ }cri~i bcraizi$ "Ias jsds zcdih ecoìziaio jcoìo `cdco` ac|idi aircoi

acbcrionio Nbos Ibbi} jidie hid ecoik}nraio id%Ysrio$ }cairio` ias zcdih eco`czihsn

bcoir bihpi ni zcdih jnairsonin ndes"/

Jnrnpi~izaio |sdi bihpi Seir nbos Ahizzib |iji }sizs acznai bcrzio~i ac|iji ]ihibiz%

}ihibiz Oibn$ "]ni|i ~io` ecogijn }cbib zsrsoo~i i~iz jn bipih non$ ecosrsz |coji|iz

aidnio6" ]cri~i Seir ecebimiaio i~iz7 "I|iaih iji }idih }cfrio` jn ioziries ~io`

no`no ece|so~in acbso asrei jio io``sr//////" (Y]/ Id%Biyirih7 ;;. Ecrcai ecogipib7

"Iddih îo` Eihi Zihs"/ Seir eirih }cri~i bcraizi7 "Gipib) Zihs izis znjia)" Nbos

Ibbi} ecogipib7 "Iji }cjnanz ~io` zcr`frc} jidie hiznas"/ Seir bcraizi7 "Hin ioia

}isjirias$ aiziaiodih jio gioìodih ioji ecri}i enojcr& rcojih jnrn"/ Nbos Ibbi}



;0

bcraizi$ "I~iz nzs jngijnaio }sizs mfozfh |crbsizio"/ Seir bcraizi$ "\crbsizio i|i6"/

Nbos Ibbi} ecogipib$ "]cfrio` ~io` ai~i di`n ziiz ac|iji Iddih$ ni jnjizio`n fdch

}~inzio$ jio zcr|crji~i sozsa ecdiasaio eia}niz }chno`ì ieid |crbsizioo~i

zco``cdie"/ (HR/ Id%Bsahirn./

]cesio~i nzs bcrnasz jcoìo mfozfh%mfozfho~i ijidih eco~iziaio zcozio`

acn}znecpiio ndes |co`czihsio Nbos Ibbi} jio |ceihieioo~i ~io` bc`nzs dsi} }cgia

bcdnis bcrs}ni esji/ Fdch aircoi nzs ni zcr`fdfo` jidie birn}io zfafh |cebc}ir ]ihibiz$

ni }cbiìn |cesai seiz ~io` }ioìz |iojin jcoìo jn}ia}naio fdch aidioìo ]ihibiz nzs

}cojnrn/

Jn ioziri `srs%`srs bc}ir ~io` ecoìgir ndes ac|iji Nbos Ibbi} }cdino Ri}sdsddih ]IP$

~io` ece|so~in |coìrsh ~io` ecofogfd zcrhiji| ji~i |nanrio jio acbsji~iioo~i$

ioziri dino Seir Nbo Ahizzib$ Sbi~ nbos Ai'ib$ Idn Nbos Ibn Zhidnb$ jio Winj Nbos Z}ibnz/

Acdnei frio` zcr}cbsz ijidih srs%`srso~i ~io` zczi|/ Jirn ecrcaidih hie|nr }cesi

ndes jio bsji~io~i jnji|iz/ Ecrcai }ioìz bcr|coìrsh jidie ecoìrihaio Nbos

Ibbi} ac|iji ei}idih ndes |co`czihsio ~io` }ioìz ecojidie/

Bio~ia jirn aidioìo Zibn'no ~io` ece|cdigirn ndes |co`czihsio jirn Nbos Ibbi}/ Jn

ioziri ecrcai ~io` |idno` zcracoid ijidih esrnj%esrnjo~i ~io` ecosand zik}nr jio

ndeso~i ~io` ecdne|ih rsih/ ~inzs7 ]i'nj Nbo Gsbinr$ Esgihnj nbo Gibir Id%Ahiwrie~$

Zhips} nbos A~}io id%îeio~$ Narneih eisdi (hiebi. ~io` jnecrjcaiaio fdch Nbos

Ibbi}$ Izhi' nbo Ibn Ribbih/ Ecrcai nzs ijidih esrnj%esrnj ~io` |idno` zcracoid jn

eioi ecrcai ecenojihaio dcebiì ndenih$ bsih |coi Nbos Ibbi} ac jidie zik}nr ~io`

}ie|in |iji anzi }cairio`/

Ibjsddih nbo Ei}'sj

]ihibiz dino ~io` zcracoid }cbiìn ihdn zik}nr jio ecosandaio iz}ir (hijnz}. Ri}sd ac|iji

anzi nidih Ibjsddih nbo Ei}'sj r/i/ Ni ijidih }idih }cfrio` ~io` |crziei sozsa N}die/ S}ni

bcdnis |iji piazs nzs coie zihso$ jn eioi bcdse iji jn esai bsen non }cfrio` ioia

~io` ei}sa N}die }cdino jni/ Ni ijidih }cfrio` |cebiozs Ri}sdsddih ]IP$ }crno`

eceiainaio }iojido~i jio }irso`$ |cr`n bcr}iei%}iei bcdnis }cbiìn |cosogsa gidio/

Jirn }c`n hsbsoìo acoibnio ni ijidih }cfrio` ~io` }ioìz bina di`n |sdi zcrjnjna/ Aircoi



;8

|crznebioìo nzsdih }ihibiz dino eceiojioò~i }cbiìn }cfrio` }ihibiz ~io` dcbnh

bio~ia eco`czihsn bnjio` Anzibsddih id%Ysrio$ eco`czihsn zcozio` eshaie jio

eszi}~ibnh$ hidid jio hirie/

I}%]s~szh~ ecoìziaio$ "îo` jnrnpi~izaio jirn Nbos Ei}'sj zcozio` zik}nr ijidih dcbnh

bio~ia jirn|iji ~io` jnrnpi~izio jirn Idn///////"/

Id%Bsahirn jio Es}dne ecrnpi~izaio jirn Nbos Ei}'sj$ "Jcen Iddih ~io` zniji Zshio

}cdino%O~i/ Znjia iji }izs }sriz|so ~io` jnzsrsoaio fdch Iddih ~io` znjia }i~i aczihsn jn

eioi zsrsoo~i/ Znjia iji }izs i~iz id%Ysrio |so ~io` znjia }i~i aczihsn jidie ai}s}

i|i jnzsrsoaioo~i/ Aidis ias zihs iji }cfrio` ~io` dcbnh zihs jirnas zcozio` Anzib

Iddih jio bn}i jnzce|sh jcoìo acojiriio sozi$ on}mi~i iaio asjizio`n rseiho~i/////"/

Jnrnpi~izaio fdch |iri Zibn'no jirn|ijio~i/



;>

Zik}nr Rnpi~izZik}nr Rnpi~izZik}nr Rnpi~izZik}nr Rnpi~iz %%%% Zik}nr ]ihibizZik}nr ]ihibizZik}nr ]ihibizZik}nr ]ihibiz

Zik}nr }ihibiz ijidih zik}nr ~io` ecendnan acjsjsaio }cbiìneioi acjsjsaio hijnz}

Oibn/

Ei}nh iji di`n bi`nio ~io` acznì jirn |cebi`nio zik}nr ei'z}sr ~inzs "Zik}nr ]ihibiz"/

Zik}nr non gsì zcrei}sa ~io` es'zieij (ji|iz jngijnaio |cìoìo. jio ji|iz jnzcrnei$

aircoi }hihibiz ijidih |croih bcrase|sd& bcrzces jcoìo Oibn ]IP/ jio ecrcai

ecoìebnd jirn }sebcro~i ~io` i}dn$ ecrcai eco~ia}naio zsrsoo~i pih~s jio zsrsoo~i

id%Ysrio/ Ecrcai eco`czihsn i}bibsooswsd/ Ecrcai ece|so~in zibniz gnpi ~io` esron$

knzrih ~io` dsrs} di`n |sdi bcracjsjsaio zno``n jidie hid acki}nhio jio acgcdi}io

bcrbnmiri/ Ecrcai dcbnh ecendnan aceie|sio jidie eceihien aidie Iddih/ Jio hid

dino ~io` iji |iji ecrcai zcozio` rihi}ni%rihi}ni id%Ysrio }sjih zcozs iaio ecdcbnhn

frio` dino ~io` eioi|so gsì/

Id%Hiane bcraizi$ "Bihpi zik}nr }hihibiz ~io` eco~ia}naio pih~s jio zsrsoo~i id%

Ysrio$ acjsjsaio hsaseo~i ijidih eirks'/ \co`crznioo~i bihpi zik}nr zcr}cbsz

ece|so~in acjsjsaio }cbiìneioi acjsjsaio hijnz} Oibn ~io` }nd}ndiho~i }ie|in

ac|iji Oibn/ Aircoi nzs eiai zik}nr ]hihib~ ijidih zcrei}sa ei'z}sr/

Iji|so Zibn'no acjsjsaio zik}nro~i iji |crbcjiio |coji|iz/ ]cbi`nio sdiei iji ~io`

bcr|coji|iz bihpi}io~i zik}nr Zibn'no nzs zcrnei}sa

zik}nr ei'z}sr aircoi }cbi`nio bc}ir |coìebndioo~i

}cmiri sese jirn }hihibiz/ ]cbi`nio sdiei

bcr|coji|iz bihpi zik}nr Zibn'no ijidih zcrei}sa zik}nr

jcoìo ri'~s izis iaid$ jcoìo |co`crznio bihpi

acjsjsaioo~i }iei jcoìo acjsjsaio |iri eski}}nr

dinoo~i (}cdino Oibn jio ]ihibiz./ Ecrcai ecoik}nraio

id%Ysrio }c}sin jcoìo yinjih%yinjih bihi}i Irib

znjia bcrji}iraio |crznebioìo jirn iz}ir (hijnz}./



0<

Mizizio

Zik}nr jcoìo ei'z}sr ijidih zcrei}sa bi`nio zik}nr ~io` |idno` bina bndi }ioijo~i bcoir%

bcoir bcri}id jirn Oibn ]IP/ izis }ie|in |iji ]ihibiz jio }c|izszo~i hcojiadih

ecocdnzn rnpi~iz }czni| eco~cbszaio zik}nr jcoìo ei'z}sr/ Nbos Aiz}nr bcraizi$

"]c}so``sho~i acbio~iaio zik}nr ei'z}sr zcdih bio~ia zcr|coìrsh fdch |cripn%|cripn

