kerje kursus add math
TRANSCRIPT
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Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah for giving me the
strength and health to do this project work and finish it on time.
Not forgotten to my parents for providing everything, such as
money to buy anything that are related to this project work, their
advise which is the most needed for this project and facilities such as
internet, books, computer and all that. They also supported me and
encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate indoing it.
Then I would like to thank to my teacher En. Sukri for guiding
me through out this project. Even I had some difficulties in doing this
task, but he taught me patiently until me knew what to do. He tried
and tried to teach me until understand what I supposed to do with theproject work.
Last but least, any
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Objectives
The aims of carrying out this project work are:
To apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to
solve problem.
To promote effective mathematical communication.
To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a
way that increase students interest and confidence. To improve thinking skills.
To use the language of mathematical to express mathematical ideas
precisely.
To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances
effective learning.
To develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
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Introduction
History Of Index Number
Index numbers are meant to study the change in the effects of suchfactors which cannot bemeasured directly. According to Bowley, Index
numbers are used to measure the changes in somequantity which we cannot
observe directly. For example, changes in business activity in a countryare not
capable of direct measurement but it is possible to study relative changes in
business activity by studying the variations in the values of some such factors
which affect business activity, andwhich are capable of direct
measurement.Index numbers are commonly used statistical device
for measuring the combinedfluctuations in a group related variables. If we wishto compare the price level of consumer itemstoday with that prevalent ten years
ago, we are not interested in comparing the prices of only oneitem, but in
comparing some sort of average price levels. We may wish to compare the
presentagricultural production or industrial production with that at the time of
independence. Here again,we have to consider all items of production and each
item may have undergone a different fractionalincrease (or even a
decrease). How do we obtain a composite measure? This composite measure
is provided by index numbers which may be defined as a device for combiningthe variations that havecome in group of related variables over a period of time,
with a view to obtain a figure thatrepresents the net result of the change in the
constitute variables.Index numbers may be classified in terms of the variables
that they are intended to measure. In business, different groups of variables in
the measurement of which index number techniques arecommonly used are (i)
price, (ii) quantity, (iii) value and (iv) business activity. Thus, we haveindex of
wholesale prices, index of consumer prices, index of industrial output, index of
value of exports and index of business activity, etc. Here we shall be mainlyinterested in index numbersof prices showing changes with respect to time,
although methods described can be applied toother cases. In general, the
present level of prices is compared with the level of prices in the
past.The present period is called the current period and some period in the
past is called the base period.
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Index Numbers
Index numbers are statistical measures designed to show changes in a variable
or groupof related variables with respect to time, geographic location or other
characteristics such asincome, profession, etc. A collection of index numbersfor different years, locations, etc., issometimes called an index series.
Simple Index Number
A simple index number is a number that measures a relative change in a
single variablewith respect to a base.
Composite Index Number
A composite index number is a number that measures an average relative
changes in agroup of relative variables with respect to a base.
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