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DASAR ILMU TAAH Materi 10: Klasifikasi Tanah Materi 10: Klasifikasi Tanah

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Page 1: DASAR ILMU TA AH - blog.ub.ac.idblog.ub.ac.id/masteg/files/2013/06/DIT-10-Klasifikasi-Tanah...Klasifikasi Tanah Usaha membeda-bedakan mengelompokkan tanah berdasarkan sifat-sifatnya

DASAR ILMU TA�AH

Materi 10: Klasifikasi TanahMateri 10: Klasifikasi Tanah

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KLASIFIKASI TANAHKLASIFIKASI TANAH

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� Klasifikasi Tanah

� Usaha membeda-bedakan �mengelompokkan tanah berdasarkan sifat-sifatnya

� Tujuan

� mengetahui sifat dan ciri tanah pada masing-� mengetahui sifat dan ciri tanah pada masing-masing kelompok tanah (kelas tanah) sehingga memudahkan pengguna tanah untuk mengelola tanah tersebut agar dapat berproduksi secara optimal

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Alami/taksonomi:berdasarkan

sifat2 alami tanah tanpa dihub. dgn

pengunaannya- Taksonomi Tanah (USDA)

Teknikal: berdasarkan tujuan

Klasifikasi

Teknikal: berdasarkan tujuan

khusus dgn memilih ciri2 ttt yg pgrhi

kemampuan dan penggunaannya

- -Klasifikasi Kemampuan Lahan USDA

- - Klasifikasi Kesesuaian Lahan FAO

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General Principles of Natural Classification Systems:

• The system should express general or universal relationships that exist in nature. One should be able to understand, remember, generalize, or predict from the information obtained.

• The scheme should be based on characteristics or attributes of things classified as related to their attributes of things classified as related to their genesis. It should place similar things together on the basis of their properties.

• It is technically impossible to use all properties of the items being classified. Existing knowledge must be used to determine which properties are most important

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Why Classify Soils?

• Organize knowledge to enable investigation and communication (structure/organization)

• Provide framework for establishing relationships among soils and their environment (scientific)

• Establish groupings for interpretations • Establish groupings for interpretations (utilitarian)

– Optimal use

– Hazard/limitation/remediation assessment

– Potential productivity

– Framework for technology transfer/information dissemination

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Tanah bermacam-macam

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Klasifikasi Tanah di IndonesiaKlasifikasi Tanah di Indonesia

��Sejak th 1988 hanya gunakan Sejak th 1988 hanya gunakan sistem Taksonomi Tanah. sistem Taksonomi Tanah.

��Sebelum 1988 ada 3Sebelum 1988 ada 3 : : -- Pusat Penelitian Tanah (PPT) Pusat Penelitian Tanah (PPT)

-- FAO/UNESCOFAO/UNESCO

-- Taksonomi TanahTaksonomi Tanah..

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Taksonomi Tanah (USDA)

� dikembangkan oleh Soil Survey Staff

(USDA), tahun 1975

� Terus direvisi � 2ed, 1999

� ada 6 kategori yaitu Order, Suborder, � ada 6 kategori yaitu Order, Suborder,

Great group, Subgroup, Family dan

Series.

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Categories in ST:Categories in ST:

�� OrderOrder –– key soil properties resulting from major soilkey soil properties resulting from major soil--forming processes (epipedons, subsurface horizons, forming processes (epipedons, subsurface horizons, materials, characteristics)materials, characteristics)

�� SuborderSuborder –– key soil properties that are major controls on key soil properties that are major controls on soilsoil--forming processes, e.g., soil climate (most orders); forming processes, e.g., soil climate (most orders); kinds of salts (Aridisols); kinds of soil parent materials kinds of salts (Aridisols); kinds of soil parent materials (Entisols); degree of decomposition (Histosols); presence (Entisols); degree of decomposition (Histosols); presence or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)

�� Great GroupGreat Group –– key soil properties that are additional key soil properties that are additional controls on soil genesis (diagnostic horizons)controls on soil genesis (diagnostic horizons)

�� SubgroupSubgroup –– central concept (Typic), intergrades, central concept (Typic), intergrades, extragradesextragrades

�� FamilyFamily –– properties important to plant growth (texture, properties important to plant growth (texture, mineralogy, soil temperature regime, etc.)mineralogy, soil temperature regime, etc.)