Wnojna$ îhsjn$ \cr}n jio ihdn anzib ~io` ei}sa N}die/ Hid nzs bio~ia zcrji|iz jidie

an}ih%an}ih |iri Ri}sd jcoìo aiseo~i$ hid%hid ~io` bcrhsbsoìo jcoìo anzib%anzib

jio esagnwizo~i$ }crzi }cgirih%}cgirih dinoo~i }c|crzn i}hhibsd aihkn jio dino%dino/ Aircoi

nzs |crds |co~cdnjnaio jirn }c`n rnpi~izo~i/―

]cbib%}cbib Acdceihio Rnpi~iz jcoìo Ei'z}sr

Jn izi} aien zcdih acesaiaio bihpi |coik}nrio id%Ysrio jcoìo id%Ysrio jio

|coik}nrio id%Ysrio jcoìo ]sooih ~io` }hihnh di`n eirks' }ie|in ac|iji Oibn ]IP/

ijidih znjia |crds jnri`saio di`n jnzcrneio~i jio znjia jn|cr}cdn}nhaio/ Jio acjsio~i

ijidih zik}nr ~io` ece|so~in acjsjsaio ~io` zno``n/ Iji|so |coik}nrio id%Ysrio

jcoìo ei'z}sr jirn ]hihibiz izis Zibn'no iji bcbcri|i acdceihio aircoi bcrbiìn }c`n7

9/ Mie|sr%bisr ioziri ~io` }hihnh jcoìo ~io` znjia }hihnh$ }crzi bio~ia

eco`szn| aizi%aizi ~io` jnon}bizaio ac|iji ]ihibiz izis Zibn'no jcoìo znjia

ece|so~in }iojirio jio aczcozsio$ ~io` iaio econebsdaio

|comie|srijsaaio ioziri ~io` hia jio ~io` bizhnd/

2/ Rnpi~iz%rnpi~iz zcr}cbsz iji ~io` jn|coìrshn fdch mcrnzi%mcrnzi N}rindn~iz jio

ahsrikiz& adcona ~io` bcrzcozioìo jcoìo iynjih N}dien~ih/ Jio zcdih iji jidnd

~io` eco~iziaio ac}idihio mcrnzi%mcrnzi zcr}cbsz$ hid non jnbipi ei}sa ac jidie

aidioìo seiz N}die jirn acdfe|fa N}die ~io` jihsdso~i Ihdn anzib/

=/ Jn aidioìo ]ihibiz$ iji fdfoìo ~io` ca}zrne/ Ecrcai ecoìebnd bcbcri|i

|coji|iz jio ecebsiz acbizndio%acbizndio ~io` jnon}bizaio ac|iji }cbi`nio

]ihibiz/ En}ido~i acdfe|fa ]~n'ih ~inzs ~io` kioizna ac|iji Idn$ ecrcai }crno`

ecoìziaio aizi Idn |ijihid Idn }cojnrn znjia iji srs}io i|i%i|i/

:/ Es}sh%es}sh N}die jirn frio`%frio` Wnojna iji ~io` eco`nmsh ]ihibiz jio

Zibn'no }cbiìneioi Oibn |crnhid }ibjio~i/



09

\coji|iz iw%Wiryio~ jidie Anzib Eioihndsd Nrkio

S}zijw Iw%Wiryio~ jidie anzibo~i Eioihndsd Nrkio eco~cbszaio jcoìo aizi%aizi ~io`

bc`nzs bina zcozio` zik}nr jcoìo ei'z}sr }czcdih bcdnis eco`cesaiaio aszn|io jirn Neie

Iheij jio Nbos Zinen~ih/ Bcdnis bcraizi$ "\coji|iz ~io` |idno` ijnd jidie hid non nidih

bihpi zik}nr jcoìo ei'z}sr nzs iji jsi eimie7

\crziei7 Zik}nr ~io` jidnd%jidndo~i ececoshn |cr}~irizio }hihnh jio jnzcrnei/ Zik}nr ~io`

jcenanio znjia di~ia sozsa jnzfdia fdch }ni|i|so$ znjiadih jnbcoiraio sozsa

ecoìbinaio jio ecds|iaioo~i/ Znjia bcoir aidis jnaiziaio bihpi zik}nr ~io`

jcenanio nzs znjia bn}i jn|iain sozsa eceihien id%Ysrio bihaio acbidnaioo~i$ zik}nr

zcr}cbsz ijidih }irioi ~io` asiz sozsa ecoìebnd |czsogsa jirn id%Ysrio/

Acjsi7 Zik}nr ~io` jidnd }sebcro~i znjia }hihnh aircoi bcbcri|i kiazfr (~io` zcdih aien

}cbszaio. jn izi} izis }cbib dino/ Zik}nr ~io` jcenanio hirs} jnzfdia jio znjia bfdch

jnzcrnei }crzi znjia |izsz sozsa jn|cdigirn (jnzcason./ Acbio~iaio ihdn zik}nr ~io` pi}|iji

}c|crzn Nbos Aiz}nr }cdids ecocdnzn& ece|crhiznaio }ie|in jn eioi acbcoirioo~i ~io`

ecrcai aszn| jio acesjnio ecebsioò~i ~io` znjia bcoir izis jhi'nk/―



02

IdIdIdId%%%%Ysrio jio Cri Birs Ziozioìo \cenanrioYsrio jio Cri Birs Ziozioìo \cenanrioYsrio jio Cri Birs Ziozioìo \cenanrioYsrio jio Cri Birs Ziozioìo \cenanrio

Gnai id%Ysrio$ Aidiesddih ~io` }smn jio }caidn`s} |cìoìo hnjs| aise Es}dneno

jn`sìz$ eiai so}sr%so}sr iìei N}die dino iaio nasz rsozsh

Fdch7

Dids Osrsd Bi~ioDids Osrsd Bi~ioDids Osrsd Bi~ioDids Osrsd Bi~iond Hsjind Hsjind Hsjind Hsji

\c}crzi \rf`rie Aijcrn}i}n Sdiei % No}znzsz ]zsjn N}die Jirs}}idie @fozfr

hnji~izsddih/ mfe%% Id%Ysrio ijidih anzib }smn ~io` jn}iaridaio jio jngijnaio |cìoìo

hnjs| fdch seiz N}die/ Id%Ysrio ijidih aidie Ndihn$ jnzsrsoaio ac|iji Oibn

Eshieeij }ip ecdidsn eidinaiz Gnbrnd bi`n seiz eios}ni jn jsoni non/ Aise Es}dneno

ec~ianon bihpi Id%Ysrio$ jirn i~iz |crziei hno`ì zcriahnr$ ecrs|iaio aizi%aizi Iddih

~io` jnzsrsoaio ac|iji Oibn Eshieeij }ip }cmiri {crbizne (dikwfo. eis|so

eiaoio~i (ei'oio.$ jio ecriai ec~ianon bihpi Id%Ysrio ~io` iji }iiz non ijidih

}iei jcoìo ~io` iji |iji wieio Oibn Eshieeij }ip/

Aircoi ecrs|iaio aidie Iddih }pz$ eiai znjia iji idi}io bi`n eios}ni sozsa znjia

eco}smnaioo~i/ Bc`nzs gsì hido~i jcoìo igirio%igirio$ |crnozih$ }crzi dirioìo ~io`

zcrji|iz jn jidieo~i$ hirs} jn|cìo` zc`sh jio jndia}ioiaio fdch }cesi seiz eios}ni/

Jcoìo aizi dino Id%Ysrio ecrs|iaio Anzib }smn ~io` hirs} jngijnaio |cìoìo hnjs|

seiz eios}ni/

Jn ioziri anzib%anzib }smn ~io` Iddih }pz zsrsoaio ac|iji oibn%oibn%O~i$ Id%Ysrio dcbnh

ece|so~in acszieiio/ \crziei aircoi Id%Ysrio jnzsrsoaio ac|iji Oibn Eshieeij

}ip$ ~io` ecrs|iaio ri}sd Iddih zcriahnr ~io` jnzsrsoaio ac|iji }cesi seiz/ Eiai Id%

Ysrio |so jcoìo }cojnrno~i dcbnh bcr}nkiz son{cr}id$ ~inzs jnzsrsoaio ac|iji }cesi

seiz eios}ni jio znjia zcrbizi} piazs hno`ì hirn iahnr/

Bcrbcji jcoìo anzib Nognd jio Zisriz ~io` jnzsrsoaio ac|iji seiz zcrzcozs aircoi

jnzcrnei fdch oibn ~io` Iddih }pz szs} sozsa `fdfoìo zcrzcozs }igi/ ]chno`ì jcoìo

jizioò~i oibn bcrnasz$ eiai jfazrno ~io` zcrji|iz jn jidieo~i }cmiri fzfeizn}

zcrìoznaio jcoìo jfazrno birs/



0=

Acjsi$ aiojsoìo Id%Ysrio znjia hio~i bcrn}naio jfazrno zcozio` Iynjih jio ]~irn'iz

