cuba affirmative update - emory 2013

8/10/2019 Cuba Affirmative Update - Emory 2013

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AFF


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1ac Card


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Article to Read

UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA - 2010BY LIEUTENANT COLONEL SERGIO M. DICKERSON United States A!"#tt$%&&'''.dti(.!i)&dti(&t&*+))te,t&+2&a10/.$d*
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdfhttp://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf


4/97

1ac Solvency Card A2 PICS

Only full removal of sanctions solves the current policy is causing antiamericanism! terrorism! and ris"s a crisis partial or conditioned removal is #orse

than the status $uo%

&orrell '( )ieutenant Colonel! *%S% Army +ar CollegeLie+tenant C)ne) Ti! Ge))C+3a% T#e Ne,t Unanti(i$ated Anti(i$ated State4i( Cisis5 State4" Resea(# 67e(t 1 Ma(# 200U.S. A!" Wa C))e4e #tt$%&&'''.dti(.!i)&(4i-3in&GetTRD(5AD8ADA9//0:9;

RETAIN SANCTIONS AGAINST CUBA BUT ENARYING DEGREESDE6ENDING ON T=E 6OLITICAL CLIMATE AND T=E CUBAN REGIME?S CONDUCT INREGARD TO AMERICAN INTERESTST#+4#+t t#e $ast 1 "eas t#e U.S. #as e,$ei!ented 'it# a @aia3)e en*(e!ent $tin. D+in4 t#e

C)intn ad!inistatin esti(tins 'ee ((asina))" eased.


5/97

)itt)e t *a(i)itate t#e *a)) * Cast. T#e C+3an $e$)e en7" 3ie* $eids * )i!ited 3ene*its n)" t #a@et#ese 3ene*its 'it#da'n s#+)d t#e 6esident !e!3es * Cn4ess 'is# t taFe ant#e 7a3 at Cast.A!ei(an (i@i)ian 3+sinesses ae a)s ne4ati@e)" a**e(ted.

)IF, A)) SA-C,IO-S A-. P*RS*/ -OR0A) .IP)O0A,IC R/)A,IO-S +I, C*A

N!a)(" is t#e n)" $)i(" t#at t#e U.S. #as nt atte!$ted. T#e $esent $)i(" !isses t#e se(+it"i!$)i(atins a)ienates a))ies and t#es ')d'ide #a!s U.S. 3+sinesses and is )sin4 s+$$td!esti(a))".


6/97

CO-C)*SIO- A-. R/CO00/-.A,IO-

U.S. $)i(" !aFes need t (n*nt t#e ea) C+3a * tda" in de t 3+i)d a *ee C+3a * t!'t#at is (a$a3)e * taFin4 its $)a(e in t#e ')d (!!+nit" as a es$nsi3)e de!(ati( natin. Gi@en t#e#ist" * t#e $ast 100 "eas and $ati(+)a)" + Cast (enti( $)i(" t#e U.S. needs t !aFe a 3)d(#an4e t'ad C+3a. T#e U.S. #as $+s+ed a #ad-)ine a$$a(# t'ad t#e Cast e4i!e * @e 90"eas. W#i)e t#is $)i(" 'as easi)" 7+sti*ied d+in4 t#e C)d Wa ea and t a (etain de4ee d+in4 t#e10s it *ai)s t addess t#e $esent U.S. natina) se(+it" (n(ens. T#e 4)3a)iHatin tends * t#e 21st(ent+" ae ie@esi3)e


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Advantages


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uman Rights


9/97

Sanctions Fail

Sanction inherently fail

Spadoni 2'1' 6a) S$adni 2010 assistant $*ess in t#e De$at!ent * 6)iti(a) S(ien(e atA+4+sta State


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Relations 4 Soft Po#er


11/97

Relations ad -o#

Cu3a*%S% relations 3ad opposing *%S% vie#s on Sno#denReuters 546416 C+3a Den+n(es US 6ess+e O@e Sn'denQs


12/97

/m3argo 7ey

,he /m3argo on Cu3a "ills *S credi3ility sym3ol of *S dominance

Safran 128rian!0aster of Science in &lo3al Affairs at -9*! Private Sector: International usiness! /conomics! and.evelopment! ;/nd the Cu3an /m3argo!; '

T#e (ntin+an(e * t#e e!3a4 #as in(ited 'ides$ead intenatina) (nde!natin * t#e Untied States.T#e United Natins Genea) Asse!3)" #as (nsistent)" den+n(ed t#e i!$sitin * t#e e!3a4 a)!st+nani!+s)" n t#e 3asis * its i))e4iti!a(" and @i)atin * intenatina))" a((e$ted #+!anitaianstandads. =eea 200/ 0 T#e United States #as a)s e(ent)" #ad t e)in+is# its seats n t#e #+!ani4#ts (!!issins 3t# in t#e United Natins and in t#e O4aniHatin * A!ei(an States '#i(# !an"ana)"sts 3e)ie@e t 3e a *! * eti3+tin ai!ed at t#e United States in es$nse t its (ntin+atin *t#e C+3an e!3a4 in t#e !idst * its +n*at#!a3)e and de$)a3)e e**e(ts n t#e C+3an $$+)a(e.Wein!ann 2009 /0 Man" )eades in t#e intenatina) (!!+nit" #a@e e,$essed t#ei distain * t#eU.S. e!3a4 t#+4# intenatina) 4aniHatins 3ased n t#e *a(t t#at t#e United States atte!$ts ti!$se t#e san(tins it $)a(es n C+3a @ia e,tateitia)it" a4ainst t#e intenatina) (!!+nit"t#+s ()ea)" @i)atin4 intenatina))"-a((e$ted standads * natina) s@eei4nt" and intenatina) )a'

=eea 200/ 1. G)3a) $+3)i( $inin $e(ei@es t#e United States as en4a4in4 in stn4 e(n!i(and $)iti(a) ta(ti(s s+(# as t#e C+3an e!3a4 in an e**t t *+t#e its 'n ')d d!inatin. T#issenti!ent se@es t di@et attentin *! t#e e@i)s * C+3an (!!+nis! and instead *(+s intenatina)$ess+e n t#e United States se@in4 t ende t#e e,istin4 e!3a4 )ess e**e(ti@e. S!e sa" t#at t#eUnited States '+)d stand t )se its (edi3i)it" i* it 'ee t $+t an end t t#e e!3a4 'it#+t its #a@in4a((!$)is#ed its 4a)s in tta)it". ='e@e t#e anti-U.S. senti!ent n a 4)3a) s(a)e dei@ed *! its(ntin+atin is * !+(# 4eate deti!ent t U.S. inteests t#an t#e s#t-te! )ss in (edi3i)it" it !a"e,$eien(e 3" e4aniHin4 its $)i(". A)t#+4# in a $i #isti(a) ea t#e C+3an e!3a4 and itsintended 4a)s !i4#t #a@e 3een seen 3" t#e intenatina) (!!+nit" as 7+sti*ia3)e t#e U.S. inte@entinin C+3a #as n' (!e t s"!3)iHe t#e d!ineein4 and int)eant !et#d)4" t#at it *stes in !an"* its intenatina) en4a4e!ents.PIn additin U.S. $+3)i( $inin a$$eas t 3e s#i*tin4 in *a@ *e)i!inatin4 t#e e!3a4. B" @it+e * its 4e4a$#" in*)+en(e in natina) e)e(tins nea e@en s$)it in

te!s * ide)4i(a) (!$sitin and $e$ndean(e * C+3an-A!ei(ans )i@in4 'it#in its 3des U.S.-C+3an $)i(" is *ten $(+ed 3" (nsidein4 t#e @ie's * t#e n' anti-e!3a4


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Other countries unhappy #ith *%S% foreign policy contradictory claims7aron 1 Tn" U.N. De*eat Was a Messa4e *! Was#in4tnQs A))ies Ti!e W)d Ma" 9 2001#tt$%&&'''.ti!e.(!&ti!e&')d&ati()e&010:/000.#t!) &&CB

T#e (nsens+s a!n4 U.N. di$)!ats is t#at t#e U.S. a$$eaed t #a@e taFen its ee)e(tin * 4anted and *ai)ed t )33" * s+$$t t se(+e

ne * t#e t#ee seats n t#e (!!issin a))(ated t Westen natins it 'as +)ti!ate)" s#+t +t 3"


14/97

/m3argo ? AntiAmericanism

,he em3argo has 3ac"fired It deflects 3lame a#ay from the regime and unites

Cu3ans against the *S

Seaman 2'1' Da@id Sea!an Resea(# Assistant and Le(t+e at t#e Uni@esit" * Osna3(F De$at!ent * s(ia) s(ien(es U.S. De!(a(" 6!tin- T#e Case * C+3a - 2010

B" *a t#e 4eatest s+(e * )e4iti!a(" * t#e C+3an G@en!ent isP dei@ed *! t#e e!3a4 and#ad-)ine U.S. $)i(" itse)* =**!ann&P W#ite#ead 200 S'ei4 200: =a'Fins 2001. T#e U.S. $)i("

**es aP s+(e * )e4iti!a(" t t#e C+3an e4i!e in t' 'a"s. Firstly t#e e!3a4P se@es t $at)"

de*)e(t s"ste! 3)a!e aisin4 *! t#e $ e(n!i(P (nditins t#e C+3an e4i!e #e)$s t (eate. It is4enea))" +ndestd t#atP t#e e!3a4 is nt s)e)" es$nsi3)e * t#e e(n!i( di**i(+)ties in C+3aP3+t at#e !an" $int t t#e +ns+nd e(n!i( $)i(ies * t#e C+3anP G@en!ent itse)* as 3ein4 $at)"es$nsi3)e S'ei4 200: Gis')d 2002P Bnd 200/ . T#e e,isten(e * t#e e!3a4 #'e@e ena3)es

t#e C+3anP e4i!e t (ntin++s)" 3)a!e t#e U.S. as t#e (a+se * C+3aQs e(n!i(P$3)e!s. Secondly!

