Dr. Dr. MohdMohd. . SallehSalleh PunanPunan

Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development InstituteMalaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute(MARDI) (MARDI)

Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia

DEVELOPING PRECISION DEVELOPING PRECISION

COLD CHAIN SYSTEM COLD CHAIN SYSTEM

FOR TROPICAL FRUITSFOR TROPICAL FRUITS

Cold Chain World, 22Cold Chain World, 22--23 May 2013, Bangkok, Thailand, 23 May 2013, Bangkok, Thailand,

• Introduction• Tropical fruit challenges • Cold chain development strategy• Handling components• Strengthening technology • Commercial adoption • Conclusion

CONTENTSCONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Welcome to MalaysiaWelcome to Malaysia

Basic Statistics

Total area 330,000 sq. km. Population 29 million GDP (2011) US$278.67 billion

Agriculture 8.6%Industry 47.8% Services 43.6%

Agricultural Economic ContributionAn increasing trend1987 RM16.2 bil. (US$5.1 bil.)2000 RM18.7 bil. (US$5.9 bil.)2009 RM20.0 bil. (US$6.4 bil.) 2020 (target) RM49.0 bil. (US$15.7 bil.)

MALAYSIA

�� Southeast Asia has traditionally been Southeast Asia has traditionally been recognized as a tropical agricultural regionrecognized as a tropical agricultural region

�� Banana, durian, Banana, durian, jackfruit, mango, jackfruit, mango, mangosteenmangosteen, , papaya, pineapple, papaya, pineapple, pomelopomelo, , rambutanrambutanand and starfruitstarfruit are are among the popular among the popular tropical fruits tropical fruits available in the available in the region, including region, including MalaysiaMalaysia

Tropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit Producer

�� Domestic market Domestic market

�� Regional marketRegional market

�� Export marketExport market

�� Hong KongHong Kong

�� Middle EastMiddle East

�� EuropeEurope

Tropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit Markets

MALAYSIA

Contribution in the World Market

�� Latin America & Latin America & Caribbean: 40% Caribbean: 40%

�� Asia: 20%Asia: 20%�� Malaysia: 3Malaysia: 3--5%5%

�� Africa: 14%Africa: 14%�� Others: 26%Others: 26%

Malaysia’s Fruits Exported

� Pineapple� Starfruit� Papaya � Banana� Durian� Watermelon

TROPICAL FRUIT’SCHALLENGES

� High PostharvestlossesAverage losses:

About 25%Could be 0 to 100%

� Highly sensitive to chilling injury

� Tropical fruits be kept between 10-15 oC

� Ethylene producer or ethylene sensitive�Ethylene producers should be separated

from ethylene sensitive fruit

�Use MAP technique

� Limited storage life� Less than 1 week at ambient� 2-3 weeks at low temperature� Not all responding well with CA

COLD CHAIN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

R&D StrategyR&D Strategy

�� Temperature risk assessmentTemperature risk assessment�� Extending storage lifeExtending storage life�� Establishment of cold chain Establishment of cold chain

facilitiesfacilities�� Implement cold chain handling Implement cold chain handling

systemsystem

Produce temperatures during handlingProduce temperatures during handling

Retailing

Warehouse

Transportation

Storage

Packinghouse

Harvestin

g

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Time after harvest, days

Tem

per

atu

re, o

CSurroundingtemperatures, oCProducetemperatures, oC

Reta

iling

Reta

iling

Reta

iling

Reta

iling

Warehouse

Warehouse

Warehouse

Warehouse

Transporta

tion

Transporta

tion

Transporta

tion

Transporta

tion

Sto

rage

Sto

rage

Sto

rage

Sto

rage

Packin

ghouse

Packin

ghouse

Packin

ghouse

Packin

ghouse

Harvestin

gH

arvestin

gH

arvestin

gH

arvestin

g

TEMPERATURE RISK ASSESSMENT

Washing, air ventilation Washing, air ventilation 2525--2828Packinghouse Packinghouse

operationoperation1 day1 day

Inefficient air ventilation Inefficient air ventilation 2525--3030Storage/delay Storage/delay 1 days1 days

Open lorry and hot day Open lorry and hot day 2828--3535Transportation Transportation

