vi

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii

PRAKATA ............................................................................................................. iv

DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... vi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ....................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................ xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ xiii

INTISARI ............................................................................................................. xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................................ 1

1.1. Latar Belakang .................................................................................. 1

1.2. Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................ 3

1.3. Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................. 3

1.3.1. Tujuan Umum ....................................................................... 3

1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus ...................................................................... 3

1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................ 4

1.4.1. Manfaat Teoritis ................................................................... 4

1.4.2. Manfaat Praktis ..................................................................... 4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .............................................................................. 5

2.1. Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) ......................................................... 5

2.1.1. Definisi SOD ........................................................................ 5

2.1.2. Jenis SOD ............................................................................. 5

2.1.3. Mekanisme Kerja SOD ......................................................... 6

2.1.4. Faktor yang Memengaruhi SOD ........................................... 7

2.2. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) .................................................................... 9

2.2.1. Definisi DM .......................................................................... 9

2.2.2. Klasifikasi DM ..................................................................... 9

2.2.3. Patofisiologi DM2 .............................................................. 10

2.2.4. Diagnosis DM ..................................................................... 11

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2.2.5. DM dan Stres Oksidatif ...................................................... 13

2.3. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) ...................................................... 16

2.3.1. Taksonomi Okra ................................................................. 16

2.3.2. Morfologi Okra ................................................................... 17

2.3.3. Kandungan Okra ................................................................. 18

2.4. Metformin ....................................................................................... 21

2.5. Streptozotocin dan Nicotinamide Menginduksi DM ...................... 21

2.5.1. Streptozotocin (STZ) .......................................................... 21

2.5.2. Nicotinamide (NA) ............................................................. 23

2.6. Hubungan Okra Terhadap Kadar SOD ........................................... 23

2.7. Kerangka Teori ............................................................................... 25

2.8. Kerangka Konsep ........................................................................... 26

2.9. Hipotesis ......................................................................................... 26

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN......................................................................... 27

3.1. Jenis Penelitian dan Rancangan Penelitian ..................................... 27

3.2. Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Opersional .................................. 28

3.2.1. Variabel Penelitian.............................................................. 28

3.2.2. Definisi Opersional ............................................................. 28

3.3. Subjek Uji ....................................................................................... 29

3.4. Instrumen dan Bahan ...................................................................... 30

3.4.1. Instrumen .............................................................................. 30

3.4.2. Bahan .................................................................................. 30

3.5. Cara Penelitian ................................................................................ 31

3.5.1. Cara Pembuatan Air Rendaman Okra................................. 31

3.5.2. Dosis Penelitian .................................................................. 31

3.5.3. Cara Induksi Intraperitoneal ............................................... 32

3.5.4. Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................. 33

3.5.5. Pemberian Perlakuan .......................................................... 33

3.5.6. Cara Pengambilan Darah .................................................... 35

3.5.7. Cara Pemeriksaan SOD ...................................................... 35

3.6. Alur Penelitian ................................................................................ 37

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3.7. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................ 38

3.7.1. Tempat Penelitian ............................................................... 38

3.7.2. Waktu Penelitian ................................................................. 38

3.8. Analisa Hasil .................................................................................. 38

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ....................................... 39

