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EUREKA

3 Days International Workshop

on

Research, Writing and Publishing

1-3 September 2016

Organized by

Centre for Excellence in Research and Innovation

PA College of Engineering

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belgaum)

Mangalore, India

Compilation of Presentations

by

Dr. M. Abdul Mujeebu

Associate Professor, College of Architecture and Planning,

University of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Founder and Chairman- RAASTHA (www.raastha.org) & IREEE (www.ireee.net)

Founder and Chief Editor – IJATR (www.ijatr.org) Email: mamujeebu@gmail.com

: 00966-505744705

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Preface

Unlike the earlier decades, in the recent past, there has been significant motivation among the

scientific and engineering community, towards improving their quality; the increasing numbers of

candidates enrolled for Master and Doctoral programs in various universities testify this fact. Thus,

research excellence has become a necessity rather than a mere symbol of reputation. Especially

the academic community has realized that it cannot survive in the current competitive environment

without the research and publishing skills being utilized or developed. This situation calls for

effective guidance and training for the researchers with a view to ensure quality and timely

publication of their incredible findings in a reputed global platform. On the other hand, many

excellent candidates are still at the oscillating stage, and need proper guidance to enable them take

constructive and wise steps towards research. It is also often noticed that many novel works are

left unpublished due to either negligence or lack of expert assistance in shaping a research article.

In some cases researchers feel satisfied by presenting their high quality works either in a

conference or in some local journals. While looking to the researchers, due to the time-bound

research provisions, and funding and other constrains, they often undergo heavy pressure in

finishing their work. They seek help from some writing consultants in shaping their theses and

papers, and consult any journal that could easily and quickly publish the paper. Once they manage

to get through the defence, most of them do not pay any attention on pursuing their valuable work,

and most regretting is that, majority of such doctoral degree holders fail in writing their own paper.

As a matter of fact, many research articles submitted to reputed journals have unacceptable

mistakes in terms of grammar and sentence structure, which often becomes the reason for rejection

of many excellent works. This could be addressed through proper exercise in improving writing

skills. Global visibility of researchers and their published works is another concern, which is

important to ensure their true recognition.

In the light of the aforementioned facts, the mentor tries to unveil his experience as a researcher

and a recognized author of research articles. The participants of this training program will be

prompted to rewrite their mindset and reach many productive conclusions such as:

Excellence in scientific research is synonymous to academic quality Further

Research is not beyond my limit, and my inherent skills are more than enough to do

wonders

Research is a responsibility, so I must be sincere and loyal to it

I can do the best independently within the time-frame and within all kinds of constrains

such as family, funding, lack of proper supervision, lack of software exposure, etc.

I can write my thesis by myself

I can write my paper by myself

I can publish in reputed journals

I will become one among who created history in research and publishing

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Note: Only the highlights of the presentations are provided here. Additional materials and exercises will

be provided as hard copies during the sessions. The participants are free to interact with the mentor for any

clarifications and assistance, personally or through email.

RESEARCH

Research – Not Beyond Your Reach

Basic Attributes

Confidence

Determination

Independence

Hard work

Systematic approach

Getting ready

Choosing the area

Preparation- Gathering background

Language and writing skills

Computer and internet

File management

Time management

Think of doing full time- on campus

You will really enjoy research and you will realize that your inherent skills are sufficient

enough to do wonders!!!

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RESEARCH PROBLEM

Research Steps

Selecting the domain (area)

Selecting the topic

Review of pertinent literature

Identifying the gap/problem

Defining the problem

Defining research questions/hypotheses

Formulating objectives

Designing Methodology

Data collection and analysis

Data interpretation

Communication

Research Topic

A topic you would like to address, investigate, or study, whether descriptively or

experimentally.

It is typically a topic, phenomenon, or challenge that you are interested in and with which

you are at least somewhat familiar.

Research Types

Qualitative (inductive)

Quantitative (deductive)

Descriptive

What is a Research Problem?

It is that aspect of the research topic/area, which causes the researcher to feel apprehensive,

confused and eager to find a solution for.

Ask yourself (while choosing a research area/topic/problem)

Why is it necessary and important to address the issue?

Who will benefit from my study, and how?

Will the results have social, educational or scientific value?

Will the results be worth for practical applications?

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Is there enough scope left within the area?

Can I find answers?

Is it viable within the limits?

Identification of the problem

Finding a problem is not difficult, but identifying a problem for the purpose of research is not

always easy- doesn’t mean impossible!!

A clear cut idea about the research problem will generate a convincing research proposal

Research originates from a need- Think on what caused the need to do the research

Ask yourself: Are there questions about this problem to which answers have not been found

so far?

Imagine a virtual brain-storming group, generate questions and objections on their behalf,

and try to answer them

Sources of problem identification

Personal experiences

Scientific literature

Theories – Shortcomings may be researched

Interaction with professionals and experts

Conferences, seminars etc.

Sub-problems

Problems related to the main problem identified

Flow from the main problem and make up the main problem

Help to reach the set goal in a manageable way and contribute to solving the problem

Research purpose

The purpose is to solve the problem; i.e. find answers to the question(s).

If there is no clear problem formulation, the purpose and methods are meaningless

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Literature Review

Objectives of literature review

To know the appropriate research methodologies

To see how your research fits into a broader framework

To prepare you for approaching the critical review

To know what researchers in the field already know about the topic

To know what those in the field do not yet know about the topic - the 'gaps‘

To know major questions in the topic

To provide background information for the reader

To ensure that new research (including yours) avoids the errors of some earlier research

To demonstrate your grasp of the topic

Critical review

Critical review doesn't mean criticizing a work; moreover if you are new you are not in a

position to 'criticize' the work of experienced and established researchers

Some critical comments may be available from other researchers. These criticisms and

conclusions can be reported in your review

The term critical indicates:

It should not be merely a descriptive list of a number of research projects related to the topic

You are capable of thinking critically and with insight about the issues raised by previous

researchers

The manner in which you choose theories and views of other researchers and the way you

synthesize these indicate your critical thinking

Building background

All published documents

Research articles are important

Sweep-out the literature- Reliability issue!!

Online resources- URL & downloading date

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Keep in order- File management (Follow citation style- Mendeley, EndNote etc. may help)

Reading, understanding, grouping and sequencing

Patience- don’t give up, keep reading!!!

Narrowing down

Research projects which are closely related to your own topic

Key studies which are widely cited by others in the field, however old they may be

Focus on the most recent papers

If there are several similar studies with similar findings, you should review a representative

study which was well designed.

Analyze their conclusions

Slowly reach to identifying the “gaps”

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVES

Problem Statement

Defining the problem

Identifying the problem is the first essential step in designing a research proposal, but it must

then be followed by a process of problem definition

The research problem identified must now be defined in terms of its relevance, significance,

scope, scientific contribution, novelty, and usefulness to the research community and

ultimately to the Society/Nation.

Problem statement

Crucial element of thesis/ proposal/ research paper

Describes the central issue of the thesis and persuades the reader to continue reading it

You have successfully finished the most important part of the research-

Now don’t delay, proceed further!!

