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I(EI(AL ABADIBerita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya

. .Jil. 14 bil. 1 Mac 199~ ..' ... Percuma 1SSN O~27:2578

Malay Literary Prize Winners: a Study of the Awards,the Organizers and the Authorship Patterns

Zainab Awang Ngah*

Abstrak: Da/am artikel ini penulis menghuraikan hadiah-hadiah sastera kreatif Melayudi antara tahun 1946 hingga 1993. Penganjur yang terlibat dalam pemberian hadiahtersebut dikemukakan dan dijadualkan mengikut kekerapan penglibatan serta kategoripenganjur. Agensi kerajaan menduduki tempat tertinggi dengan pemberian h~diah yangpaling kerap. Penulis juga menghuraikan pengarang-pengarang yang terlibat dalampenulisan karya kreatif tersebut. Carta pengarang disediakan mengikut kekerapanmereka memenangi hadiah secara menyeluruh dan mengikut kategori karya kreatif:novel, drama, puisi dan cerpen. Perisian Bibliometrics Toolbox dan Quattro Prodigunakan untuk mendapatkan carta-carta yang menunjukkan kekerapan dan gerafXV.

Abtract: In this article the author describes the prizes offered for creative literaryworks written in the Malay Language between 1946 and 1993. The organizers involvedin offering these awards are identified and tabulated in terms of the frequency of theirtotal prizes as well as by category of organizers. Government agencies ranked top forthe highest number of prizes offered. The author also describes the authorship patternfor prize winning titles in terms of total winnings as well as by different categories ofcreative works, i.e. novels, dramas, poetry and short stories. The Bibliometrics Toolboxwas used to obtain ranked frequency tables of the variables studied and Quattro Pro was.used to construct charts and an XY graph.

Introduction

Awards for Malay creative works have been aregular feature in the literary scene in Malaysiasince 1946. A series of literary discussions andcriticisms as well as dissertorial discoursesoften follow the announcement of prize winnersof a particular award. Documentation centreswould endeavour to obtain the published awardwinning titles. This is especially so for centreswhich aspire to be the one-stop centre f~r localliterary research and learning. To provide theright ambience for research and learning, theone-stop centre must have a gOOd.collection ofliterary works and hence to acquire ~hese ac-claimed literary works becomes an Importantmission for these centres.

• Lecturer. Faculty of Computer Science and InformationTechnology. University of Malaya.

This venture is however easier said thandone. Many competitions accept unpublishedmanuscripts and often the titles which havewon awards are never published and are there-fore not available for general distribution orpurchase. This situation hinders the documen-tation centres' efforts in collecting thesematerials.

Ul\NI)IJNCJ1\N/f~ON'I'I~N'I'S

Rencana I Article

Laporan Kursus I Course Reports

1

18

Kertas Kerja Perstdanqan Yang Diperolehi I 20Conference Papers Received

Laporan Persidangan I Conference Reports 31

Berita Ringkas I News in Brief

Hal Ehwal Kakitangan I Staff Matters

33

34

Most often information about the winningtitles is lacking and several attempts at biblio-graphic control have been plagued by shortcom-ings. Documentation about the winning titles areoften embedded sporadically amongst the vari-ous issues of Dewan Sastera (a Malay literarymouth piece) and daily Malay newspapers. As aresult a great deal of painstaking work is neededto identify and collate all winning titles as no onesingle document provides such information.

There have been several attempts to docu-ment such information. In most cases howevercomplete bibliographic information about allwinning titles and. the names of consolationprize winners are lacking. The first attempt wasmade by A.M. Thani (1981, 1982). In the 1981article, Thani included a chronological list ofliterary awards offered by Dewan Bahasa danPustaka (DBP), a government agency, between1957 and 1980. It was shown that 14 literaryawards were offered by DBP between thoseyears. In the listing, the title of awards and thename of authors who have won the awards weregiven. Consolation prize winners were excluded.Surprisingly the listing also excluded the win-ning titles!. In 1982 Thani improved his listing byexpanding the years covered and including awardwinning titles between 1946 and 1980. He alsoincluded the main winning titles and coveredawards offered by agencies other than DBP.Fortyawards were listed in chronological orderwith columns providing such details as titles ofawards, names of authors and their winningtitles. Again consolation prize winners wereexcluded. In both the listings, Thani failed toprovide bibliographical information about eachwinning title listed. This created problems forthe documentalists wishing to ascertain thepublication status of the winning titles.

As an update to Thani's listings, FatimahZahrin (1990, 1991) attempted two other listings.In the 1990 listing, Fatimah listed awards inchronological order covering the years 1980 to1985. Altogether 56 awards were listed over the5 year span (including awards offered yearly).The second listing covered the period between1986 and 1989. In the latter list, 20 awards werelisted. In both listings, the main prize winners(authors and their winning creative works) wereprovided. A commendable feature of Fatimah'slisting was the inclusion of bibliographical de-tails about most winning titles. There are somedrawbacks to her listings which include: a) omis-sion of some main prize winning titles;

b) exclusion of titles and authors who won con-solation prizes; and c) the failure to indicatesources from which the information about win-ning titles was obtained.

Besides the four main attempts above, therehas been a number of dissertorial discourses onliterary awards and their winning titles. The fourmost relevant critical analysis are by Che HarunHamat (1991), Tiyu Chai Kiok (1991), Ramshambin Shariff Adis (1994) and Razlan Abdul Hamid(1994). Most of these discourses provide struc-tural analysis of the winning titles as well aslistings of winning authors and their titles for theawards under study in the appendices of thedissertations.

The purpose of this paper is to: a) identify allliterary awards offered between the years 1946and 1993; b) identify the types of organizers whooffered the awards; and c) describe the patternof authorship of all identified winning titles as awhole as well as by types of literary works.Descriptions are quantitative and no attempt hasbeen made to evaluate anyone work on the basisof its literary standing.

Methodology

In order to obtain quantitative data neededfor this paper a "Prize" database is createdunder CDS/ISIS. This is a bibliographic data-base with data elements included so as tofacilitate extraction of required data for ma-nipulation. The data elements extracted areused to ascertain simple frequencies and to-tals. In some instances, numeric data countedfrom information provided by the database arefed into the spreadsheet Quattro Pro to obtainXY graphs and charts.

Through this database, two unsorted listingsare obtained. The first is a list of authors'names (unsorted) and the second the names ofawarding agencies involved. The list of un-sorted names and agencies are copied into twoseparate Wordstar 7 Ascii files and read into aBibliometrics Toolbox from which cohorts ofwinning authors are ranked by the frequency oftheir winnings. Cohorts of awarding agencies arealso ranked by the number of awards eachoffered. Numerical elements obtained from thefrequency tables are then fed into Quattro Pro toobtain tables showing the types of awarding

~----------------------------------

agencies involved and the pattern of total winningtitles by types of literary works. An XY graph isconstructed to show the authorship pattern as awhole.

The Prize database has collated 1748 literarytitles which received various awards. Informationabout these titles is obtained from various list-ings and sources. The major source is the jour-nal Dewan Sastera. Other sources include pub-lished anthologies of winning works, the backcovers of winning novels and newspaper articles.It must be pointed out that not all winning titlesof awards have been obtained, since the author

has depended only on printed sources of infor-mation.

The Awards

The Prize database reveals 86 awards of-fered either at the national or state levels be-tween the years 1946 and 1993. Some of thesecan be categorized as major awards offeringprizes for a number of consecutive years. This isindicated in Table 1. The awards in table 1 arelisted in an alphabetical sequence together withthe dates when the awards were offered.

Table 1

Malay Literary Awards And Years of Award Being Offered

Literary Awards

1.

2.3.

4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.

16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.

24.

25.26.

27.28.29.

30.

31.

Years of Award

1987

19891982

19931990

19891992

1987-19901991

1981-1983,198619901974

1987-19921980

1985-1993

1975

19821979

1984,19861989

1981,1983

1968

3

Anugerah Cerpen Remaja Hari Guru Wilayah Persekutuan(Juvenile Short Story Award in Conjunction with Teachers Day, Federal Territory)Anugerah Drama Sejarah Nasional (National Historical Drama Award)Anugerah Karya Bangsa Sempena 25 Tahun Kemerdekaan(National Literary Award to Commemorate 25 years of Independence)Anugerah Puisi Putera (Putera Poetry Award) 1980Hadiah Cerpen Esso-Gapena (Esso-Gapena Short Story Prize) 1979-1991Hadiah Cerpen Malayan Banking-DBP (Malayan Banking- DBP Prize for Short Stories)1987-1992Hadiah Drama Esso-Gapena (Esso-Gapena Prize for Drama) 1984, 1989Hadiah Drama TV Esso-Gapena (Esso-Gapena Prize for TV Dramas) 1984, 1989Hadiah Karya Sastera (Prizes for Literary Writings) 1971-1978Hadiah Karya Sastera Malaysia (Malaysian Literary Writing Prize) 1982/83-1992/93Hadiah Karya Sastera Malaysia Terjemahan (Malaysian Literary 1982/83Prize for Translations)

12. Hadiah Penulis Sarawak (Sarawak Writers' Prize)13. Hadiah Puisi dan Cerpen DBKL-DBP (DBKL-DBP Prize for

Poetry and Short Stories)14. Hadiah Puisi Kebangsaan Esso-Gapena (Esso-Gapena National Prize for Poetry)15. Hadiah Puisi Kebangsaan Shapadu-Gapena (Shapadu-Gapena

National Prize for Poetry)Hadiah Sastera Berunsur Islam (Prize for Literature Based on Islam)Hadiah Sastera KEMUDI (KEMUDI Literary Prize)Hadiah Sastera Remaja Esso-Gapena (Esso-Gapena Prize for Juvenile Literature)Hadiah Sastera Sabah (Sabah Literary Prize)Hadiah Sastera Singapura (Singapore Literary Prize)Hadiah Sastera Siswa (Graduate Literature Prize)Hadiah Sastera UKM (UKM Literary Prize)Hadiah Sastera Utusan Melayu-Public Bank(Utusan Melayu-Public Bank Prize for Literature)Hadiah Sempena Menyambut Perayaan Kelahiran Kuala Lumpur(Prize in Conjunction with the Birth of Kuala Lumpur)Peraduan Buku Bergambar Kanak-kanak (Children's Picture Book Competition)Peraduan Buku-Buku Terbaik untuk Kanak-Kanak (Competition forChildren'S Best Books)Peraduan Cerpen Jelita (Jelita Short Story Competition)Peraduan Cerpen Jelita-Sheaffer (Jelita-Sheaffer Short Story Competition)Peraduan Mengarang Berunsur Islam Sempena Abad Ke 15 Hijrah(Competition for Writings Based on Islam in Conjunction with 15thCentury of Hijrah)Peraduan Mengarang Cerita Bacaan Kanak-Kanak (Children's Story WritingCompetition)Peraduan Mengarang Cerita JKK, Umno Johor (JKK Umno Johor Story Writing Competition) 1949

32. Peraduan Mengarang Cerita Pendek Jab. Pelajaran Malaysia(Malaysian Education Dept. 's Competition for Short Story Writing)

33. Peraduan Mengarang Cerita Pendek Jab. Karang Mengarang (Department ofWriting's Competition for Short Story Composition)

34. Peraduan Mengarang Cerita Pendek Harmy (Harmy's Competition for Short Story Writings)35. Peraduan Mengarang Cerita Pendek DBP (DBP's Short Story Writing Competition)36. Peraduan Mengarang Cerita Pendek Kanak-Kanak (Children's Short

Story Writing Competition)37. Peraduan Mengarang Cerita Pendek Mastika (Mastika's Short Story Writing Competition)38. Peraduan Mengarang Cerita Rekaan Sains (Science Fiction Short Story

