KOMITMEN TERHADAP ORGANISASI DI KALANGAN GURU-GURU

SEKOLAH RENDAH BANDAR DAN LUAR BANDAR

Tesis ini diwrahkan kepada Sekolah Siswazah sebagai memenuhi

sebahagian daripada syarat-syarat pengijazahan

Program Ijazah Sarjana Sains (Pengurusan )

Universiti Utara Malaysia

Oleh

Mohd. Roodzi bin Aziz

(c) Mohd. Roodzi bin Aziz, 1997. Hak cipta terpelihara

KEBENARAN MERUJUK TESIS

TesisinidikemdakansebagaimemenhisebahagiandaGpadakepchanpen@jahan

propamsarjanaUnivediUtaraMalaysia. Sayabcn3etu~membewrkanpihak

perpustakaanUniverdimem~ a sebagai bahan rujukan umum. Saya juga

bersetuju bahawa sebarang bentuk salinan samada secara kedwuhan atau sebahagian

daripada tesis iui uutuk tujuan akadem& adalab dibolebkan dengan kebenaran penydia

t&s ataupuu Dekan Sekolah Siswazah. Sebarang bentuk salinan dan cetakan bagi

tujuan-hjuan komersial dan membuat keuntungan adalah d&rang sama sekali tanpa

kebenaran bertdis dar@ada penyelidik. Penyataan rujukan kepada pemilis dan

UniwdtiUtaraMahysiaperhdahdiuy~jikasebarangbentukrujukandibuatke

atastesisiui.

KebenaranuntukmenyalinatauIllenggunakan tesis iui samada secara keseluruhan

ataupunscbahagian~a IKdakbh dipobon melalui:

Dekan sekolah -univerdtiUturMnla*

06010 SintokKedah Dad Aman

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini dijahnkan bagi mengenalpagti faktor-faktor yang mempqa&i komitmafemadop~djl~gunr-gurusekoahrendahdidaerahSeberangPeraiUtara, Pulau Pinang. objektifka$an adalah untuk menge@wti a) hubungan diantara ganjaran intrim& ganjaran ti&slkd dan f&or-faktor denqpfi dankomitmenwhadaporgan&& d a n perbema dikalimgangun~-gurusekolahrendabb&ardanluarbandar. b ) perbezaarrkomitsnen&xhadaporgr;misasidikdangan guru-guru sekolah rendah bandar dan luar bandar. c) pengaruhpembolehubahkajianterhadap korniEmen.

~~initelahdisertaiolehseramai31Ooranggurusekolahrrtndahyangdiambitdaridualdratiriiaitu165orangdaripadasekolah~bandsrdan145oranglagidanip;pdssekolahbandar. !Wsoalselidik~51it.embcr&alaIitnaL~rttdnhd&u&an bagi mestdapalkan makhnnbalas responden. Sebanyak 23 h+tesis telahdiitukbagih*ini. Icaedah-kaedahstatistikyangtelahdigunakanbagimengujihipotesis blah Korelasi Pearson, C.&an-t dh Regresi Berganda.

Hasilkajianmemqjuklm a ) te&qathubungansig&kandiantaragaq$tmnintrMkntonomitugas,s@fikan6uga8dsnpcnyertaantugas~komitmenterhhporgnisasi b ) teApatperbepamdarisegis&n%kantugas dikalanpnguru-guruaekoiab&bandardan~bsndar, c ) t&apathubunganyang

rakaneekujadan~d ) te&patpe&xaandaGsegi

kepuwanga~danpemckitarankerjadikahwgangutu-guruaek&hrendahba&rdanluarbandar. e) tidakterdqathubuqanyangsignifGndiantarajantinadankomitment&adapoqpniwL f) adape&e~komitmentef&dapoqpisasidi

kalangaslguapguru- sekolahrendahbandardanluarbaadar.g) tidak~hubunganyangsisllifikandiartaralmrurdantempoh~~cmntmentcrhadape h ) guiu~aek~rendah~bandarlebihtrnglp

LkomitmentBhdap orgadaiberbandingdengan guru-guntsekolahnxwlahbandar. i) f--f* sigrtifik;m tugaa, penym tugas, ken&an dan vmkerja memberi peqpruh yang eirplidikan kepada komitmen terhadap v.

