kerje kursus add math

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    Acknowledgement

    First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah for giving me the

    strength and health to do this project work and finish it on time.

    Not forgotten to my parents for providing everything, such as

    money to buy anything that are related to this project work, their

    advise which is the most needed for this project and facilities such as

    internet, books, computer and all that. They also supported me and

    encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate indoing it.

    Then I would like to thank to my teacher En. Sukri for guiding

    me through out this project. Even I had some difficulties in doing this

    task, but he taught me patiently until me knew what to do. He tried

    and tried to teach me until understand what I supposed to do with theproject work.

    Last but least, any

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    Objectives

    The aims of carrying out this project work are:

    To apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to

    solve problem.

    To promote effective mathematical communication.

    To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a

    way that increase students interest and confidence. To improve thinking skills.

    To use the language of mathematical to express mathematical ideas

    precisely.

    To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances

    effective learning.

    To develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

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    Introduction

    History Of Index Number

    Index numbers are meant to study the change in the effects of suchfactors which cannot bemeasured directly. According to Bowley, Index

    numbers are used to measure the changes in somequantity which we cannot

    observe directly. For example, changes in business activity in a countryare not

    capable of direct measurement but it is possible to study relative changes in

    business activity by studying the variations in the values of some such factors

    which affect business activity, andwhich are capable of direct

    measurement.Index numbers are commonly used statistical device

    for measuring the combinedfluctuations in a group related variables. If we wishto compare the price level of consumer itemstoday with that prevalent ten years

    ago, we are not interested in comparing the prices of only oneitem, but in

    comparing some sort of average price levels. We may wish to compare the

    presentagricultural production or industrial production with that at the time of

    independence. Here again,we have to consider all items of production and each

    item may have undergone a different fractionalincrease (or even a

    decrease). How do we obtain a composite measure? This composite measure

    is provided by index numbers which may be defined as a device for combiningthe variations that havecome in group of related variables over a period of time,

    with a view to obtain a figure thatrepresents the net result of the change in the

    constitute variables.Index numbers may be classified in terms of the variables

    that they are intended to measure. In business, different groups of variables in

    the measurement of which index number techniques arecommonly used are (i)

    price, (ii) quantity, (iii) value and (iv) business activity. Thus, we haveindex of

    wholesale prices, index of consumer prices, index of industrial output, index of

    value of exports and index of business activity, etc. Here we shall be mainlyinterested in index numbersof prices showing changes with respect to time,

    although methods described can be applied toother cases. In general, the

    present level of prices is compared with the level of prices in the

    past.The present period is called the current period and some period in the

    past is called the base period.

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    Index Numbers

    Index numbers are statistical measures designed to show changes in a variable

    or groupof related variables with respect to time, geographic location or other

    characteristics such asincome, profession, etc. A collection of index numbersfor different years, locations, etc., issometimes called an index series.

    Simple Index Number

    A simple index number is a number that measures a relative change in a

    single variablewith respect to a base.

    Composite Index Number

    A composite index number is a number that measures an average relative

    changes in agroup of relative variables with respect to a base.

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