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HELMET COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS
11111 miumiimuiuimi 0000118371
SUHAIDI BIN HASHIM
Tesis Dikemukakan Kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat Penganugerahan Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan
Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Elektronik Dan Telekomunikasi
This project report attached hereto, entitled "HELMET COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM", prepared and submitted by Suhaidi Bin Ilashim as a partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with honours (Electronics and
Telecommunications) is hereby read and approved by:
M>Iaha Bin Masri Supervisor
n ý )
Date
ii
This project report attached hereto, entitled "HELMET COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM", prepared and submitted by Suhaidi Bin Hashim as a partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with honours (Electronics and
Telecommunications) is hereby read and approved by:
- ...................elaha Bin MasriSupervisor
�Z. //...........
Date
ii
My loving wife Normiza, and our children, Haikal, Alya and to my mother with thanks for all the years of caring, love and support.
Ii'
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, l would like to express my high gratitude to my kind supervisor
Mr Thelaha Bin Masri for everything he had done. Without his cooperation,
encouragement and advices, this thesis may be would be very hard task to me.
I would also to convey my gratitude to the Faculty of Engineering which has
provided me the necessary facilities in the implementation for this project, and also to the
lab assistant, Che Wan, Abang Zek and all my friend for their information, help and
guidance.
Finally, I also like to thank all lecturers, classmates, my close friend, Adam and
all Engineering supporting staff for their support and cooperation during my study in
Unimas.
iv
ABSTRACT
Various communication systems are being developed in the approach of the new
millennium. One of the latest communication systems involves interface between the
motorcyclist and its pillion rider. All Malaysian motorcyclist must abide by the law set by
JPJ (Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan), of wearing helmets while on motorbike, at all times to
avoid mishaps or fatal accidents. Before this law was implemented, many major road
accidents involve motorcyclists who neglect wearing helmets. This includes critical
injuries in the head.
Basically it is the attitude of the motorcyclist themselves that causes accidents.
They tend to be not careful and are ignorant of the consequences. When most
motorcyclists talk to their pillion rider while riding, they lose their concentration as well
as focus on the road. Thus, both motorcyclist and pillion riders have potentially high risk
to accident. With such risks, it is crucial to take strict measures such as imposing fines to
motorcyclists who fail to abide by the law. Steps of promoting the usage of helmets are
also encouraged to ensure the safety of the motorcyclist.
Thus this thesis is carried out to improve and enhance the interface between
motorcyclists and pillion rider so that they can communicate directly without exposing
themselves to danger. Besides that, this project includes all aspect to up-grade existing
communication system.
V
ABSTRAK
Dalam banyak-banyak sistem perhubungan hari ini, masih ada satu sistem yang
belum diketengah dan dipopularkan. [a adalah sistem perhubungan di antara penunggang
motorsikal dengan pemboncengnya.
Di Malaysia, semua penunggang motorsikal diwajibkan memakai topi keledar
dalam peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ). Sebelum akta ini
diperkenalkan, di dapati banyak kemalangan motorsikal yang berlaku melibatkan
kecederaan yang serius di kepala penunggang terbabit. Oleh yang demikian dengan
memakai topi keledar, kecederaan begitu dapat dielakkan. Lalu disebabkan potensi topi
keledar itu, ia sepatutnya diperluaskan bukan sahaja sebagai alat keselamatan, malah
boleh diubahsuai menjadi pemangkin kepada alat perhubungan terkini.
Juga kita dapati hari ini banyak penunggang mengambil jalan mudah
berkomunikasi dengan memalingkan mukanya dan bercakap dengan pembonceng tanpa
menyedari bahaya yang akan menimpanya atas sebab-sebab kelalaian. Justeru itu, kajian
dalam projek ini adalah untuk membolehkan penunggang motorsikal clan pernbonceng
yang bertopi keledar dapat berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain. Kajian ini merangkumi
semua aspek yang diperlukan seperti jenis sistem yang digunakan, litar-litar, julat
frekuensi, lebarjalur, saluran dan sebagainya.
vi
CONTENTS
APPROVAL LETTER
APPROVAL SHEET
PROJECT TITLE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURE
Chapter
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Project Overview
1.3 Project Objective
1.4 Methodology
I
III
iv
V
vi
VII
xii
XIII
Page
I
I
3
4
5
V11
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.1.1 History of Electronics Telecommunication 11
2.1.2 The Block Diagram of Wireless Communications System 13
2.1.3 Frequency Bands 17
2.1.3.1 Frequency Bands for Local Broadcast Stations 19
2.1.3.2 Radio Frequency Spectrum using Kathrein Meter 21
2.1.4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 22
2.1.5 Bandwidth and Information Capacity 24
2.1.6 Transmission Modes 25
2.2 Modulation Technique 27
2.2.1 Introduction 27
2.2.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
2.2.3 Angle Modulation
2.2.3.1 Frequency Modulation (FM)
2.2.3.2 Phase Modulation (PM)
2.2.4 Comparison among AM, PM, FM
2.3 Frequency Modulation Transmission
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Working Principle of FM Transmitter
29
30
30
31
33
34
34
34
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2.3.3 Block Diagram of FM Transmitter
2.3.4 Direct FM
2.3.5 Indirect FM
2.4 Frequency Modulation Receiver
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Basic Receiver Block Diagram
2.4.3 FM Receiver Block Diagram
2.4.3.1 Working Principle
2.4.4 Broadcast FM
2.5 FM Demodulator
2.6 Noise in FM
3 DESIGN OF CIRCUIT
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Circuit Description for Transmitter
3.3 Circuit Description for Receiver
3.4 Circuit for Wired Connection
36
37
37
38
38
39
40
42
44
45
45
46
46
46
51
53
4 PROCESS OF BUILDING HELMET COMM. SYSTEM 55
4. 1 Printed Circuit Board Assembly
4.2 Process Of Building PCB
4.2. 1 FM Transmitter PCB
4.2.2 Intercom PCB
55
55
56
56
ix
4.3 Building Of Casing 57
4.4 Block Diagram of Circuits 59
4.5 The Wiring Of Circuits 60
4.6 Installation Of Casing To Helmet 61
4.7 Installation Of The Speaker/Earphone Inside Helmet 64
4.8 Procedure To Use Helmet Communicator 65
4.9 The Operation of Helmet Communications System 66
5 CIRCUITS ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Signal Waveform Analysis
5.2.1 The Input Stage
5.2.2 The Modulator
5.2.3 The RF Power Amplifier
5.2.4 Output FM
5.3 Carrier Frequency Analysis
5.4 Noise Testing
5.5 Result Of Testing
5.6 Trouble Shooting
5.6.1 Humming
5.7 Screening
68
68
68
69
71
74
77
78
78
82
83
83
84
x
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 86
6.1 Conclusion 86
6.2 Recommendations 87
APPENDIX 1 : Transistor Specification Sheet
APPENDIX 2 : Photographs of the motorcyclist using wireless and wired system
APPENDIX 3: Photo of SIRIM and JPJ building
APPENDIX 4 : Reply letter from SIRIM and JPJ
REFERENCES
Xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table Page
2.1.3 (a): Frequency Bands with typical uses 18
2.1.3 (b): Frequency Bands for Public Use & Military Communications 18
2.1.3.1 (a): Frequency Bands of Local Broadcast Stations 19
2.1.3.1 (b): TV and Radio Transmission 19
2.1.3.1 (c): TV and Radio Transmission in Sarawak 20
2.2.4: Comparison among AM, FM and PM 33
xii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page
1.4 (a): Flowchart for Project Objective 1 6
1.4(b): Flowchart for Project Objective 2 7
2.1 (a): Information in one direction 9
2.1 (b): Information in both direction 10
2.1.2 The Block Diagram Of Wireless Communications Systems 13
2.1.3.1 Frequency Bands Research in This Thesis 20
2.1.3.2 Print-out of radio frequency bands 21
2.1.4 Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum 23
2.2. Family Tree of Modulation Methods 28
2.2.3.2 (a): Compares AM, FM, and PM of Modulating Signal 31
2.2.3.2 (b): Illustrates waveform of each type of modulation 32
2.3.2 Block Diagram of Basic Transmitter 35
2.3.3 Block Diagram of FM Transmitter 36
2.4.2 Block Diagram of Basic Receiver 39
2.4.3 Block Diagram of FM Receiver 41
2.4.4 Guard Bands in Broadcast FM 44
3.2 Circuit Design for Transmitter 46
3.3 (a): Circuit Design for Receiver (Part 1). 51
3.3 (b): Circuit Design for Receiver (Part 2). 52
viii
3.4 Circuit Design for Wired Connection 53
4.2.1: Pattern of FM Transmitter after aching process on board. 56
4.2.2: Pattern of intercom PCB 56
4.3(a): View of exactly scale of casing 57
4.3(b): Casing view with 3.3 cm of width 58
4.3(c): View of casing with covered antenna 58
4.3(d): View of all of component-included board is mounted into casing 59
4.4: All circuit involves in block diagram 59
4.5: Wiring circuits for helmet communication system 60
4.6 (a): Show the installation of both casing 61
4.6(b): Front view 62
4.6(c): Top view 62
4.6(d): Back View 63
4.6(e): Side view 63
4.7: Earphone are installed in both side (left/right) of helmet 64
4.8: Switches system 65
4.9: Illustration of using helmet communication system 67
5.2 (i): The point I and 2 of the FM transmitter 69
5.2 (a): Signal waveform at Point 1 69
5.2 (b): Signal waveform at Point 2 70
5.2 (ii): The Point 3, 4 and 5 of FM Transmitter circuit 71
5.2 (c): Signal waveform at Point 3 71
5.2 (d): Signal waveform at Point 4 72
XIV
5.2 (e): Signal waveform at Point 5 73
5.2 (iii): The Point 6, 7 and 8 of FM Transmitter circuit 74
5.2 (f): Signal waveform at Point 6 75
5.2 (g): Signal waveform at Point 7 76
5.2 (h): Signal waveform at Point 8 77
5.3(a): Testing signal waveform of FM transmitter and intercom circuit in lab. 78
5.3(b): A complete circuits that installed to casing (communicator). 79
5.3c: Discussion with supervisor, En Thelaha before get starts the testing 79
5.3(d): Testing of wireless system after firing-up the motorcycle engine. 80
5.3(e): Notice the signal measurement 81
5.4: Signal waveform of output FM modulation 82
5.4(a): Wrong-wiring circuit 83
5.4(b): After re-wiring circuit 84
5.6: Show the configuration of metal/Screening 85
xv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Everyday, in our work and in our leisure time, we come in contact with
and use a variety of modern communication systems and media, the most common being
the telephone, mobile phone, walkie-talkie, intercom system, radio and television.
Through these media, we are able to communicate (nearly) instantaneously with people
on different continents, transact our daily business, and receive information about various
developments and events of note that occur all around the world. Electronic mail and
facsimile transmission have made it possible to rapidly communicate written message
across great distance.
With the revolutions of the telecommunications systems, the wired telecommunication
has been replaced by the wireless communication system. The motive of this is can make
a communications possible everywhere and anywhere because the transmission medium
is no longer using wire or cable, but the technology change by using radio waves,
microwaves, air and infrared as a medium. This factor improved the system convenience
to be applied in anyplace.
In this thesis, the research will be done to helmet communication using both wired and
wireless system. However, the focus is more to wireless communications part. So I will
concentrate research of wireless technology system.
I
As we know, the technology helmet communication was ever used for astronaut in space,
for pilot in aircraft system, for Formula One driver in racing circuit, for snowmobile and
others. So, from this example fact means that helmet communications system was not a
latest and been applied at the present time. In Malaysia, an act by Jabatan Pengangkutan
Jalan (JPJ) decided that wearing helmet is a one of road regulations [10]. Besides, the
reason of wearing helmet is to avoid a motorcyclist head from get injured when they
involved in any accident. However, we find that motorcyclist who's wearing helmet
during his riding become difficult to communicate with his pillion rider. Any careless
behaviors while talking with turn his head to pillion will trap them to the possibility of
accident. So with this helmet-to-helmet communication system, motorcyclist will
concentrate riding. In addition, communication during the ride made the trip much more
enjoyable.