ABSTRACT

Thepurpostof~sbudyistoexantintthef~~relatedto~dional.commmmenf among primary school teach= in Seberang Perai Utara ,Pulau Pinang.Theob~tivesofthisstudyweretoinvest@e a ) therelationshipbetweenextxinsic

.reward,intrinsicrewardanddemopaphywithoq@z&kdcommthmgl t and thedifkenw of these factors among teach= in rural and u&n pimazy schools.b ) thedifE~of~comtnihment~rutaand~anprimaryschools c) the infIuence of kkpendent variabh~ on -onal commibment

Threehu&vdandtenteachershaveparticiiatedinthisstudy. They-twolocalities of primary schools, 165 of them fmm Maf p&nary schools and 165 fromuhanpl’anaryschools. Asetofques~~51itemsusjng~pointj3Lilcat-type scale was applied to measure the teachers’ rupnses. 23h)pOthWWet.e

cxmstrwted for this study. StaMical tools such as Pearson Co~~latiion, t-Teat andMuhipleRegrewionwereusedto~hypotheses.

The results revealed that a) there was significant &tionsbip between task autonomy,task significant, task invdvement and oqanbhd commitment b) there wassignificant diBkrent of task s&n&ant among rural and urban @nary schools.c) therewas ?lignsat re~onahip between extrimic reward (salary, promotion, co-worken and work emvhment) and oqgakaiional commitment. d) There was a@@icant diffkence of salary and satisfaction of work envimmmt among rural andurbanpximaryschoolteachers. e ) Therewasnosi@kant~iationshipbetweengender asld oqpnktional commitment. r) there was a significant difference of. Pw commitment among mal and urban female primary school teachers.g) There was no !dgn&ant relationship between age and period of services andorgankdonal commitment h) Teachem from rural primary schools showed hi&xoagandional commitment compared to urban Primary schools. I) Task irig&km,task involvemeng promotion and co-workem showed i3i@bnt inthemes on theteachem’ oqanimional commitment.

. . .m

PENGHARGAAN

Setinggi kesyukuran kebadrat AlIah S.W.T. di atas limpah dan rahmatNya maka

ki#itkidappdiSel~sepertiyangtelahdirancatlgkan.

Pertamaselrali~SetilIggi~ danterimakasihkepadapenyeliati

iniiaituEnl!IasblJnahAahariteNtama diatasaegalabimb@andantunjukajarf8elama

menyiapkan tesis ini. Begitu juga kepada En Aamat Nizam Abdul T&i dari Sekolah

Pengurulrlan yang turut membantu dalam menyiapkan tesis ini. Setenunya ucapan

telima kasih dan m ditu@kan kepada Dr. Ibrahim Abmad Bajunid,

Pengarab Institut Aminuddin Baki Genting Highland dan Prof. Madya Dr. Ibrahim

Abdul Hamid Dekan Sekolah Siswazah, UUM yang telah berus&a bagi menjayakan

program hi.

Pe@urgxmdant&makasihtakterh@gadisampaikankepadasemuaGusuBesar

danguru-gurusel<olah9ekdah~~yamg~atdengankajian~y~telah

memberikankerjasamayangcukupbaikdanmesrasepanjangtempohpengendalian

soal selidik dijalankan. Tidak hpa juga kepada semua rakan-rakan kohort 5 yang

txmtiaa menunjukkan smangat tdiakawan bekerjasama se- keakbir kuaus.

P~yaagpalingiirtimewakep~ibybapa,isteriHasmawatisertaanak-anak

Ahmad~~AhmadHazwafl,~d~danN1pYuarinayangtelahmemberi

inspirasi, sokongan serta donmgan yang padu demi kejayaan aerta kesempurnaan

dalammenghan@kursussehna satutahunini.

Semoga Allah memberkati segala usaha kita. Was&am.

Mohd Roodzi bin AzizUnivers&i Utara Malaya@November 1997.

iv

b

KANDUNGAN

Muka Surat

KEBENAMN MERUJUK TESISABSTR4K (BAHASA MALAYSIA)ABSTRACT (BAHASA INGGERIS)PENGHARGAANKANDUNGANSENARAI JADUALSENAWU RAJAH

BAB SATU PENGENALAN

1.1 Peldihb1.2 TtiKomitmn1.3 PenyataanMasalah1.4 ObjcktifKajian1.5 IcLeIcajian1.6 Batasan Kajian1.7 Pemnmgan Tesis

BAB DUA ULASANKARYA

2.1 Pendahusuan 1 72.2 LatarBe~SekolahRendahBandardanLuarBmdar 1 72.3 KmnitmenTerhsdap~ 2 12.4 Kmuitmm Texhadap Oqgmhwi Pendidikan 2 62.5 Gaujaran Kerja 3 12.6 AutonomiTugas 3 22.7 SigdikanTqps 3 42.8 Penyertaan Tugas 3 42.9 Ganjaran Gaji 3 52.10 Kenaikim 3 62.11 Rakan Sekerja 3 72.12 PemkitaranKerja 3 72.13 Hubungan Antara Ganjamn Keqja Dengan Kcmilmen 3 82.14 Bandar dan Luar Bandar 4 1

ii i1..mivV . . .WIx

149111 31 41 5

V

2.15

2.16

-wP-~JantinaUmurTempohPerkhidmatanKesimpulan

BAB TIGA METODOLOGI KAJIAN

3.13.23.33.43.53.63.7

3.83.93.10

3.11

PendahuluanPopulasiKajianSampel KajianKaedahPeqpnjdmDatasoal selidik Kajiau-=4&==P-lDesnisioperaaiSekolah Rendah Bandar dan Luar BandarGllrll-GlullGaaqjamEks~Ganjaran-Komitmen Terbadap 0rganidHipotesisKajiauKajian FGntisKaedah Atmhis DataStatistkDiskripljfstatistikweKesimpulan

