dit 10 klasifikasi tanah compatibility mode

8/3/2019 DIT 10 Klasifikasi Tanah Compatibility Mode

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DASAR ILMU TAAH

Materi 10: Klasifikasi TanahMateri 10: Klasifikasi Tanah


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KLASIFIKASI TANAHKLASIFIKASI TANAH


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Klasifikasi Tanah

Usaha membeda-bedakan

mengelompokkan tanah berdasarkan sifat-sifatnya

Tujuan

menge a u s a an c r ana pa a mas ng-masing kelompok tanah (kelas tanah)sehingga memudahkan pengguna tanahuntuk mengelola tanah tersebut agar dapat

berproduksi secara optimal


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Alami/taksonomi:berdasarkan

sifat2 alami tanah tanpa dihub. dgn

pengunaannya- Taksonomi Tanah (USDA)

Klasifikasi

khusus dgn memilih ciri2 ttt yg pgrhi

kemampuan dan penggunaannya- - Klasifikasi Kemampuan Lahan USDA

- - Klasifikasi Kesesuaian Lahan FAO


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General Principles of Natural Classification Systems: The system should express general or universal

relationships that exist in nature. One should be able

to understand, remember, generalize, or predict fromthe information obtained.

The scheme should be based on characteristics or

genesis. It should place similar things together on thebasis of their properties.

It is technically impossible to use all properties ofthe items being classified. Existing knowledge mustbe used to determine which properties are mostimportant


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Why Classify Soils?

Organize knowledge to enable investigationand communication (structure/organization)

Provide framework for establishingrelationships among soils and theirenvironment (scientific)

a grou ng or n er re a on(utilitarian)

Optimal use

Hazard/limitation/remediation assessment Potential productivity

Framework for technology transfer/informationdissemination


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Tanah bermacam-macam


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Klasifikasi Tanah di IndonesiaKlasifikasi Tanah di Indonesia

Sejak th 1988 hanya gunakanSejak th 1988 hanya gunakansistem Taksonomi Tanah.sistem Taksonomi Tanah.

Sebelum 1988 ada 3Sebelum 1988 ada 3 ::-- Pusat Penelitian Tanah (PPT)Pusat Penelitian Tanah (PPT)-- FAO/UNESCOFAO/UNESCO

-- Taksonomi TanahTaksonomi Tanah..


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Taksonomi Tanah (USDA)

dikembangkan oleh Soil Survey Staff

(USDA), tahun 1975 Terus direvisi 2ed, 1999

, ,Great group, Subgroup, Familydan

Series.


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Categories in ST:Categories in ST:

OrderOrder key soil properties resulting from major soilkey soil properties resulting from major soil--forming processes (epipedons, subsurface horizons,forming processes (epipedons, subsurface horizons,materials, characteristics)materials, characteristics)

SuborderSuborder key soil properties that are major controls onkey soil properties that are major controls onsoilsoil--forming processes, e.g., soil climate (most orders);forming processes, e.g., soil climate (most orders);kinds of salts (Aridisols); kinds of soil parent materialskinds of salts (Aridisols); kinds of soil parent materials(Entisols); degree of decomposition (Histosols); presence(Entisols); degree of decomposition (Histosols); presenceor absence of cr oturbation Gelisolsor absence of cr oturbation Gelisols

Great GroupGreat Group key soil properties that are additionalkey soil properties that are additionalcontrols on soil genesis (diagnostic horizons)controls on soil genesis (diagnostic horizons)

SubgroupSubgroup central concept (Typic), intergrades,central concept (Typic), intergrades,extragradesextragrades

FamilyFamily properties important to plant growth (texture,properties important to plant growth (texture,mineralogy, soil temperature regime, etc.)mineralogy, soil temperature regime, etc.) SeriesSeries soil morphologysoil morphology


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KategoriKategori NamaNama KategoriKategori NamaNama

PhylumPhylum PteridophytaPteridophyta OrderOrder AlfisolAlfisolKelasKelas Angiospermae Angiospermae SubSub--orderorder UdalfUdalf

