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TASK I: FEATURES OF SPOKEN ENGLISH
1. You are required to work individually
2. Search the internet and other reading materials and print out at least two
relevant articles for the following:
a) Pronunciation
b) Stress
c) Rhythm
d) Intonation
e) Public speaking
f) Characteristics of a good speaker
3. Read, highlight and present the main ideas of each the article in the form of a
graphic organisers.
a) PRONUNCIATION
Article 1:http://www.wordhacker.com/en/article/what_is_good_pronunciation.htm
3 level of English pronunciation
level 1: poeple do not understand what you want tosay. You use the wrong sounds in English words.
level 2: people understand what youwant to say, but it is unpleasant to
listen to you
level 3: people understand you,and your English is pleasant to
listen to
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b) STRESS
Article 1:http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/blinter_course_aa110997.htm
Stress
Namely, English is considered a stressed language while many other languages
are considered syllabic. In English, we give stress to certain words while other
words are quickly spoken (some student say eaten). In other languages, such as
French or Italian, each syllable receives equal importance (there is stress but
each syllable has its own length).
Many speakers of syllable languages dont understand why we quickly speak, or
swallow, a number of words in sentence. In syllabic languages, each syllable
has equal importance, and therefore equal time is needed. English however,
spends more time on specific stressed words while quickly gliding over theothers, less important words.
Stressed words are considered
content words such as:
Nouns kitchen, Peter
(most) principle verbs
visit, construct
Adjectives beautiful,
interesting
Adverbs often, carefully
Non-stressed words are
considered function words
such as:
Determiner the, a
Auxiliary verbsdont,
were
Prepositions before,
next to
Conjunctions but, while
Pronouns they, she
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Article 2:http://course.cug.edu.cn/cug/eng_language/chpt9/9-3-3.htm
In English words of two syllable, one is usually altered slightly louder, higher, held for
slightly longer, or otherwise uttered slightly more forceful than the other syllable in the
same word, when the word is said in normal circumstances. This syllable is called
stressen syllable. For example in the word kitten, kit is the stressed syllable while
ten is the unstressed syllable. In addition to stress within an individual word, when
we put words together in utterances we stress some more strongly than others. Where
someone puts the stress depends partly on what they thinks is the most important
information in their utterance, and pertly on the inherent stress in words.
Stress
Traditionally, to work out the stress of a poem, first of all you need to work out the
number of syllable in each line, as in this example from the play Romeo and Juliet by
Shakespeare. There a ten syllables in this line and the bold ones are the stressed
syllables. (the stressed syllables may be different according to different
understandings of the line.) a ten syllables like this, which has stress on alternate
syllables and starts with an unstressed syllable, is a very specific and popular form in
English poetry known as iambic pentameter.
Forsaintshavehands thatpilgrimshandsdotouch(ex. 9 -14)
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Article 3:http://poewar.com/rhythm-and-stress/
Stress
SENTENCES STRESS
As well as stress patterns within individual words, we have
stress at sentence level. Usually the words that are
emphasized when we speak are those that contain new or
important information. Consider how would say Im going to
London in a neutral context. Now imagine yourdeaf aunt
keeps getting the wrong end of the stick. First she thinks your
mother is making the journey. You will find that the same
phrase will be pronounced differently in each case, with the
emphasis on the word, I, going, London.
WORD STRESS
The stress on a words moves according to the context rather
than meaning or grammatical function. Consider the word
princess. Usually the stress falls on the second syllable, for
example in the expression the little princess, but when it is
used as a title princess Alice, the stress is at the beginning.
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c) RHYTHM
Article 1:http://www.pbs.org/standarddeviantstv/transcript_public.html
Rhythm
Rhythm is the sense of movement or pacing within a speech. A good way to create
a sense of rhythm is through repetition. While repetition can be overdone, its a
good idea to repeat your purpose as you go through the body of your speech.
Repetition helps emphasizes your key points, enhances the audiences ability to
remember, and helps a listener understand the overall structure of your speech.
Another way to create rhythm is through parallel wording. Parallel wording is when
the speaker uses a word patter thats easy for the audience to anticipate. Parallel
wording is easy to recognise and creates a rhythm that moves the speech forward.
Another rhythmic device is antithesis. Antithesis is the pairing of opposites within a
speech, usually to suggest a choice between the two of them. It flows off the tongue,
moves the speech forward and makes a point.