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Shaping Problem Statement - Six Basic Components

1. Problem – Describe the issue

2. Background – Describe the nature of the problem with background information

3. Scope - Describe how significant (how big) is the problem

4. Consequences – Describe the consequence of not fixing it

5. Gaps – Describe what is lacking, particularly in terms of research in the field

6. Solution – Describe how will the present study contribute to solving the problem

Sample problem statement

Problem Identified (PhD Work): “Need for the development of domestic porous medium

burners by using LPG as fuel”

Problem Statement

The combustion of fossil fuels has become integral part of most of the power production and

energy systems. Though extensive investigations have been carried out to study the premixed and

non-premixed flame characteristics, the issue of pollution and efficiency needs more effort. As far

as the combustion of hydrocarbons is involved, there is no feasible way to eliminate the CO2

formation. Therefore there is no need to discuss this issue. The major concern is the formation of

other pollutants such as NOx, SOx, CO and UHC (unburned hydrocarbons). The formation of

these products mainly depends on the type of fuel and physical and chemical mechanisms of the

combustion.

The indoor emission of NO2 from domestic appliances has been a focus of many researchers due

to its adverse health effects such as lung irritation, cough, respiratory illness and diarrhea. In houses

equipped with gas stoves, NO2 levels measured by passive sampling techniques varied from 10 to

126μg/m3. Values below 40μg/m3 were mostly in Europe and the United States, whereas

concentrations higher than 50μg/m3 were reported from few Asian countries such as Hong Kong,

Japan and Korea. It has been observed that, butane gas burners were the major sources of indoor

NO2 which reached to a level 4 times higher than outdoor NO2 (Ghosn, 2005). Even though the

present CO and NOx emission levels of conventional LPG burners are claimed to be within the set

limits of global emission norms, every attempt to further minimize these emissions would be an

added contribution to a clean environment. Moreover, the present trend of depletion of fossil fuel

reserves demands energy efficient combustion devices, so as to conserve energy.

The strategies for controlling the pollution can be classified as pre-, in- and post-combustion

processes. Fuel treatment before combustion, such as sulfur scrubbing, is called preprocessing.

Removing pollutants from flue gases, such as using a catalytic converter or scrubber, is called

post-processing. Controlling the mechanism of combustion is the in-process pollution control, and

it is the subject of the present research. Hence, understanding the mechanisms of combustion may

lead to the control and reduction of the formation of those pollutants mainly, NOx, CO and UHC.

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The conventional free flame combustion takes place in gases, and in general, the thermal

conductivity of gases is very low, of the order of 0.03 W/mK. Furthermore, most gases have poor

radiative properties (low radiative emission, absorption and scattering). Also, the heat transfer

from the flame and combustion products to the load is mainly by convection mechanism which

has diverse effects on the uniformity of the temperature. In drying processes, glass tempering and

painting, uniformity of the source temperature is essential on the quality of the products.

Combustion in porous media (PMC) is a means to alter the physical and chemical mechanisms of

the combustion. One of the essential mechanics of NOx formation is thermal, and this mainly

depends on the flame temperature and the oxygen availability. Therefore, controlling the physical

process of combustion, by avoiding high temperatures is essential to reduce the NOx formation.

Also, controlling the chemical process of the combustion by the redistribution of the oxygen supply

may help in reducing the NOx formation. On the other hand, the formation of UHC and CO

depends on the temperature and oxygen availability; high temperatures are required to crack down

the UHC and convert CO into CO2. Moreover, the formation of UHC and CO is related to the

efficiency of the combustion process. Hence, there must be a trade-off among NOx formation, the

formation of CO and UHC, and the efficiency of the combustion. This may be achieved by

engineering the thermo-physical properties of the combustion medium. PMC can play a

significant role in tackling this issue compared to the conventional free flame combustion.

As far as the global use of LPG is concerned, domestic sector is the major consumer (47%; source:

http://www.worldlpgas.com), and LPG consumption in domestic cooking is increasing every year

at the rate of around 10% (Pantangi et al., 2007). The thermal efficiencies of the commercially

available conventional domestic LPG burners fall in the range of 40 % to 56%; a maximum of

56.2% was reported for the advanced swirling flow type burner (Makmool et al., 2007). With

regard to developing burners based on PMC technique, substantial works have been done by using

various gaseous and liquid fuels; however, very few attempts were reported on the development

of LPG based PMC systems, especially for domestic (household) applications. Hence in both

energy saving and emission perspectives, the need for research and development in the area of

LPG based domestic burners, is quite obvious. As PMC has proved to be a feasible option to tackle

the aforementioned issues, its application to domestic sector needs further exploration.

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Research Question & Research Hypothesis

Research Questions

Clear, Focused and reasonably Complex questions a researcher attempts to find answers

for.

What, Why, How, etc. of a research problem

Use FINER (Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical and Relevant) criteria for generating

good research questions

Guide towards collecting, reading and evaluating the sources

Help deciding how to use the information gathered.

Help formulating research objectives

Examples:

Problem: Safe landing strategy for male handball players in single-leg jump landing, to prevent

non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury

What is the effect of knee flexion angle on the ground reaction force and knee

extension moment in male handball players during single leg jump landing?

How are the ground reaction force and knee extension moment related to knee flexion

angle in male handball players during single leg jump landing?

Research Hypothesis

• Tentative prediction or an educated guess about the nature of the relationship between

two or more variables.

• Types: Null (no relationship among variables), Directional (a relationship is predicted)

and Non-directional (relationship unpredicted or unknown)

• Outcome of the research supports or rejects the hypothesis

Examples:

Null: The knee flexion angle has no effect on the ground reaction force and knee

extension moment in male handball players during single leg jump landing.

Directional: The increase in knee flexion angle causes reductions in the ground

reaction force and knee extension moment, in male handball players during single leg

jump landing

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Non-directional: There exists a strong correlation among knee flexion angle, ground

reaction force and knee extension moment, particularly in male handball players

during single leg jump landing.

Research Objectives

Formulated from research questions/hypotheses

Represent specific actions to answer the research questions or to test the hypotheses

Should be SMART- Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound

Separate objectives for design, development, testing, comparison etc.

Use specific action verbs (to design, to fabricate, to measure, to compare, etc.)

Example:

To investigate the effect of knee flexion angle on the ground reaction force and knee

extension moment in male handball players

To establish a correlation among knee flexion angle on the ground reaction force and

knee extension moment in male handball players

Exercise: Try to fit research questions (RQ) for the following objectives:

Objectives

To develop premixed LPG burners based on matrix-stabilized (submerged) and surface

stabilized combustion modes in porous media (PM).

(RQ: Can PM burners be realized for domestic applications?)

To conduct experiments on the submerged and surface stabilized PM burners in order to study

the combustion and emission characteristics.

(RQ: How do the submerged and surface stabilized PM burners perform in terms of

combustion and emission characteristics?)

To compare the performances of the PM burners with each other and also with that of the

conventional LPG burner.

(RQ: How better are the PM burners compared to the conventional burners?)

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To perform numerical simulation of two-layer PM burners by using Finite Volume Method

(FVM), in order to study the effects of thickness and porosity of PM on the combustion

performance.

(RQ: What are the effects of thickness and porosity of PM on the combustion performance of

PM burners?)

