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RESOURCES

(SUMBERDAYA ALAM)

WATER, MINERAL AND

ENERGY

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Groundwater Hdro!o"Hdro"eo!o"

Interre!at#on$%#&$ 'etween "eo!o"# ater#a!$ and waterHow do ater#a!$ #n*uene %dro!o"# !e+

 Trad#t#ona! ou$ on $u'$urae

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Hdro!o" #n t%e Hdro!o"# S#ene

-ro"ra

4/6/516Hydrology

Hydrogeology

Hydrometeorology

Vadose Zone

Hydrology

Fluvial Geomorphology/Open Channel Flow

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Hdrau!# Condut#.#t

S&at#a! d#$tr#'ut#on o / de0ne$"roundwater *ow $$te$

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Hdrau!# Condut#.#t

S&at#a! d#$tr#'ut#on o / de0ne$"roundwater *ow $$te$

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1!ow T%rou"% -orou$ Med#a ro "ra#n to a2u#er$1!ow de&end$ on &ro&ert#e$ o water and &ro&ert#e$ o

ater#a!

A2u#er3 a ro4 un#t t%at w#!! #e!d water #n a u$a'!e 2uant#t to a we!! or $&r#n"5

($aturated "eo!o"#a! orat#on, onta#n#n" and tran$#tt#n" $#"n#0ant 2uant#t#e$ o water under nora!0e!d 2uant#t#e$)6 ro43 unon$o!#dated $ed#ent$

A2u#!ude3 orat#on onta#n#n" water  do not tran$#t $#"n#0ant 2uant#t#e$ A2u#u"e3 orat#on  doe$ not onta#n nor tran$#t A2u#tard3 orat#on$ w#t% !ow &erea'#!#t7#n!ude$ 'ot% a2u#!ude and

a2u#u"e Con0n#n" 'ed3 ro4 un#t w#t% !ow %drau!# ondut#.#t to re$tr#t o.eent o

GW e#t%er #nto or out o ad8aent a2u#er$

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UNDERGROUND WATER

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GROUNDWATER VELOCITY

Time reqd by groundwater to moe !rom re"#arge to di$"#arge area$Few days !"ones ad#a$ent to dis$harge% to millennia !$entral part o& some re$harge

through deeper G'systems(

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Flow to Wells (Ch. 5). 

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-otent#oetr# a&$

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)omesti$

use

A$A$

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)omesti$

use

A$A$

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irrigation)omesti$

use

A$A$

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)omesti$

use

A$A$

irrigation

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)omesti$

use

A$A$

irrigation

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)omesti$

use

A$A$

irrigation

A$

A$

A$

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Geologic Resources andEarth’s Systems

• Geologic resources 9 .a!ua'!e ater#a!$ o"eo!o"# or#"#n t%at an 'e e:trated rot%e Eart% –  Man "eo!o"# re$oure$ or#"#nate #n t%e hydrosphere

• -etro!eu and oa! oe ro or"an#$$ t%at !#.edand d#ed #n water 

• Ha!#te ($a!t) and ot%er e.a&or#te #nera!$ oe rodr !a4e 'ed$

 –  Weat%er#n" #nterat#on$ 'etween geosphere, atmosphere andhydrosphere &rodue eta! o:#de ores

 –  Huan$ (biosphere) #nterat d#ret! w#t% t%e "eo$&%ere,%dro$&%ere, and ato$&%ere w%en e:trat#n" and ut#!#;#n""eo!o"# re$oure$

 –  Groundwater (hydrosphere) #$ a renewa'!e "eo!o"# re$oure

• I #t an

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Tyes o! GeologicResources

• Geo!o"# re$oure$ are"rou&ed #nto t%ree a8orate"or#e$3

 – Energy resources 9 &etro!eu(o#! and natura! "a$),

oa!, uran#u, "eot%era!re$oure$

 – Metals 9 #ron, o&&er,a!u#nu, !ead, ;#n, "o!d,$#!.er, &!at#nu

 – Non-metallic resources 9 $and

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Resources and Reser"es

• Resources 9 t%e tota!aount o a .a!ua'!e"eo!o"# ater#a! #n alldeposits, d#$o.ered and

und#$o.ered

• Reserves 9 d#$o.ered

de&o$#t$ o "eo!o"#re$oure$ t%at an 'ee:trated economically  and legally  under &re$ent

ond#t#on$

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COAL GEOLOGY

l # d# t 4 t% t t% t#

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oal #$ a $ed#entar ro4 t%at or$ ro t%e o&at#ono &!ant ater#a! t%at %a$ not o&!ete! deaed

 –  1or$ ro $%a!!ow 'ur#a! and o&at#on o peat 

• 1our .ar#et#e$ o oa!