�� SeriesSeries –– soil morphologysoil morphology

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KategoriKategori NamaNama KategoriKategori NamaNama

PhylumPhylum PteridophytaPteridophyta OrderOrder AlfisolAlfisol

KelasKelas AngiospermaeAngiospermae SubSub--orderorder UdalfUdalf

SubSub--kelaskelas DicotyledoneaeDicotyledoneae GreatgroupGreatgroup HapludalfHapludalf

OrderOrder RosalesRosales SubSub--groupgroup AquicAquic HapludalfHapludalfOrderOrder RosalesRosales SubSub--groupgroup AquicAquic HapludalfHapludalf

FamilyFamily LeguminoseaeLeguminoseae FamilyFamily Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung halus, Campuran, Aktif, halus, Campuran, Aktif, Isohipertermik Isohipertermik

GenusGenus TrifoliumTrifolium SeriSeri LapeLape

SpeciesSpecies TT.. repensrepens ((Phase)Phase) BerbatuBerbatu

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Differentiating Characteristics in STDifferentiating Characteristics in ST::

��Diagnostic epipedons Diagnostic epipedons

��Diagnostic subsurface horizons Diagnostic subsurface horizons

��Other diagnostic soil characteristics Other diagnostic soil characteristics

��Soil moisture and temperature Soil moisture and temperature

regimes regimes

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1. Epipedon1. Epipedon

��horison penciri yg terbentuk di horison penciri yg terbentuk di

permukaan tanah. permukaan tanah.

��tidak sinonim dg horizon Atidak sinonim dg horizon A��tidak sinonim dg horizon Atidak sinonim dg horizon A

��dapat mencakup sebagian dapat mencakup sebagian

horizon B. horizon B.

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EPIPEDONEPIPEDON

�� Surface horizonsSurface horizons

�� Influenced strongly by Influenced strongly by

biochemical and biochemical and

geochemical processesgeochemical processes

�� Correspond with A, E, and Correspond with A, E, and �� Correspond with A, E, and Correspond with A, E, and

sometimes upper B horizonssometimes upper B horizons

�� Important in classifying soilsImportant in classifying soils

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EPIPEDONEPIPEDON

�� HistikHistik: : Bahan organik (BO) tinggi (>75%), tebal 20Bahan organik (BO) tinggi (>75%), tebal 20--40cm.40cm.

�� MollikMollik: : BO >1%, warna gelap dg value dan kroma <3 BO >1%, warna gelap dg value dan kroma <3 (lembab) dan value < 5 (kering), tebal >18cm, KB (lembab) dan value < 5 (kering), tebal >18cm, KB >50%.>50%.

�� MelanikMelanik: : mirip Mollik,mirip Mollik, tetapitetapi miliki sifat tanah andikmiliki sifat tanah andik

�� UmbrikUmbrik: : seperti molik seperti molik tetapitetapi KB <50%.KB <50%.

�� AnthropikAnthropik: : seperti molik, seperti molik, tetapitetapi mengandung >1500 ppm P2O5 mengandung >1500 ppm P2O5 �� AnthropikAnthropik: : seperti molik, seperti molik, tetapitetapi mengandung >1500 ppm P2O5 mengandung >1500 ppm P2O5 larut dalam 1% as sitrat. larut dalam 1% as sitrat.

�� OchrikOchrik: : warna terang (value dan kroma lembab >3), BO warna terang (value dan kroma lembab >3), BO <1% atau keras<1% atau keras--sangat keras dan masif.sangat keras dan masif.

�� PlaggenPlaggen: : horizon buatan, akibat penggunaan pupuk kandang yg horizon buatan, akibat penggunaan pupuk kandang yg terus menerus, tebal >50cm, berwarna hitam.terus menerus, tebal >50cm, berwarna hitam.