SubSub--kelaskelas DicotyledoneaeDicotyledoneae GreatgroupGreatgroup HapludalfHapludalf

--

FamilyFamily LeguminoseaeLeguminoseae FamilyFamily Aquic Hapludalf, berlempungAquic Hapludalf, berlempunghalus, Campuran, Aktif,halus, Campuran, Aktif,IsohipertermikIsohipertermik

GenusGenus TrifoliumTrifolium SeriSeri LapeLape

SpeciesSpecies TT.. repensrepens ((Phase)Phase) BerbatuBerbatu


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Differentiating Characteristics in STDifferentiating Characteristics in ST::

Diagnostic epipedonsDiagnostic epipedons

Diagnostic subsurface horizonsDiagnostic subsurface horizons

Other diagnostic soil characteristicsOther diagnostic soil characteristicsSoil moisture and temperatureSoil moisture and temperature

regimesregimes


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1. Epipedon1. Epipedon

horison penciri yg terbentuk dihorison penciri yg terbentuk dipermukaan tanah.permukaan tanah.

dapat mencakup sebagiandapat mencakup sebagian

horizon B.horizon B.


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EPIPEDONEPIPEDON

Surface horizonsSurface horizons

Influenced strongly byInfluenced strongly by

biochemical andbiochemical and

geochemical processesgeochemical processes

, ,, ,

sometimes upper B horizonssometimes upper B horizons

Important in classifying soilsImportant in classifying soils


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EPIPEDONEPIPEDON

HistikHistik:: Bahan organik (BO) tinggi (>75%), tebal 20Bahan organik (BO) tinggi (>75%), tebal 20--40cm.40cm.

MollikMollik:: BO >1%, warna gelap dg value dan kroma 1%, warna gelap dg value dan kroma 18cm, KB(lembab) dan value < 5 (kering), tebal >18cm, KB

>50%.>50%. MelanikMelanik:: mirip Mollik,mirip Mollik, tetapitetapi miliki sifat tanah andikmiliki sifat tanah andik

UmbrikUmbrik:: seperti molikseperti molik tetapitetapi KB ,,

larut dalam 1% as sitrat.larut dalam 1% as sitrat. OchrikOchrik:: warna terang (value dan kroma lembab >3), BOwarna terang (value dan kroma lembab >3), BO

50cm, berwarna hitam. FolistikFolistik:: tanah atas BO, jenuh < 30 haritanah atas BO, jenuh < 30 hari


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Horison Penciri BawahHorison Penciri Bawah AgrikAgrik:: horizon iluviasi yg terbentuk krn pengaruhhorizon iluviasi yg terbentuk krn pengaruh

pengolahan tanah shg terjadi akumulasi sejumlahpengolahan tanah shg terjadi akumulasi sejumlah

debu, liat, dandebu, liat, dan humus.humus. AlbikAlbik:: horison berwarna pucat (E) dg value lembab >5.horison berwarna pucat (E) dg value lembab >5.

ArgillikArgillik:: horison penimbunan liat; minimal mengandunghorison penimbunan liat; minimal mengandung liatliat>1.2 kali lebih ban ak dari ada kandun an liat di>1.2 kali lebih ban ak dari ada kandun an liat di

atasnya.Terdapat selaput liat.atasnya.Terdapat selaput liat. KalsikKalsik:: horizon yg mengandung karbonat sekunderhorizon yg mengandung karbonat sekunder

(CaCO(CaCO33 atau MgCOatau MgCO33) tinggi, tebal >15cm.) tinggi, tebal >15cm.

PetrokalsikPetrokalsik:: horizon kalsik yang mengeras.horizon kalsik yang mengeras.

KambikKambik:: indikasi lemah adanya argillik atau spodik, tapi tidakindikasi lemah adanya argillik atau spodik, tapi tidakmemenuhi syarat kedua horizon tersebut.memenuhi syarat kedua horizon tersebut.


