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-CASE STUDY-
NUCLEAR
AS FUTURE ENERGY
FOR MALAYSIA
MOHD HELLMI BIN NORDIN
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CONTENT & PAGES
OBJECTIVE 3
A.INTRODUCTION NUCLEAR ENERGY AT A GLANCE 4i. What is nuclearii. Type of nuclear reactionsiii. Nuclear fuel uraniumiv. Common type of nuclear power plant reactorv. Suitable location of nuclear power plant
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4
5
6~7
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B.PRO AND CONS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY 8i. Advantages of nuclear energyii. Disadvantage / main concern regarding
nuclear energy
8~10
11
C. WORLD NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION INOPERATION
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i. List of country using nuclear energyworldwide
ii. Location map nuclear power plant inEurope
iii.
Location map nuclear power plant inAmerica
iv. Location map nuclear power plant in Asiaand Africa
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13
14
15
D.COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES 16~17E. PROFILE & ENERGY SOURCES OF MALAYSIA 18
i. Electricity demand trend and generationcapacity
ii. Electricity energy sources of Malaysia18
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F. CONCLUSION 20~21G.MALAYSIA PROFILE AT A GLANCE 22H.SOURCE OF REFERENCES 23
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OBJECTIVE
1. To gain basic knowledge about nuclear energy.2. To gain basic knowledge about nuclear based power plant.3.
To know the advantage and disadvantage of nuclear power plant.
4. To compare various sources of energy.5. To find out nuclear power plant operation worldwide.6. To resolve whether nuclear power plant is suitable to be operate in Malaysia.
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A. INTRODUCTION NUCLEAR ENERGY AT A GLANCEi. What is nuclear?
Nuclear is energy that has been produced from reactions in the nucleus of the atom.
The term refers to the inner core of nucleus of the atom.
ii. Type of nuclear reactions that can be used to generate energy.a. Nuclear fission Currently all nuclear power plant throughout the world are
based on this type of reaction.
b. Nuclear fusion It is still under research & development and still very far tocomplete.
In the nuclear power plant, heat produced by splitting atoms in uranium. This splitting
reaction is also known as nuclear fission. In the reactor,nuclear fission produces energy toheat water which will create steam. This steam drives a turbine to produce electricity.
Uranium is the material required to fuel the nuclear reactor. Uranium is source by the
mining process.
The process for nuclear energy:
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iii. Nuclear fuel uraniumUranium must undergo four process to convert it
from an ore to solid ceramic fuels pellet. They are:
a. Mining & millingSeveral techniques use by miners which is
surface, underground and in-situ recovery. After
mining, the material is milled and processed to
create uranium oxide or also known as yellow
cake.
b. ConversionThis process removes impurities and chemically
converts the material to uranium hexafluoride.
c. EnrichmentThis process to make uranium usable as a fuel by
increasing the content to between 3% ~ 5% by
weight.
d. FabricationFabrication of fuel pellets from enrich uranium
and assembled it in a form of fuel assembly
Since nuclear fuel contain larger amount of energy as compared to fuel from other energy
sources, it will provide energy for longer period. For example 1000 Mwe capacity nuclear
power plant requires only 100 metric tonnes of uranium to begin operation and of these,
only 30 metric tonnes will be utilised to generate electricity for one year.
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iv. Common type of nuclear power plant reactora. Pressurized water reactor
b. Boiling water reactor
c. Gas Cooled Reactor and Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor
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d. Light Water Cooled Graphite Moderated Reactor
e. Pressurized Heavy Water Moderator Reactor
v. Suitable location of nuclear power plantBefore nuclear power is built, data on the various aspect of its site features is
collected and analysed to assess its suitability as a nuclear power plant site. The
chosen site must determined to be safe for the next 100 years by proving that the
site has been safe for the past 100 years. The following aspects will be study to
assess the suitability of its location:
i. Demographic featuresii. Meteorological featuresiii. Seismic and tectonic featuresiv. Geological and geotechnical featuresv. Geomorphologic and oceanographic features
vi. Hydrogeological and hydrological featuresvii. Enviromental and ecological features
viii. Human activities
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B. PRO AND CONS OF NUCLEAR ENERGYi. Advantages of nuclear energy
Countries throughout the world has been driven to electricity generation throughnuclear power due to some factors below:
a. Due technology development, nuclear power plants today are more safe.The 3
rdgeneration nuclear power plant that has been used until today
have been proven to be safe and economically competitive compare to its
predescessor. Additional improvement has been continuosly apply to its
system design and contruction method to enhance safety. Currently
under research and development, the 4th
generation nuclear power plant
is said are more safe and economical, will be for deployment by 2030.
b. Reduced plant contruction time from between 10 and 12 years to only 3and 6 years.
c. Increased plant life expentancy from 25 to 40 years up to 6o years.d. Increased efficiency of uranium fuel utilisation.
Other general advantages of nuclear energy:
a. Nuclear energy benefits the enviroment Nuclear power plants help mitigate climate change because they dont
produce greenhouse gases while generating electricity.
Nuclear energy industry prevents million of tons of carbon dioxide emissionevery year.