�� FolistikFolistik: : tanah atas BO, jenuh < 30 haritanah atas BO, jenuh < 30 hari

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Horison Penciri BawahHorison Penciri Bawah

�� AgrikAgrik: : horizon iluviasi yg terbentuk krn pengaruh horizon iluviasi yg terbentuk krn pengaruh pengolahan tanah shg terjadi akumulasi sejumlah pengolahan tanah shg terjadi akumulasi sejumlah debu, liat, dan debu, liat, dan humus.humus.

�� AlbikAlbik: : horison berwarna pucat (E) dg value lembab >5.horison berwarna pucat (E) dg value lembab >5.

�� ArgillikArgillik: : horison penimbunan liat; minimal mengandung horison penimbunan liat; minimal mengandung liat liat >1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di >1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di >1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di >1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di atasnya.Terdapat selaput liat.atasnya.Terdapat selaput liat.

�� KalsikKalsik: : horizon yg mengandung karbonat sekunder horizon yg mengandung karbonat sekunder (CaCO(CaCO33 atau MgCOatau MgCO33) tinggi, tebal >15cm.) tinggi, tebal >15cm.

�� PetrokalsikPetrokalsik:: horizon kalsik yang mengeras.horizon kalsik yang mengeras.

�� KambikKambik: : indikasi lemah adanya argillik atau spodik, tapi tidak indikasi lemah adanya argillik atau spodik, tapi tidak memenuhi syarat kedua horizon tersebut.memenuhi syarat kedua horizon tersebut.

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Horison Penciri Bawah (lanjutan)Horison Penciri Bawah (lanjutan)

�� GipsikGipsik : : banyak mengandung gipsum (CaSO4) sekunder.banyak mengandung gipsum (CaSO4) sekunder.

�� PetrogipsikPetrogipsik:: horizon gipsik yg mengeras.horizon gipsik yg mengeras.

�� NatrikNatrik : : horizon argillik yg banyak mengandung Nahorizon argillik yg banyak mengandung Na88

�� OksikOksik : : horizon bertekstur agak kasar, KTK <16 me/100g liat, horizon bertekstur agak kasar, KTK <16 me/100g liat, tebal >30cm.tebal >30cm.

�� SalikSalik: : banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut, banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut, �� SalikSalik: : banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut, banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut, tebal >15cm.tebal >15cm.

�� SombrikSombrik : : seperti umbrik, gelap, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al, seperti umbrik, gelap, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al, tidak terletak di bawah horizon albik.tidak terletak di bawah horizon albik.

�� SpodikSpodik : : horizon iluviasi seskuioksida bebas dan BO.horizon iluviasi seskuioksida bebas dan BO.

�� SulfurikSulfurik : : horizon yg mengandung sulfat, pH ,3.5, tdpt karatan horizon yg mengandung sulfat, pH ,3.5, tdpt karatan jarosit. jarosit.

�� PlasikPlasik: : padas tipis tersementasi senyawa. Fe, Mn dan BOpadas tipis tersementasi senyawa. Fe, Mn dan BO

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KategoriKategori NamaNama KategoriKategori NamaNama

PhylumPhylum PteridophytaPteridophyta OrderOrder AlfisolAlfisol

KelasKelas AngiospermaeAngiospermae SubSub--orderorder UdalfUdalf

SubSub--kelaskelas DicotyledoneaeDicotyledoneae GreatgroupGreatgroup HapludalfHapludalf

TAKSO�OMI TUMBUHA� vs TAKSO�OMI TA�AH

OrderOrder RosalesRosales SubSub--groupgroup AquicAquic HapludalfHapludalf

FamilyFamily LeguminoseaeLeguminoseae FamilyFamily Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung halus, Campuran, Aktif, halus, Campuran, Aktif, Isohipertermik Isohipertermik

GenusGenus TrifoliumTrifolium SeriSeri LapeLape

SpeciesSpecies TT.. repensrepens ((Phase)Phase) BerbatuBerbatu

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““Soil TaxonomySoil Taxonomy""

Degree of Weathering and B Horizon DevelopmentDegree of Weathering and B Horizon Development