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Article 2:http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/articles/rhythm
Rhythm
Rhythm is both a feature
and product of the
phonological structure of
English. The phonology of
any language is a system,
so that a change in one
part of the system will
affect some or all of the
other parts.
English is a very rhythmical
language, so that a learner
who can maintain the
rhythm of the language is
more likely to sound both
natural and fluent.
The two components of the
system which have the
greatest influence on
rhythm are sentence stress
and the various features of
connected speech.
CONNECTED SPEECH
The most common features of connected speech are the weak forms of
grammatical and some lexical words (and, to, have) and contractions, some
which are acceptable in written English (cant, wont). However, we often
ignore other features which preserve rhythm and make the language sound
natural. The most common of these are :
Elision (losing sounds)
Linking (adding or joining sounds between words)
Assimilation (changing sounds)
Uses of schwa ( the most common vowel sound in English)
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d) INTONATION
Article 1:http://www.talkenglish.com/ExtraLessons/Intonation.aspx
INTONATION
Many people from
different countries
have improper
intonation because
their teacher had
improper intonation.
In many situations,
being monotone is
better than having
bad intonation. The
worst is when
someone goes up
and down too much
on every word.
Another thing you
should avoid is to end
high at the end of the
sentence.
To correct improper
intonation, you need to
remember to start high
and end low. You cannot
do it any other way. Go to
the interview section and
listening to one of the
audio files provided by
native speaker. You will
hear the proper
intonation. After listening
to the audio, record
yourself and listen to it. If
it is does not sounds the
same, find the areas that
are dissimilar and make
the necessary
corrections.
You can fix your
intonation with
only a little effort.
If you have a
friend who is a
native English
speaker, you can
usually fix
intonation in a
couple of
lessons.
Recording andlistening to
yourself might be
tedious, but
having correct
intonation can go
a long way.
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Article 2:http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/articles/intonation
INTONATION : is about how we say things,
rather than what we say. Without it, its
impossible to understand the expressions and
thoughts that go with words.
Features:
Divided into phrases (tone-units)
The pitch moves up and down within
a pitch range
In each tone unit, the pitch
movement takes places on the most
syllables known as the tonic-
syllable. (usually a high-content
word, near the end of the unit)
Purpose of teaching intonation:
Awareness of
intonation aids
communication
Incorrect intonation
can result in
misunderstandings,
speakers losing
interest or even
taking offence
Intonation and attitude:
The first thing for leaners to recognise the effect of intonation changes. The
word bananas-firstly with an interested intonation, then uninterested.
Students identify the two and describe the difference. Then brainstorm
attitudes such as bored, and surprise.
This can be developed by asking students to greet everybody with a
particular attitude. At the end, the class identify each persons attitude.
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e) PUBLIC SPEAKING
Article 1:http://relache.hubpages.com/hub/public-speaking-tips
Breathedont be
afraid to pause or just
take a breath
Those long awkward silences we think we have fallen into
are in fact only about 2-3 seconds and the audience does
not think you have stopped or gotten lost. Most of the time,
they will not even register those pauses.
Make an outline for
yourself and print it out
in type larger than
usual print size, so
that its easy to read at
just a glance
Having the outline helps keep your presentation on track so
you dont ramble off and prompts you if you lose your train
of thought. You dont want to actually read a speech, as
your audience doesnt want to look at the top of your head
while you talk to your chest. Dont be afraid of losing your
train of thought and having to check your notes.
Own what you know Remember at the presentation that the audience presumes
you are the expert. If you act confident, they really will
believe you are.
Make eye contact Slowly scan across the audience and look people in the
eyes as you talk. A good audience gives energy back to
you and participates when you demonstrates a friendly
presence, so invite them in. this is also how you can see if
your information is being comprehended, and helps you
spot people with questions.
Practice your speech
ahead of time
Talking to others, hearing yourself run over the presentation
can really help you feel more comfortable with it and iron
out any awkward spots, as our ears are really smart and will
catch stuff that sounds off. Some people tape record
themselves and listen to it .