Was#in4tnQs a44essi@e $)i(" (eates a s+(e *P )e4iti!a(" * t#e C+3an G@en!ent 3" a))'in4 itt a))" t#e $$+)atinP a4ainst an +tside ene!" =a'Fins 2001 99. C+3an e@)+tina"P ide)4" is4+nded in t#e #isti(a) *a(t * U.S. #e4e!n" @e $ee@)+tina"P C+3a% *! de$i@in4 C+3ans* t#ei inde$enden(e in 1P !edd)in4 in t#e (+nt"Qs $)iti(a) a**ais +nde t#e 6)att A!end!ent andPs+$$tin4 BatistaQs e$essi@e di(tats#i$ t $+nis#in4 C+3ans * t#e )astP #a)*-(ent+" * s+$$tin4t#e e@)+tin. T#e U.S. #isti(a) *a(tP +ndes(es t#e e@)+tinQs ide)4i(a) e!$#asis n t#e )e *C+3anP +nit" in de*endin4 t#e is)and *! t#is +tside t#eat S'ei4 200: 99 .P =**!ann andW#ite#ead 200 s+44est t#at t#e C+3an e4i!e #asP !ade esistan(e t *ei4n d!inatin its(enta) ()ai! t . . . )e4iti!a(" .P As )n4 as Was#in4tn (ntin+es t $)a" t#e )e * t#e !ena(in4ene!"PseeFin4 t dest" t#e e@)+tin t#e C+3an G@en!ent is nt s+37e(t tP e(n!i($e*!an(e )e4iti!a(" a)ne 3+t is a3)e t en7" t#is se(ndP s+(e * $e*!an(e )e4iti!a(" it '+)d

nt t#e'ise #a@e - *endin4 **P and de*"in4 t#e i!$eia)ist a44ess. T#is $#en!enn is $ati(+)a)"#i4#)i4#tedP 3" t#e *esti@e (e)e3atins in C+3a t#at a((!$an" t#e U.N. Genea)P Asse!3)"Qs ann+a)(nde!natin * t#e U.S. e!3a4. E@e" "ea C+3ansP a(ss t#e is)and t+ne in t t#e )i@e te)e@ised U.N.de3ate and *))' t#eP @tin4 CBS Ne's 2009. As t#e C+3an G@en!ent #as nted C+3anQs aePa((+st!ed t (e)e3atin4 a (+s#in4 3)' t t#e US 3)(Fade in t#eP United Natins * 19 "eas n'C+3a @es+s B)(Fade 200.

,he em3argo hurts *S )atin cooperation Regime insta3ility

0orley @ 0c&illion '( associate professor of politics and international relations at

0ac$uarie *niversity! Sydney! Australia @ senior lecturer in ournalism! Charles

Sturt *niversity! athurst! Australia%Mis M)e" C#is M(Gi))in C+3a t#e UnitedStates and t#e 6st-C)d Wa W)d% T#e Intenatina) Di!ensins * t#e Was#in4tn-=a@anaRe)atins#i$ $4 222-22/;

In s+! Latin A!ei(a #as (n()+ded t#at C+3a s#+)d 3e dea)t 'it# )iFe an" t#e (+nt". As a es+)tn U.S. $esident (+)d e@e a4ain #$e t *4e t#e (nsens+s in *a@ * C+3aQs is)atin *! t#e est* t#e #e!is$#ee t#at Was#in4tn !ana4ed t a(#ie@e in t#e 10s and t a )esse e,tent in t#e 1:0s.In Ma" 200/ BaHi)ian $esident L+iH Ina(i L+)a da Si)@a +ndes(ed t#is ea)it" '#en #e ann+n(edt#at


15/97

natins in 2009.1: CastQs ti+!$#ant @isit t A4entina t#at !nt# a)s s#'ed #e 'as sti)) a Fe"*a(t in Latin A!ei(an d!esti( $)iti(s.1Gi@en Was#in4tnQs $!tin * a !e (!$etiti@e e4ina) e(n!i( en@in!ent and a es+4en(e *$)iti(a) natina)is! and $$+)is! t#e United States (+)d nt 3)a!e an"ne 3+t itse)* i* its C)d Waa$$a(# t'ad C+3a 'as ne t#e est * Latin A!ei(a e7e(ted. Indeed 3" !aFin4 an e,(e$tin *C+3a and *+statin4 its (!$)ete et+n t t#e inte-A!ei(an *a!i)" * natins t#e W#ite =+se isFs

inad@etent)" !aFin4 t#e Cai33ean is)and n(e a4ain a a))"in4 s"!3) * t#e $$+)a )e*t in LatinA!ei(a and t#se 4@en!ents intent n $+s+in4 *ei4n and d!esti( $)i(ies at @aian(e 'it#i!$eia) state inteests.


16/97

/conomics "ey to Relations

U.S. Latin A!ei(an e(n!i( ties Fe" t e)atins

ISN &/1&1/T#e U.S. M+st Re-e@a)+ate its


17/97

0ean to Cu3a hurts Cred

Refusal to change Cu3an policy urts *S International Standing

0orley @ 0c&illion '( associate professor of politics and international relations at0ac$uarie *niversity! Sydney! Australia @ senior lecturer in ournalism! Charles

Sturt *niversity! athurst! Australia%Mis M)e" C#is M(Gi))in C+3a t#e UnitedStates and t#e 6st-C)d Wa W)d% T#e Intenatina) Di!ensins * t#e Was#in4tn-=a@anaRe)atins#i$ $4 10;

T#e U.S. e*+sa) t (nside sei+s ne4tiatins 'it# C+3a in t#e a3sen(e * e4i!e (#an4e #as 3een t#e#a))!aF *$st-C)d Wa A!ei(an $)i(" ')d'ide. Yet C+3a #as nt n)" s+@i@ed t#e ())a$se *t#e S@iet Unin and a es+4ent A!ei(an i!$eia)is! 3+t #as a)s e$sitined itse)* intenatina))"n!a)iHin4 ties 'it# Fe" U.S. a))ies in E+$e Latin A!ei(a and Asia and 3e4innin4 t#e $(ess *ass+!in4 its $)a(e in e4ina) and intenatina) *+!s *! '#i(# it #ad )n4 3een sta(iHed e,()+ded.

Tda" Was#in4tnQs +n(!$!isin4 #sti)it" t'ad C+3a a)!st tta))" is)ates it *! t#e est * t#eintenatina) (!!+nit" (ntadi(ts its $*essed (!!it!ent t *ee tade $in(i$)es +nde!inesintenatina) )a's 'eaFens its ()ai! t 4)3a) )eades#i$ and (eates $3)e!s * A!ei(aQs @eseasin@ests and tades. T#e @ast !a7it" * (+nties *ai) t (!$e#end t#e )4i( * a $)i(" a$$a(# sti))3ased n t#e $$sitin t#at * a)) *!e C)d Wa s(ia)ist 3)( natins n)" C+3a is i!!+ne *!en4a4e!ent as a ste$ t'ad n!a)iHin4 3i)atea) e)atins. T#is a$$a(# is seen as ana(#nisti(iatina) and $es+!$t++s. A!ei(aQs a))ies $)a(e a !+(# #i4#e @a)+e n en(+a4in4 e(n!i( tiesand $)iti(a) dia)4+e n !+)ti)atea)is! and (nsens+s 3+i)din4. T#is is t#e a$$a(# t#at t#e" (a)(+)ate'i)) !e )iFe)" $d+(e desied (#an4es in C+3aQs $)iti(a) e(n!" and )i!it *i(tin 3et'een =a@anaand t#e natins @e t#e iss+e * di**ein4 intena) $)i(ies. T#e intenatina) di!ensins *Was#in4tnQs C+3a $)i(" sin(e t#e end * t#e C)d Wa and a(ss a an4e * iss+es !e staF)" t#anan" t#e *ei4n $)i(" iss+e e@ea) t#e de4ee t '#i(# U.S. $)i("!aFes #a@e e,#i3ited a stiFin4

)a(F * ea)is! a3+t A!ei(aQs (a$a(it" t i!$se its $)iti(a) and e(n!i( 'i)) in a 4)3a) en@in!ent+ns"!$at#eti( t its i!$eia) a!3itins.


18/97

/m3argo Causes *nrest

/m3argo ruins Cu3a sets the stage for multiple escalation points

Ratliff @ Fontaine 2"Rat)i** Wi))ia! - esea(# *e))' at Stan*d Uni@esit" 6#D C#inese&Latin

A!ei(an #isties *! U * Was#in4tn R4e


19/97

/m3argo causes civil #ar! pulls in *S

Ratliff @ Fontaine 2"Rat)i** Wi))ia! - esea(# *e))' at Stan*d Uni@esit" 6#D inC#inese&Latin A!ei(an #isties *! U * Was#in4tn R4e


20/97

Cu3an Insta3ility ad

Cu3a could 3e the neBt maor #ar

&orrell '( )ieutenant Colonel! *%S% Army +ar CollegeLie+tenant C)ne) Ti! Ge))C+3a% T#e Ne,t Unanti(i$ated Anti(i$ated State4i( Cisis5 State4" Resea(# 67e(t 1 Ma(# 200U.S. A!" Wa C))e4e #tt$%&&'''.dti(.!i)&(4i-3in&GetTRD(5AD8ADA9//0:9;

T#e end * t#e C)d Wa in 1 ()sed t#e d n ne * t#e !st $ei)+s ti!es in t#e #ist" *!anFind. T#e e+$#ia *e)t 3" t#e *ee ')d as t#e S@iet Unin and t#e United States dis!ant)ed t#ein+()ea asena)s $!ted a *a)se sense * se(+it" t#at t#e ')d '+)d s!e#' 3e sa*e. T#is $ti!is!'as ein*(ed 3" t#e esta3)is#!ent * e!e4in4 de!(a(ies in (+nties t#+4#+t t#e *!e Wasa'6a(t and !+(# * t#e est * t#e S@iet s$#ee * in*)+en(e. Un*t+nate)" d+in4 t#e C)d Wa and in t#eti!e sin(e ea(# U.S. ad!inistatin #as 3een s+$ised 3" a !a7 +nanti(i$ated state4i( (isis and

Cu3a could very #ell trigger the neBt unanticipated crisis%


21/97

)A turning to Iran

)atin America turning to Iran for cooperation against *%S% influenceF-A 541416 eneH+e)a ae t#e e)e@en !e!3es *t#e GECeneH+e)a B)i@ia C+3a E(+ad Ni(aa4+a and BaHi).