(land/air)(land/air)11--2 days2 days

Good ventilation Good ventilation 2525--2828Warehouse Warehouse

storagestorage11--2 days2 days

AirAir--condition in supermarket/hypercondition in supermarket/hyper--

market market 2020--2525RetailingRetailing11--3 days3 days

Respiration, heat evolution Respiration, heat evolution 3030--3333Temp. storageTemp. storage8 hrs8 hrs

Shaded packinghouseShaded packinghouse2828--3030PackinghousePackinghouse10 hrs10 hrs

Field heat and respiration activityField heat and respiration activity3333--3535Infield handlingInfield handling4 hrs4 hrs

Expose to sun light / high temperatureExpose to sun light / high temperature2828--3030HarvestingHarvesting2 hrs2 hrs

Temperature risksTemperature risksProduce Produce

temperatures (temperatures (ooCC))Handling stagesHandling stagesDurationDuration

(hrs or days)(hrs or days)

FruitsFruits Temp (Temp (°°C)C) RH (%)RH (%) PeriodPeriod

CarambolaCarambola 55 8585--9090 55--9 wks9 wks

PapayaPapaya 1010--1313 8585--9090 22--4 wks4 wks

CikuCiku 1313 8585--9090 11--3 wks3 wks

DurianDurian 1010 8585--9090 11--3 wks3 wks

GuavaGuava 55 8585--9090 33--7 wks7 wks

PummeloPummelo 77--99 8585--9090 12 wks12 wks

MangoMango 1515 8585--9090 22--3 wks3 wks

BananaBanana 1414 8585--9090 22--3 wks3 wks

RambutanRambutan 1010 9090--9595 11--2 wks2 wks

WatermelonWatermelon 1010 8585--9090 22--4 wks4 wks

Extending Storage Life withExtending Storage Life withLow Temperature Low Temperature ConditionCondition

LOW TEMPERATURE FACILITIES

Packhouse cold room

Pre-cooler

Warehouse cold room Cold truck

Refer sea-container

COLD CHAIN HANDLINGCOLD CHAIN HANDLING LOCATION HANDLING OPERATION CONDITION

Harvesting

In-field packaging

In-field transportation

Receiving at packinghouse

Temporary storage

Packinghouse operation

Transportation

Packaging

Wholesale market

Retail market

Storage/delay

Local Export

Sea-freight

FARM

PACK I NGHOUS

E

D I STR I BUT I ON

Warehouse

Air-freight

P R E C O O L I N G

COL D AREA OR ROOM

COL D VEHICLE

HANDLING COMPONENTS

Harvesting &Harvesting &Harvesting &Harvesting &

infield handlinginfield handlinginfield handlinginfield handling

Packinghouse Packinghouse Packinghouse Packinghouse

operationoperationoperationoperation

Grading & Grading & Grading & Grading &

standardization standardization standardization standardization

PackagingPackagingPackagingPackaging StorageStorageStorageStorage TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportation

PostharvestPostharvestPostharvestPostharvest

treatments treatments treatments treatments

Handling ChainHandling Chain

Harvesting & InHarvesting & In--field Handlingfield Handling

• To remove dirt, foreign matters & pesticide residues

• Wash with clean, 200 ppm chlorinated water

WashingWashing

P&D TreatmentP&D Treatment

� 2.5% benzoid acid � 1000 ppm thiabendazole

• Control disease contamination

• Dip stalk into solution:

Hot water treatmentHot water treatment

Pre-cooling

• To reduce temperature rapidly before storage

PackagingPackaging

• To pack produce according to market’s need

• Corrugated fibreboard box (CFB), 10 kg, 15 kg or 5 kg capacity

Packed Produce

Cold room

Refer container

Malaysia’s climate > 30oCWithout refrigeration 1 weekLow temperature 2-3 weeksLonger storage life carambola, guava,

pummeloDelay ripening banana, papaya, mangoProblem chilling injury at < 10oCOvercome storage at 10-15oC

StorageStorage

�� DomesticDomestic�� RegionalRegional�� Long distanceLong distance

TransportationTransportation

Air shipmentAir shipment

�� Travel less than 24 hrsTravel less than 24 hrs�� But more expensiveBut more expensive