BAB EMPAT ANALISIS DAN DAPATAN KAJIAN

4.14.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

PeI&hdWILatarBdakangReapondenJantina dan UmurTernpohPerkhidmatanLokditi SekolahSkor Pemboiehubah-pembolehubah KqjianPembolehubah BersandarPembolehubah BebasMat&s Korelasi antara Pembolehubah-PembolehubahKajianPengujian HipotesisHipotesis satuHipotesis Dua

4 24 44 54 7

4 84 85 25 45 56 0

6 16 26 36 36 46 56 8697 07 07 1

7 27 27 37 47 57 57 67 6

7 98 08 08 2

vi

BAB LIMA PERBINCANGAN DAN KESIMPULAN

5.15.2

5.35.45.55.65.7

PetdhhUlPel-biT&MllgiUlObjektifPertamaObjektifKeduaObjeklifKMObjektif KeempatObjektifKelimaMa8dahKajianImplikasilcajianWKepada-Pengurusan

83858688899 09394969799102

103103103106110114117119120121123124

vii

SEWARAI JADUAL

JADUAL Muka Swat

3.13.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.63.7

4.14.24.34.44.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.11

4.12

4.13

Pe&md&an Ciri-Ciri Terpilih Sekolah Rend&SenaraiSCkdahKebaageaandi~SGberangPerai Utara.Senarai Sekolah Rendah Kebaqgaan di DaexabS&erangPeraiutafa.Senarai Sekolah Rendah Jenis Kebangsm GinaCfiDaerah SeberangPeraiUtara,Senarai Sekolah Rendah Jti Kebangwn TamildiDaerah Seberang Perai Utara.Senarai SekoJah SampelKa$ian.Skor Ebgi ICu@aan Positif dan NegaH

Taburan Responden Me&kut JantinaTaburan Respoden Mengikut UmurTaburanRespondenMengikutTempohP~Tabwan Respoden Mea@kut Lokgliti SekdabMwatlsi6&aIlPiawaiba$jPembolehubah-Pembdehubahkajian.Mat&s Kordasi Antara Pembolehubab-Pembolehubah Kajian.Keputwan Ujian Kcxelasi di antara Pembolehubah-Pembolehubab Gaajaran h&in& dan KomitmenTerhadapChganiwiKcputuaan Ujian-t bagi Ganjaran In&ins& AutonomiTugas di kakmgan Guru-Guru Sekolah Rdah BandardanLuarBandar.Keputwan Ujian-t bagi Ganjaran Intrinsik SignifWmTugas di kalaqgn Guru-Guru Sekolah RendahBandardau Luar Bandar.Keputusan Ujian-t bagi Ganjaran In&in& PenyertaanTugas di ldangan Guru-Guru Sekolah Rendah Bandardan Luar Bandar.Keputwan Ujian Korelasi di antara Pembolehubah-Pembolebubah Ganjaran Ekst&& dan KomitmenTe&adapOqgniwiKeputusan Ujian-t bagi Gaqjaran Ekstrinsik Gajidi kakmgan Guru-Guru Sekolab Rendah Bdar danLuarBandar.Keputusan Ujiau-t bagi Ganjaran Ek&insik Kedkandi kalangan Guru-Guru Sekolah Redab Bandar danLuar Bat&u.

4 950

5 1

51

5 2

5 35 9

7 37 47 57 57 6

7 9

8 1

81

8 3

8 4

8 5

8 6

8 7

. . .vlll

4.14

4.15

4.16

4.17

4.18

4.19

4.20

4.21

4.22

4.23

Keputusan Ujian-t bagi Ganjaran Ekstinsik RakanSekerja di kalaqpn Gum-Gum Sekolah RendahBandarditnLuarBandar.Keputusau Ujian-t bagi Gaqjaran Ek&insik P-anKerja di~Guru~SekolahRendahBandardantiBandar.Keputu8an U&m Kofekw5i di antara Pembolehubah-Pembdehubah Jdna, UmurdanTempohPedchi~danK~enTerhadaporganisasi.Kcput.wnUjian-tbagiKomitm~ciikalangasrGuru-GuruL&kiSekoiahRendahBandardanLuarBandar.KeputwnUjian-tbagiKonitmendikalangan~-GusuPerempwn SekolahRendahBandar danLuarBandar.Keputwtn Ujian-t bagi Komitmen Terhadaporgan&h di kalmgan Guru-Guru Sekolah RendahBandardanLwrBandarBe&wkan Perbeisan Umuf.Keputusan U&m-t bagi Komitmen TefhadapOrgan&i di kalanpn Guru-Guru Sekolah RendahBadardanLuarBan&rBedasarkanTempohPerkhidrtnatanKeputusan U&n-t bagi Komitmen di kalaqanG~N-G~N Sekolah RendahBandar danLuarBandar