Shaping research proposal- usual contents

Executive Summary /Abstract

Background and motivation

Problem statement

Literature review

Objectives

Methodology- Flow chart

Scope and expected outcome

Budget (applicable only when applying for funding)

Gantt Chart/Project schedule

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THESIS STRUCTURE

Chapter 1. Introduction

Usual Structure

1.1 Background and Motivation

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Objectives

1.4 Scope and Limitation

1.5 Thesis Organization

Preliminary Pages

Title Page

Certificate Page

Acknowledgements

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Abbreviations

List of Symbols

Abstract

Main Body

Chapter 1. Introduction

Chapter 2. Literature Review

Chapter 3. Methodology

Chapter 4. Results and Discussion

Chapter 5. Conclusion and Future Work

End Pages

References

Appendices

List of Publications

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Background and motivation

Establish significance of the topic with background information (with names and

references)

Define important terms in the title (not necessary if well-known)

Present the current research focus/problem area

Why to provide names and references in the Background and Motivation section?

a) To draw research ‘map’ for the reader indicating the key players in the field and the

progress or achievements so far, and

b) To provide a clear idea of where the research is located and how it is related to the

work in the field.

Why to give references in general?

To avoid plagiarism

To help reader read the source

To confirm the writer’s awareness on the related research

Chapter 2. Literature Review

Structure

2.1 Overview

2.2 Theoretical Background

2.3 Previous works

2.4 Summary and Remarks

Organizing and presenting

To enable reader process the literatures in a logical way

Literatures that provide background information must be cited in the introductory

paragraph/s; the information deduced from those literatures can be presented as truths

in present simple tense

Literatures reporting the works pertaining to the current study must be arranged in the

literature review section in simple past or present perfect (by following V-shape).

Few papers will overlap-doesn’t matter

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Options

Chronological order: Mostly applicable if the field is related to political decisions.

Order of scientific progress (approaches/methodologies): Group the studies

accordingly, and converge towards the problem under investigation

General/specific: Start with general research and gradually narrow down to the

specific works

Note: If there is clash between 1 and 2, give preference to 2.

Shaping Introduction chapter

Start from history

Each work- what they did, how they did and what they found

Major milestones

Draw remarks that justify the problem and objectives

Match with the problem statement

Chapter 3. Methodology

OR

Materials and Methods

Structure

3.1 Overview

3.2 Materials

3.3 Methods

3.4 Summary

What is expected?

Record of what/how you did and/or what you used

All inputs and procedures used to obtain the final results, in line with the research

objectives

Must contain sufficient information to replicate the work and obtain similar results

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Must be clear, convincing and acceptable for the reader

Building trust

Convince the readers that utmost care was taken during the experiments

Thesis/paper is not only to say what/how you did and what you found, but also to

make sure that your reader accepts the conclusions

To accept your conclusions, he/she must approve your results

To accept your results, he/she must first accept your methodology

To accomplish this, you must present yourself as a competent researcher who carries

out procedures accurately and with care

Referring to other research

Why to refer to other research?

Just giving reference is enough- avoids the need of giving details- mostly

preferable for journal papers, to save space

In some cases, advisable to provide basic details

Why to give details when reference is given?

It is desirable to reproduce the basic details to help readers get an idea quickly

without reading the source

Comparison of methodologies

Comparison of present methodology with previous ones- A legitimate topic for

the methodology section

Helps readers understand the existing techniques and identify your contribution

Location of reference notation is important!!

Mentioning problems in the methodology

No harm, rather looks more professional than just hiding them

To convince that problems did not affect the results

To convince that you are aware of the problems

If you hide and the readers notice, they will doubt your legitimacy as a researcher;

this affects the acceptance of your results and conclusions

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Should you delay documenting/publishing if problems detected?

Doing so will never let you write it up

Genuine option – write it up and acknowledge the problems – preferably not to wait

mentioning problems at the end

Is it a failure to mention problems? - No

Use terms that minimizes the problem, minimizes your responsibility, maximizes

the good aspects and suggests a solution. Example:

Example: “All tubing used was stainless steel, and although two samples were at risk of CFC

contaminations as a result of brief contact with plastic, variation among samples was negligible.’

Talk about a solution

Future work should…..

Future work will…….

Currently in progress/underway…..

Important points not to miss in Methodology chapter

Performance analysis

Working formulae with adequate scientific reasoning

Define all terms

Assumptions/simplifications-with justification

Give references for documented info

Numerical Modeling/Simulation

Description of physics of the problem with the help of physical model

(computational domain)

Mathematical model: Assumptions, governing equations and boundary conditions

Solution technique- with reasoning

Meshing (type and size), grid dependency, convergence criteria etc……

Software details: company, version etc.; PC details: Configuration, computational

time etc.

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Materials

Names of materials

Sample/specimen preparation

Specifications

Properties

Manufacturer/Supplier info

Images

Provide background information and justify the choice, of material, method, site,

equipment etc.

Structure of Methodology Chapter

Overview

Materials and Methods

Summary

Chapter 4. Results and Discussion

Structure

4.1 Overview

4.2 Results are grouped according to the

objectives and presented with discussion.

Sub-sections are added as needed. --

--

--

4.3 Summary

It is not simply a report

Research is not to simply obtain and describe results- it is to make sense of the results in the context

of existing knowledge and provide logical implications (what the results mean in that context)

Results- what the results are

Discussion –what the results mean

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Why /What to write?

Convey your own understanding and interpretation

There are things that cannot be conveyed directly by tables/figures/images

Some results may be interesting than others

Relate the results to the objectives

Background information on why a particular result has occurred

Compare the results with those of previous researchers

Give reasons for unsuccessful results

Readers do not have to agree with you, but they need to know your opinion and

understanding

Carefully narrate the sequences of occurrences of individual results

In order for other researchers to be able to repeat your work accurately and compare

their results with yours, you need to describe the order and time sequence of

what/how you did and found in a very precise way.

Time sequence- how long each step took and where it occurred in the sequence

Use of ‘then’ or ‘next’ – tells the order of events but not the duration of each event,

and duration between events or where it occurred in the sequence.

Providing time sequence -helps the reader replicate the same

Mentioning frequency

More frequent observation- More reliable and vice versa

If not mentioned- difficult for the reader to evaluate your results

Frequency languages are often used in subjective way: the terms such as rare and

frequent are relative to how often it was expected to be, or to the trends in previous

researches

Commenting on results

The language you use to describe the results has much power as tables and graphs

themselves, perhaps even more.

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Tell the reader what you think about the results and be cautious on the way readers

perceive them

Lacking in proper comments- serious gap between you and reader- A damaging

effect on the rest of your thesis/paper, especially in conclusion.

You want reader accept the conclusions (drawn logically and naturally from the

results). But if no adequate comments, the reader may see them differently, and the

conclusions will not seem either logical or natural, rather seem surprising or

strange.

Example: Look at the plot in Fig. 1

If you say “they are very similar”- readers will focus on similarity

If you say “they are noticeably different”- the reader will focus on the difference

(This means your comment has an impact on the way reader perceives the result)

Figure 1

Dealing with quantities

The values are directly available on tables and/or figures. But readers want to know

what those mean.

If any effect occurred in 26% of cases- you can present it as a strong result (as many

as 26%) or as a weak result (only 26%); but just writing 26% will not add anything to

what reader can see.