Take all questions at
the end so that you
can get through the
Its better to run short time for questions than to have the
audience derail the presentation. Sometimes for longer
presentations, you might want to pause after key section
IMPROVE YOUR PUBLICSPEAKING SKILLS
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material you intend to
present
and ask forquestion then. Dont be afraid to tell some their
question will be answered by material you have yet to talk
about, or ask them if you can take it at the end id that works
better for you.Dont freak out heavily
on timing
If you time the presentation at home, in can run shorter
when you actually give it. Its better to take off your watch
and put it where you can see it, or find a clock you can see
while you speak than keep looking at your watch during
your presentation. Bring along a friend or ask a colleague to
give you time signals during your talk from the back where
no one will see them doing it.
Be mindful of nervous
habits
Twirling hair, playing with a necklace, bracelets and the
audience will be distracted by the movement and watch
your behaviour thus losing the presentation part. Dont wear
clothing or jewellery that will make noises as you speak.
If you find yourself
about to say um or
oh just close your
mouth, take a breath
and think what you
need to say next
Not saying any sounds more professional than thinking
aloud. One of the best way to work on this is to tape record
yourself giving your speech or presentation and then listen
to yourself talk
Bring water along if
you might get thirsty,
and have some
tissues in a pocket
There is nothing so uncomfortable during a presentation
like having a dry mouth or having to sneeze and not being
able to take care of yourself. Have the water in container
that is hard to spill but not hard to drink from and take very
small snips when you do. That way you dont run the risk of
coughing on a mouth full of water or giving yourself
hiccups.
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Article 2:http://www.media-training.info/Public-Speaking-Articles/6-Traits-That-Make-
A-Great-Professional-Speaker.html
Your attitude speaks
through
why are you presenting this information? Are you here because it's ajob requirement or a way to make money? The attitude you takeconcerning the material you present will show through in yourpresentation
Your passion communicates
more than you'll ever see
passion brings aprofessional speaker's material to life for theiraudience. your audience will know if you are passionate about whatyou're speaking about or not. moreover, they will need to draw onyour passion to mave them into taking action
Your ability to empathize
with the needs and wants ofyour audience
you must have an ability to respond in a split second to the needs ofyour audience. you have to start interacting with your audience to geta feel for their hearts and minds are concerning your message.
Your ability to make your
message easy to understandand implement
The easier your solution is, the easier it will be for your audience totake the action you're recommending in your presentation
Your physical energy
communicates the passionand life in your message
you've got to make your audience excited about what you'll be
presenting. This requires having the physical energy to rev up youraudience as you speaks excitedly, move about the room excitedlyand present your material in an exciting manner.
You must love in order to
become a success
a general love for what you do, the topics you speaks on and thepeople ypu're speaking to are needed elements to your speakingcareer.
TRAITS THAT MAKES A
PROFESSIONAL SPEAKER
http://www.media-training.info/Public-Speaking-Articles/6-Traits-That-Make-A-Great-Professional-Speaker.htmlhttp://www.media-training.info/Public-Speaking-Articles/6-Traits-That-Make-A-Great-Professional-Speaker.htmlhttp://www.media-training.info/Public-Speaking-Articles/6-Traits-That-Make-A-Great-Professional-Speaker.htmlhttp://www.media-training.info/Public-Speaking-Articles/6-Traits-That-Make-A-Great-Professional-Speaker.htmlhttp://www.media-training.info/Public-Speaking-Articles/6-Traits-That-Make-A-Great-Professional-Speaker.html -
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f) CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SPEAKER
Article 1:http://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/entrepreneurship-
articles/speaking-characteristics-good-speaker-40868.html
Don't fidget around with your hands, hair orany equiptment on the speaker's table add
audience bonuses if you throw in a few funnypunch lines out of the blue. this makes theaudience feel a little more comfortable withyou as well as gives you time to think andpace out as they laugh. don't be too serious.keep alight mood during speaking so youwon't feel nervous.
Confident
and Funny
No speaker should come to an event withoutbeing prepared. speaking requires a lot of
energy, planning and research, especially ifyou're not as familiar with the subject. learnwhy your audience is there listening to yourspeech, know their wants and goals. Beresponsible enough to research on importantthings that will help make your speaking asuccess. avoid being late to events as thisensures major negative points to you as aspeaker, everyone will be hating you alreadyas soon you step onto the stage.
Organized
and
Responsible
to make an effect on your audience whilespeaking, you have to be determined tomake your point. Use various methods topass your message onto your audience anduse passion to get them hookes. Beconvincing with your passion for the subjectand earn respect for your dedication.