Keputwan Ujian Regresi Beqynda Bagi PembolehubahKomitmenTerhadapOrganisasiRingkaaan Kepuusan Hipoteais Kajian.

8 8

9 0

9 1

9 1

9 2

9 3

9 5

%

9 8

1 0 0

ix

SENARAI RAJAH

FlAJAH Mul!ca surat

2.1 Model Ihxnitmen Oliver (1994). 5

2.2 KonsqK-TerhadapwSteerdanPorter 6(1979).

3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Yang Menunjukkan Hubungan di antma 60Pembolehubah Bebaa dengan Pembobshubah Bemndar.

X

Sekolah Siswazah(Graduate School)

Universiti Utara Malaysia

PERAKUAN KERJA KERTAS PROJEK(Certification Of Project Paper)

Saya, yang bertandatangan, memperakukan bahawa(I, the undersigned, certify that)

MOHD. ROODZI BIN AZIZ

calon untuk Ijazah(candidate for the degree of)

Sarjana Sains (Pengurusan)

telah mengemukakan kertas projek yang bertajuk(has presented his/Iler project paper of the following title)

KOMITMEN TERHADAP ORGANISASI DI KALANGAN GURU-GURU

SEKOLAH RENDAH BANDAR DAN LUAR BANDAR.

scperti yang tercatat di muka surat tajuk dan kulit kertas projek(as it appears on the title page and front couer of project paper)

bahawa kertas projek tersebut boleh diterima dari segi bentuk serta kandungan,dan meliputi bidang ilmu dengan memuaskan.(that the project paper is acceptable in form and content, and that a satisfactoryknowledge of the field is covered by the project paper).

Nama Penyelia Encik Hasbullah bin Ashari(Name of Srrperoisor):

Tandatangan’ (Signature)

Tarikh(Date)

BAB SATU

P E N G E N A L A N

1.1 PENDAHULUAN

JSajianbmitmengurutcmadap~ sekobhmenjadibegitupentjngsekarang

ini kerana tugas mendidik para @jar di sekolah menjadi semakin mencabar serta

memedukan penglibatan guru sepenuhnya. Hal ini di sokong oleh Abu Bakar

(1994), dengan menyatakan perubahan dalam arah alifan perkembanggn pendidikan

dewasa hi, tedah mencorakkan satu s&em kerja yang lebih kompleks. Had da@ada

bebempa penemuan terdahulu telah dapat member&an gambaran tentang faktor

fhktor yang menjadi penentu kepda komitmen te&adap oxjpkai pendidikixn

seperti kepuasan kerja, peluang kenaikan pan&at, di kaji oleh Mottaz,(1989).

Faktor-fiaktor lain seperti umur, jantina, lokaliti sekolah, tempoh perkbidm&an dztn

tahappen~yangditefima.

senario sekolah rendah di hur bandar yang serba kekurangjtn tennasuk kekwangan

bWcda&kekuranganperaWn,ketdaanbekalaneklct&ketidaanbilikkhas,

kekurangan kemudahan bilik kerjaya, pexpustakaan, b&k rawatan dan bedqai-

bagaikekumnganlainlagi,semacam menjanjikan suatu peffditaran yang cukup

mencabar kewibawaan guru-guru untuk berkhidmat dengan cemerlang. Hal ini

ditambah pula oleh keadaan pemekitaran sosial yang tidak memberansangkan,

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

RUJUKAN

Abu Bakar Nordin (1994). Reform& P- Kuala Lumpw : Nurin Enteqkc.

Abu zahati Abu Bakar, (1984). Perhnbantgan Pasd&kun Di SancffMbirurgMelspricr Pet&g Jaya : Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.

Ahmad Mahdzau Ayob (1992). X&&h Pm- .thh&md KualaLumpur:DewanBahawlanPustaka.

Alleu, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). “The measurcmtnt and autedeut of affectiw,txmtinuance and nonnat& .wmmdmen t to the oqpbatiou”. Joumd ofOecrrp&nd~ckologp, 63, 1-8.

A&m, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1984). “Testing the ‘side-bet theory’ of oqa&ationalcommhent: Some methodokqical consi~“. Jonrnd of Apprcicdp$rckdogy 69(3), 372-318.