}igi$ zczi|n gsì bcrn}naio ndes%ndes aison~ih }c|crzn }f}nid$ cafofen$ acziziocìriio$

eizceiznai$ hsase$ jio dino }cbiìno~i/ ]cdiogszo~i jirn }c`n bihi}i$ zcozs }igi Id%

Ysrio znjia iji ziojnoìoo~i/ Eiai znjia hcrio Iddih }pz "ecoiozio`" seiz eios}ni

sozsa bn}i ecebsiz }izs i~iz }crs|i jcoìo aidie Iddih ~io` zcreiazsb jidie Id%

Ysrio/ Jcenanio bczi|i Id%Ysrio ece|so~in bio~ia acszieiio ecdcbnhn anzib%anzib

Iddih }pz ~io` jnzsrsoaio ac|iji oibn%oibn dinoo~i/

Jidie |crgidioio }cgirih Id%Ysrio$ }cgia ipid jnzsrsoaioo~i hno`ì }iiz non$ ìo``sio%

ìo``sio zcrhiji| ca}n}zco}n Id%Ysrio znjia hcozn%hcozno~i zcrgijn/ \iji ipid zsrsoo~i

i~iz%i~iz Id%Ysrio$ ei}i~riaiz Irib }iiz nzs }ioìz eco~sain air~i%air~i }i}zri jio

}~inr/ Oieso jcoìo jizioò~i Id%Ysrio$ |iri eic}zrf }i}zri }iiz nzs zia eie|s

ecoiojno`n asidnzi} }i}zri Id%Ysrio$ }chno`ì Id%Ysrio jnio`ì| }cbiìn }nhnr/

]c|cono`ìd Oibn Eshieeij }ip$ esdindih dipio%dipio N}die eco~crio` jcoìo

bcrbiìn miri/ ]idih }izso~i Es}indieih Id%Aijwib jcoìo ecebsiz Id%Ysrio |id}s$

jcoìo i~iz%i~iz ziojnoìoo~i/ Jio io``sio zcrhiji| Id%Ysrio zcrs} bcrdiogsz hno`ì

cri efjcro/ Zcrmiziz @s}zi{ Kds`cd jcoìo es}hik "Mfrion Zcxzs} Iribnms}" (9=8:.$

Zhcfjfr Ofdjcac jcoìo @c}hnmhzc jc}

Yfr'io ((98;<.$ Irzhsr Gckkcr~ jcoìo Id%

Ysrio Cjn}n Arnzn} (9>=0.$ jio ai}s}

zcriahnr$ ~inzs ai}s} Dsxcobcr` jio

bsaso~i "Jnc ]srf%iriein}e}hc Dc}irz jc}

Afrio7 Cno Bcnzri` wsr Coz}mhds}}cdso` jcr

Afrio}|rimhc" (Miri ecebimi Id%Ysrio

jcoìo bihi}i ]~nrf%irieina7 }cbsih

}sebio`}nh s|i~i |cecmihio ac}sairio

eceihien bihi}i Id%Ysrio./ Non }cesi

ecosogsaaio bczi|i io``sio zcrhiji|

ca}n}zco}n Id%Ysrio zcrs}%ecocrs} jndiasaio

fdch es}sh%es}sh N}die/

Nrfon}o~i$ }iaridnzi} Id%Ysrio |so bcrs}ihi

jnhndioàio fdch aidioìo seiz N}die

}cojnrn/ ]cbsz }igi Jr/ Eshieeij Irafso



0:

~io` eco~cbszaio bihpi Id%Ysrio ~io` }smn hio~idih Id%Ysr%io |iji ei}i Oibn

Eshieeij }ip/ ]cjioàio Id%Ysrio }czcdih ei}i Ri}sdsddih }sjih znjia }iarid di`n$ zia

dcbnh jirn bsas%bsas airioìo eios}ni bni}i/

Jcenanio gsì jcoìo afo}c| Id%Ysrio Oi}hr Hienj Ibs Winj$ }cfrio` |cenanr i}id

Ec}nr/ Ni ecoìziaio bihpi Id%Ysrio ijidih |rfjsa bsji~i aircoi jnzsrsoaio }cdiei

jsi |sdsh znì zihso jidie rcidnzi} bsji~i Irib }iiz nzs$ }crzi i~iz%i~iz Id%Ysrio ijidih

bihi}i Oibn Eshieeij }ip aircoi Iddih hio~i eco`nrne eiaoi Id%Ysrio ecdidsn

Gnbrnd/

Jcoìo }zizceco non gs}zrs }cmiri znjia dio`}so` ecoìziaio bihpi Oibn Eshieeij

ijidih }cfrio` |cebfhfo` aircoi zcdih eco~iziaio bihpi Id%Ysrio ecrs|iaio

Aidesddih Dikwfo pi Ei'oio/ Bcdse di`n zsjshio bihpi Id%Ysrio ~io` anzi acoid

}cairio` hio~idih Id%Ysrio ~io` }sjih znjia i}dn di`n aircoi ecogijn afrbio hc`cefon

Ysrin}~ |iji }iiz afjnknai}n |iji ei}i Ahidnkih 'Sz}eio bno Ikkio/

Jio gs}zrs aidioìo aie|s} jn zioih inr$ `comir "ece|rfef}naio" n}s non/ ]cbiìneioi

mfozfho~i zsdn}io%zsdn}io ~io` zcrji|iz |iji Gsroid Gs}zn}ni zcrbnzio NINO Pidn ]fo`f$

]ceirio`/ Non ecosogsaaio }so``sh nrfon}$ Id%Ys'io ~io` }smn gs}zrs ecogijn fb~ca

"}crioìo"$ ~io` jndiasaio znjia }igi fdch |iri frncozidn} zczi|n gsì jirn aidioìo seiz

N}die }cojnrn/

Jn}asr}s} non ecrs|iaio nojnai}n bihpi aise es}dne jn jsoni }cjio` ecei}san bibia

birs ~io` }ioìz jih}~iz/ Bcdse |croih zcrgijn }cbcdseo~i$ biìneioi |cenanr izis

bihaio Sdiei en}nfoirn}$ Arn}zco$ ihsjn$ }crzi |iri frncozidn} bcriein%riein eco``sìz

}crzi eco~crio` Id%Ysrio }cmiri bcr}iei%}iei/ Gnai Id%Ysrio ~io` ecrs|iaio

Aidiesddih ~io` }smn jio }caidn`s} |cìoìo hnjs| aise es}dneno }igi jn`sìz$ eiai

zcozs }igi so}sr%so}sr iìei N}die }c|crzn Hijnz}$ Ngei'$ ]ihibiz$ fzfrnzi} sdiei%sdiei

|so jnrsozshaio/

]crioìo non jndiasaio ecrcai jcoìo }ioìz }crns} jio zcrfrìon}nr$ jio zcozso~i

jcoìo bni~i ~io` znjia }cjnanz |sdi$ }crzi cocr`n ~io` }ioìz bc}ir/ ]sjih rizs}io zihso

hid non jn}ni|aio/ \iri |co~crio` nzs eco`si}in nden%ndes zcozio` Id%Ysrio$ bihi}i Irib$

bihaio No``rn}$ Hcbrcp$ ]~nria$ jio esoàno bihi}i%bihi}i dinoo~i/ Zia hio~i nzs

eios}arn|%eios}arn| }sjih zcrbf~fo` ac Biriz/ Gcdi} oie|ia biìneioi }iiz non anzi



03

}cjio` ecei}san cri birs ~io` dcbnh acri} jidie ecogipib ziozioìo Id%Ysrio/

Eco`hiji|n non }cesi zcozso~i$ znjia msas| hio~i jcoìo bcrkizpi izis|so jcoìo

bcrjcefo}zri}n }igi/ Zczi|n non ecrs|iaio ia}n nozcdcazsid ~io` hirs} jndipio jcoìo

nozcdcazsid gsì/ ]cbiìneioi }iiz non }cgsedih no}znzs}n N}die gsì zsrsz eco~cbiraio

|ceihieio ~io` ecrsozshaio kfoji}n iìei/ Jn }non jnbcrnaio |cojnjnaio ac|iji

|cesji%|cesji N}die sozsa eco`si}in "gsrs}%gsrs}" }crioìo zcrhiji| Id%Ysrio jirn

bcrbiìn }sjsz/

Zcozs }igi }crioìo jirn jidie zsbsh N}die$ iaio ecebipi jie|ia ~io` gish dcbnh

jih}~iz zcrhiji| seiz/ Zi|n }i~ioò~i$ jidie hid nozcdcazsidnzi} non gs}zrs anzi }ioìz

ecri}i asrio`/ Non aircoi arnasdse ~io` iji bcdse eie|s ecogipib ziozioìo cri non/

Zcrbsazn jcoìo rnbsio }irgioi N}die zcrmczia }czni| zihso$ zi|n aceie|sio ~io`

jnendnan ei}nh }ioìz gish jirn hiri|io/ Jcoìo jcenanio |fdi$ bcozsa$ jio eczfjfdf`n

\cojnjnaio Iìei N}die hirs} }c`cri jnrsbih jio jnriomio` iìr zio``so` gipib iaio

|c}io "jn bsen eioi|so coàis bcr|ngia$ eiai aies bcrzio``so` gipib iaio

acN}dieioo~i" ji|iz zcrdia}ioi/Qppp/hnji~izsddih/ mfeU



0;

Ecenozid Bcoio` \iainio Ziapi jn RieijhioEcenozid Bcoio` \iainio Ziapi jn RieijhioEcenozid Bcoio` \iainio Ziapi jn RieijhioEcenozid Bcoio` \iainio Ziapi jn Rieijhio

Fdch7


jiapizsoi/mfejiapizsoi/mfejiapizsoi/mfejiapizsoi/mfe ” ”” ” —Hin ioia Ijie$ }c}so``sho~i Aien zcdih ecosrsoaio ac|ijies

|iainio sozsa ecoszs|n lisrizes jio |iainio nojih sozsa |crhni}io/ Jio |iainio Jio |iainio Jio |iainio Jio |iainio

ziapi nzsdih ~io` |idno` bina ziapi nzsdih ~io` |idno` bina ziapi nzsdih ~io` |idno` bina ziapi nzsdih ~io` |idno` bina/ îo` jcenanio nzs ijidih }cbihi`nio jirn zioji%zioji

acasi}iio Iddih$ esjih%esjihio ecrcai }cdids noìz ― (Id%I„riik7 2;.