4.1. Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................... 39

4.2. Pembahasan .................................................................................... 42

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................. 46

5.1. Kesimpulan ..................................................................................... 46

5.2. Saran ............................................................................................... 46

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 48

LAMPIRAN.... ....................................................................................................... 53

ix

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

AGEs : Advanced Glycation End Products

AMP : Adenosin Monophospat

AMPK : Adenosin Monophospate Protein Kinase

ARB : Askorbat Radikal Bebas

ATP : Adenosin Triphospat

CAT : Catalase

CuZnSOD : Super Oxide Dismutase Tembaga-Zinc

DM : Diabetes Mellitus

DM1 : Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 1

DM2 : Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2

FeSOD : Super Oxide Dismutase Besi

GDS : Glukosa Darah Sewaktu

GDPT : Glukosa Darah Puasa Terganggu

GLUT : Glucose Transporter

GPx : Glutatione Peroksidase

GRed : Glutation Reduktase

GSH : Glutation

GSSG : Glutation Disulfide

MnSOD : Super Oxide Dismutase Mangan

MDA : Malondialdehid

NA : Nicotinamide

NAD : Nicotinamid Adenin Dinukleotida

NADPH : Nicotinamid Adenin Dinukleotida Fosfat

NGSP : National Glycohaemoglobin Standarization Program

x

NiSOD : Super Oxide Dismutase Nikel

OHO : Obat Hipoglikemik Oral

PARP : Polymerase

PSPG : Pusat Studi Pangan dan Gizi

ROS : Reactive Oxydative Species

SREBP-1 : Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1

SOD : Super Oxide Dismutase

STZ : Streptozotocin

TGT : Toleransi Glukosa Terganggu

TTGO : Tes Toleransi Glukosa Oral

WST : Water Soluble Tetrazolium

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Kriteria diagnosis DM .................................................................... 12

Tabel 2.2. Kadar tes laboratorium darah untuk diagnosis diabetes dan

prediabetes ...................................................................................... 12

Tabel 2.3. Kadar glukosa darah sewaktu dan puasa sebagai patokan penyaring

dan diagnosis DM (mg/dl) .............................................................. 13

Tabel 2.4. Kandungan fiber okra ..................................................................... 18

Tabel 2.5. Kandungan kimia okra ................................................................... 19

Tabel 4.1. Rerata kadar GDS post induksi STZ-NA antar kelompok ............ .39

Tabel 4.2. Hasil uji normalitas, homogenitas dan one way ANOVA kadar

GDS post induksi STZ-NA ............................................................ 40

Tabel 4.3. Hasil uji normalitas, homogenitas dan one way ANOVA kadar

SOD ................................................................................................ 41

Tabel 4.4. Hasil uji Post Hoc LSD kadar SOD ............................................... 41

xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. (A) NiSOD, (B) CuZnSOD, (C) FeSOD, (D) MnSOD .................... 6

Gambar 2.2. Mekanisme kerja SOD ..................................................................... 7

Gambar 2.3. (a) Okra pada ladang, (b) Buah dan bunga okra, (c) Buah okra, (d)

Potongan melintang, (e) Biji okra .................................................. 17

Gambar 2.4. Struktur kimia flavonoid ................................................................. 20

Gambar 2.5. Struktur kimia metformin ............................................................... 21

Gambar 2.6. Struktur kimia streptozotocin ......................................................... 22

Gambar 2.7. Struktur kimia nicotinamide N- Oxide ........................................... 23

Gambar 2.8. Kerangka teori penelitan ................................................................. 25

Gambar 2.9. Kerangka konsep penelitian ........................................................... 26

Gambar 3.1. Skema rancangan penelitian ........................................................... 27

Gambar 3.2. Alur penelitian ................................................................................ 37

Gambar 4.1. Rerata kadar SOD antar kelompok ................................................. 40

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1 Deskripsi data pengukuran kadar GDS post induksi STZ-NA antar

kelompok

Lampiran 2 Hasil analisis normalitas distribusi data dan homogenitas varian

data rerata kadar GDS post induksi STZ-NA dengan uji Shapiro

Wilk dan Levene Test

Lampiran 3 Hasil analisis deskriptif dan signifikansi perbedaan rerata kadar

GDS post induksi STZ-NA dengan uji one way ANOVA

Lampiran 4 Hasil analisis normalitas distribusi data dan homogenitas varian

data rerata kadar SOD dengan uji Shapiro Wilk dan Levene Test

Lampiran 5 Hasil analisis deskriptif dan signifikansi perbedaan rerata kadar

SOD dengan uji one way ANOVA dan Post Hoc LSD

Lampiran 6 Ethical clearance

Lampiran 7 Surat penelitian

Lampiran 8 Dokumentasi penelitian