Alleu, N. J & Meyer, J. P. (1993). “organizational cam&mew Evidence of careerstage effects”. Jonmd of Ihadumn ltesemd (26). 49-61

Al-Shakihi, Bader Nasser (1985). An &m&t&en ef Niwdad Climax V$hMesAnd lkir Eli On Job Ad&&r fllrc C&se of Kkdt. (Teak DdrtorFalsaf& yang tidak dite&&n) Car&z Uniwsity of Wales, Institute ofScience and Technology.

Angle, H. L. & Peny, J. L. (1981). “An Empirical Aaawmat of v.

C.mmdmd a n d Oq@za&imal Eff-ectiwness. Athdnimti S&weQ-fMy, 26,

Aqyris, C. (1964). Intcdrrirding be I- and tic Oqaaiz&n. New York :Wiley-

Any, D. et. al., (1985). Zeoddon P Research in A!?a&&oa New York: Hoit,Rinehart audwiustou.

Aven, F. F., Pa&r, B. & McEvoy, G. M. (1993). “Gender and attitudinatcommitment to oq@zation: A meta- at&y&“. Jonmd of EtrhemResearcb, 26,61-73

127

Bailey, K. D. (1992). Kaethh Peg&&m St&t& Kuala Lumpur: Dewan BahasadanPu&ka.

Baktiar Manmr ( 1 9 9 3 ) . “Keqjaya Peqpuan : Satu Peqektif Perkem?mganIbjayaw. m I%ik&gi @pmi8& Sismbu MIlrwais ti OpgMipQJi.KualaLumpur:DCW~bohasadaapllataka

Bartol, Kahyn M. (1979). “Pmfm as a l?redictor of vCoxnmitment, Role Stress, and Turnover: A Mm AppachN.A-mY of i+f- Jounud pp 815-821

Becker, FL S. (1990). “Notes on the concept of cmmitment”. Am&an JorurcrrESoeiQCogy, 66,32-42.

Blamer, R. (1964). &km&m a&Free&m CScago; The Univmity of Chicagopleas.

Boylan et. Al (1993) Boyian, Co&i, Ed; Ahton, Maqpet, Ed. (1993). RuralEducationIssucs:AnAustrolianP~.KeyP~Number3. ChadesStud UniwRivwina , Waggr Wagea (Australia). Cenbc for Rural SocialRestarch,SocietyfmthcprovieionofEducationinR.uralAustralia.

Brown, M . (1969). ‘Tdedfication and some condihn of organkhonalinvolvement. A&dh&&w,!&&mx quarw&, 14,346-355.

Brown, M. E. (1%9). “Imation of Some Cund&ma of Oqphtionallnvodt. A-& Science Qwm@, 14346-355.

Can.ol, J. J., Pizzo, J. R. & To& H. L. (1990). Mmqiug @+&oudBcLlnriorar (2nd Ed). New York: Hmpcr & Row.

Cohen, A. & Lowe&erg G. (1990). “A re-examimtion of the side-bet theory asapplied to orgakational commitment”. HvmM ltdwo& 45(10x 1015-1 0 5 0

Deci, E. L. (1971 ). “Ed%& of inter&y media&d x-ewds on intrinsic xmtbatim”.Jonmd of P-on&# rrrrdSoc&d I@ch&gp. 18.105-115

lIhsder, G. (1993). Wm m New York : McGraw-Hill.

Deader, G. (1993). Wm Cbnmhe& Him do B&i and Keep a Compe&hwWorkjiwtx New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Dunnette, M. D., and Kirchner, W. K. (1%5). psyckolu~ Appliicd b Indm!ry.New York: Wiley.

128

Edman, Marion L. (1963). “primary Tea&m of Korea Lcmk At Thmsehm: AStudyofRulemndStatus.ScmkCentralEducadionResearchl[llsRitute.

Etzioni, A. (l%l). A Gwqarahe An&is Of GM&X Oqar&ahm NewYork: Free Press.

Evans, David R. (1971). T&s AP Agun& of iVahnd Devedepm A Gwslwdpofl&anda NewYork:PraegerPubli&er,Inc.

Famel, Dan, and Rusbult, Caryl (1985). “Understanding the Retention Function : AModel of the Causes of Exit, Voice, Lqalty and Neglect Behaviors”.I’erso&AWe, (A@), pp 129-140

Feldberg, R. and Glenn , E. (1979). “Male and female: Job versus gender models inthe jmdogbl of work. S&&d &&km 26,525.535.

Fruth, M . J . ( 1 9 8 2 ) . Commitmen t o T e a c h & Teachem’ Respomm t o~oi&onalIncentives.Repoxtfkm0heProgramonStukmtDivemi@andSchoolPmcemes. Wicconsin CenterfmEducakmResearch, Madison.