]cmiri sese$ i~iz non ecogcdi}aio zcozio` kso`}n c}co}nid jirn |iainio ~io` jnpignbaio

fdch Iddih }pz zcrhiji| }cdsrsh Bion Ijie ~inzs sozsa ecoszs| isriz ~io` ecogijn

|cebcji ioziri eios}ni jcoìo bnoizio` }chno`ì jn}ne|sdaio fdch id%Ysrzhsbn bihpi

i~iz non }caidn`s} ecrs|iaio |crnozih jio acpignbio sozsa bcr|iainio ~io` ecoszs|

isriz/ ]cdiogszo~i ecdidsn i~iz non gsì Iddih ecoczi|aio |iainio ziapi ~io` ecrs|iaio

}cbina%bina |iainio ~io` jnacoiaio fdch hiebiO~i/ ‘\iainio ziapi„ ~io` jneia}sj

fdch i~iz non ecosrsz |iri sdiei zik}nr }c|crzn ~io` jnaszn| fdch Nbos Aiz}nr jidie anzib

‘Zik}nr id%Ysrio id%‘Iwne„ jn iozirio~i }c|crzn ~io` jn}c|iaizn fdch Yizijih$ Winj bno Idn

jio ]sjjn bihpi ~io` jneia}sj ijidih acneioio/ ]cjioàio Id%Iskn eceihieno~i

}cbiìn ieid }hidnh/ Eioiaidi Srpih bno Wsbinr ecojcknon}naio |iainio ziapi ijidih

ri}i ziasz ac|iji Iddih }pz/ Bcrbcji jcoìo Narneih ~io` eceihien bihpi |iainio

ziapi ijidih |iainio ~io` iaio jnacoiaio fdch frio`%frio` bcrziapi jn }srì acdia/

]cdsrsh eiaoi%eiaoi jn izi} non }idno` bcrjcaizio jio znjia bcrzcozioìo ~io` nozno~i

|iainio ~io` ecomcrenoaio$ acneioio$ ac}hidnhio jio ri}i ziasz ac|iji Iddih }pz

}c}sin jcoìo eiaoi ziapi nzs }cojnrn/

Jidie afozca} Rieijhio$ |co`ìdio iahnr i~iz |si}i ‘iìr aidnio bcrziapi„ ecrs|iaio

hiri|io }caidn`s} gienoio Iddih iaio hijnro~i |iainio ziapi }cfrio` bcrneio |i}mi

Rieijhio/ Gnai jnnds}zri}naio ji|izdih jnaiziaio bihpi }cdiei }izs bsdio |cosh }cfrio`

~io` bcrneio nbiriz }cjio` ecocoso |iainio ziapi jcoìo bcoio`%bcoio` ieidnih

nbijih bsdio Rieijhio/ ]chno`ì ji|iz jnaiziaio bihpi neio }c}cfrio` ei}nh jidie

afojn}n zcdiogio` }cbcdse jnbcrn |iainio$ jio |iainio neio zcr}cbsz ijidih ziapi/



00

]cbiìn mfozfh en}ido~i bihio izis bcoio`

|iainio ziapi ~io` bcroiei ‘ne}ia„

(ecoihio jnrn. jirn }cìdi znojiaio ~io`

bcrzcozioìo jcoìo aczcozsio iìei iaio

ecdihnraio }nai| |co`cojidnio jnrn$

acgsgsrio jio iozn afo}secrn}ec$ }chno`ì

|iji `ndnrioo~i iaio ecesomsdaio ì~i

hnjs| }cjcrhioi }cfrio` ~io` bcrneio/

Bsaioaih |co`cojidnio jnrn$ acgsgsrio $ acjn}n|dnoio$ ac}cjcrhioiio }crzi ac}ihigiio

ecrs|iaio sgnio }cfrio` ~io` bcrneio }cdiei bcr%Rieijhio ~io` hi}ndo~i iaio

jnseseaio zc|iz |iji zio`ìd 9 ]~ipid1 i|iaih }nkiz jio }nai| zcr}cbsz ei}nh jfenoio

izis acebidn ecogijn |rnbijn ~io` }cdids jnaidihaio fdch oik}s jio }~ihpiz/

Afojn}n di|ir jio jihiì jidie piazs ~io` rcdiznk diei jcoìo }cìdi afo}casco}no~i

iaio ecdihnraio ri}i ac|cjsdnio }f}nid ~io` zno``n/ Jcenanio gsì$ }cfrio` es}dne zczi|

ecendnan }ceioìz sozsa ecdiasaio iaznknzi} }chirn%hirn jidie afojn}n di|ir jio his}

ecrs|iaio }nebfd iaio czf} acrgi jio ji~i zihio }cfrio` es}dne zcrhiji| }cdsrsh

`fjiio achnjs|io/

Nbijih ]hidiz Ziripnh jio nbijih%nbijih ~io` hijnr jn bsdio Rieijhio iaio

econoàizaio acneioio jio aczishnjio }c}cfrio` zcrhiji| Iddih/ Bihpi }cdsrsh ieid

nbijih zcr}cbsz ni diasaio }ceizi%eizi jcoìo }ceioìz ‘neioio pihzn}ibio „/ ]ihsr jio

bcrbsai |si}i bcr}iei ~io` acri| jndiasaio bcr}iei acdsirì jio }isjiri }c}iei

es}dne ecrs|iaio }nebfd jirn ai}nh }i~io` jio achirefon}io sahspih jn ioziri }c}iei

frio` bcrneio ~io` |iji hianaizo~i ecrs|iaio bsih jirn acneioio ecrcai/

Jcenanio bcoio`%bcoio` ~io` jnrigsz }cdiei bsdio |si}i sozsa eco`hi}ndaio |iainio

ziapi$ |iainio ~io` hirs} jnacoiaio fdch }czni| frio` bcrneio jn eioi|so jio

ai|io|so ecrcai bcriji/ Gioìo }ie|in anzi ecrs}ia izis ecrfbca |iainio ziapi ~io`

anzi zcoso zcr}cbsz |i}mi Rieijhio$ }c|crzn ~io` jnnds}zri}naio fdch Iddih }pz jidie

knreioO~i7 —Jio gioìodih aidnio }c|crzn }cfrio` |crce|sio ~io` eco`srin acebidn

bcoio` ~io` }sjih jn|nozido~i jcoìo asiz ecogijn mcrin bcrin ―/ (Io%Oihd7 >2./ Pionzi

jidie i~iz non jnìebiraio fdch Neie id%Ysrzhsbn }cbiìn pionzi gihnd ~io` bcroiei

Rnzhih bnozn Iers bno Ai„ib ~io` njcozna jcoìo ecrcai ~io` ecrs}ia acebidn acbinaio

~io` zcdih jcoìo }s}ih |i~ih jn|crgsioàio }czihi| jcen }czihi|/ ]so``sh |crbsizio



08

~io` }ioìz bcrzcozioìo jcoìo ondin Rieijhio ~io` }chirs}o~i zczi|

ece|crzihioaio jio ececdnhiri |iainio ~io` nojih zcr}cbsz }czcdih bcriahnro~i

Rieijhio/

Ei}nh zcr}n}i bcbcri|i hirn ac jc|io }ie|in |iji eidie |somiao~i ~io` bcroiei

‘dindizsd yijir„ ~io` ecrs|iaio mcreno jirn |somia |rc}zi}n ~io` ji|iz jnzfrchaio fdch

frio` ~io` bcrneio jn hiji|io Iddih }pz/ Ni rcdi ecoìdfai}naio }c`coi| piazs$ hirzi

jio gnpio~i sozsa ecoji|izaio acszieiio eidie zcr}cbsz jcoìo eceia}neidaio

|fzco}n sbsjn~ih ~io` jnendnano~i/ ]cefì anzi zcrei}sa ~io` ecoji|izaio eidie

acesdniio zcr}cbsz }chno`ì ‘|iainio ziapi„ anzi }ceiano hirse }cecrbia jio nojih

jn|iojio` fdch }cesi eizi ~io` ecdnhizo~i/ —Hin frio`%frio` ~io` bcrneio$ zilizdih

ac|iji Iddih jio zilizdih ac|iji ri}sd jio gioìodih aies ecrs}iaaio (|ihidi. ieid%

ieides ―/ (Eshieeij7 ==.