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Horison Penciri Bawah (lanjutan)Horison Penciri Bawah (lanjutan)

GipsikGipsik :: banyak mengandung gipsum (CaSO4) sekunder.banyak mengandung gipsum (CaSO4) sekunder.

PetrogipsikPetrogipsik:: horizon gipsik yg mengeras.horizon gipsik yg mengeras.

NatrikNatrik :: horizon argillik yg banyak mengandung Nahorizon argillik yg banyak mengandung Na OksikOksik :: horizon bertekstur agak kasar, KTK 30cm.

aa :: anya mengan ung garam se un er mu a aru ,anya mengan ung garam se un er mu a aru ,tebal >15cm.tebal >15cm.

SombrikSombrik :: seperti umbrik, gelap, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al,seperti umbrik, gelap, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al,tidak terletak di bawah horizon albik.tidak terletak di bawah horizon albik.

SpodikSpodik :: horizon iluviasi seskuioksida bebas dan BO.horizon iluviasi seskuioksida bebas dan BO. SulfurikSulfurik :: horizon yg mengandung sulfat, pH ,3.5, tdpt karatanhorizon yg mengandung sulfat, pH ,3.5, tdpt karatan

jarosit.jarosit.

PlasikPlasik:: padas tipis tersementasi senyawa. Fe, Mn dan BOpadas tipis tersementasi senyawa. Fe, Mn dan BO


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KategoriKategori NamaNama KategoriKategori NamaNama

PhylumPhylum PteridophytaPteridophyta OrderOrder AlfisolAlfisol

KelasKelas Angiospermae Angiospermae SubSub--orderorder UdalfUdalf

SubSub--kelaskelas DicotyledoneaeDicotyledoneae GreatgroupGreatgroup HapludalfHapludalf

TAKSOOMI TUMBUHA vs TAKSOOMI TAAH

OrderOrder RosalesRosales SubSub--groupgroup AquicAquic HapludalfHapludalf

FamilyFamily LeguminoseaeLeguminoseae FamilyFamily Aquic Hapludalf, berlempungAquic Hapludalf, berlempunghalus, Campuran, Aktif,halus, Campuran, Aktif,IsohipertermikIsohipertermik

GenusGenus TrifoliumTrifolium SeriSeri LapeLape

SpeciesSpecies TT.. repensrepens ((Phase)Phase) BerbatuBerbatu


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Soil TaxonomySoil Taxonomy""

Degree of Weathering and B Horizon DevelopmentDegree of Weathering and B Horizon Development

LittleLittle SlightSlight ModerateModerate LargeLarge ExtremeExtreme

EntisolsEntisols AridisolsAridisols

InceptisolsInceptisols AlfisolsAlfisols

SpodosolsSpodosols UltisolsUltisols

Soils Defined by Special Constituent MaterialsSoils Defined by Special Constituent Materials

AndisolsAndisols Volcanic AshVolcanic Ash

HistosolsHistosols Peat, Organic MatterPeat, Organic Matter

VertisolsVertisols Self Self--Mixing Clay SoilsMixing Clay Soils

GelisolsGelisols Soils on PermafrostSoils on Permafrost


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ALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOL

The central concept of AlfisolsThe central concept of Alfisolsis that of soils that have anis that of soils that have anargillic, a kandic, or a natricargillic, a kandic, or a natrichorizon and a base saturationhorizon and a base saturationof 35% or greater.of 35% or greater.

The t icall have an ochricThe t icall have an ochric

epipedon, but may have anepipedon, but may have anumbric epipedon. They mayumbric epipedon. They mayalso have a petrocalcic horizon,also have a petrocalcic horizon,a fragipan or a duripan.a fragipan or a duripan.


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ANDISOLSANDISOLS

The central concept ofThe central concept ofAndisols is that of soilsAndisols is that of soils

dominated by shortdominated by short--rangerange--order minerals.order minerals.

They include weaklyThey include weakly

volcanic glass as well as morevolcanic glass as well as morestrongly weathered soils.strongly weathered soils.