T#e stn4 and a$id)" 4'in4 ties 3et'een Ian and Latin A!ei(a#a@e aised e"e3's in t#e US and its 'estena))iessin(e Te#an and Latin natins #a@e *4ed an a))ian(e a4ainst t#e i!$eia)ist and ()nia)ist $'esand ae sti@in4 #ad t ein@i4ate t#ei e)atins 'it# t#e t#e inde$endent (+nties '#i(# $+s+e a)ine * $)i(" inde$endent *! t#e US.
http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920410001250http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920410001250http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920410001250http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920410001250http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920410001250


22/97

)A "ey to *S heg

)atin America is "ey to *nited States leadership and solving domestic and foreign

pro3lems

AndZs Cala!asteQs in 7+na)is! andMi(#ae) . /conomides6*ess * C#e!i(a) and

Bi!)e(+)a En4ineein4 [ C+))en C))e4e * En4ineein4 2'12 A!ei(as 3)ind s$t C#a@eH i) andUS se(+it" $a4es /-9

6e(e$tin is $'e*+) '#en it (!es t $)i("-!aFin4 t#+4#.PNat+a))" !st US $)i("!aFes ae*+))" a'ae * t#e ea)it" in LatinPA!ei(an (+nties 3+t US (itiHens ae nt. T#is is (iti(a) 3e(a+se$)i(" t'ad t#e e4in is di@en 3" d!esti( iss+es nt *ei4n inteests. SP'#i)e t#e W#ite =+seand Cn4ess ae s+**i(ient)" $*i(ient n LatinPA!ei(an iss+es ea)it" n t#e 4+nd is !st)"ie)e@ant. Was#in4tnPsi!$)" is nt $a"in4 attentin.PT#e United States !issed t#e !e! n LatinA!ei(aQs e@)+tin intPa @ita) e4in in 4)3a) a**ais. 6)i(ies ae sti)) st+(F addessin4 at 3estP

=))"'d-e,a(e3ated steet"$es 3+t in ea)it" ae !st)" di@en 3"P+tdated and (+nte$d+(ti@eC)d Wa !is(n(e$tin $essed 3"P$'e*+) inteest 4+$s.PItQs +ndestanda3)e t#at t#e United StatesdidnQt (nside LatinPA!ei(a a $iit" )ast (ent+". B+t $)i("!aFes-$e#a$s $e((+$iedP'it# t#eMidd)e East and t#e 'st e(n!i( (isis in de(ades-aePin(easin4)" +nde!inin4 A!ei(aQs se(+it"3" i4nin4 si4ni*i(antPstate4i( s#i*ts in Latin A!ei(a.PT#is is a3+t 3ein4 a3)e t $te(t 4)3a)A!ei(an inteests a3+tPnatina) se(+it" a3+t 4)3a) teis! and a3@e a)) a3+t t#eP(+nt"Qse(n!i( 4't# t#at is @ita) t addess Midd)e East insta3i)it"Pt (ntain a es+4in4 R+ssia and t$ee!$t a sain4 C#ina t#at is ntP#esitatin4 t *i)) t#e @a(++! )e*t 3" t#e United States.PT 3e s+e t#isis a3+t A!ei(aQs *+t+e as a ')d $'e. And it a))Pstats at #!e.


23/97

.emocracy


24/97

Cu3a 7ey

Cu3a democracy leads to glo3al democratiationAffairs,oday D4=416 8&lo3al Student usiness Eournal! ,he Cu3an SpringGH!

http:44affairstoday%co%u"4thecu3anspring4 > 8E->

C+3a is ne * a #and*+) * (+nties t#at sti)) (a)) t#e!se)@es a (!!+nist (+nt".Nnet#e)ess a3)a(F-!aFet 'as @i3ant * "eas and n' t#e 4@en!ent a))'s s!e Find * *a!es?!aFet. In a !@e t#at s)i4#t)" ese!3)es t#e ne' e(n!i( $)i(" tested 3" Lenin in t#e S@ietUnin C+3a is t+nin4 t'ads t#e ad@anta4es * !aFets. A*te


25/97

)ifting &ood

,he plan solves democracy in Cu3a lifting the em3argo spreads democracy

through economics @ interactions

Seaman 2'1' Da@id Sea!an Resea(# Assistant and Le(t+e at t#e Uni@esit" * Osna3(F De$at!ent * s(ia) s(ien(es U.S. De!(a(" 6!tin- T#e Case * C+3a - 2010

T#e *ai)+e * t#e U.S. $)i(" t 3in4 a3+t t#e ())a$se * t#e C+3anP G@en!ent and its ne4ati@e(+nte$d+(ti@e (nse+en(es n $!tin4P de!(a(" in C+3a is ()ea. C+3an de!(a(" a(ti@istMiia! Lei@a $+ts itP3)+nt)"% I* it U.S. G@en!ent; 'ants t #e)$ t#e C+3an $e$)e it s#+)dP )i*t t#ee!3a4 and a))' tade t+is! and a(ade!i( e,(#an4es andP C+3ans s#+)d 3e a))'ed t ta@e)'it#+t esti(tin t t#e United StatesP and send !ne" t t#ei *a!i)ies in C+3a; (ited in =+se *Re$esentati@esP 200:a =/. Sin(e t#e !id-10s n+!e+s )e4is)atin #as 3eenP intd+(ed in t#eU.S. Cn4ess seeFin4 t @et+n Was#in4tnQs *ai)edP e!3a4 $)i(" and e$)a(e it 'it# a $)i(" 3ette

in()ined t $!teP de!(ati( (#an4e in C+3a. In 200: * e,a!$)e =+se Re$esentati@esP Ran4e)and Lee intd+(ed t#e


26/97

/m3argo urts

Current policy undermines *S credi3ility and empo#ers the regime

uddleston 2''>i(Fi #+dd)estn >isitin4


27/97

#as itse)* *+t#e 'eaFened t#eP * nited S tatesQ +ni)atea) !eas+es ai!ed at stan4)in4 t#e C+3an

e(n!".P


28/97

Sanctions Cause ad .emocracies

Sanctions cause 3ad democracies ,hey 3reed defiance and #ea" nationsSeaman 2'1' Da@id Sea!an Resea(# Assistant and Le(t+e at t#e Uni@esit" * Osna3(F De$at!ent * s(ia) s(ien(es U.S. De!(a(" 6!tin- T#e Case * C+3a - 2010

At *ist 4)an(e t#e )4i( * t#e U.S. $)i(" * $!tin4 e(n!i(P dest+(tin $e!ised n t#e 3e)ie*t#at it 'i)) #asten t#e ())a$se * t#eP C+3an e4i!e !a" nt see! t i!$)a+si3)e. Den"in4 C+3a t#ees+(esP it needs * e(n!i( de@e)$!ent s#+)d )ead t s+stained e(n!i(P #ads#i$s t#ee3"in(easin4 $$+)a s(ie(n!i( dissatis*a(tin a!n4P C+3ans. W#i)e a)s den"in4 t t#e C+3anG@en!ent *inan(ia) es+(esP and #ad (+en(" t#e e4i!e s#+)d n )n4e 3e in a $sitin t*inan(eP t#e sten4t#enin4 * its (e(in-a$$aat+s in de t e$ess $)iti(a) dissentP '#i(# !a"e@ent+a))" *(e a t$-d'n $enin4 * $)iti(a) (#an4eP e@en +ti4#t tansitin - a)3eit e@en 0"eas )ate. ='e@e t#ee aeP se@ea) da'3a(Fs t t#is a$$a(# as a de!(a(" $!tin state4".

Firstly! +nde!inin4 e(n!i( de@e)$!ent as a 'a" * $!tin4P de!(a(" 'i)) !e t#an )iFe)"

#a@e ne4ati@e e(n!i( (nse+en(es nP an" *+t+e de!(ati( 4@en!ent t#at !a" e!e4e. AsB+ne)) 2009 109P$ints +t% W#ee an e(n!i( 'aste)and is (eated s as t 3in4 d'n aP e4i!et#at is a @e" ina+s$i(i+s *+ndatin n '#i(# t t" t 3+i)d a ne'P de!(a(". T#e a@ai)a3)e e@iden(eana)"Hin4 t#e e)atins#i$ 3et'een e(n!i(P de@e)$!ent and de!(a(" s+44ests t#at $de!(a(ies standP !e (#an(e * d"in4 t#an 'ea)t#ie de!(a(ies. A 4+$ * s(#)asP +sin4 dataana)"sis *! a st+d" * 1/ (+nties 3et'een t#e "eas 10P and 10 *+nd t#at '#en $ (+nties

sta4nate '#ate@e de!(a(iesP #a$$en t s$in4 +$ tend t die +i(F)". Poverty 3reeds poverty andJ

dictatorship 6He'sFi et a). 1: /0. A)!st *i*t" "eas a4 Se"!+P Li$set 1 :

$$sed t#at t#e !e 'e))-t-d a natin t#e 4eateP t#e (#an(es t#at it 'i)) s+stain de!(a(".Sin(e Li$setQs se!ina) ati()eP se@ea) st+dies testin4 )a4e sets * data #a@e *+nd e@iden(e s+$$tin4#isP$e!ise t#at a $siti@e e)atins#i$ 3et'een e(n!i( $s$eit" andP de!(a(" e,ists seeLnde4an&6)e 10 6He'sFi&Li!n4i 1:P Bi,&StFes 200/. T#+s '#i)e e(n!i( *ai)+e !a"indeed +nde!ine t#eP s+@i@a) * an a+t#itaian e4i!e and 3in4 a3+t its ())a$se t#e e(n!i(Ps+((ess * an a+t#itaian e4i!e !a" 3e !e )iFe)" t (eate anP en(+a4in4 *+ndatin * t#es+@i@a) * an in(!in4 de!(ati( e4i!eP =+ntin4tn 11 /.