0>

\crio Wiaiz sozsa Aceiaesrio Ria~iz\crio Wiaiz sozsa Aceiaesrio Ria~iz\crio Wiaiz sozsa Aceiaesrio Ria~iz\crio Wiaiz sozsa Aceiaesrio Ria~iz

Fdch7


jiapizsoi/mfejiapizsoi/mfejiapizsoi/mfejiapizsoi/mfe ” ”” ” —]c}so``sho~i wiaiz%wiaiz nzs hio~idih sozsa frio`%frio` kianr jio

en}ano$ |co`srs} (iend. wiaiz$ |iri es„iddik ~io` jnbsgsa hizno~i$ sozsa ececrjcaiaio

bsjia$ frio`%frio` ~io` bcrhszio`$ sozsa (s}ihi. jn gidio Iddih$ jio sozsa frio`%frio`

~io` }cjio` jidie |crgidioio$ }cbiìn }sizs aczczi|io ~io` jnpignbaio Iddih$ jio Iddih

Eihi Eco`czihsn di`n Eihi Bngia}ioi —/ (Iz%Zisbih7 ;<.

I~iz jn izi} ~io` bcrbnmiri zcozio` acdfe|fa ~io` jnzczi|aio fdch Iddih }cbiìn ~io`

bcrhia ecoji|iz jioi wiaiz (es}zihny.$ jcenanio gsì }sriz Iz%Zisbih7 9<= ~io`

bcrbnmiri zcozio` acpignbio wiaiz ~io` jnainzaio jcoìo hnaeih jio eiokiiz wiaiz bi`n

eswiaan acjsio~i eco``soiaio zcrenofdf n „}hijiyih„ ~io` bcri}id jirn iair aizi

„}hijiyi„ ~io` bcrirzn bcoir jio gsgsr/ Hid non ecosogsaaio bihpi nojnaizfr aczsds}io$

acbcoirio jio acgsgsrio acneioio }c}cfrio` zcrdczia |iji ac}ni|ioo~i ecosoinaio

acpignbio wiaiz/ Wiaiz bcrji}iraio i~iz jn izi} ji|iz jnaiziaio }cbiìn ‘gienoio }f}nid„

bi`n acdfe|fa ~io` }ioìz ecebszshaio hsdsrio biozsio eizcrn/ Eiaoio~i$ wiaiz

ecrs|iaio nbijih ~io` ece|so~in |crio }zrizc`n} jidie afozca} cafofen acseizio

~io` iaio ecebcrnaio jie|ia ac}cgihzcriio jio aceiaesrio bi`n frio` bio~ia/

Ecosrsz i}~%]~isaion jidie anzib zik}nro~i ‘Kizhsd Yijnr„$ i~iz jn izi} zcdih ecrnomn

|nhia ~io` hirs} ecoji|iz biozsio acsioìo ~io` bcri}id jirn wiaiz bcrji}iraio }aidi

|rnfrnzi} jirn acdfe|fa ~io` }ioìz ecebszshaio ~inzs kiynr jio }czcrs}o~i acdfe|fa

~io` jnaizc`frnaio en}ano jidie ececoshn acbszshio iwi}n ecrcai/ I|ibndi acbszshio

|rnecr ecrcai zcdih zcr|coshn$ eiai sozsa }cdiogszo~i wiaiz bcr|crio sozsa ecoìoàiz

jio econoàizaio zirik hnjs| ecrcai |iji }ziojir achnjs|io ~io` di~ia }c|crzn ~io`

jnidien fdch acdfe|fa eswiaan/ Zcozs es}zihny znjia hirs} bcr|si} hizn ecogijn ‘zioìo

~io` jn bipih„ zcrs} ecocrs} }chno`ì zcrefzn{i}n sozsa ecogijn acdfe|fa eswiaan jn

ei}i ecojizio`/ Jn}nondih |crio wiaiz jidie afozca} ecebcrji~iaio acdfe|fa

es}zihny iìr zcrmn|zi aceiaesrio jio ac}cgihzcriio ~io` ecrizi/



8<

Bcrji}iraio |cebimiio Kinrsw Ibijn zcrhiji| }cdsrsh i~iz%i~iz Id%Ysrio$ zcrji|iz =3

i~iz ~io` bcrbnmiri zcozio` wiaiz/ Znì |sdsh jn iozirio~i eco``soiaio bcozsa ei„rnkiz$

}crzi 20 i~iz jn iozirio~i jn}iojnoàio jcoìo |crnozih }hidiz }c|crzn knreioO~i7

—Jnrnaiodih }hidiz$ zsoinaiodih wiaiz }crzi rsas„dih bcr}iei frio`%frio` ~io` rsas„―/ (Id%

Biyirih7 :=./ \cebnmiriio zcozio` wiaiz gsì znjia hio~i zcrji|iz |iji i~iz%i~iz

Eijion~ih$ zczi|n gsì |iji i~iz%i~iz Eiaan~~ih ~io` ofzibcoc zcrkfas} |iji

|cebcozsaio acneioio jio ac~ianoio/ Non ecosogsaaio bihpi wiaiz ecrs|iaio }idih

}izs cdceco |cozno` jidie |cebcozsaio acneioio/ Bihaio jidie }sriz Ir%Rse7 =>

Iddih ecoàinzaio wiaiz jcoìo }n}zce Cafofen Rnbipn ~io` gcdi} afozri aceiaesrio

jio ac}cgihzcriio frio` bio~ia (bimi7 ria~iz1 seiz./ Iddih }pz bcrknreio7 —Jio }c}sizs

rnbi ~io` aies bcrnaio iìr jni bcrziebih |iji hirzi eios}ni$ eiai rnbi nzs znjia

bcrziebih jn }n}n Iddih/ Jio i|i ~io` aies bcrnaio jirn wiaiz ~io` aies eia}sjaio

sozsa ecomi|in acrnjhiio Iddih$ eiai (~io` bcrbsiz jcenanio. nzsdih frio`%frio` ~io`

ecdn|izìojiaio (|ihidio~i. ―/

\cebnmiriio zcozio` wiaiz znjia ji|iz jndc|i}aio jirn |cebnmiriio zcozio` afo}c| hirzi

ecosrsz Id%Ysrio$ zcrsziei zcozio` afo}c| ac|cendnaio ~io` iaio ecrnoìoaio }n

|cendna hirzi sozsa eco`cdsiraio }cbi`nio hirzio~i }c}sin jcoìo aczcozsio |cendna

hianan ~inzs Iddih }pz/ Jidie bio~ia i~iz Id%Ysrio jnzcì}aio bihpi ac|cendnanio hirzi

~io` hianan jn}iojiraio ac|iji Iddih }pz$ —Jio bcrnaiodih ac|iji ecrcai jirn hirzi

Iddih ~io` jnairsonaio ac|ijies…― (Io%Osr7 ==. Acesjnio Iddih eco`nwnoaio eios}ni

sozsa eco`si}in hirzi zcr}cbsz jcoìo miri%miri ~io` zcdih jnzczi|aio/ Irzno~i$ gnai

eios}ni ecoji|izaio izis eco`si}in hirzi zcr}cbsz jcoìo ecoìbinaio izsrio Iddih$

eiai ni |iji hianaizo~i znjia bcrhia sozsa ecendnano~i/ nondih afo}c| ac|cendnaio

jidie N}die ~io` ecebcjiaio jcoìo afo}c| ac|cendnaio jidie izsrio dino/ ]chno`ì

hirs} jn}ijirn bczsd bihpi |iji hirzi ~io` jnendnan }c}cfrio` iji acpignbio ~io`

jnzczi|aio fdch Iddih jio hia frio` dino ~io` acjsio~i bcr}nkiz ecdcaiz |iji hirzi

zcr}cbsz/

]cdino zcozio` afo}c| ac|cendnaio hirzi$ |cebnmiriio zcozio` wiaiz gsì hirs} jnainzaio

jcoìo afo}c| |co`cebioìo hirzi jcoìo miri ~io` bina }chno`ì iaio ecogijn

acbcraihio bi`n |cendnao~i jio frio` dino/ Gs}zrs |cr}fidio acbcraihio ecrs|iaio

|cr}fidio nozn jio c}co}n bi`n }cfrio` es}dne jidie eco}nai|n hirzio~i/ Jn ioziri mnrn

hirzi ~io` bcraih nzs ijidih hirzi nzs iaio bcrziebih bio~ia$ |idno` znjia jirn }c`n

jie|ia eiokiiz ~io` jnznebsdaioo~i/ Jcoìo bcrwiaiz hirzi ecogijn bcraih jidie irzn



89

ecebcrn aco~ieioio jio acieioio

bi`n |cendnao~i aircoi znjia iji ~io`

|crds jnahipiznraio zcozio` hirzio~i/

Bihaio hirzio~idih ~io` iaio ecogiì

|cendnao~i/ Jcoìo ecogidioaio

acpignbio wiaiz gsì }io` |cendna hirzi

iaio bcraih aircoi dcbnh jcaiz jcoìo

Iddih aircoi }cdids bcr}~sasr izi}

airsoniO~i/ Hirzi ~io` }coiozni}i

jnacdsiraio wiaizo~i iaio

eco`hnojiraio |cendnao~i jirn }nai|

rias} zcrhiji| hirzi$ bihaio }cdids

bcrs}ihi sozsa ecebcrnaio eiokiiz bi`n |cendna jio frio` dino/ Ri}sdsddih }ip

ecogieno jidie }cbsih hijnz} ~io` jnrnpi~izaio fdch Neie Es}dne7 —Hirzi znjia iaio

bcrasrio` aircoi }cjcaih$ jio znjiadih Iddih ecoiebih bi`n hiebi ~io` |ceiik

acmsidn acesdniio jio znjiadih }c}cfrio` ~io` bcrdias zipijhs„ aircoi Iddih ecdinoaio

