fungsi otak dan batang otak
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Fungsi Otak dan Batang
Otak
dr. Shofa Nur Fauzah
Div. Fisiologi FKUnswagati
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Tujuan Instruksional
• Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskanfungsi dan peranan otak sertabatang otak dalam sistem saraf – Pengaturan fungsi motorik oleh korteks
dan batang otak
– Korteks serebri ; fungsi intelektual otak ;dan proses belajar dan mengingat
– Mekanisme perilaku dan motivasi padaotak sistim limbik dan hipotalamus
– !ktivitas otak tidur ; gelombang otak ;
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Perkembangan Otak
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"orte# "erebri
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"orte# "erebri
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"orte# $erebri
• Terdiri dari gra% matter & badan sel saraf'dendrit' %ang menghubungkan glia denganpembuluh darah(
•
Mengandung mil%aran saraf %ang tersusundalam ) lapisan *+,-mm. -/0 total beratotak(
• Terdiri 1 area fungsional & area motorik'
sensorik' assosiasi(• Masing,masing hemisfer bertanggung jawab
terhadap area sensorik dan motorik sisikontralateral(
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"orte# $erebri
• Memiliki fungsi kortikal %ang tidaklahsama' terdapat salah satu %ang lbihdominan(
• Tidak ada area %ang bekerja sendiridalam melakukan fungsin%a( Perilaku%ang disadari melibatkan seluruh
korteks dalam beberapa $ara(
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!rea motorik
• Mengontrol gerakan %ang disadari
• Tdd& $orte# motorik primer' $orte#premotorik' area Bro$a' frontal eye eld
Cortex motorik primer
• g%rus pre$entralis lobus frontalis
• Tdd dari sel p%ramidal' memilliki a#on %ang
panjang dan dipro%eksikan hingga medspinmembentuk traktus p%ramidalis atau traktus"orti$ospinalis(
• Mengatur gerakan dasar se$ara sadar
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!rea asosiasi motorik
"orte# Premotorik anterior g%ruspre$entralis
2erakan %ang kebih kompleks dan
teren$ana
Melibatkan area lain sepertisomatosensor% dan o$$ipitalis' lobus
parietal dan fontalis(Frontalis mengatur emosi' kognisi dan
kesadaran
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Area ro!a
• anterior $orte# premotorik
• 3ominan terdapat disalah satu hemispher
sisi kiri• 4pe$ial motor spee$h area
menghasilkan kalimat,kalimat
Frontal e"e #eld
• !nterior premotor $orte# dan superiordari area Bro$a mengontrol gerakanmata %ang disadari(
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!rea asosiasi anterior
• Terdapat di lobus frontalis 5 $orte#prefrontal
• Melibatkan intelektual' kemampuan
belajar %ang kompleks *kognisi.'mengingat' kepribadian(
• Men%impan memori peren$anaan'
membuat keputusan' beralasan• Tergantung dari feedba$k positive atau
negativ dari lingkungan sosial
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!rea asosiasi posterior
• Meliputi area lobus temporal' parietaldan o$$ipital
• Kewaspadaan dari seluruh kejadian
• Perhatian akan suatu tempat' lokasitubuh' mengerti bahasa tulisan danpembi$araan *area werni$ke6s.
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3ien$ephalon dan BatangOtak
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Thalamus
• Memiliki ban%aknukleus
• Merupakan 7rela%station8 informasi*edited. menuju $orte#$erebral
• 9a$h nu$leus has afun$tional spe$ialt%'and ea$h proje$ts :bersto and re$eives :bers
from a spe$i:$ region ofthe $erebral $orte#(• e$ognition of the
sensation as pleasant orunpleasant
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Thalamus
• !<erent impulses from all senses and allparts of the bod% $onverge on thethalamus and s%napse with at least one ofits nu$lei(
• For e#ample' the ventral posterolateralnu$lei re$eive impulses from the generalsomati! sensor" re!eptors $tou!h%
pressure% pain% et!.&' and the lateraland medial geniculate bodies areimportant visual and auditor" rela"!enters% respe$tivel%(
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Thalamus
• Inputs that help regulate emotion andvis$eral fun$tion from the h%pothalamus*via the anterior nu$lei.
• Instru$tions that help dire$t the a$tivit%of the motor $orti$es from the $erebellumand basal nu$lei *via the ventral lateraland ventral anterior nu$lei' respe$tivel%.