Hence the content of volcanicHence the content of volcanicglass is one of theglass is one of thecharacteristics used in definingcharacteristics used in definingandic soil propertiesandic soil properties


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ARIDISOLAridisols is that of soils that aretoo dry for mesophytic plants togrow. They have either:(1) an aridic moisture regime

and an ochric or anthropicepipedon and one or more ofthe following with an upperboundr within 100 cm of the

soil surface: a calcic, cambic,gypsic, natric, petrocalcicpetrogypsic, or a salic horizonor a duripan or an argillichorizon, or(2)A salic horizon andsaturation with water within 100cm of the soil surface for onemonth or more in normal years.


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ENTISOLSENTISOLS

The central concept ofThe central concept of

Entisols is that of soils thatEntisols is that of soils that

have little or no evidence ofhave little or no evidence of

development of pedogenicdevelopment of pedogenic

..

Many Entisols have an ochricMany Entisols have an ochric

epipedon and a few have anepipedon and a few have an

anthropic epipedon. Manyanthropic epipedon. Many

are sandy or very shallow.are sandy or very shallow.


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HISTOSOLSHISTOSOLS The central concept of HistosolsThe central concept of Histosols

is that of soils that are dominantlyis that of soils that are dominantly

organic. They are mostly soilsorganic. They are mostly soils

that are commonly called bogs,that are commonly called bogs,

, ., .

A soil is classified as Histosols ifA soil is classified as Histosols if

it does not have permafrost andit does not have permafrost and

is dominated by organic soilis dominated by organic soil

materials.materials.


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INCEPTISOLSINCEPTISOLS

The central concept ofThe central concept ofInceptisols is that of soils ofInceptisols is that of soils ofhumid and subhumid regionshumid and subhumid regions

that have altered horizons thatthat have altered horizons thathave lost bases or iron andhave lost bases or iron andaluminum but retain somealuminum but retain someweatherable minerals. They doweatherable minerals. They do

enriched with either silicate clayenriched with either silicate clayor with an amorphous mixtureor with an amorphous mixtureof aluminum and organicof aluminum and organiccarbon.carbon.

The Inceptisols may have manyThe Inceptisols may have manykinds of diagnostic horizons, butkinds of diagnostic horizons, butargillic, natric kandic, spodicargillic, natric kandic, spodicand oxic horizons are excluded.and oxic horizons are excluded.


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MOLLISOLSMOLLISOLS The central concept of Mollisols isThe central concept of Mollisols is

that of soils that have a darkthat of soils that have a dark

colored surface horizon and arecolored surface horizon and arebase rich. Nearly all have a mollicbase rich. Nearly all have a mollicepipedon.epipedon.

Many also have an argillic orMany also have an argillic ornatric horizon or a calcic horizon.natric horizon or a calcic horizon.A few have an albic horizon.A few have an albic horizon.Some also have a duripan or aSome also have a duripan or apetrocalic horizonpetrocalic horizon..


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OXISOLSOXISOLS The central concept of Oxisols isThe central concept of Oxisols isthat of soils of the tropical andthat of soils of the tropical andsubtropical regions. They havesubtropical regions. They have

gentle slopes on surfaces ofgentle slopes on surfaces ofgreat age. They are mixtures ofgreat age. They are mixtures ofquartz, kaolin, free oxides, andquartz, kaolin, free oxides, and

organic matter.organic matter. For the most part they are nearlyFor the most part they are nearly

featureless soils without clearlyfeatureless soils without clearlymarked horizons. Differences inmarked horizons. Differences inproperties with depth are soproperties with depth are sogradual that horizon boundariesgradual that horizon boundariesare generally arbitrary.are generally arbitrary.


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VERTISOLSVERTISOLS The central concept ofThe central concept of

Vertisols is that of soils thatVertisols is that of soils thathave a high content ofhave a high content ofexpending clay and that haveexpending clay and that have

wide cracks.wide cracks.

They shrink when drying andThey shrink when drying and

swell when they becomeswell when they becomewetter.wetter.

dit 10 klasifikasi tanah compatibility mode

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