Jni iaio econo``naioo~i —/

Jn znogis jirn }c`n kndf}fkn wiaiz bcrji}iraio i~iz nozn jidie zsdn}io non$ wiaiz znjia }caijir

ecosoinaio acpignbio eizcrnnd }ceizi bi`n }cfrio` es}dne ~io` ecendnan hirzi$ zczi|n

biìneioi wiaiz ji|iz jngijnaio }cbiìn }n}zce ondin ~io` }czcrs}o~i zcrnozcroidn}i}n

jidie jnrn |cebi~ir wiaiz sozsa ecogijn }c}cfrio` ~io` |cjsdn ac|iji ~io` dceih jio

bcr|nhia |iji aise |i|i jidie }cdsrsh |crndias jio iaznknzi} cafofeno~i/ ]cmiri

ce|nrn}$ ac}cgihzcriio }cbsih ocìri aircoi wiaiz zcrgijn |iji ei}i |cecrnozihio Seir

bno Ibjsd Iwnw/ Ec}an|so bcdnis hio~i ececrnozih }cdiei 22 bsdio aircoi econo`ìd

jsoni$ ocìri ecogijn }ioìz eiaesr$ ~inzs jcoìo |cecrnozihio ~io` bcr}nh jio gsgsr

jio wiaiz ~io` jnzioìon jcoìo bina/ Hno`ì aidi nzs ocìri ~io` msas| dsi} hie|nr

}c|crznì jsoni znjia iji ~io` bcrhia ecocrnei wiaiz aircoi }cesi |cojsjsa es}dne

}sjih ecogijn eswiaan/ Nzsdih |crziei aidn iji n}zndih wiaiz jnzrio}kcr ac oc`crn dino

aircoi znjia iji di`n ~io` |izsz jn}iozson/ Wiaiz ji|iz ecosebshaio czf} acrgi/ Jcoìo

ecebi~ir wiaiz }c}cfrio` iaio bcacrgi jcoìo bina/ Jcoìo jcenanio `criaio }ijir

wiaiz |iji ji}io~i ijidih `criaio ecomn|ziaio czf} acrgi ~io` bina ~io` ecebcrn

ac}cgihzcriio jio aceiaesrio ~io` ecrizi bi`n }cesi/



82

Gcdi} bihpi acbcrhi}ndio Ahidnkih Seir bno Ibjsd Iwnw |iji }iiz nzs znjia hio~i jcoìo

eco``soiaio wiaiz jidie irzn hirknih eizcrnnd }ceizi$ zczi|n ecrs|iaio acbngiaio ~io`

ecebcrnaio |crhiznio ~io` zno``n |iji |co`cdfdiio wiaiz/ Wiaiz |iji ac|cene|noio

bcdnis jngijnaio zfdfa sasr iaio ac}cgihzcriiio ei}~iriaiz$ bina gsedih frio` ~io`

bcrwiaiz$ bc}ir wiaiz ~io` jnbi~iraio$ eis|so gsedih |cocrnei wiaiz/ Bcrbcji jcoìo

zfdfa sasr dino ~io` mcojcrso` bni}/ Zfdia sasr wiaiz }cbiìn |coìzsr ac}cgihzcriio

bcoir%bcoir bn}i jngijnaio |cjfeio }ziojir$ bina jidie afozca} cafofen enarf eis|so

eiarf/

Jn }nondih wiaiz bcr|crio }cbiìn Nbijih Eiidn~ih Ngznei„n~~ih (nbijih hirzi ~io`

bcrjneco}n }f}nid. ~io` ecendnan |f}n}n |cozno`$ }zrizc`n} jio ecocozsaio$ bina jirn }n}n

|cdia}ioiio igirio N}die eis|so jirn }n}n |cebio`soi ac}cgihzcriio seiz/ Ac}cjniio

}c}cfrio` sozsa bcrwiaiz ecrs|iaio nojnaizfr sziei aczsojsaioo~i zcrhiji| Iddih jio

mnrn sziei }cfrio` esaeno ~io` iaio ecoji|izaio riheiz jio |crzfdfoìo Iddih/

Ac}cjniio bcrwiaiz |sdi jn|iojio` }cbiìn mnrn frio` ~io` }cdids bcracno`noio

eco~smnaio jio eecebcr}nhaio }crzi eco`cebioàio hirzi ~io` jnendnano~i/

]cbidnao~i acco`ìoio jio acznjia|cjsdnio }c}crfio` zcrhiji| wiaiz ecoji|izaio

|crnoìzio jio iomieio ~io` bcriz jirn Id%Ysrio jn iahnriz acdia/ Hirzi bcoji ~io`

jn}ne|io jio znjia jnbcdiogiaio }c}sin jcoìo jcoìo aczcozsio Iddih iaio bcrsbih

ecogijn idiz sozsa ecoìwibo~i/ Jidie bcbcri|i hijnz}$ Ri}sdsddih ecoìomie frio`

~io` co`ìo ecebi~ir wiaiz hirzio~i iaio hiomsr$ jio gnai acco`ìoio non jcenanio

bcr}nkiz ei}}id$ eiai Iddih iaio ecosrsoaio iwib bcrs|i jnhiebizo~i hsgio ~io`

ecosrsoaio acbcraihio }c|crzn zcr}cbsz jidie hijnz} Zhibrion jirn Nbos Ibbi} ri/

Ri}sdsddih gsì |croih eco`hsase Z}i„dibih izi} acco`ìoioo~i bcrwiaiz jcoìo n}fdi}n

~io` bcrac|iogioìo$ znjia iji }cfrio` }ihibiz|so ~io` bcrhsbsoìo jcoìoo~i

ec}an|so hio~i bcrzc`sr }i|i/ Ahidnkih Ibs Biair bihaio eco`sdzneizse |crio`

zcrhiji| acdfe|fa ~io` hio~i }hidiz oieso znjia eis bcrwiaiz }c|cono`ìd acpikizio

Ri}sdsddih/ Izi} ji}ir ac|coznoìo nondih$ }ie|in }ihibiz Ibjsddih bno Ei}„sj

ecocì}aio bihpi frio` ~io` znjia bcrwiaiz$ eiai znjia iji }hidiz bi`no~i/ Jidie

afozca} aceiaesrio ria~iz (seiz.$ |crio wiaiz ji|iz jndnhiz jirn bcbcri|i hid bcrnasz

non7 \crziei $ wiaiz iaio ecosebshaio iahdia ~io` esdni bcrs|i ac|cjsdniio zcrhiji|

oi}nb achnjs|io frio` dino$ eco`hndioàio ri}i ananr jio c`fn}ec (Io%On}i„7 =0./ Acjsi $

Wiaiz bcrkso`}n }cmiri }f}nid sozsa eco}cgihzcriaio acdfe|fa es}zihny$ zcrsziei

`fdfoìo kianr en}ano ac irih achnjs|io ~io` dcbnh bina jio }cgihzcri$ ji|iz

eco`hndioàio izis ece|cracmnd |co~cbib achnjs|io ecrcai ecogijn en}ano jio



8=

ecojcrnzi/ Acznì $ wiaiz iaio ecojfrfo` seiz soza ecogijn eswiaan }chno`ì iaio

econoàizaio czf} acrgi jio cznai bn}on} ~io` bcoir/ Acce|iz $ wiaiz ecrs|iaio }idih

}izs no}zrseco |cecriziio |coji|izio/ Jcoìo wiaiz ~io` jnacdfdi jcoìo bina

jnesoànoaio zcrmn|zio~i |crzsebshio cafofen }caidn`s} |cecriziio |coji|izio/

Eiai wiaizdih nbijih }izs%}izso~i ~io` }cmiri ca}|dn}nz jn}cbszaio ijio~i |co`cdfdi

rc}en ~io` jnacoid jcoìo n}zndih Iend }c|crzn ~io` jnn}~irizaio jidie }sriz Iz%Zisbih7

9<= ~io` bcreia}sj7 —Iebnddih wiaiz jirn }cbi`nio hirzi ecrcai$ jcoìo wiaiz nzs aies

ecebcr}nhaio jio eco}smnaio ecrcai$ jio bcrjfidih sozsa ecrcai/ ]c}so``sho~i jfi

aies nzs ecogijn aczcozrieio gnpi bi`n ecrcai/ Jio Iddih Eihi Ecojcoìr di`n Eihi

Eco`czihsn―/

Zcrainz jcoìo non$ Efowcr Aihd jidie bsaso~i ‘Cafofen N}die1 Zcdiih Ioidnzna

Zcrhiji| Kso`}n ]n}zce Cafofen N}die„ eco~iziaio bihpi wiaiz jio }n}zne |cpirn}io

jidie N}die mcojcrso` bcr|crio }cbiìn }n}zce jn}zrnbs}n hirzi ~io` cìdnzcr }chno`ì

hirzi iaio }cdids bcr|szir jio bcrcjir ac|iji }cdsrsh di|n}io ria~iz$ aircoi eceio`

iasesdi}n hirzi jn zioìo }c}cfrio` izis }sizs acdfe|fa }igi }ioìz jnzcozio` fdch Id%

Ysrio/ Iddih ecocì}aio jidie knreioO~i7 —…/Iìr hirzi znjia hio~i bcrcjir jn

aidioìo frio`%frio` ai~i }igi jn ioziri aies //―/ (Id%Hi}~r7 0.