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Shaping Results and Discussion Chapter

Overview - Give a picture of the general trend of a particular set of results to direct

the readers towards the common picture of what happened

(show the wall before describing the bricks)

To be repeated for individual sets of findings

Begin by referring back to objectives– to convince the reader how far your results

could fulfill the aim (sometimes, need to redefine the objectives based on the results)

Begin by referring back to materials and methods

1) To highlight the important features of the materials/equipment/techniques used

to obtain the results- justify the results

2) To remind the readers of the methodology (readers may not share the familiarity

of your methodology)

3) Extended details of methodology are desirable here rather than in the previous

Chapter (included only the basic framework)

Provide adequate background information

Invite the reader to look at the figure or tables while commenting on them- reader

will stop reading-look at the figure and keep the interpretation in mind- return to the

text and continue reading keeping this interpretation in mind

Validation of results: numerical predictions with experimental data; present findings

with previous findings/scientific facts/own logical reasoning

Error analysis for experimental results

Sensitivity analysis

Order of presenting results- start with those underlie or lead to the important results

Clearly establish how far the findings could fill the gaps identified and meet the set

objectives

Results & Discussion - General tips

Highlight which are significant or interesting- if not, all will be perceived with the

same status

Talk more on important/typical/interesting findings

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Discussion- Explanation (why it occurred), evaluation (what the numbers mean) &

implication (what the results suggest)

Mention problems- if not - indicates that you are not sufficiently expert to be aware of

it- a negative effect on your professional authority

If mentioned- proved yourself to be in full control of your work and able to evaluate it

clearly; moreover it provides you with the essential element in conclusion –

suggestion for future work

Do not delay writing until perfection- write it up and acknowledge the issues- you are

done!

It is not appropriate to wait up to conclusion to mention problems

Use vocabulary that minimizes the problem, suggests possible reasons and /or offers a

solution

Modal verbs such as may, might could etc. are important in implications, because

research never reaches an end point where everything is known about a particular topic;

the next piece of research will refine and develop the preceding one and so on- hence

we avoid unqualified generalizations

5. Conclusion and Future Work

Structure

5. 1Concluding Remarks

5. 2Suggestions for Future Work

Shaping conclusion chapter

Start with overview of the work- Recall the gaps and objectives

Revisit the most important aspects (methodology, software used, model developed,

important findings, and so on) that could lead to meet the objectives- It depends on the

contributory part of the work

While revisiting, use the language and terms similar to the revisited part- this will provide

an ‘echo’ for the reader, and confirms that you responded strongly to the claims made in

the Introduction

Summarize the important results

Clearly state the contribution or achievement of your work-Don’t shy

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Implications and possible applications of the findings (if not sure about applications,

search from the introductory paragraphs of Introduction as well as from discussions of

previous researchers)

Restate the problems that can be addressed, and suggest solutions

Suggest future directions- say ‘underway/in progress/will focus’ if you pursue it further

Why to suggest future work?

One paper will not fill all the gaps- So the best studies open up directions for research

Provides researchers with a clearly defined project

The study that directly follows your work will cite your paper-enhances the status of

your work

A study which responds to the issues of your work may help you for your current and

future research

SAMPLE CONCLUSION- PhD Thesis

Concluding remarks

In the present dissertation, an attempt has been made to devise energy efficient and

compact practical PM burners suitable for household applications.

Two models (MSB and SSB) individually representing submerged and surface

combustion modes of PMC have been developed successfully through various trials on

PM types, layers, and configurations.

The MSB and SSB are tested for their combustion and emission characteristics, and

maximum observations are recorded and analyzed. Some of the outstanding features of

PMC such as lean flammability, enhanced combustion, and fuel saving potential and

reduced emission are convincingly demonstrated by the developed burners.

MSB and SSB are compared with each other, and also with various types of domestic

conventional LPG burners (CB). It is observed that, SSB is more efficient than MSB.

Further, compared to the CB and other LPG based PM burners proposed by the

previous researchers, a fairly higher thermal efficiency and lower emission are

achieved in the present burners, apart from a very attractive a fuel saving potential of

55 - 85%.

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The main difficulty encountered during the study was the lack of availability of porous

foam with various pore sizes, especially in small quantities; therefore the experiments

were limited with the commercially available samples.

2D simulations are performed on SSB, and the effects of porosity and thickness of the

reaction layer on the combustion and emission performances are studied. It is observed

that, for a preheat layer of fixed thickness and porosity, there exists an optimum

thickness for the reaction layer with respect to the flame temperature and emission. In

the present study, the PM configuration for SSB arrived at through various

experimental trials is found to be the optimum, and the same conclusion is drawn from

the simulation as well.

There are slight discrepancies in predicting the temperature and NOx, which are

attributed to the simplifications in modeling. However, by means of a 3-D simulation,

if maximum available features of FLUENT are carefully utilized with necessary user-

defined functions, one could arrive at reasonably realistic predictions.

The simulations on MSB could not be performed due to the difficulty in handling the

discrete PM layer using the present 2D model.

As the world is facing severe energy crisis and environmental pollution caused by the

abundant use of fossil fuels, the proposed burners are one of the promising options to

tackle these issues.

Recommendations for future work

There is a wide potential for research in the area of PMC in general and its applications in

particular. The following works may be carried out as extension to the current study:

Compare the performance of the proposed burners with radial flow and conical shaped

burners of equivalent size, and with different types of gaseous as well as liquid fuels.

Try reducing the size and test the performance; this may lead to the development of micro-

scale burners for MEMS (micro electro mechanical systems) applications. Higher sizes

may also be experimented for use in restaurants and for industrial applications.

A three dimensional simulation on both MSB and SSB, with the assumption of non-

equilibrium between the phases and by incorporating detailed (multistep) reaction kinetics

and radiation.

Development of thermo photovoltaic (TPV) power generation systems using the proposed

PMC techniques.

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ABSTRACT

Derived from the rest of the thesis/paper

Easier to write than the rest of the thesis/paper

Shaping Abstract – For Thesis

Background, problem and objectives

Methodology and materials

Parameters studied

Results, achievement/contribution and implications

Potential applications of the findings

Connectivity

Problem Statement

Objectives

Remarks of Literature Review

Methodology

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

26

WRITING

FEW WRITING TIPS

Writing Introduction

Language and writing skills

Tense

Signaling

Passive/Active

Paragraphing

Tense/Tense-Pair

To describe acceptable and established facts- simple present

Example: One way to toughen polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber particles

Past simple - Present perfect

Penny et al. [6] showed that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques and

more recently, Hillier [7] established the toughness of such composites. However, although the

effect of rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated

over two years ago [8], little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber

component.

What happens if ‘was’ instead of ‘has been’?

Signaling

Lack of connectivity – serious writing mistake

Space between a full stop and next capital letter- dangerous!!

Ways of connecting sentences

Overlapping

Using pronoun (it, they) /pro-form (this method, these systems)

Joining sentences with semicolon or relative clauses

Use of signaling sentence connectors- however, therefore, thus, hence etc.

27

Overlapping

Examples

The pattern inflammation during an asthma attack is different from that seen in stable asthma.

In stable asthma, the total number of inflammatory cells does not increase

As an internally self-organized process of heat recuperation, filtration combustion of gaseous

mixtures in porous media differs significantly from homogeneous flames. This difference is

attributed to the following two main factors……….

Pronoun (it, they) /pro-form (this method, these systems)

Examples

A wide range of lubricants was employed for the purpose of determining the sensitivity of the

test methods to lubricant condition. They were (a) Jet A aviation fuel, (b) reagent grade mineral

oil, (c) new fully formulated heavy-duty SAE 15W40 oil (Cummins Premium Blue API CG-

4), and (d) the same oil as (c), aged in an engine with a composition typical of what would be

seen after a routine oil drain.

The Kyoto Protocol introduced three international mechanisms without which the Protocol is

unlikely to enter into force. These mechanisms are intended to facilitate the cost effective

implementation of the Protocol.

Joining sentences with semicolon or relative clauses

Relative pronouns: who, which, whose, whom, that; Relative adverbs: when, where and why

Examples:

Absorption chillers use mainly heat to power them; only a minor amount of electricity is

used for pumping.