Secondly! It is nt s !+(# a (+nt"Qs )e@e) * 'ea)t# a)ne t#at isP t#+4#t t s+stain de!(a(" 3+t

at#e t#e @ai+s s(ie(n!i( 3"$d+(tsP * ind+stia)iHatin and s+((ess*+) e(n!i( de@e)$!ents+(# asP +3aniHatin in(eased e(n!i( inde$enden(e and se(+it" isin4 ed+(atinP )e@e)s and t#ede@e)$!ent * a 'e))-ed+(ated s(ia))" 4aniHedP !idd)e-()ass. A)) t#ese *a(ts ae t#+4#t t!deniHe t#e s(ia) s$#eeP and *a(i)itate t#e de@e)$!ent and s$ead * de!(ati( 3e)ie*s n!s andP@a)+es 'it#in a s(iet" Li$set 1 9. Se@ea) s(#)as t#ee*e #a@eP e!$#asiHed t#e

de!(atiHin4 as$e(ts * t#ese s(ie(n!i( (#an4esP 'it#in nn-de!(ati( states t#ee3" a4+in4 t#ats+((ess*+) e(n!i(P !deniHatin 'i)) 4eneate $ess+es * de!(atiHatin =+ntin4tnP 11Dia!nd 200/ Bi,&StFes 200/. A((din4)" de!(a(" $!tinP state4ies t#at seeF t+nde!ine a (+nt"Qs e(n!i( de@e)$!entP '+)d a)s 3e +nde!inin4 t#e de@e)$!ent * t#esede!(atiHin4 3"$d+(ts.De!(a(" $!tes 'is#in4 t in*)+en(e $)iti(a) (#an4e 3" s+$$tin4P s+((ess*+) e(n!i(de@e)$!ent in nn-de!(a(ies #a@e se@ea)P $tins s+(# as de@e)$!ent aid and tade )i3ea)iHatin

atta(#ed 'it#P (nditina)it" and $)iti(a) dia)4+e as 'e)) as t#e en(+a4e!ent *P f ei4n d ie(t


29/97


30/97

/m3argo 7eeps in Po#er

,op Cu3an officials ready to remove Castro 3ut deterred 3y em3argo! lifting "ey

Ratliff @ Fontaine 2"Rat)i** Wi))ia! - esea(# *e))' at Stan*d Uni@esit" 6#D C#inese&Latin

A!ei(an #isties *! U * Was#in4tn R4e


31/97

Civil Society 7ey

Civil Society 7ey ItKs the most effective #ay to created democracySeaman 2'1' Da@id Sea!an Resea(# Assistant and Le(t+e at t#e Uni@esit" * Osna3(F De$at!ent * s(ia) s(ien(es U.S. De!(a(" 6!tin- T#e Case * C+3a - 2010


32/97

,rade


33/97

1ac Internal )in"

,he current Cu3an policy undermines *S trade credi3ility and ris"s a transatlantic

trade #ar0orley @ 0c&illion '( associate professor of politics and international relations at


Sturt *niversity! athurst! Australia%Mis M)e" C#is M(Gi))in C+3a t#e UnitedStates and t#e 6st-C)d Wa W)d% T#e Intenatina) Di!ensins * t#e Was#in4tn-=a@anaRe)atins#i$ $4 ;

Se(nd is t#e (ntadi(tin 3et'een A!ei(aQs $*essed (!!it!ent t *ee tade and its C+3a $)i(".Sin(e t#e 10s t#e natinQs !+)tinatina) 3+siness (!!+nit" #as de$ended n *ei4n !aFets * a4'in4 $$tin * its $*its. T#is tend #as ein*(ed Was#in4tnQs dete!inatin t 3eaF d'n3aies t U.S. (a$ita) and (!!e(e and t (#a!$in t#is a$$a(# in t#e inteests * 4)3a) e(n!i(#ea)t# and de@e)$!ent. T#e $i!e ide)4i(a) inst+!ent in t#is di@e #as 3een t#e *ee tade d(tine.


34/97

())e(ti@e)" t#e E+$ean Unin +ta4ed 3" '#at it @ie'ed as a die(t (#a))en4e t intenatina) )a'tF its (!$)aint t t#e W)d Tade O4aniHatin WTO and aised t#e $s$e(t * a tansat)anti( tade'a i* it 4t n satis*a(tin. S+(# a die +t(!e #as *ai)ed t e@ent+ate 3+t t#e easn t#at 4a@e ise t it#as sti)) nt 3een (!$e#ensi@e)" addessed.W#i)e Ge4e W. B+s# #as 3een n )ess in()ined t#an #is $ede(ess t )33" Cn4ess t e!@e t#e!e (ntenti+s 4)3a) ea(# $@isins * =e)!s-B+tn a $tentia) ne' s+(e * (n*)i(t #as

e!e4ed 3et'een t#e U.S. and its E+$ean a))ies. T#e )atte #a@e de@e)$ed a si4ni*i(ant (!!e(ia)staFe in C+3a '#i(# t#e" s#' n si4ns * s+endein4 t A!ei(an (!$etits in t#e $st-Cast ea.As 'e)) t#e E+$eans #a@e (+)ti@ated e,tensi@e ties 'it# t#se 4@en!ent **i(ia)s and t#e $)iti(a)in*)+entia)s in C+3a '# ae !e )iFe)" t in#eit t#e eins * $)iti(a) $'e t#an Was#in4tnQs a))iesa!n4 t#e Mia!i e,i)e )eades#i$ and t#e is)andQs dissident (!!+nit".


35/97

,rade Cred3ility I)

*S isolationism of cu3a undermines trade credi3ility

Sircio < R3et A.$esident * t#e A(tn Instit+te * t#e St+d" * Re)i4in and Li3et" Cato Institute Policy

Forum !H 114'

T#e (ntents * es)+tin &11 as 'e)) as t#e 1: @tes in *a@+ * it ()ea)" e*)e(t t#e $sitin * t#eintenatina) (!!+nit" t'ads t#e )n4-standin4 e!3a4 a4ainst C+3a. It is ("sta)-()ea t#at t#e

3)(Fade is in @i)atin * intenatina))" a4eed $in(i$)es 4@enin4 e)atins a!n4 States s+(# as t#es@eei4n e+a)it" * States nn-inte@entin in t#ei intena) a**ais and *eed! * intenatina) tadeand na@i4atin. As !" de)e4atin #as $inted +t in @ai+s state!ents s+(# +ni)atea) (e(i@e $)i(ies

and !eas+es s#+)d 3e e4aded as maor impediments * t#e intenatina) (!!+nit" in pursuing

its common causes and interests . Restin4 t an e!3a4 as a t) t a(#ie@e $)iti(a) 37e(ti@es

+nde!ines t#e intenatina) en@in!ent *a@+a3)e * e(n!i( 4't# and s+staina3)e de@e)$!entt#at t#e United Natins s"ste! Fee$s t"in4 t $!te.P 6aa4a$# 102 * t#e #annes3+4 6)an *I!$)e!entatin (a))s +$n States t e*ain *! an" +ni)atea) !eas+e t#at (nta@enes intenatina) )a'


36/97

and t#e C#ate * t#e United Natins and i!$edes t#e *+)) a(#ie@e!ent * e(n!i( and s(ia)de@e)$!ent 3" t#e $$+)atin * t#e a**e(ted (+nties in $ati(+)a '!en and (#i)den. T#e sa!e$aa4a$# *+t#e indi(ates t#at an" s+(# +ni)atea) !eas+e #indes t#e 'e))-3ein4 * t#e a**e(ted $e$)eand (eates 3sta()es t t#e *+)) en7"!ent * t#ei #+!an i4#ts in()+din4 t#e i4#t * e@e"ne t astandad * )i@in4 ade+ate * t#ei #ea)t# and 'e))-3ein4 and t#ei i4#t t *d !edi(a) (ae and t#ene(essa" s(ia) se@i(es.P 6aa4a$# 101 * t#e #annes3+4 6)an * I!$)e!entatin sti$+)ates t#at

States s#+)d ($eate t $!te a s+$$ti@e and $en intenatina) e(n!i( s"ste! t#at 'i)) )ead te(n!i( 4't# and s+staina3)e de@e)$!ent in a)) (+nties. It adds t#at tade $)i(" !eas+es *en@in!enta) $+$ses s#+)d nt (nstit+te a !eans * a3ita" +n7+sti*ia3)e dis(i!inatin inintenatina) tade.P In e@ie'in4 t#e e$t * t#e C+3an G@en!ent '#i(# is s+$$ted 3" n+!e+s*i4+es it is #ad t i!a4ine 7+st #' de@astatin4 t#e i!$a(t * t#e i!$sed e!3a4 #as 3een n a))'a)Fs * )i*e * t#at natin in()+din4 #ea)t# e(n!" ed+(atin tade t+is! (i@i) a@iatin (+)t+a)a(ti@ities and e@en s$ts. S+(# $)i(ies and !eas+es '#i(# ste! !ee)" *! int)ean(e and en!it"

t'ads t#e $)iti(a) e(n!i( and s(ia) s"ste!s 'i)) (ntin+e t add si)ent)" t t#e disparities and

gaps among nations and +n (+nte t t#e $)i(" * $te(tin4 #+!an i4#ts and di4nit".P At t#e da'n

* t#e t'ent"-*ist (ent+" estin4 t +n7+sti*ia3)e e(n!i( (e(i@e !eas+es a4ainst t#e States nt#e 3asis * $)iti(a) 3se@atins is nt a((e$ta3)e t t#e intenatina) (!!+nit". T#e *a(t is t#at t#e

e,tateitia) a$$)i(atin * s+(# intena) )a's as t#e =e)!s-B+tn A(t and t#e DQA!at A(t (eate ananta4nisti( en@in!ent in intenatina) e)atins and ad@ese)" a**e(t ')d $ea(e and se(+it". S+(#$)iti(a) a(ts 'it# e(n!i( i!$)i(atins (ntin+e t esti(t in@est!ent tade e!$)"!ent te(#n)4"tans*e and t#e $s$e(ts * e(n!i( 4't# nt n)" * t#e ta4eted (+nties 3+t a)s * t#id-$at"(+nties dea)in4 'it# t#e a**e(ted (+nt".P It is 't# ntin4 t#at in t#e +t(!e d(+!ent * t#ee(ent)" #e)d s+!!it a)) (+nties ea**i!ed t#ei (!!it!ents t e**ts desi4ned t ens+e t#atde@e)$in4 (+nties (an $ati(i$ate *+))" in t#e ')d tadin4 s"ste! in de t !eet t#e needs * t#eie(n!i( de@e)$!ent. Let +s 3se@e + ne' (!!it!ents and $+t an end t a)) +ni)atea) e(n!i((e(i@e !eas+es.