Jcenanio$ wiaiz ~io` }cmiri bihi}i bcrirzn zsebsh$ bcr}nh$ bcracebio` jio bcraih

ecrs|iaio nbijih ~io` bcrjneco}n {crznaid jio hfrnwfozid }cmiri bcr}ieiio/ ]cfrio`

~io` ecebi~ir wiaiz aircoi acneioioo~i on}mi~i iaio ece|crfdch acbinaio ~io`

bio~ia jio iaio ecebcrnaio aceiaesrio ac|iji }cdsrsh seiz/ ]cefì anzi zcrei}sa

jnioziri hiebiO~i ~io` }coiozni}i jnjfiaio fdch EidinaizO~i |iji }czni| |i`n jio

|czio`7 —î Iddih bcrndih frio` bcrnokia ìozno~i―$ bsaio zcrei}sa hiebiO~i ~io`

jnjfiaio achiomsrio7 —î Iddih gijnaiodih frio` ~io` ecoihio nokia achiomsrio―/

(H/R/ Bsahirn jio Es}dne. QU



8:

Ecojnjna N}dien Idi Dsyeio idEcojnjna N}dien Idi Dsyeio idEcojnjna N}dien Idi Dsyeio idEcojnjna N}dien Idi Dsyeio id%%%%HianeHianeHianeHiane

Fdch7

Jr/ Izzibna DszJr/ Izzibna DszJr/ Izzibna DszJr/ Izzibna Dszhknhknhknhkn$ EI$ EI$ EI$ EI

jiapizsoi/mfejiapizsoi/mfejiapizsoi/mfejiapizsoi/mfe %%%% —Jio (Noìzdih. acznai Dsyeio bcraizi ac|iji ioiao~i$ jn piazs ni

ecebcrn oi}chiz ac|ijio~i7 —Hin ioiaas$ gioìodih aies ece|cr}caszsaio Iddih$

]c}so``sho~i ece|cr}caszsaio (Iddih. ijidih bcoir%bcoir acwidneio ~io` bc}ir …//

Jio }cjcrhioidih aies jidie bcrgidio jio dsoiaaiodih }siries/ ]c}so``sho~i

}cbsrsa%bsrsa }siri nidih }siri acdcjin― /― (Dsyeio7 9=%9>.

]sriz Dsyeio }cmiri sese$ zcrsziei i~iz 9=%9> jnkihien }cbiìn }sriz ~io` hirs} jnbimi

}iiz |rf}c}n iynyih izis ac}~sasrio izi} acdihnrio }cfrio` ioia$ jcoìo hiri|io bihpi

}io` i~ih oiozno~i ji|iz ecocdijion zfafh Dsyeio ~io` jnibijnaio pi}nizo~i jio

}io` ioia gsì ji|iz eco`naszn |czsih jio oi}chiz }c|crzn hido~i ioia Dsyeio/ Zcozs

|ceihieio non ji|iz jnzcrnei$ eco`noìz }cmiri zca}zsid i~iz%i~iz non eceio` bcrbnmiri

}cmiri ahs}s} zcozio` |c}io Dsyeio jidie afozca} ecojnjna ioia }c}sin jcoìo |c}io

Id%Ysrio/ I|idi`n |c}io Dsyeio jidie }sriz non }cbcoiro~i ijidih |c}io Iddih ~io`

jnbihi}iaio ecdidsn dn}io Dsyeio id%Hiane }chno`ì }nkizo~i eszdia jio eco`naiz1 |c}io

Dsyeio jidie bcozsa |crnozih bcrirzn |crnozih Iddih$ jcenanio gsì oi}chizo~i jidie

bcozsa dirioìo |iji ei}i ~io` }iei ijidih gsì dirioìo Iddih ~io` hirs} jnhnojirn/

Dsyeio ~io` jneia}sj jidie i~iz%i~iz non ecosrsz Nbos Aiz}nr ijidih Dsyeio bno

Ioyi„ bno ]ijso/ Ni ijidih ioia jirn }cfrio` bi|ia ~io` Z}iirio/ \coìbijnio an}ih

Dsyeio eceio` bcrbcji jcoìo |coìbjnio zfafh dino ~io` dcbnh afe|rchco}nk/

\coìbijnio Dsyeio hio~i bcran}ir }c|szir oi}chiz jio |czsiho~i ~io` }ioìz di~ia

jngijnaio imsio jidie ecojnjna ioia }cmiri N}dien/

Zcozs ei}nh bio~ia di`n miri N}dien jidie ecojnjna ioia bcrji}iraio i~iz%i~iz izis

hijnz} Ri}sdsddih }ip ~io` dino/ Oieso |idno` znjia$ |c}io Dsyeio non bsaio }cacjir

|c}io bni}i seseo~i }cfrio` bi|ia ac|iji ioiao~i$ oieso ecrs|iaio |c}io ~io`

|cosh jcoìo }cozshio ai}nh }i~io` jio }iriz jcoìo esizio njcfdf`n} }crzi zcr}s}so

bcrji}iraio }aidi |rnfrnzi} jirn |c}io iìr eco`c}iaio Iddih jio znjia

ecoe|cr}caszsaioo~i }ie|in |iji |c}io sozsa bcr}nai| zipijs„ jio }iozso ~io`



83

zcrmcreno jidie miri bcrgidio jio bcrbnmiri/ Acjsi gcon} |c}io jio oi}chiz zcr}cbsz

zcro~izi znjia acdsir jirn jsi |rno}n| sziei jidie igirio N}die ~inzs igirio zcozio`

ianjih jio iahdia/

Ecosrsz ]i~nj Yszhb$ rioàinio i~iz%i~iz bcrbnmiri zcozio` Dsyeio jio oi}nhizo~i

~io` jnipidn jcoìo ios`crih hnaeih ac|iji Dsyeio jn i~iz 92 ecrs|iaio

|cebihi}io acjsi jirn |cebihi}io }sriz Dsyeio ~io` ei}nh }ioìz zcrainz jcoìo

|cebihi}io c|n}fjc |crziei$ ~inzs |cr}fidio ianjih/ \c}io Dsyeio }cojnrn |iji nozno~i

ijidih |c}io ianjih ~io` ecendnan bcbcri|i afo}casco}n1 jn iozirio~i bcrbiazn jio

bcrbsiz ei„rsk ac|iji acjsi frio` zsi }cbiìn bsazn ri}i }~sasr izi} ai}nh }i~io` jio

|co`frbioio ecrcai ecrs|iaio zsozszio izi} ianjih ~io` bcoir ac|iji Iddih }pz/

]coiozni}i ecri}iaio achijnrio jio |coìpi}io Iddih jidie }czni| dioàih jio

|crbsizio ecrs|iaio iazsidn}i}n jirn ac~ianoio iaio }nkiz Iddih îo` Eco`czihsn$ Eihi

Ecojcoìr jio Eihi Ecoìpi}n/ ]crzi ecogidioaio iaznknzi} ieir ei„rsk jio oihn

esoair ~io` jn}crzin jcoìo }nai| }ibir jidie eco`hiji|n }cìdi rnozioìo jio

ziozioìo ecrs|iaio bsazn iaio acasizio neio ~io` bcr}cei~ie jn jidie hizn

}iosbirn$ hno`ì |iji |c}io sozsa }coiozni}i bcr}nai| zipijs„ jio znjia }febfo`$ bina

jidie bcr}nai| eis|so jidie bcrbnmiri/ ]cesio~i znjia dc|i} jirn naizio jio zsozszio

ianjih ~io` bcoir/

Jfenoi}n |cebihi}io }c|szir ianjih jidie }sriz non eceio` pigir aircoi }sriz Dsyeio

zcrei}sa }sriz Eiaan~~ih ~io` ofzibcoc ecebcrn kfas} |iji |coioieio jio

|co`sizio ianjih }cmiri |rnfrnzi}//

Zcrdc|i} jirn |rf afozri }ni|i Dsyeio }c}so``sho~i1 i|iaih ni }cfrio` oibn izisaih ni

hio~i }cfrio` dcdian }hidnh ~io` jnbcrn ndes jio hnaeih$ ~io` gcdi} gsehsr sdiei dcbnh

mcojcrso` ecendnh |coji|iz ~io` ecoìziaio bihpi ni hio~i }cfrio` hiebi ~io`

}hidnh jio ihdn hnaeih$ bsaio }cfrio` oibn }c|crzn ~io` jn|craiziaio fdch }cbi`nio

sdiei/ @cdir id%Hiane jn iahnr oiei Dsyeio zcozs `cdir ~io` zc|iz sozsao~i }c}sin

jcoìo smi|ioo~i$ |crbsizio jio }nai|o~i ~io` eceio` ecosogsaaio }nai| ~io`

bngia}ioi/ Iddih }cojnrn zcdih ecoìos`crihno~i hnaeih }c|crzn ~io` jnzcì}aio jidie

i~iz }cbcdseo~i7 —Jio }c}so``sho~i zcdih Aien bcrnaio hnaeiz ac|iji Dsyeio$ ~inzs7

—Bcr}~sasrdih ac|iji Iddih jio birio`}ni|i ~io` bcr}~sasr (ac|iji Iddih.$ eiai

}c}so``sho~i ni bcr}~sasr sozsa jnrno~i }cojnrn1 jio birio`}ni|i ~io` znjia bcr}~sasr$

Eiai ]c}so``sho~i Iddih Eihi Ai~i di`n Eihi Zcr|sgn —/ (Dsyeio7 92.