Determined
and Full of
Passion
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SPEAKER
http://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/entrepreneurship-articles/speaking-characteristics-good-speaker-40868.htmlhttp://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/entrepreneurship-articles/speaking-characteristics-good-speaker-40868.htmlhttp://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/entrepreneurship-articles/speaking-characteristics-good-speaker-40868.htmlhttp://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/entrepreneurship-articles/speaking-characteristics-good-speaker-40868.htmlhttp://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/entrepreneurship-articles/speaking-characteristics-good-speaker-40868.htmlhttp://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/entrepreneurship-articles/speaking-characteristics-good-speaker-40868.html -
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Article 2:http://top7business.com/?Top-7-Characteristics-of-Great-
Speakers&id=10761
TOP 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF GREAT SPEAKERS
Authoritative top-calibre speakers strikes you as authoritative. Mastery may or may
not include academic degrees in that area. Primary, mastery results from wide
reading, research, interviewing experts, and learning through professional
associations, not because you have an overwhelming urge to learn all you can.
Attitude outstanding speakers avoid saying they are going to deliver a speech. Thatsounds too bland and routine. Instead, they visualize having a dinner conversation
with friends, when youd share your ideas naturally, with no pretence.
Audience if the speaker focuses too much on herself and the impression she is
making, she will become unnerved by a simple mispronunciation, and will lose
confident and poise. They find ways to involve audiences, creating interactive
sessions, involving attendees in discussions, and directing meaningful small group
activities.
Animation vary your voice in pitch, rate, and volume, just as you do in casual chit
chat. Gesture freely, naturally, without rehearsed motions.
Anecdotes as long as you can remember, stories grabbed you, and wouldn't let go
until you had heard all of the fables. As adults, we still respond to intriguing stories.
People learn from and remember the anecdotes, not your statistics. Paint wordpictures. Create a you are there sensation.
Appearance speakers need to look like professional when they face audiences.
Your audiences want you to dress a level above their garb, just to indicate respects
for them and the situation.
Atypicalyou dont have to fit a mould that seems right for most other presenters.
http://top7business.com/?Top-7-Characteristics-of-Great-Speakers&id=10761http://top7business.com/?Top-7-Characteristics-of-Great-Speakers&id=10761http://top7business.com/?Top-7-Characteristics-of-Great-Speakers&id=10761http://top7business.com/?Top-7-Characteristics-of-Great-Speakers&id=10761http://top7business.com/?Top-7-Characteristics-of-Great-Speakers&id=10761http://top7business.com/?Top-7-Characteristics-of-Great-Speakers&id=10761 -
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TASK 2 : PREPARING SPEECH
1. Based on the ideas that you get from the articles above, prepare a speech of
any topic you choose of not less than five minutes (in written form)
2. Record your speech on an audio tape or CD-ROM.
Bullying Around Us
Assalamualaikum and a very good morning. Today, I would like to share
something with you all. My stomach hurts and I have headaches every day. The
girls are spreading rumours and telling secrets, and itjust doesnt feel right to me. Is
there something wrong with me? Or am I really what they say I am? Could I be a
victim of bullying? As you may have noticed my speech is about bullying, so lets get
started.
Have you ever been bullied? Has it happened to your peers or have you just
seen or heard about it on TV? Many people have different opinions on what bullying
is. Some say it is kicking or hitting someone, others say its when you say mean
things or call someone names. All of these things are correct, as they are different
ways you can be bullied. However, they are not the official definition of bullying.
Everyone has a different opinion. So do me.
To be honest, bullying is just like a disease because you dont make it happen
and it does not just go away overnight. Bullying even makes you feel like you are
sick or something is wrong with you! This, however, isnt true at all. It is not your fault
if you get bullied.
Did you know that 900 thousand children get bullied every day in Canada?
Out of 5.2 million students! That means that 1 out of 5 students get bullied every day!
And people say that Canadians are too nice to be bullies! Many people are unawareof the bullying that happens around them. That just shows how bad it is.
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Here are some myths and facts about bullying:
Myth number 1: Bullying is just a stage, a normal part of life. However, fact is
bullying is not a normal or socially acceptable behaviour. We only give bullies
power by our acceptance of this behaviours.