In this thesis, the communication system is full duplex. In exactly, it is
combination of two simplex circuits. Motorcyclist can communicates simultaneously
with his pillion and so that the pillion rider. This make them able to share the ride
experience as they were riding, telling jokes and helping each other through spots on the
trail.
ý
1.2 Project Overview
The communication systems circuit that decided to implement in this thesis is
using: -
a) Wired circuit
b) Wireless circuit
a) Wired circuit.
The circuit is very simple yet it functions quite satisfactorily. That circuit of a two-
position intercom does not involve any complicated switching. Only three wires are
required to connect the two sets if separate battery is used in each set. However if battery
is common for the two sets, it requires four wires for interconnections. The circuit can be
easily assembled on a general-purpose PCB. The complete circuit can be housed inside
the acrylic plate then mounted at helmet along with microphone and earpiece.
But this wired circuit is proposed just for a back up.
b) Wireless circuit.
In this project, more attention will be given to wireless system using a frequency
modulation (FM) and demodulation technique in the transmitter and receiver
respectively. So FM wireless microphone circuit will be modify as a transmitter part.
Because of frequency used is in between 88MHz to 108MHz is a broadcasting range for
3
radio FM, a commercial receiver (modification of radio circuit) can be used as a receiver
part.
A brief operation is when a motorcyclist speaks; the voice signal will be modulated and
transmitted. His pillion rider (a passenger seated in saddle behind the driver of
motorcycle) will receive the modulated signal as a receiver. The receiver will demodulate
that RF signal to the exact signal waveform. Since the position of motorcyclist and his
pillion are very closed (within the range of 1 to 2 feet apart), there are no problems in
transmission/receive. However, that transmission range must be aware choose because
the conversation is just between motorcyclist and his pillion only. Not to the other person.
As a summary, this wireless helmet communications system consist two major parts
specifically:
i. A Transmitter
ii. A Receiver
1.3 Project Objective
This helmet-to-helmet communication system give many facilitate for motorcyclist for
them to allow easy communicate. Besides that, there is a few more objective such:
Q To built a two-way communication system for motorcyclist and his pillion rider.
Q To investigate the possibilities of having a communication system on the helmet.
4
For the above-mentioned purpose, the full duplex communication will be designed. In
transmitter part, a circuit of wireless FM microphone is being implemented. The
advantages of using the FM microphone as a transmitter is:
a) The device for using this technique is more economical compare to other
technique. For example, using microwave frequency might be useful but the cost
for the device is much more expensive.
b) This transmission method using the wireless technology. This means that, its
convenience for both motorcyclist and his pillion rider.
But this technique also have disadvantage, in which other people who are near the spot
could received the transmission signal when they tuned the radio.
1.4 Methodology
In fact of two objective of this project, so there are two methodology which plan to get a
successfully achievement.
i) To built a two-way communication system for motorcyclist and the pillion rider
ii) To investigate the possibilities of having a communication system on the helmet
S
Find a lot of books, journal or articles and study
the theory
i Select one system and study it characteristic
Figure 1.4 (a): Flowchart how to built a two-way communication system for motorcyclist
and the pillion rider
6
Find the Government Agency likes JPJ and SIRIM. Take their opinion up to regulation & standard.
Confirm with SIRIM due to Testing Procedure of helmet. Because the circuit may be mounted inside the helmet
Figure 1.4(b): Flowchart how to investigate the possibilities of having a communication
system on the helmet
7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In essence, electronic communications is the transmission, reception and
processing of information using electronic circuits. Information is defined as knowledge,
wisdom or facts and can be in analog form (proportional or continuous), such as the
human voice, video picture information, or music, or digital form (discrete steps), such as
binary-coded number, alphanumeric codes, graphic symbols, microprocessor op-codes, or
database information. All information must be converted to electronic communications
system.
Figure l(a) is simplified block diagram of an electronic communications system
showing the relationship among the original source information, the transmitter, the
transmission medium (facility), the receiver and the received information at the
destination. As the figure shows, an electronic communication system is comprised of
three primary sections: a transmitter, a transmission, and a receiver. The transmitter
converts the original source information to a form more suitable for transmission medium
provides a means of connecting the transmitter to the receiver (such as a metallic
conductor, an optical fiber or a free space), and the receiver convert the received
8