 –  Lignite ('rown oa!) #$ $ot andru'!

 –  Sub-bituminous and bituminouscoal ($ot oa!)

• '!a4 and du$t

• 'urn w#t% a $o4 *ae• oon! $tr#&9#ned

 –   Anthracite (%ard oa!)

• $%#n and du$t9ree

• 'urn$ w#t% a $o4e!e$$ *ae

• !ow9!e.e! etaor&%# ro4

• Burn#n" o %#"%9$u!ur oa! an &rodue acid

rain6 $tr#& #ne$ an $ar !and$a&e

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#E$%&'%$G%$ '%T'%R%

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*our$e+ ,ueensland -esour$es Coun$il

ses o! Coal

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-ETROLEUM(MINYA/ BUMI DAN GAS

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• etroleum 9 o#! and natura! "a$ 9 our$ #nunder"round pools

• Ourrene o o#! &oo!$ re2u#re$3

 –  A source roc!  (r#% #n or"an# atter) –  A reservoir roc!  #n w%#% #t an 'e $tored and tran$#tted

(e5"5, $and$tone)

 –  An oil trap ($et o ond#t#on$ %o!d#n" ro4 #n re$er.o#r ro4and &re.ent#n" #"rat#on)

 –  "eep enough burial (and $u=#ent t#e) to >oo4? t%e o#! and"a$ out o t%e or"an# atter

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Structural Trapsfor Gas and Oil

2300 m – 4600 m = Oil formation4600+ m = Gas formation

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Other Oil Traps in Geological Structures

# t l R

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#etroleum Reco"ery

• #il $elds are re"#on$under!a#n ' one or oreo#! &oo!$  –  Lar"e$t #n Centra! Suatra and

Ea$t /a!#antan

• O#! and natura! "a$ are reo.edt%rou"% wells dr#!!ed down #nto an o#!tra& w#t%#n a re$er.o#r ro4

• Ne"at#.e en.#ronenta! e@et$ re$u!t#n"ro o#! reo.er and tran$&ort #n!udeoil spills, brine contamination o $uraewater, and ground subsidence

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Oil P k Oil P i ?

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Oil Peak, Oil Panic ?(Study by Amos Nur - Stanford

!"S"# $anada# %a&an# G'rmany# ran)'# *taly# !# ar' t,' bi'st

)onsum'rs of oil r's'r.'s /orld/id'"

Oil P k 1960'

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Oil Peaks – 1960's

*n t,' 10s oil mainly us'd

for 'ros'n' lam&s – r'mainin/as burn'd or disard'd"

$urr'nt oil &rodu)tion rat's &'a'din 560s but !"S" )onsum&tion rat'sin)r'as' dramati)ally abo.' t,is"

on't panic!  -ry to )ons'r.' 'n'ry  -S'' alt'rnati.' 'n'ry sour)'s

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Sistemidro*ar+on SE %sia

,%ustralasia -u+ungan

murReser"oirdanCadangan

owes (//0)

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Sistem idro*ar+on Ce*ungan1Ce*ungan2ndonesia

ardy et al .(//0)

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&etals and 3res

&etals and 3res

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&etals and 3res• Meta! ores 9 natura!! ourr#n" ater#a!$

t%at an 'e &ro0ta'! #ned

• W%et%er or not a #nera! de&o$#t #$ anore de&end$ on chemical composition,t%e percent e%tractable metal, andcurrent mar!et value o t%e eta!

• Meta!!# ore de&o$#t$ or#"#nate rocrystal settling #n #"neou$ #ntru$#on$,hydrothermal &uids oo!#n" #n &ore$ andature$, chemical precipitation  #nwater, or $ed#entat#on #n r#.er$

( placers)

&ining and

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&ining and&etals

• Mining an 'e done at Eart%

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$on1metallic Resources

• Non-metallic resources 9 not

#ned to e:trat a eta! or anener" $oure –  construction materials 

• $and, "ra.e!, !#e$tone, and "&$u

 –  agriculture 

• &%o$&%ate, n#trate and &ota$$#uo&ound$)

 –  industrial uses 

• ro4 $a!t, $u!ur, a$'e$to$)

 –  gemstones 

• d#aond$, ru'#e$, et5

 –  household and business products

• "!a$$ $and, *uor#te, d#ato#te, "ra&%#te)

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