Nuclear power plant dont burn anything during electricity generation.
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b. Nuclear power plant will help boost economies Operations of the plant will generates more employment The direct effect of plants expenditures of goods, services and labor will
enhance economy activities.
c. The cost of electricity generation from nuclear power plants is competitivecompared to others fuel type.
d. The uranium supplies is unlikely to running out. This on contrary to fossil type fuels which will eventually will be running out.
Even the price of fossil type fuel is more and more higher these day.
According to World Nuclear Association, readily available uranium resourceswhich is about 5.5 millions metric tons will last at least 100 years at todays
consumption rate. An estimated additional 10.5 million metric tons that
remain untapped will expand the available supply to at least 200 years at
today consumption rate.
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Below are comparison of amount of fuel required to keep a 1000 MWecapacity power plant running continously without downtime for a year:
e. Affordable electricity production The low and stable of nuclear energy help reduce the price of electricity paid
by the consumer comparing to electricity generation based on fossil fuel is
highly susceptible to fluctuations of coals and gas price.
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ii. Disadvantages / main concern regarding nuclear energya. Concern of potential nuclear acccidents / catastrophe
This probably the main concern of the people. The accidents such as atChernobly, Three Mile Island and Fukushima Daiichi has growth the fear inpeople concerning its radiation. These episodes of radioactive drift and
contamination are reminders that dangerous element can and will travel far.
b. Concern of nuclear waste Public concern on what will happen with tons of radioactive waste. It require resolution of the long term high level waste storage.
c. Cost Large capital cost because of emergenct, containment and radioactive waste
and storage system.
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C. WORLD NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN OPERATIONi. Despite the concerns, many country throughout the world chose to operate nuclear
power plant. Below are the list of country using nuclear reactor:
As of March 2012
Country
Number of
Nuclear Units
Nuclear Capacity
(MW)
Argentina 2 935
Armenia 1 375
Belgium 7 5,927
Brazil 2 1,884
Bulgaria 2 1,906
Canada 18 12,604
China 16 11,816
Czech RP 6 3,766
Finland 4 2,736
France 58 63,130
Germany 9 12,068
Hungary 4 1,889
India 20 4,391
Iran 1 915
Japan 50 44,215
Korea Rep. 23 20,671
Mexico 2 1,300
Netherlands 1 482
Pakistan 3 725
Romania 2 1,300
Russia 33 23,643
Slovakia 4 1,816
Slovenia 1 688
South Africa 2 1,830
Spain 8 7,567
Sweden 10 9,326
Switzerland 5 3,263
Taiwan, China 6 5,018
U.K. 17 9,703
U.S.* 104 101,465
Ukraine 15 13,107
Total 436 370,461
* IAEA and EIA nuclear capacity figures vary slightly.
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency
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ii. Countries in Southeast Asia which have plans to build nuclear power planta. Indonesia Four nuclear plants with a total capacity of 4000 Mwe by 2016b. Vietnam Two nuclear power plants with a total capacity of 2000 MWe by 2018.c. Thailand Two nuclear power plants with a total capacity of 2000 MWe by 2021.
iii. Until May 2012, according to IAEA, there is 66 units of nuclear reactor underconstruction worldwide.
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D.COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCESEvery form of energy generation has advantages and disadvantages as shown in the table
below.
Source Advantages Disadvantages
Coal
Inexpensive Easy to recover
Requires expensive air pollutioncontrols (e.g. mercury, sulfur
dioxide)
Significant contributor to acid rainand global warming
Requires extensive transportationsystem
Nuclear
Fuel is inexpensive
Energy generation is the mostconcentrated source
Waste is more compact than anysource
Extensive scientific basis for thecycle
Easy to transport as new fuel No greenhouse or acid rain effects
Requires larger capital cost becauseof emergency, containment,radioactive waste and storage
systems
Requires resolution of the long-term high level waste storage issue
in most countries
Potential nuclear proliferation issue
Hydroelectric
Very inexpensive once dam is built Government has invested heavily in
building dams.
Very limited source since dependson water elevation
Many dams available are currentlyexist (not much of a futuresource[depends on country])
Dam collapse usually leads to lossof life
Dams have affected fish (e.g.salmon runs)
Environmental damage for areasflooded (backed up) and
downstream
Gas / Oil
Good distribution system forcurrent use levels
Better as space heating energysource
Very limited availability as shownby shortages during winters severalyears ago
Could be major contributor toglobal warming
Very expensive for energygeneration
Large price swings with supply anddemand
Liquified Natural Gas storagefacilities and gas transmission
systems have met opposition from
environmentalists.
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Wind
Wind is free if available Good source for periodic water
pumping demands of farms as used
earlier in 1900's
Generation and maintenance costshave decreased significantly. Wind
is proving to be a reasonable cost
renewable source.
Well suited to rural areas.
Need 3x the amount of installedgeneration to meet demand
Limited to windy areas. Limited to small generator size;
need many towers.
Highly climate dependent - windcan damage equipment during
windstorms or not turn during still
summer days.
May affect endangered birds,however tower design can reduce
impact..
Solar
Sunlight is free when available Costs are dropping.
