viii

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ....................................................................................... i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ........................................................................ ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN.............................................................................. iii

RIWAYAT HIDUP ....................................................................................... iv

KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... v

DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................... xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................. xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................ xv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ............................................................................ xvi

ABSTRAK ................................................................................................ xviii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ xix

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ........................................................................ 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................................................................. 5

1.3 Orisinalitas Penelitian ............................................................. 5

1.4 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................... 6

1.4.1. Tujuan Umum ............................................................... 6

1.4.2. Tujuan Khusus .............................................................. 6

1.5 Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................. 7

1.5.1 Manfaat Akademis ........................................................ 7

1.5.2 Manfaat praktis ............................................................. 7

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................ 8

2.1. Profil Lipid ............................................................................. 8

2.1.1. Trigliserida .................................................................... 9

ix

2.1.2. Kolesterol ...................................................................... 9

2.1.3. Lipoprotein .................................................................. 11

2.1.4. Kilomikron .................................................................. 12

2.1.5. Dislipidemia ................................................................ 14

2.1.6. Hiperlipidemia ............................................................ 18

2.2. Jumlah Sel Busa ................................................................... 20

2.2.1. Sel Busa....................................................................... 20

2.2.2. Aorta............................................................................ 21

2.2.3. Peran Endotel .............................................................. 21

2.3. Arterosklerosis ...................................................................... 23

2.3.1. Patogenesis Dan Tipe Lesi Aterosklerotik .................. 28

2.4. Bawang Putih ........................................................................ 31

2.4.1. Morfologi Dan Ekologi ............................................... 31

2.4.2. Senyawa Kimia dalam Bawang Putih ......................... 33

2.4.3. Bioavailabilitas dan metabolisme dari senyawa

organosulfur................................................................... 45

2.4.4. Anti-Kolesterol dan Anti-Atherosklerosis .................. 48

2.4.5. Kontraindikasi, Efek Samping Dan Toksisitas ........... 53

2.5. Buah Naga Merah ................................................................. 53

2.5.1. Khasiat Buah Naga Merah .......................................... 57

2.5.2. Antioksidan yang terkait dalam Buah Naga ............... 59

2.6. Pengaruh Bawang Putih Dan Buah Naga Merah terhadap profil

lipid dan Jumlah Sel Busa .................................................... 67

x

2.6.1. Bawang putih .............................................................. 67

2.6.2. Buah Naga Merah ....................................................... 69

2.7. Pengaruh Bawang Putih Terhadap Profil Lipid Dan Jumlah Sel

Busa ...................................................................................... 71

2.8. Hubungan Buah Naga Merah Dengan Profil Lipid Dan Jumlah Sel

Busa ...................................................................................... 74

2.9. Faktor Mempengaruhi Profil Lipid Dan Jumlah Sel Busa ... 76

2.9.1. Faktor Risiko Eksternal ............................................... 76

2.9.2. Faktor Risiko Internal ................................................. 77

BAB III KERANGKA TEORI, KERANGKA KONSEP, HIPOTESIS ... 79

3.1 Kerangka Teori ..................................................................... 80

3.2 Kerangka Konsep ................................................................. 81

3.3 Hipotesis ............................................................................... 81

BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN ............................................................ 82

4.1. Rancangan Penelitian ........................................................... 82

4.2. Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian ............................................ 83

4.2.1 Populasi ....................................................................... 83

4.2.2 Sampel ......................................................................... 84

4.2.3 Teknik Sampling ......................................................... 84

4.3. Variabel dan definisi operasional ......................................... 85

4.4. Bahan / Materi Penelitian ..................................................... 87

4.5. Alat Penelitian ...................................................................... 87

4.6. Cara Penelitian dan Alur Kerja ............................................. 88

4.6.1. Cara Pembuatan Ekstrak Bawang Putih ...................... 88

xi

4.6.2. Cara Pembuatan Ekstrak Buah Naga Merah ............... 89

4.6.3. Dosis Simvastatin ........................................................ 90

4.6.4. Cara Pemberian Makan Tikus Dengan Diit Tinggi

Kolesterol ...................................................................... 90

4.6.5. Instruksi kerja penggunaan mikrotom ......................... 90

4.6.6. Pembuatan Preparat Histologi ..................................... 91

4.6.7. Bahan Procesing Jaringan ........................................... 92

4.6.8. Alur Kerja/Jalannya Penelitian ................................... 93

4.7. Teknik Pengumpulan ........................................................... 95

4.8. Analisis Data ........................................................................ 96

4.9. Jadwal Pelaksanaan Penelitian ............................................. 97

BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................. 98

5.1 Hasil Penelitian ..................................................................... 98

5.1.1. Profil Lipid .................................................................. 98

5.1.2. Sel Busa..................................................................... 108

5.2 Pembahasan ........................................................................ 110

5.2.1. Uji perbandingan sebelum dislipidemia dengan setelah

dislipidemia ................................................................. 111

5.2.2. Profil lipid dislipidemia (posttest 1) dan setelah

perlakuan (posttest 2) .................................................. 112

5.2.3. Deskripsi perubahan profil lipid ............................... 112

5.2.4. Kebermaknaan perbedaan efektifitas perlakuan

(perubahan profil lipid) antar dua kelompok ............... 113

5.2.5. Jumlah Sel Busa ........................................................ 115

xii

5.2.6. Kebermaknaan perbedaan jumlah sel busa antar dua

kelompok ..................................................................... 118

BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................... 119

6.1. Kesimpulan ......................................................................... 119

6.2. Saran ................................................................................... 119

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................ 121

xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. 1 Orisinalitas penelitian ........................................................................... 5

Tabel 2. 1 Pedoman Klinis Untuk Menghubungkan Profil Lipid Dengan

Terjadinya Penyakit Kardiovaskuler ................................................... 16

Tabel 2. 2 komposisi gizi per 100 gram daging buah naga .................................. 56

Tabel 2. 3 aktivitas antoksidan (ORAC) dan total fenol buah-buahan tropis ...... 57

Tabel 5. 1 Profil lipid Pre-test .............................................................................. 98

Tabel 5. 2 Profil lipid tikus dislipidemi (Post-test 1) ........................................... 99

Tabel 5. 3 Profil lipid (pretest) dan setelah dislipidemia (posttest 1) ................. 100

Tabel 5. 4 Profil lipid (Post-test 2) ..................................................................... 101

Tabel 5. 5 Profil lipid dislipidemia (posttest 1) dan setelah perlakuan (posttest

2)........................................................................................................ 101

Tabel 5. 6 Deskripsi perubahan profil lipid ........................................................ 105

Tabel 5. 7 Grafik perubahan profil lipid antara postest 1 dan posttest 2 ............ 106

Tabel 5. 8 Kebermaknaan perbedaan profil lipid antar dua kelompok .............. 106

Tabel 5. 9 Grafik perubahan profil lipid............................................................. 107

Tabel 5. 10 Deskripsi jumlah sel busa ................................................................. 108

Tabel 5. 11 Kebermaknaan perbedaan jumlah sel busa antar dua kelompok

dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji mann whitney. ......................... 110

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2. 1 Sintesis Kolesterol dalam Tubuh Manusia ........................................ 11

Gambar 2. 2 Patogenenis Arterosklerosis .............................................................. 27

Gambar 2. 3 Bawang Putih .................................................................................... 31

Gambar 2. 4 Pembentukan senyawa γ-glutamil-Salk(en)il-L-sistein dan allin ...... 35

Gambar 2. 5 Jalur pemecahan γ-glutamil-Salk(en)il-L-sistein ............................... 35

Gambar 2. 6 Reaksi pembentukan allicin .............................................................. 36

Gambar 2. 7 Pemecahan Allisin ............................................................................. 38

Gambar 2. 8 Inhibisi negatif pada cholesterolgenic pathway 36

............................ 51

Gambar 2. 9 Buah Naga Merah.............................................................................. 54

Gambar 4. 1 Bagan rancangan penelitian .............................................................. 82

Gambar 4. 2 Alur Kerja/Jalannya Penelitian.......................................................... 93

Gambar 5. 1 Grafik perubahan kadar kolesterol total pada berbagai waktu

pengamatan ..................................................................................... 102

Gambar 5. 2 Grafik perubahan kadar trigliserida pada berbagai waktu

pengamatan ..................................................................................... 103

Gambar 5. 3 Grafik perubahan kadar HDL pada berbagai waktu pengamatan ... 104

Gambar 5. 4 Grafik perubahan kadar LDL pada berbagai waktu pengamatan .... 104

Gambar 5. 5 Jumlah Sel busa ............................................................................... 109

xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1 Ethical Clirance

Lampiran 2 Surat Permohonan Ijin Penelitian Kepala Lab Pangan dan Gizi

PAU UGM

Lampiran 3 Surat Balasan dari Pusat Studi Pangaan dan Gizi UGM

Lampiran 4 Surat Permohonan Ijin Penelitian Laboratorium PA FK Unissula

Lampiran 5 Hasil Pembacaan Sel Busa dari Laboratorium PA FK Unissula

Lampiran 6 Dokumentasi Penelitian

Lampiran 7 Hasil Analisis Statistik

xvi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

AGE : aged garlic extract

AMS : Allyl Methyl Sulfoxide

CAD : Coronary Artery Disease

CETP : Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein

Crp : C-Reaktif Protein

DADS : diallyl disulfide

DAS : diallyl sulfides

DATS : diallil trisulfida

EDCF : Endothelium-Drived Constiction Factor

EDHF : Endhothelium-Drived Hyperpolarizing Factor

eNOS : Endothelid NO Sintase

FPP : Farnesilpirofosfat Transferase

GF : Growth Factor

HDL : High Density Lipoprotein

HMG-KoA : hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA

hsCRP : High Sensitivily C-Reactive Protein

ICAM-1 : Intercelulare Adhesion Molecule-1

IDL : Intermediate Density Lipoprotein

IL : Interleukins

IPP : Isopentil Pirofosfat

LCAT : Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase

LDL : Low Density Lipoprotein

LPL : Lipoprotein Lipase

LCAT : Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase

Lp-PLA2 : Lipoproteinassociated Phospholipase A2

xvii

NK : Natural Killer

NO : Nitrit Oxide

ox-LDL : Oksidised LDL

(PECAM)-1 : Platelet-Endhotelial-Cell Adhesion Molecule

PJK : penyakit jantung koroner

PKV : Penyakit kardiovaskuler

SAC : S-allyl-L –Sistein

SAMC : S-allilmerkapsistein

SEC : S-etil- sistein

SIPC : S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine

SMC : Smetil –sistein

SPC : S-propilsistein

TAG : Triasilgliserol

TNF : Tumor Necrosis Factor

VCAM-1 : Vascular-Cell Adhesion Molecule -1

VLDL : Very Low Density Lipoprotein