37/97

*S/* fights I)

Current Cu3a policy ris"s future /* conflict



Sturt *niversity! athurst! Australia%Mis M)e" C#is M(Gi))in C+3a t#e UnitedStates and t#e 6st-C)d Wa W)d% T#e Intenatina) Di!ensins * t#e Was#in4tn-=a@anaRe)atins#i$ $4 1/-1/;

T#e E+$eansQ 'i))in4ness t sta" t#e (+se n i!$@ed e)atins 'it# C+3a (ntasts !aFed)" 'it#'#at #as 3een t#e @eidin4 $+$se * U.S. $)i(" $+t int s#a$ *(+s 3" a seni **i(ia) * t#eC)intn ad!inistatin at t#e end * t#e 10s% T !e t#e $int * t#e @ai+s state4ies * t#e e!3a4'as nt t (#an4e CastQs !ind t (#an4e C+3a '#i)e Cast 'as sti)) in $'e t 4ain CastQsa(+ies(en(e in de!(a(" in C+3a t *(e #i! t (#an4e. T#e $int * t#e e!3a4 'as t

i!$@eis# t#e 4@en!ent s it (+)d nt 3e ad@ent++s and t !aFe s+e t#at '#en CastQs end (!est#ee '+)d 3e ins+**i(ient !@e!ent t !aFe $ssi3)e a (ntin+atin * t#at e4i!e. 21 It is $e(ise)"t#is iss+e n '#i(# *+t+e (n*)i(t 3et'een t#e EU and t#e U.S. @e C+3a $)i(" (annt 3e +)ed +t.

,he /m3argo inhi3its *S /* relations different Cu3a Approaches



Sturt *niversity! athurst! Australia%Mis M)e" C#is M(Gi))in C+3a t#e UnitedStates and t#e 6st-C)d Wa W)d% T#e Intenatina) Di!ensins * t#e Was#in4tn-=a@anaRe)atins#i$ $4 1/-1/:;

Cn()+sinT#e ())a$se * t#e S@iet Unin e!@ed an" $tentia) se(+it" t#eat t Westen E+$e and in t#e$(ess d'n4aded t#e i!$tan(e * A!ei(aQs C)d Wa !i)ita" +!3e))a t#ee3" !aFin4 it !edi**i(+)t * t#e W#ite =+se t i!$se its 4)3a) $iities n seni A))ian(e $atnes. T#e $st-C)dWa ea a)s 'itnessed t#e ise * t#e E+$ean Unin as a $'e*+) e(n!i( 3)( in its 'n i4#t and a4eate asseti@eness n t#e $at * its !e!3e natins-indi@id+a))" and ())e(ti@e)"-in $+s+in4 t#ei 'n')d'ide inteests. T#e (!3ined es+)t #as 3een t in(ease tensins a(ss t#e At)anti( @e a an4e **ei4n $)i(" and tade&in@est!ent iss+es. One * t#e !st (nsistent and 3e*e t#e 'a in Ia ne *t#e !st 3itte disa4ee!ents #as 3een @e e)atins 'it#


38/97

$st-C)d Wa tansat)anti( ties-#as 3e(!e a s+(e * *i(tin a)s e*)e(ts E+$ean (n(ens a3+tWas#in4tnQs $$ensit" t 7ettisn *ee tade $in(i$)es and a4ee!ents '#en t#e" ()as# 'it# '#at itde*ines as @eidin4 *ei4n $)i(" inteests.T#e dis$+te @e C+3a t#en s$eaFs t a )a4e iss+e. T#e U.S. is sti)) t#e d!inant #e4e!n-3ased)a4e)" n its (ntin+in4 !i)ita" and ide)4i(a) s+$eiit"-3+t its e(n!i( and t a )esse e,tent$)iti(a) $'e is n )n4e +n(ntested. T#e C)d Wa (a)itin t (n*nt (!!+nis! #as 3een

tans*!ed int a ')d * $)i*eatin4 i@a)ies and (#a))en4es as Was#in4tnQs E+$ean a))ies in$ati(+)a seeF !e a44essi@e)" t de*end and $+s+e t#ei 'n inteests. C)ea)" si4na)in4 t#is ne'4)3a) i@a)" S'edis# $i!e !iniste Gean 6essn t)d t#e +ne 2001 U.S.-EU s+!!it in Gt#en3+4t#at E+$eQs !issin 'as t se@e as a 3a)an(e t U.S. d!inatin. 21 In t#e ne' ')d * 4)3a)e(n!i( (!$etitin U.S. diFtats n t#e (nditins * intenatina) tade and (a$ita) *)'s ae !e)iFe)" t 3e esisted t#an in t#e $ast. W#i)e t#e U.S. a$$eas a3)e t 4et its 'a" n !st ((asinsE+$eQs esistan(e t its C+3a $)i(" indi(ates t#at t#e W#ite =+se des s 'it# in(easin4 di**i(+)t"and t#at it is nnet#e)ess 'i))in4 t $+s+e a +ni)atea)ist *ei4n $)i(" e@en i* it !eans $)a(in4 at isFt#e tansat)anti( e)atins#i$.


39/97

I)A+ I)

,he /m3argoKs violation of International )a# undermines *S credi3ility Costly

.ou3le Standards

Char3onneau 128)ouis! ReutersM *nited -ations 3ureau chief! *%-% urges end to *%S% Cu3a em3argofor 21st year!H11416412! http:44###%reuters%com4article42'124114164uscu3aem3argounid*SR/


40/97

Protectionist

Sanctions against Cu3a leads to a protectionist model

Sircio < R3et A.$esident * t#e A(tn Instit+te * t#e St+d" * Re)i4in and Li3et" Cato Institute Policy

Forum


41/97

Credi3ility 7ey to ,rade

,he *nited States needs to restore regional credi3ility to promote Free ,rade

-oriega 128 Roger! Former *S Am3assador to OAS! former assistant secretary of state for+estern emisphere affairs! An action plan for *S policy in the Americas!H 124'(412!#tt$%&&'''.aei.4&+t)F&*ei4n-and-de*ense-$)i("&e4ina)&)atin-a!ei(a&an-a(tin-$)an-*-+s-$)i("-in-t#e-a!ei(as&

A!ei(a?s e(n!i( (isis and t#eats t US se(+it" #a@e +nde!ined its taditina) 4)3a)-)eades#i$)e and 'eaFened its (nne(tins t Latin A!ei(an natins t#at (ntin+e t !deniHe t#ei e(n!ies.PT#e United States !+st e(@e its e4ina) (edi3i)it" 3" taFin4 3)d initiati@es t este its *is(a)s)@en(" '#i)e a44essi@e)" $!tin4 tade ene4" intede$enden(e te(#n)4" tans*e and e(n!i(4't#. P T#e United States !+st t#en et) its state4" * its $atnes in t#e A!ei(as 3" 'Fin4 'it#t#e! t (!3at t#eats s+(# as (ss-3de (i!ina)it" and adi(a) $$+)is! en(+a4in4 dia)4+e 'it#e4ina) )eades and ens+in4 )a' en*(e!ent ($eatin t de@e)$ a !+t+a))" 3ene*i(ia) e)atins#i$.P P A sta3)e and $s$e+s A!ei(as is indis$ensa3)e t US e(n!i( s+((ess and se(+it". T#e e4in is

#!e t t#ee * t#e t$ *+ *ei4n s+(es * ene4" t t#e United States as 'e)) as t#e *astest-4'in4destinatins * US e,$ts and in@est!ent. C)ea)" 4e4a$#" and s#aed @a)+es $edete!ine a +niteddestin" * t#e United States and its nei4#3s in t#e A!ei(as. =' $siti@e and *+it*+) t#at destin" 'i))3e de$ends n '#et#e US $)i("!aFes $i@ate 3+sinesses and (i@i) s(iet" !@e 'it# a 4eate sense* $+$se t'ad seiHin4 $!isin4 $$t+nities and !eetin4 (iti(a) (#a))en4es.P Ti!es #a@e (#an4ed.T#e US *is(a) (isis and $e((+$atin 'it# t' distant 'as #a@e dista(ted $)i("!aFes in Was#in4tnand +nde!ined US )eades#i$ in t#e A!ei(as. A)t#+4# a((ess t t#e US !aFet in@est!entte(#n)4" and t#e e(n!i( 3ene*its ae #i4#)" @a)+ed 3" !st (+nties in t#e Westen =e!is$#eetda" t#e United States is n )n4e t#e n)" !a7 $atne t (#se *!. Asia $in(i$a))" C#ina andE+$e ae !aFin4 i!$tant inads. S as US $)i("!aFes et) t#ei state4" * t#e A!ei(as t#e"!+st s#e)@e t#e $atena)is! * t#e $ast and 3e !+(# !e ene4eti( in *!in4 !eanin4*+) $atnes#i$s'it# 'i))in4 nei4#3s.P O* (+se t#e United States !+st e(@e its (edi3i)it" 3" !aFin4 3)d de(isins

t este its 'n *is(a) s)@en(" '#i)e a44essi@e)" $!tin4 tade ene4" intede$enden(ete(#n)4" tans*e and e(n!i( 4't#. T#en Was#in4tn 'i)) 3e 3ette $sitined t (+)ti@ate 4eatee(n!i( and $)iti(a) ($eatin a!n4 its nei4#3s 3e4innin4 'it# an $en and (andid dia)4+e'it# t#e e4in?s )eades a3+t t#ei @isin t#ei (#a))en4es and t#ei $iities. 6atnes#i$s (an t#+s 3e3+i)t n (!!n 4+nd.
http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/