Sea shipmentSea shipment

�� Use refrigerated Use refrigerated containercontainer

�� Longer shipping Longer shipping periodperiod

�� Cheaper costCheaper cost

STRENGTHENINGTECHNOLOGY

�� Fruits in sealed LDPE bagsFruits in sealed LDPE bags�� Optimum levels:Optimum levels:

�� OO22 22--5%5%�� COCO22 55--10%10%�� CC22HH44 <0.35 <0.35 ppmppm

�� Effective for bananas, Effective for bananas, carambolacarambola, guava, , guava, ppapaya apaya and pineappleand pineapple

MAP

Precise MAP

� To extend storage life and fresher fruit

� Approach:1. Modelling package designs

Derive mathematical equationsDecision Support System

)1()(t

Via e

WRCC

Γ−

−Γ

±=−

Γ±=−

WRCC ia )(

2. Aperture systemSmall holes/perforations incorporated in parallel with packageAssure optimum atmosphere in the package

• Optimum : 2-5% O2: 5-10% CO2• Banana, carambola, guava, sapota,

mango, papaya, pineapple• Limitation: expensive facility &

maintenance

CA Storage

�� To propose precise cold chain system To propose precise cold chain system for specific producefor specific produce

�� To predict optimum shelf life of To predict optimum shelf life of produce under a complete cold chain produce under a complete cold chain systemsystem

�� To estimate achievable shelf life if To estimate achievable shelf life if broken cold chain system occurredbroken cold chain system occurred

Modelling Cold Chain System

1.1. Develop mathematical models Develop mathematical models Rate of respirationRate of respirationRate of ethylene productionRate of ethylene productionRate of moisture lossRate of moisture loss

2. Develop predictive shelf life models under 2. Develop predictive shelf life models under static and dynamic handling conditionsstatic and dynamic handling conditions

3. Simulate predictive shelf life models 3. Simulate predictive shelf life models Under complete cold chain systemUnder complete cold chain systemUnder broken cold chain systemUnder broken cold chain system

R&D Approach

Preparation Storage Distribution

Precise Cold Chain System

Simulation Trials

6 6 –– 88

6 6 –– 886 6 –– 883 3 –– 44

6 6 –– 88

STORAGE LIFESTORAGE LIFEWeeks Weeks

Hong Kong, Middle East, Hong Kong, Middle East, EuropeEurope

Hong Kong, Middle East, Hong Kong, Middle East, EuropeEurope

Middle East, EuropeMiddle East, EuropeHong Kong, Middle EastHong Kong, Middle East

Hong Kong, Middle East, Hong Kong, Middle East, EuropeEurope

EXPORT DESTINATIONEXPORT DESTINATION

Mixed Mixed LoadsLoads

StarfruitStarfruitPineapplePineapplePapayaPapaya

BananaBanana

PRODUCEPRODUCE

Simulated Technology

COMMERCIAL ADOPTATION

Export Technology

UAE, NetherlandsUAE, NetherlandsHong Kong, BelgiumHong Kong, BelgiumSaudi Arabia, UK, GermanySaudi Arabia, UK, Germany

Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, UAEUAE

Hong Kong, Japan, UAE, Hong Kong, Japan, UAE, DenmarkDenmark

COUNTRYCOUNTRY

Mixed LoadsMixed LoadsStarfruitStarfruitPineapplePineapple

PapayaPapaya

BananaBananaPRODUCEPRODUCE

StarfruitStarfruit

PineapplePineapple

Export Trial to Netherlands

Quality ObservationQuality Observation

Quality

Maturity 2 Maturity 4

N36 Josapine

CONCLUSION

�� Precision cold chain system has been Precision cold chain system has been developed for banana, papaya, developed for banana, papaya, pineapple and pineapple and starfruitstarfruit

�� Commercial trials were conducted to Commercial trials were conducted to Hong Kong, Middle East and Europe to Hong Kong, Middle East and Europe to verify the systemverify the system

�� The system has contributed to the The system has contributed to the successful marketing of Malaysian successful marketing of Malaysian tropical fruits to distance marketstropical fruits to distance markets

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