Writing Competition)39. Peraduan Mengarang Cerita-Cerita Jab. Penerangan (Dept. of Information's

Competition for Short Story Writings)40. Peraduan Mengarang Cerita-Cerita Pendek Jab. Pelajaran (Education

Dept. 's Competition for Short Story Writings)41. Peraduan Mengarang Cerpen Balai Muhibah (Balai Muhibah Competition 1977/78

for Short Story Writings)42. Peraduan Mengarang Berunsur Islam (Competition of Writings Based on Islam) s.stories

1971,1977,19791981,1983,1985Drama - 1981

Peraduan Mengarang Cerpen PENA (PENA's Competition for Short Story Writings) 1967Peraduan Mengarang Drama untuk Kanak-kanak dan Orang Muda Peringkat 1963Sekolah Menengah (Drama Writing Competition for Children and Youthat Secondary School Level)Peraduan Mengarang Drama Untuk Kanak-Kanak Sekolah Rendah (Primary 1964School Children's Drama Writing Competition)Peraduan Mengarang Novel DBP (DBP's Novel Writing Competition) 1962Peraduan Mengarang Novel Bercorak Islam Yayasan Islam Terenqganu 1982(Islamic Foundation, Terengganu's Novel Writing Competition Based on Islam)Peraduan Mengarang Novel Remaja Hari Guru Terengganu 1988(Terengganu's Teachers Day Juvenile Novel Writing Competition)Peraduan Mengarang Novel Sejarah Kebangsaan (National Historical 1988NovelWriting Competition)Peraduan Mengarang Novel Sejarah Tanahair DBP (DBP's Historical Novel 1981Writing Competition)Peraduan Mengarang Novel Sepuluh Tahun Merdeka 1967(Novel Writing Competition in Conjunction with Ten Years of Independence)Peraduan Mengarang Novel Yayasan Sabah-Gapena 1976,1978,1981(Sabah Foundation-Gapena NovelWriting Competition) 1982,1990Peraduan Mengarang Sajak Belia Harmy (Harmy's Youth Poetry Writing Competition) 1955Peraduan Mengarang Sempena Abad Ke 15 Hijrah Peringkat Negeri Sabah 1981(Competition on Writings in Conjunction with 15th Century of Hijrah at Sabah State Level)Peraduan Mengarang Sempena Hari Guru Negeri Perak 1981-1987(Writing Competition in Conjunction With Perak Teachers Day)Peraduan Menterjemah Cerita Pari-Pari Karya Hans Christian Andersen 1980(Competition on Translations of Fairy Tales Written by Hans Christian Andersen)Peraduan Menterjemah Novel DBP (DBP's Competition on Novel Translations) 1978Peraduan menulis Cereka Sejarah (Historical Story Writings Competition) 1988Peraduan Menulis Cerita Lucu DBP (DBP's Competition for Humorous Story Writings) 1983Peraduan Menulis Cerpen dan Puisi (Poetry and Short Story Writing Competition) 1985Peraduan Menulis Cerpen dan Sajak Remaja DBP (DBP Juvenile Poetry and 1986Short Story Writing Competition)Peraduan Menulis Cerpen DBP (DBP's Short Story Writing Competition) 1977Peraduan Menulis Cerpen Hari & Minggu Belia Malaysia (Short Story 1980Writing Competition in Conjuntion With Malaysian Youth Day and Week)Peraduan Menulis Cerpen PELITA (PELITA's Short Story Writing Competition) 1983Peraduan Menulis Cerpen Marwilis (Marwilis Short Story Writing Competition) 1987Peraduan Menulis Cerpen Sempena Perayaan Abad ke 15 Hijrah Bagi Penulis Johor 1980(Short Story Writing Competition in Conjunction with 15th Century of Hijrahfor Johor Writers)Peraduan Menulis Novel DBP Sabah (DBP Sabah's Novel Writing Competition)1985,1986,1989,1990Peraduan Menulis Novel Fiksyen Sains Kanak-kanak 1980(Children's Science Fiction Novel Writing Competition)Peraduan Menulis Novel Kanak-kanak DBP (DBP's Children's Novel 1978,1987,1991Writing Competition)Peraduan Menulis Novel Remaja DBP (DBP Juvenile Novel Writing Competition) 1990Peraduan Menulis Novel Sempena 20 Tahun Sabah 1983(Novel W·iting Competition in Conjunction with 20 Years Sabah)

1951

1956

195219571960

19521967

1946

1951

43.44.

45.

46.47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.54.

55.

56.

57.58.59.60.61.

62.63.

64.65.66.

67.

68.

69.

70.71.

4

72. Peraduan Menulis Puisi KHEN (Ministry of Home Affairs(KHEN) Poetry Writing Competition)

73. Peraduan Menulis Sajak antara Maktab-Maktab Perguruan Malaysia(Poetry Writing Competition Between Malaysian Teachers Training Colleges)

74. Peraduan Menulis Sastera Kreatif Sarawak (Sarawak's Competition forCreative Literary Writings)

75. Peraduan Menulis Skrip Drama (Psiko-drama) (Drama Script Writing Competition)76. Peraduan Menulis Skrip Drama Kanak-kanak (Children's Drama Script Writing

Competition)77. Peraduan Menulis Skrip Drama Panjang & Pendek

(Script Writing Competition for Short and Long Dramas)78. Peraduan Menulis Skrip Drama Sejarah Sekolah-Sekolah Malaysia

(Script Writing Competition for Historical Drama in Malaysian Schools)79. Peraduan Menulis Skrip Drama TV Berdasarkan Cerpen DBP

(Drama Script Writing Competition Based on DBP's Short Stories)80. Peraduan Menulis Skrip Drama Yayasan Seni dan Berita Harian

(Arts Foundation and Berita Harian's Drama Script Writing Competition)81. Pertandingan Menulis Cerpen MPM (Malaysian Teachers Training Colleges