8;

îo` ecoirna jn }non bihpi zcro~izi }f}fa Dsyeio bsaiodih }cfrio` ~io` zcr|iojio`

izis ecendnan |coìrsh/ Ni hio~i }cfrio` hiebi Hibi}~ih ~io` bcrasdnz hnzie jio znjia

|so~i acjsjsaio }f}nid ~io` zno``n jn ei}~iriaiz/ Oieso hnaeih ~io` jnzcrneio~i

ecogijnaio smi|ioo~i jidie bcozsa |c}io jio oi}chiz di~ia sozsa jnnaszn fdch }cdsrsh

frio` zsi zio|i zcracmsidn/ Hid non zcrsoài| jidie rnpi~iz Nbos Girnr bihpi }c}cfrio`

~io` bcrasdnz hnzie |croih ecoìjs ac|iji ]i„nj bno Es}i~~nb/ Eiai ]i„nj

ecocoioàioo~i jcoìo ecoìziaio7 —Gioìodih coàis bcr}cjnh (bcracmnd hizn. aircoi

piroi asdnzes hnzie/ ]c}so``sho~i zcrji|iz znì frio` |ndnhio ~io` ac}cesio~i bcrasdnz

hnzie$ ~inzs Bndid$ Eihgi„ eisdi Seir bno Ahizzib jio Dsyeio Id%Hiane―/

Rioàinio |c}io jio oi}chiz Dsyeio ~io` zcr}cbsz jidie 0 i~iz jn izi} }cmiri

rcjia}nfoid ji|iz jnbi`n ecogijn jsi bcozsa$ ~inzs bcozsa dirioìo ~io` bcrgsedih =

i~iz jio rcjia}n |crnozih ~io` bcrgsedih = i~iz/ ]cjioàio ~io` ecoì|nz ioziri

acjsio~i ijidih |c}io sozsa }coiozni}i esriyibzsDdih aircoi Iddih Eihi Eco`czihsn

i|i ~io` jndiasaio fdch }czni| hiebiO~i zio|i zcracmsidn ec}an|so hio~i }cbc}ir bngn

wirrih jio jndiasaio jn zce|iz ~io` }ioìz es}zihnd jnaczihsn fdch }ni|i|so ecdinoaio

fdch Iddih }pz/ Znì dirioìo ~io` jneia}sj ijidih dirioìo ece|cr}caszsaio Iddih$

dirioìo ecozi„izn |crnozih acjsi frio` zsi jidie afozca} aceia}nizio$ }crzi dirioìo

bcr}nai| }febfo`/ ]cjioàio oi}chiz jidie bcozsa |crnozih jnipidn jcoìo |crnozih

bcrbsiz bina jio bcrbiazn ac|iji acjsi frio` zsi jidie acijiio i|i|so ecrcai ~io`

jnnrno`n jcoìo eco}~sasrn Iddih izi} }cìdi ios`crih jio dne|ihio riheizO~i jidie

bcriìe bcozsa$ |crnozih sozsa ecojnrnaio }hidiz$ ececrnozih ~io` ei„rsk jio

ecomcìh ~io` esoair }crzi |crnozih bcr}nai| }cjcrhioi jidie bcrgidio jio bcr}siri

(bcrbnmiri./

Jidie ecogcdi}aio }cmiri i|dnaiznk

zik}nr i~iz 93 jirn }sriz Dsyeio non$

Nbosd Iz}nr jidie anzib S}sjsd @hibih

(27 29;. ecosand rnpi~iz Zhibrion

~io` eco`czcoìhaio an}ih }cfrio`

ioia ~io` bcroiei ]i„ij bno Eidna

~io` zczi| bcrbiazn eco`hiji|n

nbsojio~i ~io` ecocozio` acri}

acn}dieioo~i jcoìo ecdiasaio ia}n



80

ef`fa eiaio bcbcri|i hirn dieio~i }chno`ì zcrdnhiz ac|coizio econe|i nbsojio~i/

Oieso jcoìo zcì} jio zczi| ecosogsaaio biazno~i ]i„ij bcraizi jcoìo bngia ac|iji

nbsojio~i7 —Pihin nbs$ }canrio~i coàis ecendnan }crizs} o~ipi/ Dids }izs |cr}izs

o~ipi nzs acdsir jirn gi}ijes iìr ias econo`ìdaio iìei (N}die. non eiai ias znjia

iaio |croih ecosrszn acno`noioes/ Gnai coàis }sjn }ndihaio eiaio eiaioio ~io` zcdih

ias }cjniaio/ Oieso gnai coàis znjia bcracoio$ eiai znjia ei}idih/―

Iahnro~i nbs ]i„ij |so eceiaio eiaioio ~io` jnhnjioàioo~i$ aircoi ecri}i bihpi

s|i~i ~io` msas| ca}zrne nzs znjia iaio ecdsdshaio aczc`shio hizn ioiao~i jidie

iìei N}die/ Zcozs }nai| ~io` bngia ~io` jnzsogsaaio fdch }cfrio` ioia zcrhiji| }nai|

eceia}i acjsi frio` zsio~i ~io` jnìebiraio jidie i~iz ac 93 znjia iaio hijnr }cmiri

no}zio zio|i jnjihsdsn fdch |ceihieio ~io` bcoir iaio ianjih N}die$ zcrsziei ianjih

ac|iji Iddih/

An}ih jn izi} gcdi} ecrs|iaio }cbsih an}ih ~io` }ioìz ecoirna jio bcriz sozsa jnkihien

jidie afozca} acanonio/ Biìneioi }cmiri }nocr`n} }cfrio` ioia zczi| eie|s

eco`hijnraio }nai| biazn ac|iji frio` zsi jcoìo zczi| ece|crzihioaio njcfdf`n jio

ac~ianoio ~io` jnioszo~i ~io` bcrbcji jcoìo ac~ianoio acjsi frio` zsio~i/ \iji

`hidnbo~i }cfrio` ioia iaio ecri}iaio ac}sairio jio acbcrizio sozsa econebio`

ioziri acziizio ac|iji |crnozih frio` zsi jio bcr}nai| nh}io }crzi bcrbiazn ac|iji

acjsio~i/ Ecosrsz Nbos Aiz}nr bcrbiazn ac|iji acjsi frio` zsi ijidih jidie afozca}

bcr}ndizsrihne$ ecojfiaio jio ecebcrnaio biozsio ~io` }cec}zno~i ~io` hirs}

jnbcjiaio jcoìo acziizio ~io` bcrsgso` ac|iji bcreia}niz ac|iji Iddih/ Zcozio` hid

non$ ]sk~io bno S~inoih |croih bcraizi7 —Birio`}ni|i ~io` ecocìaaio }hidiz dnei piazs

bcrirzn ni zcdih eco}~sasrn Iddih jio birio`}ni|i ~io` }coiozni}i bcrjfi sozsa acjsi

frio` zsio~i }czni| }cdc}in }hidiz$ eiai bcrirzn ni zcdih eco}~sasrn acjsi frio` zsio~i/―

]so``sh }cbsih }nai| ~io` eizio` jio bngia ~io` zcozs bcripid jirn efjcd |cojnjnaio

~io` bcrosio}i ‘ianjn jio iahdiyn„ jcoìo zczi| ece|crhiznaio acbszshio jio zsozszio

acanonio ~io` }cnebio` jcoìo dioji}io |rno}n| jidie bcrN}die }cmiri bina jio bcoir/

Ioia%ioia }cairio` }ioìz ecojiebiaio oi}chiz frio` zsi ~io` ece|crasiz$ bsaio

eceiogiaio aircoi eceio` ecrcai hnjs| sozsa wieio ~io` bcrbcji jcoìo wieio

acjsi frio` zsio~i }c|crzn ~io` jnn}~irizaio fdch Ri}sdsddih jidie hijnz}o~i7 —\ndnhdih

zce|iz oszhkihes sozsa jnbsihaio/ Aircoi }c}so``sho~i ioia%ioiaes jndihnraio sozsa

wieio ecrcai ~io` bcrbcji jcoìo wieioes/―



88

Jcenanio oi}chiz jio |c}io Dsyeio jidie ecojnjna ioiao~i ~io` jnjihsdsn fdch

|cojnjnaio ianjih zcozio` acC}iio Iddih jio |co`czihsioO~i ~io` ib}fdsz ~io` iaio

ecdihnraio }nai| eipi} jnrn$ hizn%hizn jio esriyibizsDdih jidie bcr}nai| jio bcrznojia/

Acasizio jio aceiozi|io ianjih zcr}cbsz iaio zcrc}|fo jio zcreionkc}zi}naio jidie

bcriahdia jio bcr|crndias ac|iji frio` dino$ zcrsziei }caidn zcrhiji| acjsi frio` zsi/

]so``sh }izs s|i~i ~io` }crns} jirn }cfrio` Dsyeio ~io` bngia sozsa ecojcaizaio jio

ece|cracoidaio }cfrio` ioia }cgia jnon jcoìo RibbO~i ~io` bcrjie|ia |iji

acbinaio jio ac}cgihzcriio dihnr jio bizhno$ }crzi ecogijnaioo~i ecendnan znoàiz

nesonzi} jio |crzihioio jnrn ~io` afafh eco`hiji|n bcriìe `fjiio achnjs|io ~io`

jnri}i anio ecdidinaio jio ecogcrses}aio/ Iddihs i„die

kompilasi artikel al-quran

Documents