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,rade Niolations Sno#3all

,rade violations sno#3all other countries #ill ratchet up protectionism in

response%+atson et al% 1687% +illiam and Sallie Eames! analysts at the Cato InstituteKs er3ert A% Stiefel Center!Regulatory Protectionism A idden ,hreat to Free ,rade for ,rade Policy Studies!H =4416!

http:44###%cato%org4sites4cato%org4files4pu3s4pdf4pa526%pdf>

T#ee is a $tentia) (nse+en(e * @i)atin4 intenatina) tade )a'. I* t#e United States !aintains a$)i(" in(nsistent 'it# intenatina) +)es des$ite an ad@ese +)in4 *! t#e WTO?s dis$+te sett)e!ent!e(#anis! (!$)ainin4 !e!3es 'i)) 3e $e!itted t s+s$end t#ei 'n 3)i4atins t'ad t#e UnitedStates in e+a) !eas+e. A s+s$ensin * (n(essins in t#is !anne +s+a))" t#+4# aisin4 tai**s n$)iti(a))" sensiti@e $d+(ts #as a e!aFa3)e i!$a(t n t#e !aFe +$ and +antit" * d!esti( $)iti(a)*(es a)i4ned a4ainst t#e i!$+4ned $)i("


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Regional ,rade "ey to &lo3al ,rade

Regional Cooperation is "ey to &lo3al Success /Bport policy

-oriega 128 Roger! Former *S Am3assador to OAS! former assistant secretary of state for+estern emisphere affairs! An action plan for *S policy in the Americas!H 124'(412!#tt$%&&'''.aei.4&+t)F&*ei4n-and-de*ense-$)i("&e4ina)&)atin-a!ei(a&an-a(tin-$)an-*-+s-$)i("-in-t#e-a!ei(as&

E,$andin4 e4ina) e(n!i( ($eatin is (+(ia) t US e(n!i( 4't#. An a44essi@e tade$!tin and in@est!ent state4" in tda"?s #"$e(!$etiti@e 4)3a)iHed e(n!" is nt a $)i("$tin it is an i!$eati@e. C)ea)" $s$eit" at #!e de$ends n s+((ess a3ad. T#e e(n!i($$t+nities in t#e Westen =e!is$#ee ae en!+s and US $)i("-!aFes and t#e $i@ate se(t !+ste(4niHe t#e! as (iti(a) t US e(n!i( 4't#.P In 2011 US e,$ts ea(#ed a e(d 2.1 ti))in intta) @a)+e des$ite t#e *a(t t#at n)" 1 $e(ent * US 3+sinesses e,$t t#ei $d+(ts t *ei4n !aFets.T#e United States !+st e,$and n t#ese $$t+nities. E,$ts 3ene*it t#e US e(n!" 3" **ein4(!$anies $$t+nities t ta$ ne' !aFets e,$and t#ei $d+(tin and ean !e (ns+!e d))as.

Tda" $e(ent * t#e ')d?s (ns+!es )i@e +tside t#e United States and t#e Intenatina) Mneta"


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s)d ne' $d+(ts (!$ised 92 $e(ent * t#e e,$t 4't#.1 Me 3i)atea) tade a4ee!ents andes$e(ia))" !+)ti)atea) tade a4ee!ents 'i)) de)i@e ne' *ei4n de!and * U.S. 4ds and se@i(es.Besides !@in4 t#e D#a a4enda *'ad !e attentin s#+)d 3e $aid t t#e t#e *ee tadea4ee!ents


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Free ,rade &ood

Free trade is good

Panitchpa"di =8 .g Panitchpa"di! Secretary&eneral of the *- Conference on ,rade and .evelopment! .irector&eneral of the

+orld ,rade Organiation! ;American )eadership and the +orld ,rade Organiation: +hat is the AlternativeG;! +orld trade

organiation! '242D4'=! http:44###%#to%org4english4ne#sLe4spspLe4spsp22Le%htm>

I (an s+! +$ !" !essa4e tda" in t#ee senten(es% T#e United States !e t#an an" sin4)e (+nt" (eated t#e ')dtadin4 s"ste!. T#e US #as ne@e #ad !e idin4 n t#e sten4t# * t#at s"ste!. And US )eades#i$ es$e(ia))"in t#e (+ent D#a tade ta)Fs is indis$ensa3)e t t#e s"ste!Qs s+((ess. It is t+e t#at as t#e WTOQs i!$tan(e t t#e ')de(n!" in(eases s t des t#e (#a))en4e * !aFin4 it 'F% t#ee ae !e (+nties !e iss+estade is in t#e s$t )i4#t as ne@e 3e*e. B+t t#e *i(tin t#at t#ee is an a)tenati@e t t#e WTO t US)eades#i$ is 3t# nab@e and dan4e+s. Nab@e 3e(a+se it *ai)s t e(4niHe t#at !+)ti)atea)is! #as3e(!e !e nt )ess i!$tant t ad@an(in4 US inteests. Dan4e+s 3e(a+se it isFs +nde!inin4t#e @e" 37e(ti@es t#e US seeFs *ee tade stn4e +)es a !e $en and se(+e ')d e(n!" . T#eD#a R+nd is a (+(ia) test. T#e (e iss+es se@i(es a4i(+)t+e and ind+stia) tai**s ae 3@i+s)" die(t)" e)e@ant t t#e US.

A!ei(a is#i4#)" (!$etiti@e in se@i(es t#e *astest 4'in4 se(t * t#e ')d e(n!" and '#ee t#e s($e* )i3ea)iHatin is 4eatest. In a4i(+)t+e t t#e US is (!$etiti@e a(ss !an" (!!dities 3+t sF"-#i4# 4)3a) 3aies ands+3sidies i!$ede and distt a4i(+)t+a) tade. Ind+stia) tai**s a)s **e s($e * *+t#e )i3ea)iHatin es$e(ia))" in (etain !aFets and

se(ts. B+t '#at is at staFe in t#ese ta)Fs is !e t#an t#e e(n!i( 3ene*its t#at '+)d *)' *! a s+((ess*+) dea). T#e ea) iss+e is t#ee)e@an(e * t#e !+)ti)atea) tadin4 s"ste!. Its e,$anded +)es 3ade !e!3es#i$ and 3indin4 dis$+te!e(#anis! !eans t#at t#e ne' WTO (eated )ess t#an ten "eas a4 is $i@ta) t intenatina)e(n!i( e)atins.B+t t#is !eans t#at t#e (sts * *ai)+e ae a)s #i4#e 'it# a!i*i(atins t#at (an3e *e)t !e 'ide)".Ad@an(in4 t#e D#a a4enda '+)d (n*i! t#e WTO as t#e *(a) $int * 4)3a) tade ne4ti atins and as t#e Fe" *+! * intenatina) e(n!i(($eatin. T#e (edi3i)it" * t#e instit+tin '+)d 3e 4eat)" en#an(ed. B+t i* t#e D#a ne4tiatins st+!3)e d+3ts !a" 4' nt 7+st a3+t t#e WTOQs e**e(ti@eness 3+t a3+t t#e *+t+e *!+)ti)atea)is! in tade. T#is s#+)d 3e a !a7 (n(en t t#e US * t' easns%


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t#ei inteests )a" in *ee tade stn4e +)es a !e e**e(ti@e WTO. E@en in Can(+n t#e 4eat de3ate 'as '#et#e t#e !+)ti)atea) t adin4 s"ste! 'as !@in4 *ast and *a en+4# nt'#et#e it s#+)d 3e ))ed 3a(F. Indeed it is (iti(a))" i!$tant t #at 'e da' t#e i4#t (n()+sins *! Can(+n '#i(# ae n)" n' 3e(!in4 ()eae. T#e disa$$int!ent 'as t#at !inistes'ee +na3)e t ea(# a4ee!ent. T#e a(#ie@e!ent 'as t#at t#e" e,$sed t#e isFs * *ai)+e #i4#)i4#ted t#e need * Nt#-S+t# ())a3atin and a*te a $eid * ints$e(tin a(Fn')ed4ed t#e ines(a$a3)e )4i( * ne4tiatin. Can(+n s#'ed t#at i* t#e (#a))en4es #a@e in(eased it is 3e(a+se t#e staFes ae #i4#e. T#e 3i44e (#a))en4e t A!ei(an )eades#i$ (!es*! inside nt +tside t#e United States. In A!ei(aQs (+ent de3ate a3+t tade 73s and 4)3a)iHatin 'e #a@e #ead a )t a3+t t#e (sts * )i3ea)iHatin. We need t #ea !e a3+tt#e $$t+nities. We need t 3e e!inded * t#e ad@anta4es * A!ei(aQs $enness and its tade 'it# t#e ')d a3+t t#e e(n!i( 4't# tied t e,$ts t#e in*)atin-*i4#tin4 )e *i!$ts t#e inn@ati@e sti!+)+s * 4)3a) (!$etitin. We need t e,$)ain t#at *ee tade 'Fs $e(ise)" 3e(a+se it i n@)@es $siti@e (#an4e 3ette $d+(ts 3ette 73 $$t+nities 3ette'a"s * din4 t#in4s 3ette standads * )i@in4. W#i)e it is t+e t#at (#an4e (an 3e t#eatenin4 * $e$)e and s(ieties it is e+a))" t+e t#at t#e @+)nea3)e ae nt #e)$ed 3" esistin4 (#an4e 3" $+ttin4 +$ 3aies and s#+ttin4 +t (!$etitin. T#e" ae #e)$ed 3" tainin4 ed+(atin ne' and 3ette $$t+nities t#at 'it# t#e i4#t s+$$t $)i(ies (an *)' *! a 4)3a)iHede(n!". T#e *a(t is t#at * e@e" 73 in t#e US t#eatened 3" i!$ts t#ee is a 4'in4 n+!3e * #i4#-$aid #i4# sFi)) 7 3s (eated 3" e,$ts. E,$ts s+$$ted : !i))in 'Fes a de(ade

a4 t#at n+!3e is a$$a(#in4 a+nd 12 !i))in tda".