Myth number 2: If I tell someone, it will just make it worse. Fact is: Research shows
that bullying will stop when adults in authority and peers get involved.
Myth number 3:Just stand up for yourself and hit them back. Fact however is: While
there are some times when people can be forced to defend themselves, hitting back
usually makes the bullying worse and increases the risk for serious physical harm.
Myth number 4: Bullying is a school problem, the teachers should handle it. Fact is:
Bullying is a broader social problem that happens everywhere.
Myth number 5: People are born bullies. Fact is: Bullying is a learned behaviour
and behaviours can be changed.
Okay, you are probably wondering what the different types of bullying are?
Statistics show that there are six different types of bullying, which is Physical, Verbal,
Indirect, social Alienation, intimidation and last but not least Cyber Bullying.
Verbal Bullying is the most common because it is not as easily noticed as
physical is. Talk about how horrible this is! Think if you were the target or the person
that got bullied! Bullies bully because it makes them feel better than everyone else!
Also they do it because they have been bullied at some point in life and feel like they
need revenge.
A bully can be a person that is big or someone small; it just depends on what
type of bullying we are talking about. Sometimes teenagers and older students bring
guns to school to kill bully but end up injuring many others too. Some people that
have been bullied all their life decided to leave their old life because they dont
appreciate it and commit suicide. Suicide! That just shows how out- of- hand this can
get, bullying is that serious!
You may think now how can you stop bullying when you can barely see it
happening! I mean how are you supposed to put an end to it when it goes on 24/7?
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The best way for you to make a start is to talk to your friends and have a discussion
in your class and make a set of rules to put an end to it. Then present the idea to
your whole school. The next step is to create an Anti-Bullying team so you can end
bullying at your school.
As a conclusion, bullying is so bad that it can end up with dying and killing
others which shows exactly how serious and bad this is! Remember everything I
have told you today and you will not be a bully or not be afraid to stand up for
yourself! Just be strong, keep your head up high and do your best to stop bullying
once and for all! Remember, school Bullying is everyones business! Thank you for
listening.
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TASK 3: WRITTEN REFLECTION
1. Write an individual reflection in about 100 words on the activity. In the
reflection, discuss the strengths and weakness of your activity and how it
helps you improves your English.
This assignment requires us to search for the relevant articles, mostly
features of spoken English. That includes pronunciation, stress, rhythm, intonation
public speaking and lastly characteristics of a good speaker. After that, we are
requiring to present the main ideas in the form of graphic organisers. This is easy
since we have to only print out the chosen articles. To convert it to form of graphic
organiser is a difficult one. We have to choose the right form of graphic, arrange it
and make it look nice in that order.
Fortunately, this difficult one yet slow, we can take our time to understand
more the main points since we are typing it ourselves. We can chose to just copy
and paste it but, when we type it back, we remember the whole thing that we type.This is useful when doing the task 2 that is preparing the speech. In that way also, it
can helps improves our English.
Next thing is when we record our self-speaking on that speech, then we play it
again, we can note our mistakes. Our pronunciation also is can be corrected through
this way. The bad thing is when this assignment is given nearly on the holiday. This
make us cannot divide our time well. Along the holiday, nobody will go on their
assignments. Most of us did it before the holiday and continue it after the holiday.
Maybe the lecture can consider later on assignments can be give after the holiday.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1- http://www.wordhacker.com/en/article/english_pronunciation_tips.htm
2- http://www.wordhacker.com/en/article/what_is_good_pronunciation.htm
3- http://poewar.com/rhythm-and-stress/
4- http://www.pbs.org/standarddeviantstv/transcript_public.html
5- http://www.media-training.info/Public-Speaking-Articles/6-Traits-That-Make-A-
Great-Professional-Speaker.html
6- http://top7business.com/?Top-7-Characteristics-of-Great-Speakers&id=10761
7- http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/blinter_course_aa110997.htm
8- http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/articles/rhythm
9- http://course.cug.edu.cn/cug/eng_language/chpt9/9-3-3.htm
10- http://www.talkenglish.com/ExtraLessons/Intonation.aspx
11- http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/articles/intonation
12- http://relache.hubpages.com/hub/public-speaking-tips
13- http://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/entrepreneurship-
articles/speaking-characteristics-good-speaker-40868.html
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APPENDICES