In the same way, Sjodin [20] argues that absorption cooling generally prolongs the

utilization time of co-generation and can entail additional electricity power production,

which will lead to a significant reduction of global CO2 emissions.

Signaling sentence connectors (however, therefore, thus, hence etc.)

Example

In an earlier patent [7] Hitachi used some of the air from the final stage of the compressor as

the source of the blade coolant. However, this air was treated with a water spray to cool it

before it entered the turbine blade inner passages.

28

Vocabulary of sentence connectors

Cause: as, because, since

Result: therefore, consequently, hence

Contrast/Difference: However, whereas, but, on the other hand, while, by contrast

Unexpectedness:

Although, Even though, Though, Despite, In spite of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding,

Nevertheless, However, Yet, Nonetheless, Even so

Passive/Active

Preferable- passive

In technical writing, the agent is not mentioned- ‘agent-less’ passive is generally used

We/I measured the temperatures at the salient points- active

The temperatures at the salient points were measured- passive

Use ‘dummy’ subject while using active

This article…………………., The present paper………………, This study…………. etc.

Paragraphing

A paragraph in academic writing often starts with a topic sentence

Starts with indentation or by double space

How to create paragraphs:

Write each idea/concept in a logical order

List the points to say about each item using bullet points

Writing Methodology

Language and writing skills

Passives and Tense pairs

Use of ‘A’ and ‘The’

Adverbs and their locations

29

Tense pairs

Present simple passive (is measured) or Past simple passive (was measured)

Choice:

If the procedure used is generally accepted (standard)- Present simple passive

If the procedure is your own- Past simple passive

This enables reader identify your contribution

Examples:

Two dye jets are placed in the laser cavity. A jet is then excited by an argon ion laser and

spatially filtered in order to obtain a Gaussian beam. Polarization is confirmed using a

polarizing cube. The pulses were split into reference pulses and probe pulses and the reference

pulses were carefully aligned into the detector to minimize noise levels.

Samples for gas analysis were collected using the method described by Brown (1999), which

uses a pneumatic air sampling pump.

An issue:

Your work and previous work are described in past simple- how you help the readers?

Use dummy subject such as “The current study”, “The present study”, “This work” etc.

Add phrases such as In this study, In the present work, etc.

Use of ‘A’ and ‘The’

THE

when the writer and reader both know the referent

when there is only one possible referent

A – it doesn’t matter, writer and/or reader unaware of the referent

Adverbs and their locations

Invisible errors- wrong use of a and the; improper use of adverbs and their locations

Example:

1. This effect may hide a connection between the two

This effect may hide the connection between the two

30

2. Please look at that cat with one eye

Confusion- using one eye or having one eye?

If the adverb is related to the whole sentence, better put it at the front:

Confusing- He gave a lecture about liver cancer at the hospital last January

Suggested styles:

Last January he gave a lecture about liver cancer at the hospital

Last January he gave a lecture at the hospital; his subject was liver cancer

Results and Discussion

Language and writing skills

Tense

Causality

Subjective/Objective

Use of signals

Tense

If the findings are related only to your own work, and not qualified to be claimed as an

acceptable fact- use simple past

It was observed that the pressure increased as the temperature rose, which indicated that

temperature played a significant role in the process

If the findings/interpretations/deductions are strong enough to be proposed as facts- use

present simple

It is observed that the pressure increases as the temperature rises, which indicates that

temperature plays a significant role in the process

Causality

Describing relationships or connections between results- Linking the effect to the cause (X

caused Y)

31

Causal statements are risky- likely to be disproved at a later stage- Need for softening to

reduce the risk

Causality options

Begin with:

It appears that…..; It may therefore be assumed that……; It seems likely that….; The

evidence suggests that…..; There seems to be…..; There is a tendency that…..;

Apparently……..etc. (X caused Y)

Add frequency qualifier

X often caused Y; X commonly caused Y; X rarely caused Y

Add quantity qualifier

X caused Y in many cases

X caused Y in some cases/to some extent

X caused Y in virtually all cases

Modal verb

X may/might/could have caused Y

Subjective/Objective

o Make evaluative languages (subjective statements) rather than simply objective

o Objective language does not convey anything more than what readers know from your

figures/tables

Example: The increase in output is 25% - objective

The increase in output is as high as/only/as low as 25% - Subjective

Use signals early in the sentence

It avoids the need of looping back to the first part to understand it

Example

Though the phenomenon of ‘knit line formation’ is observed during filling in multi inlet

cases, it ultimately disappeared leaving no adverse effect on the package quality

The phenomenon of ‘knit line formation’ is observed during filling in multi inlet cases, but

it ultimately disappeared leaving no adverse effect on the package quality.

32

Note: The use of ‘though’ at the beginning conveys the connection of first part with the second

part of the sentence, where as in the second sentence the reader will get it only on reaching

‘but’.

General tips

Put familiar information at the beginning of a sentence, and new information at the end

Example

Calcium blockers can control muscle spasms. Sarcomers are the small units of muscle fibers in

which these drugs work. Two filaments, one thick and one thin, are in each sarcomere. The

proteins actin and myosin are contained in the thin filament. When actin and myosin interact,

your heart contracts.

Muscle spasms can be controlled with drugs known as Calcium blockers. They work in small

units of muscle fibers called sarcomeres. Each sarcomere has two filaments, one thick and one

thin. The thin filament contains two proteins actin and myosin. When actin and myosin interact,

your heart contracts.

Note: In the first paragraph, the strange terms such as Calcium blockers, Sarcomers and

filaments appear early in the sentence, which makes the reader apprehensive from the beginning.

This problem is solved in the second paragraph by putting them towards the end, and keeping

familiar terms such as ‘muscle spasms’ at the beginning. However in the second sentence of second

paragraph, sarcomere appears early; this will not confuse the reader because the term is already

defined in the previous sentence. The same reason applies to the term filament which appears at

the beginning of the third sentence.

In some cases active/passive verbs are specifically advisable

Case 1

a) Global warming may have many catastrophic effects. Tropical diseases and destructive

insect life even north of the Canadian border could be increased, by this climatic change.

b) Global warming may have many catastrophic effects. This climatic change could increase

tropical diseases and destructive insect life even north of the Canadian border.

33

Note: In a), the underlined part is the subject which is lengthy and strange to the reader; this is

followed by the passive verb, and the cause (climate change). This problem is solved by shifting

the lengthy subject towards the end and keeping familiar terms at the early part; in this case, the

active verb (increase) is advisable.

Case 2

a) New questions about the nature of the universe have been raised by scientists studying

black holes in space. The collapse of a dead star into a point perhaps no larger than a marble

creates a black hole. So much matter squeezed into so little volume changes the fabric of

space around it in odd ways.

b) New questions about the nature of the universe have been raised by scientists studying

black holes in space. A black hole is created by the collapse of a dead star into a point no

larger than a marble. So much matter squeezed into so little volume changes the fabric of

space around it in odd ways.

Note: Following similar arguments as in Case 1, it can be seen that use of passive verb (is

created) is advisable in Case 2.

Readers prefer a subject that is short, concrete and familiar, regardless of the following

verb.

So choose active or passive, depending on which gives you the right kind of subject.

Best judge how your readers respond to your writing if you have someone read it back to

you.