LittleLittle SlightSlight ModerateModerate LargeLarge ExtremeExtreme

EntisolsEntisols AridisolsAridisols

InceptisolsInceptisols AlfisolsAlfisols

SpodosolsSpodosols UltisolsUltisols

MollisolsMollisols OxisolsOxisolsMollisolsMollisols OxisolsOxisols

Soils Defined by Special Constituent MaterialsSoils Defined by Special Constituent Materials

AndisolsAndisols Volcanic AshVolcanic Ash

HistosolsHistosols Peat, Organic MatterPeat, Organic Matter

VertisolsVertisols “Self“Self--Mixing” Clay SoilsMixing” Clay Soils

GelisolsGelisols Soils on PermafrostSoils on Permafrost

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ALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOLALFISOL

�� The central concept of Alfisols The central concept of Alfisols is that of soils that have an is that of soils that have an argillic, a kandic, or a natric argillic, a kandic, or a natric horizon and a base saturation horizon and a base saturation of 35% or greater. of 35% or greater.

�� They typically have an ochric They typically have an ochric �� They typically have an ochric They typically have an ochric epipedon, but may have an epipedon, but may have an umbric epipedon. They may umbric epipedon. They may also have a petrocalcic horizon, also have a petrocalcic horizon, a fragipan or a duripan. a fragipan or a duripan.

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ANDISOLSANDISOLS

�� The central concept of The central concept of Andisols is that of soils Andisols is that of soils dominated by shortdominated by short--rangerange--order minerals. order minerals.

�� They include weakly They include weakly weathered soils with much weathered soils with much weathered soils with much weathered soils with much volcanic glass as well as more volcanic glass as well as more strongly weathered soils. strongly weathered soils.

�� Hence the content of volcanic Hence the content of volcanic glass is one of the glass is one of the characteristics used in defining characteristics used in defining andic soil properties andic soil properties

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ARIDISOLAridisols is that of soils that are too dry for mesophytic plants to grow. They have either:(1) an aridic moisture regime and an ochric or anthropic epipedon and one or more of the following with an upper boundry within 100 cm of the boundry within 100 cm of the soil surface: a calcic, cambic, gypsic, natric, petrocalcic petrogypsic, or a salic horizon or a duripan or an argillic horizon, or(2)A salic horizon and saturation with water within 100 cm of the soil surface for one month or more in normal years.

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ENTISOLSENTISOLS

�� The central concept of The central concept of

Entisols is that of soils that Entisols is that of soils that

have little or no evidence of have little or no evidence of

development of pedogenic development of pedogenic

horizons. horizons. horizons. horizons.

�� Many Entisols have an ochric Many Entisols have an ochric

epipedon and a few have an epipedon and a few have an

anthropic epipedon. Many anthropic epipedon. Many

are sandy or very shallow. are sandy or very shallow.

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GELISOLSGELISOLS

�� The central concept of Gelisols is The central concept of Gelisols is

that of soils that have permafrost that of soils that have permafrost

within 100 cm of the soil surface within 100 cm of the soil surface

and/or have gelic materials within and/or have gelic materials within

100 cm of the soil surface and have 100 cm of the soil surface and have

permafrost within 200 cm. permafrost within 200 cm. permafrost within 200 cm. permafrost within 200 cm.

�� Gelic materials are mineral or Gelic materials are mineral or

organic soil materials that have organic soil materials that have

evidence of cryoturbation (frost evidence of cryoturbation (frost

churning) and/or ice segeration in churning) and/or ice segeration in

the active layer (seasonal thaw the active layer (seasonal thaw

layer) and/or the upper part of the layer) and/or the upper part of the

permafrost. permafrost.

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HISTOSOLSHISTOSOLS

�� The central concept of Histosols The central concept of Histosols

is that of soils that are dominantly is that of soils that are dominantly

organic. They are mostly soils organic. They are mostly soils

that are commonly called bogs, that are commonly called bogs,

moors, or peats and mucks. moors, or peats and mucks. moors, or peats and mucks. moors, or peats and mucks.

�� A soil is classified as Histosols if A soil is classified as Histosols if

it does not have permafrost and it does not have permafrost and

is dominated by organic soil is dominated by organic soil

materials. materials.

