Discussion Vs Exposition

Teks exposition bertujuan untuk menyodorkan pendapat/ide/pandangan/argumen penulis akansuatu perkara/topik/permasalahan/fenomena.Terdapat dua varian dari teks exposition: 1) analytical exposition, dan 2) hortatory exposition.

Dalam analytical exposition penulis menyodorkan pandangan/ide/opini/pendapat bahwa suatutopik atau fenomena atau masalah perlu mendapat perhatian, ulasan, atau penjelasan, atau uraian,

From Cushion to Future BearWhere did the bears come from? Bear as we know him has not existed onthis earth for a very long period of time, but his predecessors may go back manyhundreds of years. Most authorities now believe that the handsome, two-leggedbear of today evolved from a single-celled organism—a speck of dusk perhaps.Then gradually, throough natural selection and survival of the fittest speck, cottonwool balls developed. We do not know exactly when the first soft furnishingsappeared on earth, but they must have been very simple beings.In the beginning was the cushion. Not very impressive object—simply a lumpof padding material held together with some sort of covering—but this inauspiciousstart developed two reptilian forms that were the ddirect ancestors of modern bear.One of the first evolutionary steps occurred when a mutant, misshapenCushion was created. He must have appeared very strange to his fellow Cushions,but he was the first Bean Bag Frog. Filled with beans, rice or other non-toxicsubstance, he has two eyes and four legs. Bean Bag Frogs, however, were prettyuseless on land, being incredibly floppy, and in water they tended to sink.At about the same time as the Bean Bag Frog was emerging, the Cushionwas developing a long different lines into the Drought Excluder. At first merely along thin Cushion, it gradually evelolved eyes, a forked tongue and a patternedbody. Its tendency to lie along the bottom of draughty doors perhaps points to the

lack of an efficient body cooling mechanism.From this rather basic creatures the first Toy Dog developed. Long and thinlike a Draught Excluder, and with four legs like a Bean Bag Frog, he still haddifficulty in moving about owing to his very short sppendages.Movement became easier with the invention of the wheel. Dog-on-Wheelswas a very successful species for many years but is now threatened with extinction.A few remain in captivity but they appear to have difficulty reproducing themselvesunder these circumstances.When the first soft toy stood up and walked on two legs instead of four,modern (Teddy) bear was born.

atau data penguat—tanpa dimunculkannya usaha untuk mempengaruhi/membujuk pembaca untukmemiliki sikap pro-kontra terhadap sesuatu. Sebaliknya, dalam hortatory exposition, penulismenyodorkan pandangan/ide/opini/pendapat untuk mempengaruhi/membujuk pembaca untukmemiliki sikap pro-kontra terhadap sesuatu, dan atau mengajak pembaca untuk melakukansesuatu. Analytical exposition juga dikenal dengan istilah argumentative, sementara hortatoryexposition dapat disebut juga dengan istilah persuasive.

Teks analytical exposition umumnyamemiliki struktur:- thesis, pernyataan pendapat penulis akansuatu kasus/fenomena.- argument, terdiri dari point atau intimasalah/perbincangan atau hal yangmenjadi concern, dan elaboration,penjelasan atau pemaparan dari point.- Reiteration, penguatan pernyataan.

Teks analytical exposition seringmenggunakan unsur kebahasaan tertentu,antara lain:- general noun misalnya pollution, car, dsb.- abstract noun misalnya policy,

government, dsb.- jargon, misalnya species, mammal, dll.- modals misalnya must, should, dll.- bahasa evaluatif, misalnya necessary,important, significant, valuable.- kalimat pasifTeks hortatory exposition umumnya memilikistruktur:- thesis, pernyataan pendapat penulis akansuatu kasus/fenomena; atau issue, hal yangdipersoalkan.- argument, alasan mengapa ada keprihatinan,dan mengarah pada saran atau rekomendasi.- recommendation, pernyataan tentangbagaimana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnyaseautu ada atau dilakukanTeks hortatory exposition sering menggunakanunsur kebahasaan tertentu, antara lain:- abstract noun misalnya policy,government, dsb.- jargon, misalnya species, mammal, dll.- modals misalnya must, should, dll.- bahasa evaluatif, misalnya necessary,important, significant, valuable.- kalimat pasif- thinking verb, misalnya I believe, I thinkContoh:English is the most important languagein the world. It is the language spokenat the United Nations; it is also theofficial language of diplomacy. Inaddition, English is useful in manyoccupations. For example, air trafficcontrollers all over the world must beable to speak English. Since English is soimportant, it is a compulsory subject inany level of school in Indonesia.I think Indonesian presidentshould be a male, over forty years old,a retired military, and handsome. He

should be wise and has a good imageamong ordinary people.I believe you’ll agree that theonly person who meets thosequalifications is SBY. So, there is noreason not to elect SBY as ourpresident; only the fool will chooseother candidates.