Miscellaneous Tips

Borrowed statements must be referred to the source

Information/image/data, from other sources must be referred to the respective sources

Figures and Tables must be:

numbered sequentially

provided with captions

34

referred in the text

Equations must be typed by tools such as Equation Editor, numbered sequentially and

referred in the text

Appendices must be numbered and referred in the text

Avoid titles on the plotted graphs, but the axes titles must be specified with units

Units must be given to all dimensional magnitudes

Font styles and sizes must be consistent

Use computer tools for Referencing, Table of Contents, List of Figures, etc.

Abbreviations and symbols must be defined at their first occurrence in the text.

Citations in the text must be sequential and consistent with the reference list

Preliminary pages to be numbered by Roman Numerals and the remainder by Arabic

Numerals

Follow institutional format for theses and journal’s format for articles

Proofreading, and spelling and grammar check

PUBLISHING

Basic needs

Some level of novelty/scientific contribution

Proper presentation

Article Structure

Title

Author name and affiliation

Abstract

Keywords

Publishing Excellence- Not beyond your Reach

35

Introduction

Methodology

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgements (if any)

References

Title

Must be precise and specific to convey the problem addressed- not to be too general

Example 1- Precise

“Development of Household porous media burners based on

surface and submerged combustion modes”

General

“Development of Household Porous Media Burners”

Example 2- Precise

“Experimental analysis and FEM simulation of finned U-shape multi heat pipe

for desktop PC cooling”

General

“Performance analysis of multi-heat pipe for electronic cooling”

Author name and affiliation

Author name/s without Dr/Mr/Ms/Prof

Department name, Institution/University (without position or designation) with address

Corresponding author- Contact details

Follow author guidelines

Shaping Abstract (essential points applicable to a research article)

What you did (focus of the present paper- Objective/Aim)?

How you did/what you used (Brief methodology and materials/equipment)?

What you studied (Parameters)?

What you observed (Significant findings)?

36

Sample Abstract- Research Article

Title: Optimum tip gap and orientation of multi-piezofan for heat transfer enhancement of finned

heat sink in microelectronic cooling

Piezoelectric fans can be manipulated to generate air-flow for cooling microelectronic devices.

Their outstanding features include noise-free operation, low power consumption and suitability for

confined spaces. This paper presents experimental optimization of tip gap (δ) and orientation angle

(α) of three piezoelectric fans (multi-piezofan) to maximize the heat removal performance of

finned heat sink for microelectronic cooling. Design of experiments (DOE) approach is used for

the optimization, and a three dimensional simulation using FLUENT 6.3.2 is carried out to better

understand the flow induced by the multi-piezofan and the resulting heat transfer from the heat

sink surface. For the optimization, the Central Composite Design (CCD) of response surface

methodology (RSM) is exploited from the Design Expert software. In the numerical model, the

flow induced by the piezofan is treated as incompressible and turbulent; the turbulence is taken

care by the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω model. The experimental results are found to be in

good agreement with the predictions. Out of 13 experimental trials determined by CCD, the

optimum tip gap and fan orientation are δ = 0.17 and α = 900 respectively. At this condition, an

enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient exceeding 88% is achieved, compared to

natural convection.

Structured Abstract

Abstract with distinct labeled sections that briefly describe the key aspects of the study such

as background, problem, objectives, methods, results, discussion, relevance, contribution,

etc., for rapid comprehension

Example

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/policy/structured_abstracts.html#fig1

Keywords

Most commonly used conceptual terms in the article

They represent/indicate the contents

Help others to search the article

37

Introduction

The structure of introduction section of a research article is different from that of a thesis

Table1- Introduction Model

First Paragraph

Establish significance of the topic with background information.

Following Paragraphs

Literature review- V-Shape!

Last Paragraph- Crucial!!

Describe the ‘gaps’, and be “well-prepared” to make bold

statements- Ensure safety!!

Describe the present work - how far the ‘gaps’ will be ‘filled’ in the

current study (objectives) and brief methodology

Sample Introduction

Recently Piezoelectric fan (named henceforth as piezofan) has gained significant attention

for electronic cooling applications, owing to its excellent thermal management capability [1].

Piezofan is a cantilever beam bonded with a piezoelectric material near its clamped end. The

mechanism of alternate expansion and contraction generates shear forces within the beam,

whenever an alternative input signal is applied to the piezoelectric material. These forces produce

oscillations at the free end of the cantilever beam which creates motion in the surrounding fluid.

As piezofans facilitate noise-free operation with low power consumption, and require less space,

they can be adapted to operate at frequencies which are too quiet to the human ear and can be built

and modified to meet various geometric constraints for many applications.

Piezofan was first emerged in the early seventies, and was reintroduced by Toda [2, 3] who

found that the piezofans were able to cool either side of a power transistor panel of a television

receiver, with a temperature drop of 170C. Ihara and Watanabe [4] investigated the flow around

the ends of oscillating flexible cantilevers. The experimental flow profiles were matched with the

simulation flow fields developed by discrete vortex method. Acıkalın et al. [5] compared

analytical, computational and experimental flow profiles for the baffled fan, and obtained a close

match among them. Advanced flow measurements were carried out by Abdullah et al. [6, 7] at

different piezofan heights by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) system.

Schmidt [8] focused on the local and average transfer coefficients on a vertical surface by

using two piezofans in out-of-phase, and showed that the transfer coefficients were affected by the

38

tip gap, and the fan spacing. In a similar study using single piezofan, Acikalin et al. [9] obtained

significant localized cooling and more than 100% enhancement in convective heat transfer

coefficient relative to natural convection. In their extension work [10], it was shown that for a

given power consumption piezofans were significantly better than axial fans, and compared to

natural convection heat sink the piezofans used lesser volume. Yoo et al. [11] attempted the

possibility of replacing rotary fan by piezofan. Different vibrating metal plates were analyzed

theoretically and showed that piezofans were capable of generating jet flow for cooling purpose.

Hosaka and Itao [12] and Basak and Raman [13] reported that the vibration characteristics of a

vibrating cantilever were altered by the presence of a second oscillating beam depending on the

vibration amplitude as well as the pitch, and the phase difference between the neighboring

cantilevers. These findings were also confirmed experimentally by Kimber and co-workers [14,

15] who studied the fluidic coupling between piezofans.

While most of the researchers focused on the use of single piezofan, only few works [4, 8,

12–16] were reported on multipiezofan which has important practical applications. Few

researchers were interested in the combination of piezofan and finned heat sink [17–19], which

was proved to be relatively excellent. However the combination of multi-piezofan with finned heat

sink is yet to be explored. Moreover, a three dimensional (3D) numerical analysis on the heat

transfer performance of piezofans is also lacking. Accordingly, the present study is focused on

experimental analysis and optimization, and 3D modeling of multi-piezofan arranged in

conjunction with finned heat sink.

Methodology, Results & Discussion and Conclusion

Methodology

Basic framework- Condensed

Focus only on the aspects presented in this paper

Results & Discussion

Strategy same as for thesis

Present the results of parameters addressed in this paper

Conclusion/s

Restate the aim/objective

Recall the methodology

Recall those features of the work that helped to achieve the objectives

Significant findings/achievements

39

Implications and potential applications

Limitations

Future work

Sample Conclusion- Research Article

Optimization of tip gap and orientation of piezofans is performed by using the DOE approach, to

maximize the heat removal performance of finned heat sink. A 3D simulation using FLUENT

6.3.2 is carried out to better understand the induced flow and the resulting heat transfer. The

turbulence was incorporated by the shear stress transport (SST) k–x model. The experimental

results are well matched with the predictions. By the use of DOE, significant savings in effort and

time are achieved to conduct the required experiments and analyze the coupled influence of tip

gap and piezofan orientation. It is observed that multi-piezofan with vertical orientation and a tip

gap δ = 0.17 yields 88% enhancement in the convective heat transfer coefficient compared to

natural convection. The present finding would be a valuable input in the application of finned heat

sink with multi-peizofan in microelectronic cooling. This study may be extended for lesser tip

gaps, and with various piezofan-heat sink configurations.

Final Shaping and Submission

Final Shaping

Format the paper based on author guidelines

Read many times- Do not hurry

Spelling and Grammar check

Selecting Journal

Select from ISI (Institute of Scientific Information) list

Select from the subject area

Scared of high impact factor? - (Do not scare, your paper is qualified enough to be published

in a reputed platform. If it is rejected, revise the paper based on the comments and submit to

another journal; keep on submitting until your paper is accepted).

40

Impact Factor

Provided by Journal Citation Report (JCR) – product of Thomson Reuters ISI

Definition- It is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has

been cited in a given period of time

Impact Factor for 2013 = A/B; A= The number of times articles published in 2011-2012 were

cited in indexed journals during 2013, and B = The number of articles, reviews, proceedings

or notes published in 2011-2012

Submission

Carefully read the guidelines

Who should be the corresponding author?

Who are qualified to be co-authors?

Who should be first author?

Keep all the documents ready: cover letter, list of suggested reviewers with contact details,

image files in required format etc.

Addressing reviewer comments

Express your gratitude to the reviewers for their valuable suggestions/ comments to improve

the quality of your paper

Do not be discouraged/upset by reviewer comments- There is likelihood that the reviewer

could not clearly understand the contribution and the strengths of your paper

Try addressing all the constructive comments, and for the comments that are not worth

addressing, give excuses/reasons in a polite and professional manner

Example: (accepted paper) – First review

Responses to Reviewers’ Comments

Manuscript No: MR-D-09-00134

The authors are highly obliged and thankful to the reviewers for their constructive and valuable

comments to improve the quality of the paper. The entire manuscript has been revised accordingly

and the actions taken are listed below.

41

Reviewer

#

Comments Author response

1 Indicate the key contributions and

proposed innovations are

Key contributions in the study are

1. The use of FVM which is relatively

cheaper and faster compared to other

numerical techniques.

2. The prediction on different types of

dispensing techniques is important in

order to reduce the cost and the

process problems.

3. Use of 3-D analysis

An interesting aspect of underfill

flow is to understand how different

bump patterns affect the flow and

void formation. It will be

worthwhile to also analyze it.

Yes, the different bump patterns will affect

the flow and void formation. This problem

will be considered in our future works.

Focus more on the problem of void

formation and entrapment

The present study is focused on the type of

dispensing technique. Since type-U is rarely

used in industry we are interested to see

whether U-type dispensing technique is

worth for the underfill process.

From the modeling and numerics

point of view, explore using Hele-

Shaw approximation. This will

result in a 2D problem that can be

solved much more efficiently and it

is desirable to use unless some of the

Hele-Shaw assumptions are broken

(which should be explained)

In this underfill problem with complexity of

solder bump arrangement, Hele-Shaw

approximation is not adequate. Furthermore,

we studied different types of injection

techniques that require 3-D analysis for more

realistic prediction.

2 Statement which says: "the use of

Fluent ., , has not been reported so

far." is not quite true. The use of

Fluent to model and simulate the

underfill flow process driven by

capillary effects was first done by

Wan in his PhD thesis which was

published in 2005……….

My purpose to raise this story a bit

lengthy here is to recommend the

author of the present paper includes

the above paper in the references

section in light of scientific fairness

and objectivity.

The references are included (ref. 33&34).

The PhD work of Wan and IEEE paper by

Wan et al. presented FE based 2D simulation

of capillary driven underfill using ANSYS

software. Hence the authors still claim that

the use of Fluent which is FV based

software, 3D analysis and handling of

Pressurized underfill problem are

contributions of the present work. FV

method is cheaper in term of computing time

and also can handle bigger element numbers.

The discrepancy in the point

injection case between the model

predicted and experimental should

be worth more explanation, which

Discrepancy has been mentioned and as

suggested by the reviewer, this issue is

proposed for the future work in the

conclusion.

42

may lead to the future work by both

the authors and others.

One of the governing equation, (4),

is about energy (thermal). I am not

sure whether this is considered in the

simulation with the software. If not,

please indicate this. Also, the

properties of the materials may also

be talented like Table 1 to improve

readability.

Yes, we have considered the energy equation

as in Eqn. (3). Energy equation is needed

since the temperature is one of the variable

parameters. The properties of material have

been included in Table 2 as suggested.

Run time of simulations needs to be

mentioned. My experience is that it

takes a very long time to get one

simulation done.

Run time of simulation has been mentioned

in the revised manuscript. Yes, we agree

with the reviewer; it takes about 24 hours to

complete one case.

4 References to Equations 4 and 5 to

be given

References to Eqs. (4) and (5) are given (35-

37 in the revised manuscript)

How does the inlet pressure

specification along with melt front

pressure specification match with

the mass flow at the inlet?

Injection pressure does affect the mass flow

rate. Higher pressure provides higher flow

rate but the flow rate also depends on the

type of injection.

Is there any way the authors, if

possible to suggest, to consolidate

the data obtained so that filling by

other inlets can be obtained.

The injection type-U is the fastest but the

possibility of void formation is higher. L-

type injection is found to be reasonable.

These points are mentioned in the conclusion

section of the revised manuscript.

5 It is a 3D model for the underfill

flow. There are no boundary

conditions along the chip sides

which has interface with air.

Boundary conditions are mentioned and

clearly shown in Figure 1

The finite model shown in figure 3

is not clear. Please show clearer

figure of the 3D finite element

model.

Figure 3 is modified.

The dispensing temperature shown

in table 1 is different for different

dispensing type. Why is that?

The dispensing temperature is very much

dependent on the injection pressure. Higher

pressure gives higher temperature

accordingly.

In the first line of the section

"Results and Discussion", The

reference is [1]. Is it [12]?

It is [12]. Corrected, thanks.

This is a study based on the 3D

simulation. Is there any point that is

different from the usual 2D

simulation? I would like to see the

discussion on the 3D flow along the

fill gap.

Underfill process is a complex process and

involves 3D flow field phenomenon. A 2D

model is inadequate to predict the actual

flow field. This point is discussed in Section

4.

43

Second review (after the revised submission)

Response to Reviewers

Ref. No.: MR-D-09-00134R1

Title: Finite Volume Based CFD Simulation of Pressurized Flip Chip Underfill Encapsulation

Process.

Comment: Reviewer #2: Accept

The first time to have the FOM should give a full name of it.

Response:

There is no such abbreviation as FOM in the manuscript. However, if the reviewer did mean

FEM and FVM which were not defined for the first time in the text, it is now rectified.

Thanks

Note: after the second revision the paper was accepted

Referencing formats

Harvard referencing system (Author- Date

Style)

Numbered Style

American Psychological Association

(APA)

Chicago

Council of Science Editors (CSE)

Vancouver

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers)

Modern Languages Association (MLA)

Modern Humanities Research Association

(MHRA)

Columbia

ACS (Chemistry and related subjects)

American Medical Association (AMA)

Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC)-

Law

You can publish,

and you will publish.

Best wishes, Thank you

44

Visibility and Recognition of Researchers

Researchers are graded based on the number of citations of their work rather than the number

of publications.

The h-index provided by Scopus/Google Scholar is a common indicator.

A researcher has an index of h if h of his/her papers have been cited at least h times.

Source:

http://subjectguides.uwaterloo.ca/content.php?pid=84805&sid=1885850

Few Tips:

Publish on the right and most reputed platform

Share publications in personal and social networking sites, blog, etc.

Add publications in the institutional repository

Publish with open access

Publish review articles

Create profile and add publications in platforms such as:

Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.co.in/intl/en/scholar/citations.html)

Web of Science (https://webofknowledge.com/)

ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier)- http://orcid.org/

Scopus (https://www.scopus.com/)

ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate.net/)

Academia (https://www.academia.edu/)

45

VOCABULARY

Background

and

Motivation

Promising technique; basic issue; challenging area; classic feature; common

issue; crucial issue; considerable number; key technique; interesting area;

powerful tool; rapid rise; significant increase; vital aspect; leading cause; of great

concern; play/s a key role; potential applications; play/s a major part; well-

documented/established; widespread; worthwhile; well-known; widely

recognized etc.

Literature

Review

Achieved, addressed, attempted, calculated, carried out, classified, conducted,

compared, confirmed, constructed, correlated, demonstrated, defined, designed,

detected, determined, developed, discussed, established, enhanced, estimated,

examined, explored, extended, evaluated, found, focused on, formulated,

generated, identified, illustrated, indicated, implemented, improved,

incorporated, indicated, interpreted, introduced, investigated, measured,

modeled, monitored, modified, obtained, observed, proposed, proved, provided,

predicted, presented, published, presented, performed, produced, put forward,

pointed out, reported, recognized, realized, recommended, revealed, revised,

reviewed, showed, simulated, solved, stated, studied, suggested, tested, used,

utilized, verified, validated, worked, yielded etc.

To describe

‘gaps’

Ambiguous, confusing, doubtful, expensive, computationally demanding, far

from perfect, impractical, incompatible (with), inaccurate, inadequate, incapable

(of), incomplete, inconclusive, inconsistent, incorrect, still lacking, disadvantage,

drawback, error, flaw, need clarification, limitation, weakness, problem, issues to

be addressed, risk,

ineffective, inefficient, inferior, meaningless, misleading, superficial, not

addressed, not dealt with, not apparent, not well understood, of little value,

questionable, redundant, restricted, time-consuming, unanswered, uncertain,

unclear, disagree, fall short of, misunderstood, need to re-examine, overlook,

remain unstudied, not yet addressed, has/have not been addressed so far, little

attention has been paid, suffer (from) etc…

To describe

the present

(your) work

Suitable terms from 2, in present simple tense (or past simple).

Few additional terms: offer, facilitate, close attention is paid to, here, aim, goal,

intention, objective, purpose etc.

Minimize problem Minimize

responsibility

Maximize good aspects

Did not align precisely

Only approximate

It is recognized that

Less than ideal

Not perfect

Not identical

Slightly problematic

Rather time-consuming

Minor deficit

Slightly disappointing

Limited by

Inevitably

Necessarily

Impractical

As far as possible

It was hard to

It was difficult to

Unavoidable

Not possible

Acceptable

Fairly well

Quite good

Reasonably robust

However

Nevertheless

46

Negligible

Unimportant

Immaterial

A preliminary attempt

Not significant

FREQUENCY SCALE

1 Each/every time

Without exception

On each/every occasion

Always

Invariably

100%

2 Habitually

As a rule

Generally

Normally

Usually

3 Regularly

Repeatedly

4 Frequently

Often

Common

5 More often than not

6 As often as not Neutral Frequency

7 Sometimes

On some occasions

At times

8 Occasionally

Now and then

From time to time

9 Rarely

Seldom

Infrequently

10 Hardly ever

Barely ever

Almost never

Scarcely ever

11 On no occasion

Not once

At no time

Never

00

47

Some Global Research Options with Funding

India

http://mhrd.gov.in/National_Scholarships

http://mhrd.gov.in/external_scholarships

http://www.ummid.com/education/student%20scholarship.htm

http://www.metdelhi.org/

http://www.metdelhi.org/ngolist.html

http://gokdom.com/

http://www.nsscholarship.net/aboutnsf.asp

http://www.iip.res.in/details.php?pgID=sb_72

http://www.upes.ac.in/mtech-pipeline-eng.html

France

http://www.cefipra.org/

http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?rubrique29&lang=en

http://www.master-renewable-energy.com/en/?intro=1

http://www.master-nuclear-energy.fr/en/debouches.php

http://www.ens-cachan.fr/version-anglaise/international/

http://www.egide.asso.fr/jahia/Jahia/lang/en/accueil/appels/eiffel

http://www.sdcc.ait.asia/?q=node/36

TWAS Postgraduate Fellowships

http://twas.ictp.it/prog/exchange/fells/fells-pg/pg-gen-info

UK

http://www.educationuk.org/India/Home

http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Scholarships-for-international-postgraduate-students

http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Study-in-Scotland

http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Study-in-Northern-Ireland

48

Cambridge- India

http://www.educationuk.org/India/Home

http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Scholarships-for-international-postgraduate-students

http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Study-in-Scotland

http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Study-in-Northern-Ireland

http://www.cambridge-india.org/funding/cambridge.html

http://www.cambridge-india.org/funding/external.html

Germany

DAAD

http://www.daad.de/deutschland/foerderung/stipendiendatenbank/00462.en.html?fachrichtung=16&land=4&sta

tus=3&enter.x=47&enter.y=13

DFG

http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/programmes/index.jsp

http://www.dfg.de/en/dfg_profile/head_office/dfg_abroad/india/index.jsp

AKA

http://www.aka-info.org/cms/home.html

EURAXESS Germany

http://www.euraxess.de/portal/home_en.html

Europe

http://erc.europa.eu/

European Commission

http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/page/searchorganisations;efp7_SESSION_ID=hTYTPBscKnjpy

58KvMVDJgth1rwfXNJTRkk6rhH2BMMLvkXd0B22!-1636533266

World Bank

http://www.worldbank.org/

49

Abu Dhabi

http://www.studyoverseasglobal.com/common/AbuDhabi_April_12.asp?gclid=CPPsrZnyn7ACFUZ76wodTVTaYQ

Irish scholarship

http://www.ircset.ie/tabid/63/default.aspx

Canada

http://studycanada.learnhub.com/lesson/19732-scholarships-in-canada-for-indian-students

Japan

http://www.studyjapan.go.jp/en/toj_stope.html

http://www.studyjapan.go.jp/en/toj/toj0308e.html#1

MEXT: http://www.mext.go.jp/english/introduction/1303953.htm

Harvard School of Engineering

http://www.seas.harvard.edu/audiences/prospective-graduates/funding/

University of Texas

http://grad.pci.uta.edu/students/finances/fellowships/external/

General Scholarship Websites

http://ww90.scholarships-bourses-ca.org/

http://www.scholars4dev.com/?gclid=CNiYzszxn7ACFU966wodL1HCZg

http://www.ummid.com/education/student%20scholarship.htm

http://rdpp.csir.res.in/csir_acsir/Home.aspx

http://www.ox.ac.uk/feesandfunding/prospectivegrad/scholarships/external/#d.en.16653