And t#ese ne' 73s in aes$a(e *inan(e in*!atin te(#n)4" $a" 10 $e (ent !e t#an t#e a@ea4e A!ei(an 'a4e. We es$e(ia))" need t in7e(t s!e ()ait" and *a(ts int t#e (+ent de3ate @e t#e +ts+(in4 * se@i(es 73s. O@e t#e ne,t de(ade t#e US is $7e(ted t (eate an a@ea4e * !e t#an 2!i))in ne' se@i(es 73s a "ea (!$aed t +4#)" 200000 se@i(es 73s t#at 'i)) 3e +ts+(ed. I a! 'e)) a'ae t#at t#is iss+e is t#es+(e * !+(# an,iet" in A!ei(a tda". Man" A!ei(ans '" a3+t t#e $tentia) 73 )sses t#at !i4#t aise *! *ei4n (!$etitin inse@i(es se(ts. B+t it?s 't# e!e!3ein4 t#at (n(ens a3+t t#e i!$a(t * *ei4n (!$etitin ae nt ne'. Man" * t#e ese@atins $e$)eae e,$essin4 tda" ae e(#es * '#at 'e #ead in t#e 1:0s and 10s. B+t $e$)e at t#at ti!e didn?t *+))" a$$e(iate t#e $'e * A!ei(an

in4en+it". Re!aFa3)e ad@an(es in te(#n)4" and $d+(ti@it" )aid t#e *+ndatin * +n$e(edented 73(eatinin t#e 10s and t#ee is n easn t d+3t t#at t#is (+nt" '#i(# #as s#'n ti!e and a4ain s+(# e!aFa3)e $tentia) *(!$etin4 in t#e 4)3a) e(n!" 'i)) nt sn e!3aF a4ain n s+(# a 3+st * 73-(eatin. A!ei(aQs $enness t se@i(e-se(t tade (!3ined 'it# t#e #i4# sFi))s * its 'F*(e 'i)) )ead t !e 4't# stn4e ind+sties and a s#i*t t'ads #i4#e @a)+e-added #i4#e-

$a"in4 e!$)"!ent. Cn@ese)" ()sin4 t#e d t se@i(e tade is a state4" * Fi))in4 73s nt sa@in4 t#e!. A!ei(ans #a@e ne@e +n *! a(#a))en4e and #a@e ne@e 3een de*eatist in t#e *a(e * stn4 (!$etitin. 6at * t#is (#a))en4e is t (eate t#e (nditins * 4)3a) 4't# and

73 (eatin #ee and a+nd t#e ')d. I 3e)ie@e A!ei(ans ea)iHe '#at is at staFe. T#e $(ess * $enin4 t 4)3a) tade (an 3e dis+$ti@e 3+t

t#e" e(4niHe t#at t#e US e(n!" (annt 4' and $s$e an" t#e 'a". T#e" e(4niHe t#e i!$tan(e * *indin4 4)3a)

s)+tins t s#aed 4)3a) $3)e!s. Besides '#at is t#e a)tenati@e t t#e WTO5 S!e a4+e t#at t#e')dQs n)" s+$e$'e need nt 3e tied d'n 3" t#e (nstaints * t#e !+)ti)atea) s"ste!. T#e" ()ai!t#at US s@eei4nt" is (!$!ised 3" intenatina) +)es and t#at !+)ti)atea) instit+tins )i!it at#et#an e,$and US in*)+en(e. A!ei(ans s#+)d 3e dee$)" sFe$ti(a) a3+t t#ese ()ai!s. A)!st nne * t#e tadeiss+es *a(in4 t#e US tda" ae an" easie t s)@e +ni)atea))" 3i)atea))" e4ina))". T#e ea)it" is $3a3)" 7+st t#e $$site. W#at sense desit !aFe * e,a!$)e t ne4tiate e-(!!e(e +)es 3i)atea))"5 W# '+)d 3e inteested in dis(i$)inin4 a4i(+)t+a) s+3sidies in a e4ina)a4ee!ent 3+t nt 4)3a))"5 =' (an 3i)atea) dea)s e@en dHens * t#e! (!e ()se t !at(#in4 t#e e(n!i( i!$a(t * a4eein4 t4)3a) *ee tade a!n4 19 (+nties5 Bi)atea) and e4ina) dea)s (an s!eti!es 3e a (!$)e!ent t t#e !+)ti)atea) s"ste! 3+t t#e" (an ne@e

3e a s+3stit+te. T#ee is a 3i44e dan4e. B" teatin4 s!e (+nties $e*eentia))" 3i)atea) and e4ina) dea)se,()+de t#es *a4!entin4 4)3a) tade and disttin4 t#e ')d e(n!". Instead * )i3ea)iHin4 tade and 'idenin4 4't# t#e" (a@e it +$. Wse t#e" #a@e a d!in e**e(t% 3i)atea) dea)s ine@ita3)"3e4et !e 3i)atea) dea)s as (+nties )e*t +tside ae *(ed t seeF t#ei 'n $e*eentia) aan4e!ents isF *+t#e !a4ina)iHatin. T#is is $e(ise)" '#at 'e see #a$$enin4 tda". T#ee ae a)ead" @e t' #+nded 3i)atea) ande4ina) a4ee!ents in e,isten(e and ea(# !nt# 'e #ea * a ne' e,$anded dea). T#ee is a 3asi( (ntadi(tin in t#e ass+!$tin t#at

3i)atea) a$$a(#es se@e t sten4t#en t#e !+)ti)atea) +)es-3ased s"ste!. E@en '#en intended t s$+ *ee tade t#e" (an +)ti!ate)" isF+nde!inin4 it. T#is is in n neQs inteest )east * a)) t#e United States. A!ei(a )ed in t#e (eatin * t#e !+)ti)atea) s"ste! a*te 19

$e(ise)" t a@id a et+n t #sti)e 3)(s 3)(s t#at #ad dne s !+(# t *+e) inte'a insta3i)it" and (n*)i(t. A!ei(aQs @isin in t#e 'ds* Cde)) =+)) 'as t#at end+in4 $ea(e and t#e 'e)*ae * natins 'as indiss)+3)" (nne(ted 'it# t#e *iend)iness *ainess and *eed! *')d tade. Tade '+)d 3ind natins t4et#e !aFin4 ant#e 'a +nt#inFa3)e. Nn-dis(i!inat" +)es '+)d $e@ent a et+n t $e*eentia)dea)s and ()sed a))ian(es. A net'F * !+)ti)atea) initiati@es and 4aniHatins t#e Mas#a) 6)an t#e IM


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eteat s+(# as >eneH+e)a and i!3a3'e ae a)s (+nties '#ee 4@en!ents ae 3+s" (+tai)in4 e(n!i( *eed!. T#e (nne(tin3et'een e(n!i( *eed! 4't# and $)iti(a) and (i@i) *eed! s#+)d en(+a4e t#se *a@ #+!an$4ess and stiFe a nte * *ea in t#e #eat * $$essi@e 4@en!ents a+nd t#e ')d. I* t#ee,$eien(e * t#e (+nties **es a $atten t#e (!!+nist +)es in Bei7in4 'i)) *ind it in(easin4)"di**i(+)t t s+$$ess t#e )e4iti!ate desies * t#ei (itiHens t en7" $)iti(a) i4#ts and (i@i) )i3eties(!!ens+ate 'it# t#ei (itiHens? e,$andin4 e(n!i( *eed!s and !idd)e-()ass in(!es. T#e e(ent

e(n!i( d'nt+n and isin4 +ne!$)"!ent in C#ina !a" $@ide a s$aF. Ant#e $tentia) (ata)"st* $)iti(a) (#an4e in C#ina (+)d 3e en@in!enta) and )and-+se (n(ens.C#inese (itiHens #a@e 3e(!e !e'i))in4 t (#a))en4e t#e 4@en!ent t $@ide ()eane ai and 'ate and t $te(t t#ei #!es *! +n7+st taFin4s 3" t#e 4@en!ent. D+in4 a@isit t S#an4#ai in 200 I ead in t#e )(a) En4)is#-)an4+a4e $ess t#at #!e'nes #ad s+((ess*+))" #a)ted de@e)$!ent * a se(nd )e4 * a#i4#s$eed !a4neti( )e@itatin tain. In a s(enai *a!i)ia t A!ei(an #!e'nes C#inese *a!i)ies *eaed t#e $esen(e * t#e tain '+)ded+(e t#e @a)+e * t#e #!es t#e" (an n' 3+" and 'n. Me e(ent)" t#e Intenatina) =ea)d Ti3+ne e$ted in an+a" 200De!nstatins a4ainst t#e !a4)e@ in d'nt'n S#an4#ai @e t#e 'eeFend t#e (it"Qs )a4est $+3)i( $test sin(e t#+sands tF $at in

s!eti!es @i)ent antia$anese de!nstatins in 200 $esent a+t#ities 'it# a ne' (#a))en4e% a 4'in4 !idd)e ()ass t#at 'antsa sa" in !a7 de(isins a3+t de@e)$!ent in t#e (it". @iii . T#e )ine (nne(tin4 4)3a)iHatin t #+!ani4#ts and de!(a(" is nt a)'a"s stai4#t. T#e ')d is t (!$)e, a $)a(e. C+)t+e and #ist"in*)+en(e t#e $)iti(a) de a)n4 'it# e(n!i( aan4e!ents. T#e (it"-state * Sin4a$e #as ne * t#e !st $ene(n!ies and #i4#est standads * )i@in4 in t#e ')d 3+t t#e (i@i) and $)iti(a) *eed!s * its (itiHens e!ain $at)" (+tai)ed. Des$ite itse(n!i( e*!s and a$id 4't# t#e C#inese (!!+nist 4@en!ent e*+ses t a))' !+(# nn-

e(n!i( *eed!. Man" i) $d+(in4 states in t#e Midd)e East #a@e a(#ie@ed e)ati@e)" #i4# in(!esand #a@e se)e(ti@e)" $ened t#ei e(n!ies 3+t !st * t#e! e!ain st+33n)" Nt


49/97

MaFet.One $+$se * t#e (!!n !aFet 'as t s$+ e(n!i( de@e)$!ent * (+se 3+t 7+st asi!$tant)" it 'as !eant t tie t#e E+$eans t4et#e e(n!i(a))". Wit# si, de(ades * #indsi4#t t#e$)an !+st 3e (nsideed a s$e(ta(+)a s+((ess. T#e ntin * ant#e !a7 'a 3et'een


50/97

/conomy


51/97

*S "ey to Cu3an /con

*S "ey to Cu3a economyelmsurton limits out investors

Spadoni 2'1'6a) S$adni 2010 assistant $*ess in t#e De$at!ent * 6)iti(a) S(ien(e at

A+4+sta State


52/97

urts *S economy

/m3argo hurts *%S% economy loss in sales and o3sCham3er of Commerce 12O$$se Uni)atea) E(n!i( San(tins U.S. C#a!3e * C!!e(e De(e!3e 1 2012#tt$%&&'''.+s(#a!3e.(!&intenatina)&a4enda&$$se-+ni)atea)-e(n!i(-san(tins&&CB

W#i)e t#e (+ent is)atin * C+3a #as *a +t)asted its i4ina) $+$se U.S. $)i(ies i!$se ea) (sts.