Ghazali Othman (1979). “An Investigation if the source of job sat&faction ofMaayaianSchoolTucheEe”.APhD.Thtsiasybnti#adtoLOgAnBelasUnivemity 0fCalXorn.k.

Gheznawat, P. (1991). &m&&sent: l& Qna&c of Sfrak?gv. New York: Freepress.

Glisson, C. & Duzick, B. (1988). “Predictom of job and oqpkkml commitmentin human service organization”. A-& Sd#rcc Qntmwn@, 33,61-81

Gordon, M. E (1976). “Commitment to the union: Development of a measure andexamhahn of its comktea . Jon- of el?qchdogr, 65,479-499.

GrifSn, R W., & Bateman, T. S. (1986). Job Satkklion and organizationalCommitment In C. L. Cooper and I. Rober&m (Eds.), I&rn&naf reviewof iu&dd amd orgmi&md p&w. lkw York John Ww &Sons, 157-188.

Gruslky, D. (1966). “Career Mobility and Oqak&k&.

Commtm ent.A&&&tr&e Science f&&r&, !0(4).

Hackman J. R 82 Oldham, G. R. (1975). “Development of the job diagnosticsurvey”. Joawnai of Apw Igpcka&gv, 60, 159-l 70.

129

Hall, Douglas T., Schneider, Beqjamin and Nygren, Harold T. (1970). “Personalf&on in organidonal idedication. Atidtbah 2kience QJMHU&,IS (2), 176-w.

Had, Adrian, Eugene Chewing and Martin Taylor, (1986). “organizationa-Profti Conflict and the Job Satisktion and Turnover Intentions ofInternal Auditom”. A hwrndof R& & 7%cmy, (spring), pp 109-121.

Heider, F (1958). 7&c &yckdogr Of Inter~nd Rd&iom New York : JohnWiley & sons.

Her&erg F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. NewYork: Wiley.

Hill, Stephen. (1981). Co-n and Cbti d Wmk Cambridge, MA: MITPIXXB.

Hrebiniak, Lawrence G. and Alutto, Joseph A. (1972). Personal and ~&-related.

fktominthedweloptmentof~~ . A-&SdGlsa QMarwqy, 17 (4), 555-573

Ibrahim A b u Samah (1995). Ke.se&rrar &n Parclpsi Pdqiap Lnar lhtadhrTeht.& Pembmgnnan Snmba man&a ~8arsnrrAKualaLumpur:Dewan Bahasa daa Pwtaka.

Igbaria , M., Meredith, G. & Smith, D. (1994). “Predictor of intension of ISprofti to stay with the organk&on in South Afiid. Infdn andmunag- 26,245-256.

Ivemon, R. D.& Roy,P. (1994). “A causal model of behavioral commitment:Evidence fiwm a study of Australian Hue-collar employees”. Jonmu ofBhun?ge- 20(l), 15-41.

Jabatan Perdana Menteri Malay& (1996).1996-2ooo. KuaiaLuntpur: Percetakan

Jackson, Susan E., and Randall S. Schuuier, (1985). “A Meta-analy& andconceptuaCn’miquofResearchonRofeArnbiguiotyandRole~inWork settin@. thgan&&ndBehk mtdHimm Decisliorr BoasseaPp 382-3%.

Kalleberg, A. L. & Reve, T. (1992). Wmtracta and commitment: Ecmomic andSo&lo&al perspectives cm employent relationa”.Hiuwm R&lion, #S(9),1103- l 132 .

130

khmmgo, R. (1982). “Meaurumnt of Job and Work Invokment”. 304 ofAppmiGd mc&dogy 67,341-349.

Kanter, R . M . (1968). “Commitme& and social oqpkation: A study ofcommitment mechanisms in utopian communities”. An&can SoaidagicdR&m, 33,499-517.

Kanter, R. M. (1968). “Comm&ent and Social Oq@zation: A Study of. .

CommitmentMechankminUtopian&nmumks . American stiologicalReview, Vohune 33:hal499-517

Kaufinan, J. W. (1984). Relaiionship between Teacher Motivation and Commitmentto the Profe Papefprese&dattheAnaualMeetingofthe~Research Asso&dion ( New orbeans, LA, April 23-27.)

Kelley, J. dan Michelo, R. (1980). HMM hke& Ikeery. London : TheMacMillanPressLtd.

Kidron, A. (1978). “Work vahxa and oqpni&onal commitment. Acardany ofiUarrqe Jommd, 14, 213-226.

Kumungo, R. N. & Hartwick, J. (1987). “An alternat& to the intrkic-extksicdichotomy of work rewards”. Jonrnd ef Managanmt, 13(4), 751-766.