Teks di sebelah kiri dianggap analytical exposition karena yang nampak hanya pandangan penulisbahwa bahasa Inggris itu merupakan bahasa paling penting di dunia dan alasan yang melatarbelakanginya serta dampak dari fakta tersebut.Teks di sebelah kanan dianggap hortatory exposition karena selain pandangan penulis akan figurpresiden, juga nampak ajakan/bujukan penulis pada pembaca untuk memilih figur presidenseperti yang dikemukakannya.Berikut contoh-contoh teks analytical exposition:In Australia there are three levels of government, the federal government, stategovernment and local government. All of these levels of government are necessary.This is so for a number of reasons.First, the federal government is necessary for the big things. They keep theeconomy in order and look after things like defense. Similarly, the state governmentslook after the middle-sized things. For example they look after law and order,preventing things like vandalism in schools. Finally, local governments look after thesmall things. They look after things like collecting rubbish, otherwise everyone wouldhave diseases.Thus, for the reasons above we can conclude that the three levels of governmentare necessary.

Tomatoes are full of nutrients and are an especially good source ofantioxidant vitamins. In fact, one serving of tomato will give you 40% ofyour recommendation daily allowance of vitamin C. Diets rich in fruit andvegetables are associated with lower risks of many diseases and a dietwhich includes high intake of tomatoes has been shown to protect againstprostate cancer. Tomatoes are by far the richest source of lycopene, apowerful antioxidant, which gives tomato its red colour. No other foodcontains this high level of antioxidant. Lycopene is highest in processedtomato foods, such as tomato puree, because they are concentrated.While fats have lately acquired a bad image, one should not forget how essentialthey are. Fats provide the body’s best means of storing energy, a far moreefficient energy source than either carbohydrates or proteins. They act asinsulation against cold, or cushioning for the internal organs, and as lubricants.Without fats, energy would have no way to utilize fat-soluble vitamins.Furthermore, some fats contain fatty acids that contain necessary growth factorsand help with the digestion of other foods.

Berikut contoh-contoh teks hortatory exposition:Heart disease is Western society's number-one killer. It accounts forone-third of all deaths in America and for well over half the deaths amongmiddle-aged men. Heart disease was relatively rare in America at the turn ofthe century, but it has risen dramatically since then, with a slight downturn in1960.Heart disease is often viewed as a disease of modern living,

spurred on bythe habits and the stress of industrialized society. Evidence for this ideacomes from the fact that non-Western societies have relatively low rates ofheart disease. And there is a higher rate of heart disease among immigrants toAmerica, such as Japanese Americans and Chinese—Americans, than amongthose who remain in their native country, suggesting that something about theWestern environment promotes the development of the disease.Heart disease usually involves the formation of a fatty substance calledplague in the walls of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. Ifthe arteries become narrowed enough or blocked, the person may suffer aheart attack, that is death of a region of heart muscle tissue.Among the many factors that have been found to be related to the risk ofdeveloping heart disease are high blood pressure, a history of heart diseaseamong one's close relatives, cigarette smoking, being relatively overweight, anda high level of a fatty substance called cholesterol in the blood. In addition toall of these well-established risk factors, it is now clear that stress can have amajor impact on the development of heart disease. People who continuallyundergo a great deal of stress—and who lack the ability to control it—are at asignificantly greater risk for disease than people who undergo less stress orwho can manage stress successfully. Jobs that impose high psychologicaldemands but they provide the worker with the little control—

such as a cook,waiter, and hospital orderly—seem to be heart disease

If students are to succeed in tomorrow's world, their education must encourage them to havethe desire to keep learning throughout their lives. For at least a decade now, experts havebeen telling us that to prosper in the future, countries need to make much better use of theirhuman resources. This means not allowing people to stop learning at age 10 or 20 or 30. Itmeans pushing skill-growth rates up rather than allowing children and adults to lose interestin learning. Although following this advice is not easy, we should keep the following in mind; Ifwe do not go this route, vast numbers of people in the world may do poorly in a globalmarket, while a few people do exceptionally well. As a result, the gap between the rich andthe poor will grow and grow ⎯ until something explodes.

Country ConcernIn all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol (and theatmosphere) there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of the differencebetween driving in the city and the country.While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, Ifeel that when you travel through the county, where you only see another carvery five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic isconcentrated on city roads.Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their ownersdon’t seem to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fallback upon and one’s own vehicle is the only way to get about.