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INCEPTISOLS INCEPTISOLS

�� The central concept of The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils of Inceptisols is that of soils of humid and subhumid regions humid and subhumid regions that have altered horizons that that have altered horizons that have lost bases or iron and have lost bases or iron and aluminum but retain some aluminum but retain some weatherable minerals. They do weatherable minerals. They do not have an illuvial horizon not have an illuvial horizon not have an illuvial horizon not have an illuvial horizon enriched with either silicate clay enriched with either silicate clay or with an amorphous mixture or with an amorphous mixture of aluminum and organic of aluminum and organic carbon. carbon.

�� The Inceptisols may have many The Inceptisols may have many kinds of diagnostic horizons, but kinds of diagnostic horizons, but argillic, natric kandic, spodic argillic, natric kandic, spodic and oxic horizons are excluded. and oxic horizons are excluded.

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MOLLISOLSMOLLISOLS

�� The central concept of Mollisols is The central concept of Mollisols is that of soils that have a dark that of soils that have a dark colored surface horizon and are colored surface horizon and are base rich. Nearly all have a mollic base rich. Nearly all have a mollic epipedon. epipedon.

�� Many also have an argillic or Many also have an argillic or natric horizon or a calcic horizon. natric horizon or a calcic horizon. A few have an albic horizon. A few have an albic horizon. Some also have a duripan or a Some also have a duripan or a petrocalic horizonpetrocalic horizon. .

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OXISOLS OXISOLS �� The central concept of Oxisols is The central concept of Oxisols is

that of soils of the tropical and that of soils of the tropical and subtropical regions. They have subtropical regions. They have gentle slopes on surfaces of gentle slopes on surfaces of great age. They are mixtures of great age. They are mixtures of quartz, kaolin, free oxides, and quartz, kaolin, free oxides, and organic matter. organic matter. organic matter. organic matter.

�� For the most part they are nearly For the most part they are nearly featureless soils without clearly featureless soils without clearly marked horizons. Differences in marked horizons. Differences in properties with depth are so properties with depth are so gradual that horizon boundaries gradual that horizon boundaries are generally arbitrary. are generally arbitrary.

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SPODOSOLS SPODOSOLS

�� The central concept of Spodosols The central concept of Spodosols is that of soils in which amorphous is that of soils in which amorphous mixtures of organic matter and mixtures of organic matter and aluminum, with or without iron, aluminum, with or without iron, have accumulated. In undisrurbed have accumulated. In undisrurbed soils there is normally an overlying soils there is normally an overlying eluvial horizon, generally gray to eluvial horizon, generally gray to eluvial horizon, generally gray to eluvial horizon, generally gray to light gray in color, that has the color light gray in color, that has the color of more or less uncoated quartz. of more or less uncoated quartz.

�� Most Spodosols have little silicate Most Spodosols have little silicate clay. The particleclay. The particle--size class is size class is mostly sandy, sandymostly sandy, sandy--skeletal, skeletal, coarsecoarse--loamy, loamy, loamyloamy, loamy, loamy--skeletal, or coarseskeletal, or coarse--silty. silty.

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ULTISOLSULTISOLS

�� The central concept of Ultisols is The central concept of Ultisols is

that of soils that have a horizon that of soils that have a horizon

that contains an appreciable that contains an appreciable

amount of translocated silicate amount of translocated silicate

clay (an argillic or kandic clay (an argillic or kandic clay (an argillic or kandic clay (an argillic or kandic

horizon) and few bases (base horizon) and few bases (base

saturation less than 35 percent).saturation less than 35 percent).

�� Base saturation in most Ultisols Base saturation in most Ultisols

decreases with depth. decreases with depth.

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VERTISOLS VERTISOLS

�� The central concept of The central concept of Vertisols is that of soils that Vertisols is that of soils that have a high content of have a high content of expending clay and that have expending clay and that have at some time of the year deep at some time of the year deep at some time of the year deep at some time of the year deep wide cracks. wide cracks.

�� They shrink when drying and They shrink when drying and swell when they become swell when they become wetter. wetter.