La Belle, Thomas J. (1973). The New Professiona In Venezuelan SecondaryEducation. Latin American Center, UCLA.

Lee, Sang M. (1971). “An Empirical Analysis of oqpklional Identification”.Actathq of Mimugcment Jorrrrrd (June), 213-232.

Lincoln J. R. & Kalleberg, A. L. (1990). Cnkke, Con@& und Cimmhm&~ofWbrrL~donuulW~~kAaSardcrinrLc(mird-~Jtapw~ Cm Cambridge University Press.

Lorence, J. (1987). “A test of ‘Gender’ and ‘job’ models of sex difkrences in jobimrohrement. Socicll Forces 66,121-142.

Loscocco, IL A. (1990). “Reaction to B~K-Colar Work: A comparison of womenand men” Wrnk and Ocap&n, 17(2), 152-177.

Luthana, F. (1995). Organiz&nd Behavior (E&i 0. McGraw-Hill. Inc. 113-139.

Mad, R. M. & Mamk, H. (1977). “v commitment and turnover: Apredktive study. Athhistrh Science Qnw, 22, 55-75.

131

Mathieu, J. E. & Zajac, D. M. (1990). “A review and mata-ana@& of theantecedents, correlates and cons~ces of oqpnizational commitment”.I%ycb&&&%r&&, 108(2), 171-194.

Mazni Mohamad (1996). “Komitmen Terhadap Organ&& di Kalaxyp PekerjaKilang Elektronik: Anali& di Negeri Kedah. Tesis M SC . (Penguwan).sinmk: universiti utara Malaysia.

Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1991). “A Three-Component ~nceptuaiization ofol-phtional commitment. If- Resonrtx JswqpmM R&&w, I,61-89.

Molttaq C. J. (1981). “The relative impstance of in&sic and errtrinsic rewards asdetemkm of work sa@action”. 7&c Saeidbgacpl Qua&r&, 26(S),365-385.

MO& J. H., & Steers, R. M. (1980). “structural influence on organi-commitment. Jonmdof Voc&adBehauior, 17, M-57.

Morrow, P. (1983). “Concept &undanq in oganizational research: The case ofwork commitment. Acathqy of M-m-, 8,486-500.

Mot& C. J. (1989). “An azudyis of the relalionz3hip between at&udblcomm&ment and behavioural commitment”. me Socido~ QuataEy,30(l), 143-158.

Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M. & Porter, L. W. (1979). “The B ofoljpbtional commitment”. Jonrnd of VocW Behavior, 14,224-247.

Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W. & Steers, R. M. (1982). Eqpbyee-Oqanbtbnb?inbge: nc pspekdogp Of cum f4bseeism And 2lmmwer.New York: Acaddemic Press.

Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M. & Porter, L. M. (1979). “The nwsurement oforgandional wnunhed”. Jowrnd o f Vocalbnd Behaviowr, 14,224-227.

Muellar, C. W., Wallace, J. E. & Price, J. L. (1992). “Employee commitment:Resolving some issues”. Wwk und Owap&was, 19(3), 211-236.

132

Mustapa Kassim (1995). “Guru siswazlh : Kajian Kes UM sains malapia”.m&ding Sh JKZKAU Ke-9. Be: Fakuhi Pe&i&an UKM.138-146

Nordin Hj. Ahmad, (1980) Pen&&kun don l%ntad&anscAdek Ate&ah. KualaLumpur: DewanBahasa danpurttaka.

Oliver, N. (1984). “An Examktion of Oqa&ational Comm&ent in Sic Workers’Cooperatives in Scotland”. Human Relation. Volume 37, Number 1,@al. 43.)

ong chon sooi (1995). “KOmitln~diUkprestasi~:cabaranKep?daPengurus Pendidikan”. M&&& Pcll&#&& Jilid 19, (hal63.)

Porter, Lyman W., William J. Crampon and Frank J. Smith (1976). “Oqyni&ionalCommitment and M Turnover: A Longitudinal Study”.Orpnixadod Behavior undH%man Pmf- e, 87-98.

Powel, G. (1990). “One more time: Do f&male and male managers diffk?. Achyef M-m l!ikede 4(3), 68-74.

Quarks, N. R. (1988). Profksional Commitment, organizational Commitment andOqykatioanal-Profkssional Conflict in the Internal Audit Function: ModelDevelopment and Test. Ph. D Dkser#ion-Unkrsity of Texas.

Reyes, P. & Keller, D. (1986). “v Value Orientation and Its Impact onorpjmbaticmal colmnitment and Job Satisfaction of Public School Teachers.Paper pnsenkd at the Annual Meetirq of the Mid-Western EducationalResearch Association (66th, Chicqo, IL, October 16-18)

Reyes, P. (1992). preliminary Models of Teacher Oqa&aticmal Commitment:Implications for Restxucauing the Workplace. Center on Orga&&ional andRestructuing of School, Mad&on, WI.

Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J. & L&man, S. I. (1970). ” Role conflict and ambiguity incomplex organization. Ah&is&&e Sdence @M&W@. IS, 150-163.

Robbins, S. P. (1996). OrgMizrabiorral &kukr. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Robbins, S., Water-March, T., Cacioppe, R. & Millet, B. (1994). Orgtan&&o&Behnionr-A@& and New Ze&nti- Concept, Co?thwr&s and4@t#itms. NewYork: Prentice-Hall.

Rosenholtz, Susan J. & Simpson, Carl (1990). “Workplace Condition and the Riseand Fall of Teachers’ Commitment. Sociology of Education, ~63, n4~241-257.

133

Salancik, G. R. (1977). “Commitmeint and control of oqpkational bchaviour andbelief. Dalam B. M. Staw dan G. R. Salancik (Eds). New Diredon inll#gB &kenr. Chicago: St. clair Press.

Schwartz, F. (1989). “Management wonwn and the new fats of life. Hiuvur~Batsin- R&m (January-February): 65-76.

Sekaran, U. (1992). Rcscorck Met&o& for Buiness: A Skia B&kg Appmach@ad Ed) New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Sheldon, M. E. (1971). “- andJ.wolvemente as Ii&ha&w ProducingCormnitment to the Organihon. A-&e seicrrce f2watarly,16:142-150.

Sheldon, M. E. (1970). ” lnvestmmts and involvements as mechanisms produsingcommitment to the organhtion. Atiu&kh&e Science Qmmemfy, 16,142-150

Sheldon, Mary E. (1971). “Investment and Imrolvement as Mechanisms ProducingCommitment to the Organization”. Atdmh&&h Sciemv Qmak~@(June)) 143-150.

Staw, G. R. (1976). “Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitmentto a chosen course of action. Orgdadiand Behdow and HnmanPerfomlam e, 16, 27-44.

Stexm, R. M. (1977). “Antecedents and outcomes of oqgnktional commitment.AthGuidr& SW Qne, 22,~56.

Steer, R W. Dan Porter, L. M (1979). M&&n PVLB Work &kavior. 2nd Ed.New York: McGraw-Hill.

Steven, John M., Beyer, Janice M., and Trite, Harison. (1978). “Aaeingperson& role and oqpkational predictore of managerial commitment.AcadGnry of M-e-@ Jonmd, 21,(3), 308-396

Steven, S. M., Beyer, J. M., & T&e, H. M. (1978). “Asessbg Personel Role, andchpnization Fkdictors o f ManageIial commitm~t”. Aeadurry ofManagemeti Joaimd, 21,380-3%.

Talbert, E. G. (1987). Forty Rural Schools: A Study of School Eiktiwness. Aresearch study presented at the Annual Meeting of the Rural EducationSpecial Merest group of the American Education Research association(Washin@q DC, April 23,1987.)

134

Titanji, F. P. (1994). “Job Satis&tion Among Public Secondary/ High SchoolTeachers in Cameroon”. Ed D D&z&t&~-U&en@ of Massachusetts orL o w e l l .

Uilwan Mm (1995). Kesan Masalah Murid Luar Bandar. 19-6-95, 5:l

UiwsM fue (1996) . Keputusan U P S R 9 6 Mmingkat 5 . 1 Peratus.21-ll-%, 1:3

Wallace, J. E. (1995). “Coqmmist cmtml and orgardzational comn&mmt amongprofessionals: The case of lawyers working in law firms”. Socid Fmxs73,3, 8 12-839

Weber, Max (1966). Ike memy of Socid ad Economic OrganicaaptOn. NewYork: Free Press. (First published in 1947).

Wexley, K. N. dm Yukl, G. A. (1984). &pkoiiond Behm&nr md P~nndZ3rychocogY (IRehe E-n). lllinois: hwin.

Wiener, Y. & Vardi, Y. (1980). Relationships between job, orgatlization, and caremcomruittuent and work outcomes- An integrat& approach. &g&z&&&kavior and Humcrrr Ptrfomance, 26, 81-89.

Wang Siew Yock (1995). Kepuasan Kerja di K&ngan Guru-guru SekolahMenengah Luar Bandar: satu Kajian di Daerah Manjung. Tesis Sarjana.Unix&i Utara Malaysia.

Yusoff Hanifah (1981). “wonal Commitm& : Teachers’ Attitudes in theContext of Peninsular Malaysia”. Ph. D Dissertation. Stan&ml U&m&y.

Zeffhne, R. (1994). “Patterns of organizational Commitment and PerceivedManagement Style: A Comparison of Public and Private Sector Employees.Hvm~ Rddon, 47(8), 977-1011.

135