Short Story Writing Competition)82. Pesta Drama Tahunan Sabah (Sabah Yearly Drama Festival)83. Sayembara Novel Daruliman (Daruliman Novel Award)84. Sayembara Novel Remaja Generasi & Marwilis

(Marwilis and Generasi Publishers' Juvenile Novel Writing Competition)85. Sayembara Penulisan Kreatif UKM (UKM's Creative Writing Competition)86. Sayembara Penulisan Novel & Antologi Cerpen/Puisi

(Competition for Novels & Antholonies of Short Storyl Poetry)

Figure 1 tabulates the awards by broad yearbands. The total number of awards in this tableis 100, that is more than 86 since some awardswere offered in the 1980s extending as well intothe 1990s. As such repeat counts are made foreach year band. It is shown that most of theawards were offered in the 1980s which ac-counts for for 49% of the total. As reflected in

Figure 1

1982

1985

1979-1989

19811979

1978

1990

1990

1990

1986

1974-1977,1979/8019851990

19891985

Table 1, some of the awards are offered repeat-edly either sequentially or once every two yearswhile most are one time offers. The awardsoffered in the 1990's account for 19% of the totaland are slowly increasing. The slow growth ofaward offers between the 1940s and 1960s even-tually increased in the 1970s accounting for 15%of total awards.

Number of Awards by Broad Year Bands

49 (49%)5045

40

fI) 35"...."' 30~<.... 250....Q).c 20E:Jz 15

10

5

0

...1 .•..••.•.•...•.•••.•....•..•.....•••••.•...•••••.•.••.•••....•.•....•.........•. ~

n=100,1················· ·.. ·..··· ·.. ·· .. ·· ····· ··· · ..

...1 -.. , .{~ ••?.~.l. .15 (15%)

5

1946-1960s 1970s 1960s 1990sYear Bands

The Organizers

Table 2 shows the cohort groupings of organ-izers by the number of awards they offer. Thetable indicates that the government agency,DBP is most prominent for the promotion ofcreative writings through the offering of literaryawards. Altogether DBP has offered about 28awards between 1946 and 1993. This agencywas especially active in the earlier years and hasjointly co-opted other agencies in this quest forliterary excellence in the latter years. An exam-ple of this venture is the Malayan Banking-DBPPrize for Short Stories (Hadiah Cerpen MalayanBanking-DBP) offered between 1987 and 1992and Prize for Literature Based on Islam (HadiahSastera Berunsur Islam) which was jointly of-fered with the Islamic Education Foundation(Yayasan Pelajaran Islam). The awards offeredby DBP range over all types of literary works.DBP was responsible for another major awardnamely the Prize for Literary Writings (HadiahKarya Sastera 1971-1976) and the MalaysianPrize for Literary Writings (Hadiah Karya SasteraMalaysia) offered between 1982/83-1992/93. DBPmost often published all literary works whichhave won prizes either singly for novels or asanthologies for short stories and poetry. DBPranked first by cohort groupings for offering the

Table 2

highest number of awards.Another important agency is the Confedera-

tion of National Writers (Gapena) responsiblealone or jointly with other agencies for 9 awardsover the years under study. Gapena rankedsecond by offering 9 prizes between 1946 and1993. Gapena usually sought financial assist-ance from Esso Malaysia and they are jointlyresponsible for major awards such as the Esso-Gapena Award [Short Story/Drama/Poetry/Ju-venile Literature] (Hadiah Esso-Gapena [CerpenlDrama/Puisi/Sastera Remaja]). The winning ti-tles for these awards could be traced since DBPhas endeavoured to publish some of the winningworks. For the short stories and poetry, EssoMalaysia has also published the translated (English)titles in special issues of their journal Pelita. Theprizes offered by these joint bodies are for shortstories, dramas, poetry and juvenile novels rang-ing over 15 years (1979-1993). Gapena alsojointly organized awards with other commercialagencies such as with Shapadu, the Shapadu-Gapena National Prize for Poetry (Hadiah PuisiKebangsaan Shapadu-Gapena) offered in 1990and with the Sabah Foundation, the SabahFoundation-Gapena Novel Writing Competition(Peraduan Mengarang Novel Yayasan Sabah-Gapena) which was offered between 1976 and1990.

Organizers Ranked by Cohort Groupings andNumber of Prizes

Rank Cohort Groupings for Organizers(A)

No ofPrizes(8)

RunningSum of

(A)

RunningSum of

(8)

28 28

2

3

4

5

6

Cohort: 1Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

Cohort: 1Gapena

Cohort: 2Education Department [of various states)Esso Malaysia

Cohort 1State Governments

Cohort: 11Belia (Harmy Singapore)Historical Society (state)Teachers Training Colleges MalaysiaMalaysian Historical SocietyMarwilis PublishersMinistry of Culture, Youth and SportsMinistry of EducationTerengganu Literary SocietyReligious Division, Prime Minister's Dept.Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaUtusan Melayu Berhad

Cohort. 37

9 2 37

5 4 47

3 505

2 16 72

53

6

109

Amongst the private agencies, Esso Malay-sia emerged as the most active agency in mak-ing contributions to literary awards. Esso Malay-sia ranked third by offering five awards within theyears under study. Equally important agenciesare Malayan Banking/Maybank for the MalayanBanking-DBP Prize for Short Stories (HadiahCerpen Malayan Banking-DBP) offered between1987 and 1992, Bank Rakyat for the GraduateLiterature Prize (Hadiah Sastera Siswa) offeredbetween 1987 and 1992 and the Utusan MelayuBerhad for the Utusan Melayu-Public Bank Prizefor Literature (Hadiah Sastera Utusan Melayu-Public Bank) offered between 1985 and 1993.Other commercial publishers involved in offeringliterary awards include Marwilis Publishers andGenerasi Publishers for the Generasi-MarwilisPrize for Juvenile Novels (Hadiah Novel RemajaGenerasi/Marwilis) offered in 1990 and BeritaPublishing which offered the Jelita-SheafferShort Story Award (Peraduan Cerpen Jelita-Sheaffer) in 1989.

There. has been a steady increase in thenumber of awards offered for creative writingswith elements of Islamic teachings. Governmentagencies such as the Religious Department(Bahagian Agama) of the Prime Minister's De-partment has been the prime mover through itsWriting Competition Based on Islam (PeraduanMengarang Berunsur Islam) for short stories,dramas and novels between 1975 and 1985. TheDepartment has also published anthologies ofits winning titles. Another agency is the IslamicFigure 2

Education Foundation (Yayasan Pelajaran Is-lam) which has been responsible for organizingthe Prize for Literature Based on Islam (HadiahSastera Berunsur Islam) for short stories andnovels between 1987 and 1992.

Government agencies at the state level werealso active in promoting creative literary writ-ings. This includes the Education DepartmentofWilayah Persekutuan, Terenqqanu and Perak;the state governments of Sabah and Johor andthe Teachers Training Colleges.

The awards listed in Table 1 also indicate thatprizes for short stories and poetry are morepredominant than those for novels or dramas. Assuch there are more winning titles in the formertwo categories when the total is taken intoaccount. This is clearly shown in the followingsection dealing with the pattern of authorship ofwinning titles.

Figure 2 shows the number of awards bycategory of organizers. As indicated earlier,government agencies were responsible for mostof the literary prizes offered between 1946 and1993. Government agencies here include statu-tory agencies and state departments. This groupcontributed about 52% (n=57) of total awardsoffered. The bulk of the awards were offered byDBP, a government agency. The second rankedorganizers were in the private sector by offering22% (n=25) of total awards. The literary associa-tions and societies ranked third by offering 17%(n=18) of total awards.

60

50

(I)

"C 40...III~ct- 300...I).cE 20::JZ

10

0

Number 01Awards by Type 01Agencies

, .

=-;;::;;:;;:;;;:;:;;;:.:;;-~---,

Government Private litoraryType 01AgencIes

Others

7

The Prize Winning Authors and TheirWinning Titles

The Prize database reveals that there are829 authors who have written 1748 winning ti-tles. The total number shown in this database isjust an estimation since there are occasionswhen no information could be obtained of winningtitles from printed sources. As mentioned ear-lier, most of the information collated are from thejournal Dewan Sastera published by DBP, theMalay daily newspapers and the in-house jour-nal Mutiara Pustaka published by the Library ofthe Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

The Prize database also shows that the mostprolific award winning authors were those whowrote short stories and poetry. Figure 3 showsthe total number of creative works which wonprizes by type of literary works. Winning titles inthe short story category form the majority of totalwinning titles accounting for 47% (n=820). Thisis followed by titles under the poetry category(anthologies and individual pieces) which consti-tute 36%(n=632) of total winning titles. Novelsform 11%(n=189) of total winnings followed lastlyby drama (6%, n=107). This pattern of winningsis based upon the fact that more literary awardswere offered for short stories and poetry at bothnational and state levels.

Figure 3

Based on the information input into the Prizedatabase, it is possible to study the authors ofthese winning titles closely. An unsorted list ofauthors' names is extracted and is loaded intothe Bibliometric Toolbox. The Toolbox is pro-grammed to accept text data, reading the datafrom left to right for each line and calculating theoccurences of similar data sets. The result is atable which provides cohort groupings of authorsby their frequency of winning titles. This isshown in Table 3.

Table 3 indicates that there are 829 authorswinning a total of 1748 titles. Literary prizes inthis study is taken to be all prizes won includingboth main and consolation prizes. Table 3 providesinformation about the authors giving names ineach cohort grouping. Due to space contraints,only the names of authors in the core cohort groupsranked 1 to 15 are included in this table. The tableshows that Azizi Haji Abdullah emerges first with25 prize winning titles. Other authors who have wonten or more prizes are Zurinah Hassan (24), LatiffMohidin (21), Lim Swee Tin (16), Norhisham Mustaffa(15), Abdullah Tahir (14), Anwar Ridhwan (13),AwangAbdullah (12),Azmah Nordin (12), GunawanMahmood (12), Mohd.lsmail Sarbini (12), ShahnonAhmad (12), Zaen Kasturi (12), Fatimah Busu (11),Harun Haji Salleh (11), Rejab F.1.(11), T. Alias Taib(11), Jais Sahok (10), Kemala (10) and ZahariAffandi (10). As expected most of these authorsobtained their prizes for short story and poetry .

Number of Winning TitlesBy Type of literary Works

900800

(/)Q) 700;:j::Cl 600c:'E 500c:~.. 4000...Q) 300.cE::l 200z

1000

Novels Dramas Poetry S. StoriesType of literary Works

Table 3Authors Ranked by Cohort Groupings and Frequency of Winnings

Rank Cohort Groupings Frequency Running Running(A) of Winnings Sum of Sum of

(8) (A) (8)n=829 n=1748

Cohort: 1 25 25Azizi Haji Abdullah

2 Cohort: 1 24 2 49Zurinah Hassan

3 Cohort: 1 21 3 70Latiff Mohidin

4 Cohort: 1 16 4 86Lim Swee Tin

5 Cohort: 1 15 5 101Norhisham Mustaffa

6 Cohort: 1 14 6 115Abdullah Tahir

7 Cohort: 1 13 7 128Anwar Ridhwan

8 Cohort: 6 12 13 200Awang AbdullahAzmah NordinGunawan MahmoodMohd. Ismail SarbiniShahnon AhmadZaen Kasturi

9 Cohort:4 11 117 244Fatimah BusuHarun Haji SallehRejab F.I.T. Alias Taib

10 Cohort:3 10 19 264Jais SahokKemalaZahari Affandi

11 Cohort: 4 9 24 309Ahmad SarjuJong Chian LaiMuhammad Haji SallehSiow Siew Sing

12 Cohort: 10 8 34 389Arena WatiAwangku Merali Pg MohamedEh Deng Eh ChikKhadijah HashimLee, Selina S.F.Nawawee MohamadRazakMamatZahari HasibZaihasraZailani Taslim

13 Cohort: 9 7 43 452Abdul Talib Mohd HassanBaharuddin C.D.Chai Loon GuanDharmala N.S.Maarof MahmudMana SikanaMoechtar AwangNoraS.Hamisal

9

14 Cohort: 12 6 55 524Aishah OmarAli MajodAmin MinhadBaharuddin KaharCheng Poh HockDharma MohammadE Pian Pro PoulJaafa HSOsman AyobShapiai Mohd. RamlySiti Aishah MuradWan Ahmad Ismail

15 Cohort: 32 5 87 684A. Rahim AbdullahAbdul Aziz H.M.Abdul Hadi MuhammadAbdul Kipli AliAbdullah HussainAbu Hassan MoradAhmad J. HusseinAziz JahpinAzmi YusoffBadaruddin M.l.Baha lainDjazlan lainalFirdaus AbdullahHassan Mohd. AliJihaty AbadiKhairuddin AyipMalim Ghozali PKOthman PutehPrasert Eh ChaiRahman ShaariRosli K. MatariS. Othman KelantanS. M. lakirSabar BohariSaiee DrissSharif PuteraSiti lainon IsmailSri DiahSujaidi DasukiTan Loo ChyeWadi Leta SAWardziah Abdul Rahman

16 Cohort: 40 4 127 84417 Cohort: 43 3 170 97318 Cohort: 116 2 286 120519 Cohort: 543 1 829 1748

As a result of the cohort groupings, theauthors are ranked in ascending order to clearlyindicate the number of prolific winners as com-pared to those who are moderate and low win-ners. This is clearly shown when an XY graph isplotted using the ranked cohort groupings of 19against the cumulative or running sum of win-nings for each group. To obtain the graph datafrom the 19 ranks and their cumulative frequency,the number of winning titles are entered into thespreadsheet Quattro Pro. The result obtained is

shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 indicates that thereare three main groups of authors. The first groupcomprises the high winners. As observed fromtable 3, the high winners are those who have wonfive or more prizes. The total number of authorsin this group is 87 and the total number ofwinnings by this group is 684. This is more thana third of total winning titles, that is about 10%of authors won 39% of total prizes. The secondgroup comprises the moderate winners. Thetotal number of authors in this group is 199 and

10r--------------------------------------------------------

Figure 4r-----------------------------------------------------------~Ranked Authors by Frequency of Winnings

1600.---------------------------------------~

(J) 1600CIc:"E 1400c:"ia 1200>-g 1000Q):J0-G)~- 600

600- .

Eew,nners I............................. .400

200

4 6Rank of authorso 10 12 14 16 16 202

the total number of winnings obtained by authorsin this group is 30% of total winnings (n=521).The third group consists of the low winners. Thenumber of authors in this group is 543 and theyaccount for 31% of total winning titles (n=543).The low winners are categorized as such sinceeach author in this group has won only one prizeeach. This pattern seems to comply with Brad-ford's law of literature spread. Bradford main-tains that in any given subject area only a fewauthors contribute to more than half of the totalliterature in the field while the other half iscontributed by a large number of authors. Thischaracteristic seems to apply to Malay prizewinning literature showing the pattern of high,moderate and low contributors. This pattern im-plies that there will continue to be a small groupof authors who will dominate the prize winningscene while the majority of winners will be thosewho would have won 1 to 2 prizes each.

The study of the authorship pattern of prizewinning works may have management implica-tions to the documentation centre. To acquireevery single prize winning title may be animpossible task especially if the documenta-tion centre has only been recently established.Hence the most logical strategy' is to at least

try to acquire works by authors in the high andmoderate groupings. In adopting this strategy,69% (n=1205) of the total winning titles (out of1748) would have been acquired. These titleswere authored by only 34% (n=286) of totalwinning authors of 829.

Authorship Pattern By Type of CreativeWritings

From the Prize database, it is possible toextract and sort entries by the field "category"which sorts all entries under categories of crea-tive works. Under CDS/ISIS print format, dataelements extracted are merely the authors un-der each category (unsorted). A similar proce-dure is adopted where the unsorted author en-tries for each category are read into the Biblio-metrics Toolbox to ascertain the frequency pat-tern of authorship for each category.

Table 4 indicates that there are 120 authorswho have won awards for novels. The 120

11

Authorship Pattern for Novels

Table 4Novelists Ranked by Cohort Groupings and Frequency of Winnings

Rank Cohort Groupings Frequency Running Runningof Winnings Sum of Sum of

(A) (8) (A) (8)(n=120) (n=189)

Cohort: 2 7 2 14Azmah NordinZailani Taslim

2 Cohort: 1 6 3 20Mohd. Ismail Sarbini

3 Cohort: 2 5 5 30Harun Haji SallehKhairuddin Ayip

4 Cohort: 1 4 6 34Azizi Haji Abdullah

5 Cohort: 10 3 16 64A. Samad SaidAbdul Talib Mohd. HassanH.M. Tuah IskandarHamdan Raja AbdullahHasanuddin Md. IsaIbrahim OmarOsman AyobShah non AhmadSharifah Hasnah AbdullahZahari Affandi

6 Cohort: 21 2 37 1067 Cohort: 83 1 120 189

authors are ranked according to the frequency ofwinnings by their cohort groups. Through thisranking procedure, it is possible to identify whoare the main prize winners in the novels cat-egory. It must be pointed out that in this exer-cise, juvenile novels are included in this cat-egory. Altogether these novelists account for189 total title winnings. Azmah Nordin and ZailaniTaslim ranked first at the top of the high winninggroup by winning 7 prizes. This is followed byMohd. Ismail Sarbini (6) ,Harun Hj. Salleh (5),Khairuddin Ayip (5) and Azizi Haji Abdullah (4).Ten other authors have won 3 prizes each and 22authors have won 2 prizes each. The number ofsingle winning authors is 83. Out of the 120authors, 37 account for 56% (n=106) of totalwinning novel titles. The majority (n=83) aresingle title winners. Only the names of authors inthe core ranks have been included, that is thoseranked 1 to 5 who account for 34% of total noveltitles.

Authorship Pattern for Prize Winning Poetry

Table 5 indicates that 318 authors were respon-sible for winning prizes for 632 poetic works.Only the names of those poets in the core ranksbetween 1 and 8 have been included. The poetsin this group account for about 35%(n=223) oftotal winning titles, each winning 5 or moreprizes each. The works included in this categoryare for both individual pieces and anthologies.Children's poetry has been included in this cat-egory. Latiff Mohidin ranked first by winni~g 21prizes. He is followed by Zurinah Hassan (20),Awang Abdullah (11), Lim Swee Tin (11) and T.Alias Taib (11). Ahmad Sarju and MuhammadHaji Salleh each won 9 prizes in this categoryranking them fourth. Other authors winning be-tween 6 and 8 prizes each are Nawawee Mohamad,Zaihasra, Kemala, Moechtar Awang, Rejab F.I.,Abdullah Tahir, Jaafa HS and Selina S.F.Lee.Table 5 also indicates that a total of 103 authorsaccount for 66% (n=417) of total winning poetrytitles. The majority (n=215) are single title win-ners.

I 12 ~I _

Table 5Poets ranked by Cohort Groupings and Frequency of Winnings

Rank Cohort Groupings Frequency Running Runningof Winnings Sum of Sum of

(A) (8) (A) (8)(n=318) (n=632)

Cohort: 1 21 21Latiff Mohidin

2 Cohort: 1 20 2 41Zurinah Hassan

3 Cohort: 3 11 5 74Awang AbdullahLim Swee TinT. Alias Taib

4 Cohort: 2 9 7 92Ahmad SarjuMuhammad Haji Salleh

5 Cohort: 3 8 10 116Nawawee MohamadZaihasraKemala

6 Cohort: 2 7 12 130Moechtar AwangRejab F.I.

7 Cohort: 3 6 15 148Abdullah TahirJaafa HSSelina S.F. Lee

8 Cohort: 15 5 30 223Abdul Hadi MuhammadAzmiYusoffChai Loon GuanCheng Poh HockDjazlan ZainalFirdaus AbdullahJihaty AbadiRahman ShaariRosli K. MatariSabar BohariSiti Zainon IsmailTan LooChyWadi Leta SAZahari HasibZaen Kasturi

9 Cohort: 14 4 44 27910 Cohort: 20 3 64 33911 Cohort: 39 2 103 41712 Cohort: 215 1 318 632

Authorship Pattern for Prize Winning ShortStories

Table 6 indicates that a total of 442 authorshave won awards for 830 short story titles. Onlythe names of authors in the core ranking groupshave been included in the table. These coreauthors account for 39% (n=318) of total titlesin the short story category and consist of 53authors winning between 4 and 20 prizes each.The works included in this category are shortstories for adults and juveniles. Titles in thiscategory consists of individual short stories andanthologies. Azizi Haji Abdullah ranked first in

this category by winning 20 prizes. The secondplace falls to Norhisham Mustaffa with 13 prizesand Fatimah Busu occupies the third place with11 winnings. Equally prolific are Siow Siew Singand Shahnon Ahmad with 9 winnings and AbdullahTahir, Anwar Ridhwan, Razak Mamat, Jais Sahok,Jong Chian Lai, Eh Deng Eh Chik with 8 winningseach. Four other authors have obtained 7 prizes,Khadijah Hashim, S. Hamisal, Zaen Kasturi andZahari Affandi. There are 65 authors who havewon between 3 and 6 prizes each. Out of thetotal, 59 authors obtained 2 winnings and 303authors are single title winners.

13

Table 6

Cohort Groupings

Authors of Short Stories Ranked by Cohort Groupings and Frequency of Winnings

Rank

(A)

Frequencyof Winnings

(8)

RunningSum of

(A)(n=442)

RunningSum of

(8)(n=820)

2

Cohort: 1Azizi Haji Abdullah

Cohort: 1Norhisham Mustaffa

Cohort: 1Fatimah Busu

Cohort: 2Siow Siew SingShahnon Ahmad

Cohort: 6Abdullah TahirAnwar RidhwanEh Deng Eh ChikJais SahokJong Chian LaiRazak Mamat

Cohort: 4Khadijah HashimS. HamisalZaen KasturiZahari Affandi

Cohort: 9Aishah OmarAli MajodArena WatiAwangku Merali Pg MohamedBaharuddin KaharGunawan MahmoodHarun Haji SallehMohd. Ismail SarbiniSiti Aishah Murad

Cohort: 10Ahmad J. HuseinAzmah NordinDharmala N.S.E Pian Pro PoulLim Swee TinNoraPrasert Eh ChaiWardziah Abdul RahmanS.M. ZakirS. Othman Kelantan

Cohort: 19Abdul Kipli AliAbu Hassan MoradAmin MinhadAmir TanAzdiBaharuddin C.D.Hizairi OthmanMaarof MahmudMajuni PaliraMohd. Affandi HassanPena MutiaraRaja Sabaruddin AbdullahS.M. NoorSaroja Thaevy alp BalakrishnanShapiai Mohd. RamlySujaidi DasukiSuriati GhazaliWan Yusof Wan HassanZurinah Hassan

Cohort: 25Cohort: 54Cohort: 303

20

13

11

9

8

7

6

5

4

32

20

2 33

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

101112

3 44

5 62

11 110

15 138

24 192

34 242

53 318

80139442

399517820

14~----------------------------------------------------

Table 7Authors of Dramas Ranked by Cohort Groupings and Frequency of Winnings

Rank Cohort Groupings Frequency Running Runningof Winnings Sum of Sum of

(A) (8) (A) (8)(n=318) (n=632)