I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearesttown and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treateddifferently to the people who live in the city.To improve comfort and cleanliness at our school, a number of dust binsshould be increased.When we look at classrooms, school corridors and school yard, there arepapers, mineral water cups, straws, and napkins here and there. The condition ofuncleanliness and discomfort really hinders learning and teaching environment.Litters thrown carelessly cause disease, especially empty plastic cups or glasses.They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be placed fordengue mosquitoes to spread out. Besides, these rubbish can deteriorate thescene. Well painted wall and green school yard do not mean anything if litters arescattered everywhere.Anyway I notice that most of the students in our school haveresponsibilities for their school environment. They put their litters on the properplaces. But some are not diligent enough to find the dust bins. The numbers ofdust bins in our schools are not enough. More dust bins should be put besideeach of steps, outside of the classrooms, and some more along the corridors.Probably one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when students want tothrow away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, we do not haveproblems of filth and discomfort any more. Our school will be very clean andbecome a nice place to study.

Teks discussion bertujuan untuk menyodorkan dua atau lebih pendapat/ide/pandangan/argumenakan suatu perkara/topik/permasalahan/fenomena. Lazimnya teks discussion menyuguhkan duaatau lebih perspektif yang berbeda akan suatu persoalan. Diantara ciri teks discussion adalahdipergunakannya conjunctions: on the other hand, however, but, yet, while, meanwhile, dannevertheless.Teks discussion umumnya memiliki struktur:- issue, topik yang menjadi perhatian.- argument, terdiri pro and kontra.* pendapat pertama diikuti elaborasi (uraian)* pendapat yang berseberangan dengan yang pertama diikuti elaborasi.- conclusion atau recommendation, simpulan atau saran.Teks discussion sering menggunakan unsur kebahasaan tertentu, antara lain:- general noun misalnya pollution, car, dsb.- abstract noun misalnya policy, government, dsb.- modals misalnya must, should, should have been, perhaps,dll.- bahasa evaluatif, misalnya necessary, important, significant, valuable.- contrastive conjnction, misalnya on the other hand, however, but, yet, while, meanwhile,nevertheless, dan similarly.- Adverbials of manner, misalnya hopefully, deliberately, dl.- thinking verb, misalnya I believe, I think

DiscussionContoh:

Continued progress in advanced technology is not necessary. Already thetechnical progress in our world has caused severe pollution in the air and in thewater. Although the technical progress in previous years has been helpful, recenttechnology has significantly increased pollution. Another reason to stop technicalprogress is that many inventions which were developed for

good causes are nowalso used for powerful weapons or have been found to have serious side effects.For example, pesticide put inside particle boards to prevent termites has now beenfound to be toxic to human life. Technology does not always bring good effects;for example, computers do much work faster than man, but then man loses hisjob to a machine. Because no man can guarantee that technology will have onlygood effects and will be used only for the benefit of man, we should delay thecontinued development of technology.Otong Setiawan Djuharie GenreGenre,Ragam Teks dan Peruntukannya 28The study of genetic is today so far advances that we shall soon beable to produce a kind of genetically perfect ‘superman’, using techniqueknown as ‘genetic engineering’. At first this may seem an attractivepossibility, but when we consider it in detail, we find there are manyproblems involved.A distinction is usually made between ‘negative’ and ‘positive’genetic engineering. In negative engineering we try to eliminate harmfulgenes to produce genetically normal people. The aim is of course adesirable one; however, it does pose the problem of what a harmful geneis. Genes are not really either ‘good’ or ‘bad’. The gene which causescertain forms of anemia, for example, can also protect against malaria. Ifwe eliminate this gene, we may get rid of anemia, but we increase the risk

of malaria.In positive genetic engineering we try to create better people bydeveloping the so-called ‘good’ genes. But although this form of geneticengineering will give us a greater control over mankind’s future, there areseveral reason for caution. First, there is no possibility of mistakes. Whileaccepting that geneticists are responsible people, we must also admit thatthings can go wrong, the result being the kind of monster we read about inhorror stories. Secondly, there is the problem of deciding what make a‘better’ person. We may feel, for example, that if genetic engineering cancreate more intelligent people then this is a good thing On the otherTechnology brings problems as well as benefits to humankind. Since HenryFord began mass-producing them in 1908, automobiles have provided us with acheap and convenient means of transportation. However, they also brought ustraffic jams and air pollution. A technological development that is changing our livesas much as the automobiles is the personal computer. Since the 1980s, personalcomputers have become common in homes, schools, and businesses, and just asautomobiles have brought unexpected problems, so have personal computers.

Gene SplicingGenetic research has produced both exciting and frightening possibilities.Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory due to thedevelopment of gene splicing.On the one hand, the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefitmankind.For example, because it is very expensive to obtain insulin from naturalsources, scientists have developed a method to manufacture it inexpensively in theTo begin with, communication by computer has caused some problems.Although we can easily send a message to hundreds of people in an instant, wecan also receive hundreds of message, both wanted and unwanted, in just a fewminutes. It took several hours to read all of them. The lack of censorship incyberspace is another problem that no one has solved yet. Our expanded ability tocommunicate means that anyone with a computer can communicate anything toanyone on any subject at any time. Therefore, a computer-literate child can receivepornographic photos and listen to chat-room conversations about sex.In addition to problems in communication, computers have also causedproblems in business. They have created excellent opportunities for computerizedcrime. Computer criminals use their skills to obtain secret business information andto steal money. Moreover, the use of computers has depersonalised business.People are no longer customers: they are account numbers. Face-to-face business

transactions are no longer necessary, you can buy almost anything you need bycomputer, phone, or fax. Also, as telecommunicating becomes more common,workers in the same company interact with each other less and less. Someday itmay be possible to have a company of people who have never met face-to-face.It is clear that personal computers have made our lives easier, but they have doneso at a cost. As with every new invention, there have unforeseen consequences. Itis up to us to find the solutions to the problems as well as to enjoy theconveniences of the new tool.

Discussion Vs Exposition

Dalam beberapa sudut, teks discussion memiliki banyak kemiripan dengan exposition; keduanyamenyodorkan opini, pendapat, pandangan, dan argumentasi akan suatu hal. Akantetapi, teksexposition hanya menyodorkan satu sudut pandang; di lain pihak, teks discussionmengkontraskan dan mempersandingkan dua sudut pandang akan suatu persoalan.Another beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture.Scientists foresee the day when new plants will be developed using nitrogen

from the air instead of from fertilizer. Therefore food production could be increased.In addition, entirely new plants could be developed to feed the world’s hungry people.Not everyone is excited about gene splicing, however. Some people feel that itcould have terrible consequences.A laboratory accident, for example, might cause an epidemic of an unknowndisease that could wipe out humanity.As a result of this controversy, the government has made rules to control geneticexperiments. While some members of the scientific community feel that these rulesConflict within an organization isnot always viewed as undesir-able. Infact, various managers have divergentideas on the value that conflict canhave.According to the traditional viewof conflict, conflict is harmful to anorganization. Managers with thistraditional view of conflict see it astheir role in an organi-zation to ridthe organization of any possiblesource of conflict.The interactionist view of conflict,on the other hand, holds that conflictcan serve an important function in anorganization by reducing complacencyamong workers and causingpositive changes to occur. Managerswho hold an interactionist view ofconflict may actually take steps tostimulate confllict within theorganization.Cars should be banned in the city.As we know cars create pollution andcause a lot of deaths and other

accidents.Firstly, cars, as we all know,contribute a lot of the pollution in theworld.Cars emit a deadly gas that causesillness as bronchitis, lung cancer, andtriggers asthma. Some of theseillnesses are so dangerous that peoplecan die from them.Secondly, the city is very busy.People wander everywhere and carscommingle with pedestrians in the city,which cause the accidents. Cars todayare our roads biggest killer agents.Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If youlive in city you may find it hard to sleepat night and concentrate on yourhomework, and talk to someone.In conclusion, cars should bebanned in the city for the reasonslisted.

Penjelasan:- Teks di sebelah kiri dianggap exposition karena hanya menunjukkan satu sudutpandang, yakni ketidaksetujuan akan bertambahnya jumlah mobil.- Teks di sebalah kanan dianggap discussion karena memperlihatkan dua sudut pandangakan konflik, yakni sudut pandang kelompok tradisional dan kelompok interaksionis—yang keduanya berkontradiksi.Procedure

Teks procedure bertujuan untuk memberi petunjuk tentang langkah-langkah/metode/cara-caramelakukan sesuatu. Teks procedure umumnya berisi tips atau serangkaian tindakan atau langkahdalam membuatu suatu barang atau melakukan suatu aktifitas. Teks procedure dikenal juga

dengan istilah directory.Teks procedure umumnya memiliki struktur:- goal, tujuan kegiatan.- materials, bahan-bahan yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat suatu barang/melakukan suatuaktifitas, sifatnya opsional.- steps, serangkaian langkah.Teks procedure sering menggunakan unsur kebahasaan tertentu, antara lain:- imperative, kalimat-kalimat perintah, misalnya go, sit, don’t put, don’t mix, dsb.- action verb, kata kerja yang berhubungan dengn aktifitas fisik atau intelektual, misalnya mix,turn, don’t, put, dsb.- connective of sequence, misalnya then, while, next,dll.- numbering, nagka-angka yang menynjukkan urutan kegiatan, misalnya first, second, third,dst.

Contoh:How to Make a Cheese OmeletIngredients: 1 egg, 50 g cheese, cup milk, 3 tablespoons cooking oil, apinch of salt and pepper.Utensils: Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate.Method:1. Crack an egg into a bowl2. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth3. Add milk and whisk well.4. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir5. Heat the oil in a frying pan6. Pour the mixture in a frying pan7. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns.8. Cook both sides.9. Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper.10. Eat while warm.