• Inputs for memor% or sensor% integration
that are proje$ted to spe$i:$ asso$iation$orti$es *via pulvinar' lateral dorsal' andlateral posterior nu$lei.
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Thalamus
• Thalamus pla%s a ke% role inmediating sensation% motora!tivities% !orti!al arousal%
learning% and memor"( It is trul%the gatewa% to the $erebral $orte#
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=%pothalamus
• Kontrol sistem saraf autonom regulasi$ardia$' otot polos dan sekresi kelenjar(
• Menginisiasi respon :sik hingga emosi kesenangan' rasa takut' kemarahan(
• egulasi suhu tubuh• egulasi intake makanan rasa lapar dan
ken%ang kebutuhan nutrisi dalam darah• egulasi keseimbangan $airan dan rasa haus
eksitasi osmoreseptor mengeluarkan !3=• egulasi siklus tidur dan bangun• Kontrol fungsi sistem endokrin
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Brainstem *batang otak.
• Brain stem $enters produ$e the rigidl%programmed' automati$ behaviorsne$essar% for survival( Positioned
between the $erebrum and the spinal$ord' the brain stem also provides apathwa% for :ber tra$ts running betweenhigher and lower neural $enters(
!dditionall%' brain stem nu$lei areasso$iated with>/ of the >+ pairs of$ranial nerves
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Batang otak
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?imbi$ 4%stem
• 2%rus "ingulata' parahippo$ampus'hippo$ampus' thalamus' h%pothalamus(
• the emotional impa$t that makes a
s$ene important to us( In our e#ampleabove' it provides
• the sense of 7danger8 when the a$idsplashes on our legs( The hippo$ampus
establishes memories that allow us toremember this in$ident(
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?imbi$ 4%stem
• The limbi$ s%stem is our emotional, oraective (feelings), brain. The amygdaloidbody and the anterior part of the !ingulateg"rus seem espe!iall" important in
emotions. 'he am%gdaloid bod% is $riti$alfor responding to per$eived threats *su$h asangr% or fearful fa$ial e#pressions. with fearor aggression(
•
The $ingulate g%rus pla%s a role in e#pressingour emotions through gestures and inresolving mental $on@i$ts when we arefrustrated(
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?imbi$ 4%stem
• Odors often trigger emotional rea$tionsand memories( These responses re@e$t theorigin of mu$h of the limbi$ s%stem in theprimitive 7smell brain8 *rhinen$ephalon.(Our rea$tions
to odors are rarel% neutral *a skunk smellsbad and repulses us), and odors oftenre$all memories of emotion,laden events(
• Be$ause the limbi$ s%stem intera$ts withthe prefrontal lobes' there is an intimaterelationship between our feelings
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• Take a moment to be$ome aware of all thestimuli in %our environment( Aoti$e all the$olors' shapes' odors' sounds' and so on(
•
The !4 is inhibited b% sleep $enterslo$ated in the h%pothalamus and otherneural regions' and is depressed b%al$ohol' sleepindu$ing drugs' andtranuiliCers( 4evere injur% to this s%stem'as might follow a kno$kout pun$h thattwists the brain stem' results in permanentun$ons$iousness *irreversible coma).
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rain (ave )atterns andthe **+
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"oun$iousness
D Cons!iousness involves simultaneous a!tivit" oflarge areas
of the !ere,ral !ortex.
D -t is superimposed on other t"pes of neural a!tivit".!t an% time' spe$i:$ neurons and neuronal pools areinvolved
both in lo$aliCed a$tivities *su$h as motor $ontrol. and in$ognition
(D -t is holisti! and totall" inter!onne!ted.
Information for 7thought8 $an be $laimed from man%lo$ations in the $erebrum simultaneousl%( For e#ample'retrieval of a spe$i:$ memor% $an be triggered b% severalroutesEa smell' a pla$e'a parti$ular person' and so on(
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Memor%
• De!larative $fa!t& memor" entailslearning expli!it information%su$h as names' fa$es' words' and dates( It isrelated to our $ons$ious thoughts and our
abilit% to manipulate s%mbols and language(• Nondeclarative memory is less
conscious or even unconsciouslearning.
pro!edural $skills& memor" $pianopla"ing&% motor memor" *riding a bike.'and emotional memor" $"our poundingheart when %ou hear a rattlesnake nearb%.(
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