Limited to sunny areas throughoutthe world (demand can be highest
when least available, e.g. winter
solar heating)
Does require special materials formirrors/panels that can affect
environment
Current technology requires largearea of land for small amounts of
energy generation
Biomass
Industry in its infancy Could create jobs because smaller
plants would be used
Inefficient if small plants are used Could be significant contributor to
global warming because fuel has
low heat content
Refuse
Based Fuel
Fuel can have low cost Could create jobs because smaller
plants would be used
Low sulfur dioxide emissions
Inefficient if small plants are used Could be significant contributor to
global warming because fuel has
low heat content
Flyash can contain metals ascadmium and lead
Contain dioxins and furans in airand ash releases
Hydrogen
Combines easily with oxygen toproduce water and energy
Very costly to produce Takes more energy to produce
hydrogen then energy that could be
recovered.
Fusion
Hydrogen and tritium could be usedas fuel source
Higher energy output per unit massthan fission
Low radiation levels associated withprocess than fission-based reactors
Breakeven point has not beenreached after ~40 years of
expensive research and
commercially available plants not
expected for at least 35 years.
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E. PROFILE & ENERGY SOURCES OF MALAYSIAi. Electricity demand trends and electricity generation capacity
a. Peninsular Malaysia (2006 ~ 2010)
b. Sarawak (2006 ~ 2010)
c. Sabah (2006 ~ 2010)
At a glance, Malaysia electricity demand each year has increased continuously.
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ii. Electricity energy sources of Malaysia
Malaysia main sources of electricity generation is gas based power plantwhich 52.15% from total capacity and coal based power plant placed second
with 39.50%.
This indicate Malaysia rely so much on fossil fuel power plant which highlyexposed to fluctuation of its price.
The fossil fuel is also gradiently running out throughout the year which willcontributed much higher price in the market.
Gas
52.15%
Coals
39.50%
Hydro
5.11%
Diesel
1.25%
Biomass
1.01%
Oil
0.78%
Others
0.20%
ELECTRICITY GENERATION SOURCE IN
MALAYSIA
Gas
Coals
Hydro
Diesel
Biomass
OilOthers
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F. CONCLUSIONi. Since Malaysia in depend so much on fossil fuel, nuclear energy is the next
generation power sources which is probably the most viable and relevant power
source to replace fossil fuel energy.
ii. Price hike and fluctuation of fossil fuel these day will contribute to high electricityprice paid by the consumer, while the electricity generation cost by nuclear is
much more stable and competitive.
iii. It is expected by 2020, Malaysias natural gas is to run out. By that time, ifMalaysia still rely on gas for electricity generation, Malaysia will have to import
gas at much high international price which mean electricity price will rise as well.
iv. The electricity demand in Malaysia increasing continously each year. If thistrends continue, Malaysia government has to figured a way to meet the demand.
It is not smart to just depend of fossil fuel anymore. Others sources of energy is
available but the range of capacity produced cant be compare to nuclear power
plant. Among its reason:
a. Solar power plant it requires large area but only produced small capacity ofelectricity. For example, the largest solar plant in US, the Nevada Solar One
with capacity of 64MW, taking area of 400 acres can only produced an
average 370,000 kWh per day.
b. This goes the same for wind based plant and biomass power plant. We haveto admit that such facility will never succeed to replace countrys main power
generator.
c. Coals the used of this type of power plant will emitted million tons ofgreenhouse gases each year. It is not enviromental friendly. Nuclear energy
on the other hand, will not. The price of coals also not stable and expected to
increase each year.
d. Hydro effect the flora & fauna due to it construction and operation.v. If Malaysia wants a reliable source of power that is also reasonably priced in the
future, all roads lead to nuclear energy.
vi. Malaysia has long term plan to become a developed nation by 2020. Cheap andreasonable price energy is a must since it is factor to attract investor and boost
industrial activities.
vii. Even Malaysias neighbouring country such as Indonesia & Thailand already hasplan to build nuclear power plant. If we oppose the existance of nuclear power
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plant here in Malaysia, we should oppose the existance of nuclear power plant at
our neighbouring countries if safety factor were concern. Since were are very
closed.
viii. If Malaysia decide to have nuclear power plant, a thorough and full details studyof every aspect must be made to ensure its safe operation. Malaysia government
should plan and act now because it is not only about contruction of the plant,
Malaysia should start now to generate human capital, develop local experties,
enchance technical know how and promote public awareness. Malaysia have to
choose this next power generation not by option but as a neccessities.
ix. Malaysia actually has start on doing research on nuclear technology and alreadyhave its own nuclear reactor known as Reaktor Triga Puspati since 1982 for the
sole purpose of research and development. What need to now is to take one
more step ahead.
Nuclear power plant
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G.MALAYSIA PROFILE AT A GLANCE
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H.SOURCE OF REFERENCES1. http://www.nei.org/2. http://www.mosti.gov.my/3. http://www.iaea.org/4. http://www.nucleartourist.com/5. http://www.tnb.com.my/6. http://www.kettha.gov.my/7. http://www.world-nuclear.org8. Suruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia