ekotek kelas b (klmpk 5).pptx

7/27/2019 EkoTek Kelas B (klmpk 5).pptx

1/31

Analisa Estimasi Biaya

Arinil HaqDian Astrina

Muhammad Yahya

Yunita Selonika


2/31

Metode

EstimasiInvestasi

Modal

Estimasirincianitem

Estimasibiaya unit

Persentasebiaya

delivered-equipment

Faktor Languntuk

pendekataninvestasi

modal

Penggunaanpower factor

untuk rasiopabrik /

kapasitas

BiayaInvestasi

perKapasitas

Unit

TurnoverRatio


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Membutuhkan penentuan setiap

masing-masing item

Banyak digunakan oleh kontraktor

penawaran karena membutuhkan

data yang lengkap dan waktu lama

Tingkat akurasi 5%

Estimasirincian

item


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Biasanya digunakan untuk persiapanpasti dan estimasi permulaan

Membutuhkan estimasi detail harga

pembelian yang berlaku seperti dari

kutipan atau nilai indeks biaya dan

data publikasi.

Tingkat akurasi 20%

Estimasi

biaya unit


7/31

Metode estimasi fixed-capital dantotal capital investment dengan

penentuan biaya delivered-

equipmentmenggunakan rasio

Tingkat akurasi 20-30%

Persentasebiaya

delivered-equipment


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9/31

Fixed capital investmentdidapat darimengalikan biaya delivered-equipmentdengan faktor tertentu.

Faktor Lang ditunjukkan pada tabel6.10

Faktor Languntuk

pendekataninvestasimodal


10/31

Memperkirakan besarnya biayadengan menggabungkanfixed-capital investmentproses barudengan investasi modal tetapyang serupa denganeksponensial rasio daya

Penggunaanpower factor

untuk rasiopabrik /

kapasitas


11/31

BiayaInvestasi

per

KapasitasUnit


12/31

Turnover

Ratio


13/31

Make a study estimate of fixed-capital investment for a

process plant if the purchased-equipment cost is $100.000.

Use ratio factor outlined in Table 6.9 for a process plant

handling both solids and fluids with a high degree of

automatic controls and essentially outdoor operation. Do

not include land and modification for instrumentation as10% of fixed-capital investment and take buildings as 15% of

purchased equipment.


14/31

SolutionBerdasarkan Tabel 6.9,fixed-capital investment

untuk solid-fluid processing plant = 428.

Instrumentation = 10% . 428 = 42,8%

Sehingga estimasifixed-capital investmentyangdiperoleh berdasarkan tabel 6.9 adalah sebagai

berikut.


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Component Percentage Cost

Purchased equipment (delivered) E 100.000

Purchased equipment installation 39%E 39.000

Instrumentation (installed) 43%E 43.000Piping (installed) 31%E 31.000

Electrical (installed) 10%E 10.000

Building (including services) 15%E 15.000

Yard improvements 12%E 12.000

Service facilities (installed) 55%E 55.000

Total Direct Plant Cost (D) 305.000

Engineering and supervision 32%E 32.000

Construction expenses 34%E 34.000

Legal expenses 4%E 4.000

Contractor's fee 19%E 19.000

Contingency 37%E 37.000

Total Indirect Plant Cost (I) 126.000

Fixed-Capital Investment (D+I) $ 431.000


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If a given chemical process plant is erected near

Dallas, Texas (Southwest Area) with a construction

labor cost of $100.000, what would be the

construction labor cost of an identical plant if it

were erected at the same time near Los Angeles(Pacific Cost Area) for the time when factors given

in Table 6.12 apply?


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18/31

Solution

Berdasarkan tabel 6.12, relative labor areaSouthwestdan Pacific

Coast adalah 0,88 dan 1,22 dan relative productivity factor

berturut-turut 1,04 dan 0,89 sehingga

Rasio relative labor rate = 1,22/0.88 = 1,3864

Rasio relative productivity factor = 0,89/1,04 = 0,8558

Upah buruh untuk Pacific Coastterhadap Southwest:

=

1,3864

0,8558= 1.620

Maka upah buruh di Los Angeles = 1,620 . $100.000 = $162.000


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20/31

Example 6.5 Estimation of Fixed-Capital Investment

with Power Factor Applied to Plant/Capacity Ratio

If the process described in example 6.1 waserected in the Dallas area for a fixed-capitalinvestment of $436.000 in 1990 (D = 316.000, I =

120.000). Estimate the fixed-capital investmentin 1998 for similar process process plant locatednear Los Angeles with twice the process capacitybut with an equal number of process unit. Use

the power factor method to evaluate the newfixed-capital investment, and assume the factorgiven in Table 6.12 apply.


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Solution

Jika persamaan yang digunakan = . . :

x=0,6 ; Cn=$436.000.(1062/915).20,6=$767.000

x=0,7 ; Cn=$436.000.(1062/915).20,7=$822.000

Jika persamaan yang digunakan = ( + ),

dimana f = fE.fL.eL :

x=0,6 ; Cn=(1062/915)(1,22/0,88)(1,04/0,89)

(316.000.20,6

+120.000)=$1.126.000x=0,7 ; Cn=(1062/915)(1,22/0,88)(1,04/0,89)

(316.000.20,7+120.000)=$1.191.000 Hasil yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan prosedur terakhir menunjukkan korelasi

tinggi dengan perkiraan fixed-capital investment yang diperoleh dengan teknik yanglebih rinci.


22/31

Pendapatan berasal dari penjualan produk

atau proses produksi pabrik.

Total pendapatan tahunan dari penjualan

produk dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut

Estimasi Pendapatan


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Estimasi Biaya Total Produk

ManufacturingCost

VariableProduction Cost

Fixed Charges Plant OverheadCost

General Expenses

BiayaAdministratif

Biaya Distribusidan Pemasaran

Biaya Penelitian

danPengembangan


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Example 6.6 Estimation of Labor Requirements

Consider a highly automated processing plant

having an output rate of 1.0 kg/s of product

and requiring principal processing steps of

heat transfer, reaction and distilation. What

are the operating labor requirements for

annual operation of 300 days?


25/31

Solution

Dari Gambar 6.9 (Peter ed.5, hlm 265), diperoleh

bahwa jika kapasitas produksi 1kg/s (8,6 x 104

kg/hari) maka diperlukan 33 employee-hours/day.

Sehingga untuk 300 hari diperlukan

Operating Labor = 3 x (33 employee-hours/day) x 300 day

= 29700 employee-hours


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Gross Profit, Net Profit and Cash Flow

gj = Sj - Coj

Gross profit tanpa penyusutan

Npj = Gj (1-) Aj

= Npj

+ dj

= Gj

(1-) + dj

Cash Flow


27/31

Example 6.7 Breakeven Point, Gross and Net Profit for

a Process Plant

The annual variable production cost for a plant operating at

70% capacity are $280.000. The sum of the annual fixed

charges, overhead costs, and general expenses is $200.000 and

may be considered not to change with production rate. The

total annual sales are $560.00 and the product sells for $4/kg.

What are the gross annual profit Gj (depreciation included) and

the net annual profit for this plant at 100 percents capasity if

the income tax rate is 35% of gross profit.


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Solution

Maka,


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Sehingga,


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Biaya yang dipersiapkan untuk hal-hal tidak terduga sepertipemogokan, banjir, badai, variasiharga, dsb.

Contingencies

Sumber :

Peter, M S., Klaus D Timmerhaus, and Ronald E West. 2003. Plant Design and

Economics for Chemical Engineers. Edition 5th. North America; The McGraw

Hill Companies


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ekotek kelas b (klmpk 5).pptx

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