Cohort: 3 4 3 12Anuar Mohd. Nor AraiMohamad Hatta Azad KhanNordin Hassan

2 Cohort: 3 3 6 21Abdul Talib Mohd. HassanAnwar RidhwanMana Sikana

3 Cohort: 11 2 17 43Awangku Bujang Awang HamdanAwangku Merali Pg. MohamedIsmail KassanJais SahokMaarof MahmudMarzukiAliMohd. Jali MajidOthman Haji ZainuddinSaparman BakriWan Ahmad IsmailZakaria Ariffin

4 Cohort: 69 81 107

Authorship Pattern For Prize WinningDramas

Table 7 indicates that there are 81 authorswho have won awards for a total of 107 dramaticworks. This category also includes dramas writ-ten for children. The table shows that 17 authorsare responsible for 40% (n=43) of total winningsin this category. Three names are ranked firstwith 4 winnings each. They are Anuar Mohd. NorArai, Mohamad Hatta Azad Khan and NordinHassan. The authors ranked second with threewinnings are Abdul Talib Mohd. Hassan, AnwarRidhwan and Mana Sikana. Those who have wontwo prizes are ranked third as a cohort group.The authors in this rank are Awangku BujangAwang Hamdan, Awangku Merali Pg. Mohamed,Ismail Kassan, Jais Sahok, Maarof Mahmud,Marzuki Ali, Mohd. Jali Majid, Othman HajiZainuddin, Saparman Bakri, Wan Ahmad Ismailand Zakaria Ariffin. The majority of authors in thiscategory are single prize winners.

Conclusion

The quest for information about all literarytitles that have won prizes between the years1946 and 1993 has resulted in the setting up ofautomated database (Prize) . Information input

into the database have been obtained only fromprinted sources. As a result of this database, ithas been possible to extract portions of dataelements in each record for quantitative analy-sis.

The term literary prize here refers to all cat-egories of prizes received (main and consola-tion). Between 1946 and 1993 about 86 awardswere offered at national or state levels. The mainorganizers were Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,Gapena, Esso Malaysia and the Sabah Founda-tion. These agencies were responsible for themajor awards which were offered for a number ofconsecutive years. There has been an increasein the private and commercial sector's involve-ment in this venture giving implications of theirsensitivity towards making social contributions.As a result, an estimated total of 1748 prizeswere offered for the period under study. The totalnumber of authors winning these prizes is 829.

A closer look at the titles and category ofawards reveals that more than three quarters(83%, n=1452) of the awards went to shortstories and poetry. Only 17% (n=296) of totalawards under study went to novels and dramas.This may be due to the fact that more awards arebeing offered in the former two categories. Also

------------------------------------------------------~15

Table 8

Comparative Performance of Authors Ranked Between 1 and 3 by their CohortGroups According to Types of Literary Works

Name Rank in Rank by No of Type ofCategory Total Winnings Awards

NOVELSAzmah Nordin 1 8 12 7 novels, 5 s. storiesZailani Taslim 1 12 8 7 novels, 1 poetryMohd. Ismail Sarbini 2 8 12 6 novels, 6 s. storiesHarun Haji Salleh 3 9 11 5 novels, 6 s. storiesKhairuddin Ayip 3 15 5 5 novels

SHORTSTORIESAzizi Haji Abdullah 1 1 25 20 s. stories, 4 novels, 1dramaNorhisham M.ustaffa 2 5 15 14 s. stories, 1 novelFatimah Busu 3 9 11 11 s. stories

POETRYLatiff Mohidin 1 3 21 21 poetriesZurinah Hassan 2 2 24 20 poetries, 4 s. storiesAwang Abdullah 3 8 12 11 poetries, 1 novelLim Swee Tin 3 4 16 11 poetries, 5 s. storiesT. Alias Taib 3 9 11 11 poetries

DRAMAAnuar Mohd. Nor Arai 1 16 4 4 dramasMohamad Hatta Azad Khan 1 16 4 4 dramasNordin Hassan 1 16 4 4 dramasAbdul Talib Mohd. Hassan 2 13 7 3 dramas, 3 novels, 1 s. storyAnwar Ridhwan 2 7 13 3 dramas, 2 novels, 8 s.stories

Mana Sikana 2 13 7 3 dramas, 1 novel, 3 s. stories

the avenues to get short stories and poetrypublished in the local media are wider and thissituation facilitates a healthy environment forliterary competitions.

A study of the authorship pattern of prizewinning titles on the whole can only indicatethose who have won the most prizes. It in no wayreflects the literary standing of the authors bytypes of literary works. In this case authors whoachieve a high rank for a particular category ofcreative work may not rank high in the totalanalysis. As such an analysis by each type ofliterary work is fairer to the authors concerned.Table 8 gives the total scenario for the authorsranked between first and third by their cohortgroups. In the drama category only those in thecohort ranked first and second have been in-cluded since the number of authors ranking thirdare too many to be included.

hibited by most top ranked authors in the poetrysection. Poets had a tendency to also writeshort stories but not novels. The drama authorsappear to be more exclusive as those rankingfirst did not win any awards in the other catego-ries. Those who are ranked second appear alsoto venture into novel and short story writings. Ofcourse this perception may be meer conjecturefor it is necessary to look at all creative writingsof these authors (winning and non winning titles)before it can be accepted. The study shows thatvery few authors venture into writing dramas.Perhaps more awards should be offered in thiscategory to provide the necessary incentive.

The exercise in studying the literary awardsand authorship pattern of winning titles has tosome extent succeeded in giving indicators toliterary enthusiasts as to who are the majorplayers in the literary scene. With a more com-plete database, this type of information mayperhaps be of help for awarding agencies in theirdecision as to who should be receiving theacclaimed National Literati Award (AnugerahSasterawan Negara) for substantial contribu-tions to Malay literature .

Table 8 seems to indicate a peculiar patternin Malay literary authorship. Those who wrotenovels seem to be also actively involved in shortstory writings. This behaviour was similarly ex-.-----~6~---------------------------------------------

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