53/97

A2 FillIn Inevita3le

Sanctions create a -egative Spillover effect third party countries avoid interacting

#ith the countryPe"sen 'D8.ursun! .epartment of Political Science at the *niversity of 0issouri

Colum3ia! ilateral ,rade and the ,hird Party /ffect of *S Sanctions!H 2''D! http:44isam%missouri%edu4A#ards4Pe"sen%pdf>

A)t#+4# in $in(i$)e t#id (+nties ae e,$e(ted t en4a4e in !e tade e)atins 'it# t#e ta4et t#eeis n ()ea-(+t e@iden(e s+$$tin4 t#is e,$e(tatin. On t#e (nta" t#e esea(# n t#e e**i(a(" *e(n!i( san(tins s#'s t#at san(tin 3+stin4 atte!$ts es$e(ia))" in t#e *! * t#e 3)a(F Fni4#te**e(t des nt #a@e an" s+3stantia) i!$a(t n t#e ta4et?s esistan(e t (!$)ian(e 'it# t#e sende?sde!ands D+" 1 N+iddin 2001. In t#e 'ds it is s+44ested t#at t#id (+nties tend tintentina))" a@id +nde!inin4 e(n!i( (e(in 3" nt en4a4in4 in ne' tade e)atins 'it# t#eta4ets !a" )a4e)" *ai) in t#ei e**ts t s$i) +ni)atea) san(tins. T#e *ai)+e in san(tins-3+stin4(+)d 3e e,$)ained 3" t#e ne4ati@e s$i))@e a4+!ent. A((din4 t t#e ne4ati@e s$i))@e

$es$e(ti@e t#id $aties 'i)) nt 3+st e(n!i( san(tins n t#e (nta" t#e" 'i)) s+**e *!+ni)atea) san(tins * t' $ati(+)a easns.


54/97

e(n!i( i!$a(t * san(tins s+(# as i!$sin4 an e!3a4 n t#e ta4et?s $d+(ts 'it##)din4 its*inan(ia) assets 'i)) in t+n ed+(e t#e ta4et?s e(n!i( and *inan(ia) a3i)it" t $a" * i!$ts *!t#id (+nties. T#ee*e sin(e t#e ta4et?s e(n!i( (a$a(it" is di!inis#ed 3" t#e san(tins a ne4ati@es$i))@e n t#e ta4et?s e(n!i( tansa(tins 'it# t#id (+nties is )iFe)". T#+s t#e 4enea) #"$t#esises+)tin4 *! t#e a3@e dis(+ssin is t#at US san(tins 'i)) )iFe)" dis+$t e(n!i( e)atins and t#+s)ead t )'e tade @)+!es 3et'een t#e ta4et and t#id (+nties.


55/97

iotech @ Pharm

Cu3a opens up ne# mar"ets li"e pharmaceutical and 3iotechnology to the *nited

StatesSpadoni 2'1' 6a) S$adni 2010 assistant $*ess in t#e De$at!ent * 6)iti(a) S(ien(e atA+4+sta State i))an+e@a 200.P Gi@en t#e is)andQs #+4e $tentia) in t#ese se(ts2: t#eCast 4@en!entP#as 3e4+n t ea)iHe t#at in@est!ents @eseas in Fn')ed4e-intensi@ePind+sties andt#e $enetatin * ne' !aFets !a" 4eneate 4d $*its and $@ide a)tenati@e #ad (+en(" es+(es* t#e de@e)$!entP* t#e C+3an e(n!". Was#in4tnQs e!3a4 des #a@e an i!$a(tPn C+3aQsintenatina)iHatin state4" nt n)" 3e(a+se C+3an $d+(tsP(annt 3e e,$ted t t#e United States 3+t

a)s 3e(a+se U.S.-3ased tansnatina)P($atins d!inate t#e 4)3a) $#a!a(e+ti(a) !aFet andPes$e(ia))" t#e #i4#e-@a)+e *ist ')d !aFets. E@en s =a@anaQs a+t#itiesP ae ste$$in4 +$ e**ts tta$ de@e)$in4 and e!e4in4 !aFet (+ntiesP '#ee 3aies t ent" ae e)ati@e)" )' and C+3an$#a!a(e+ti(a)Pand 3ite(#n)4" $d+(ts *a(e )ess se@ee )i(ensin4 and e4istatinP#+d)es.


56/97

-o 0edical Sales

-o medical sales

.omingue 2''< Este3an Ma)es D!in4+eH% !e!3e * t#e C+3an A(ade!" * S(ien(esa'aded t#ee ti!es 3" 3t# t#e C+3an A(ade!" * S(ien(es and t#e Minist" * =i4#e Ed+(atin andGa" 6e@st% 6*ess * 6)iti(a) S(ien(e at St. #n?s Uni@esit" and t#e C))e4e * St. Benedi(t inMinnesta United States- C+3an Re)atins A Citi(a) =ist" 200

='e@e in t#e !edi(a) aena t#e esti(ti@e $@isins * t#e )a' #a@eP 3een !e s+((ess*+) in$e@entin4 !eanin4*+) tade. U.S. !edi(a) $d+(tsP (!$anies inteested in se))in4 t C+3a sti)) *a(e t#e12 C+3an De!(a("P A(tQs ins+!+nta3)e )i(ensin4 #+d)es. T#e s!a)) t !idsiHe !edi(a)(!$aniesP !st inteested in s+(# sa)es d nt #a@e t#e )e4a) (+nse) ne(essa" tP @e(!e t#ese#+d)es. T#e end es+)t #as 3een *e' C+3an $+(#ases * U.S.P !edi(ines and n $4ess n 4ainin4 aU.S. !aFet * C+3an 3i-!edi(a)P $d+(ts s+(# as t#e =e$atitis B @a((ine.


57/97

/conomic .ecline Ris"s +ar

*%S% economic decline leads to #ar economic gro#th controls the internal lin" into

every scenario%AndZs Cala!asteQs in 7+na)is! andMi(#ae) . /conomides6*ess * C#e!i(a) and

Bi!)e(+)a En4ineein4 [ C+))en C))e4e * En4ineein4 2'12 A!ei(as 3)ind s$t C#a@eH i) andUS se(+it" $a4es ,i,-,,

T#e MENA e4in t#+4# is a dista(tin *! a isin4 C#ina and anin(easin4)" asseti@e R+ssiaindis$+ta3)" A!ei(aQs t' t$ $iities.T#e t' ae t#e n)" (+nties t#at (+)d e@ent+a))" 3e in a$sitin t (#a))en4e t#e United States !i)itai)" and e(n!i(a))". Teis! 'i)) e!ain a (nstantt#eat (ns+!in4 !assi@e es+(es and t#e #ts$ts in A*4#anistan n+()ea-a!ed 6aFistan Ye!en andS!a)ia 'i)) nt +iet d'n an"ti!e sn. StaFes ae a)s #i4# 3et'een n+()ea-a!edPi@a)s 6aFistanand India t#e t#e isin4 $'e. T#' in n+()eaP$)i*eatins (n(ens *! Nt# Kea t t#eMidd)e East and dHens * a$$aent)" )ess $essin4 (n(ens a+nd t#e ')d '#et#e itQs t#ePd+4 'a

4en(ide in A*i(a and t#e $'de +aFe is (!$)ete. And "et t#is $)ate-*+)) * t+3)e is nt t#e 'stt#at A!ei(a #asP*a(ed. A*te a)) n+()ea 'as #a@e 3een a@eted nt t !entin 'innin4Pt' W)dWas and ne C)d Wa.PW#at !aFes t#e (+ent (#a))en4es di**eent t#+4# !e t#eatenin4Pin *a(t ist#e 7+n(t+e. A!ei(aQs n+!3e ne $iit"-at )east t#isPde(ade-is t#e e(n!". E@e"t#in4 e)se de$endsn it. A 'eaFenedPe(n!" si!$)" !aFes A!ei(a !e @+)nea3)e.PE(n!i( 4't# in t#e UnitedStates is sti)) st+33n)" s)' '#i)ePE+$e is in e(essin e@en n' int t#e *i*t# "ea * a 4)3a)e(n!i(P(isis +n$e(edented sin(e t#e Geat De$essin. W#i)e t#e ')dQsPi(#est (+nties st+44)et#e de@e)$in4 ')d is )eadin4 4't# *!PC#ina and t#e *!e S@iet Unin t Latin A!ei(a. T#e')d de isPes#+**)in4 as it #as !an" ti!es 3+t a4+a3)" t#is is t#e 3i44est (#an4ePsin(e W)d WaII. A!ei(aQs natina) se(+it" n' and * t#e ne,t *e'Pde(ades 'i)) 3e de*ined 3" its a3i)it" t 'eat#et#is st!. T#at 'i)) entai)Pi!$sin4 its !i)ita" s+$e!a(" in s!e +ates 3+t *+nda!enta))"Pe(@ein4 its e(n!i( ()+t +i(F)" es$e(ia))" as e4ina) $'esP)iFe R+ssia C#ina India Ian

BaHi) and t#es *i)) t#e $'e @a(++!Pin(easin4)" )e*t 3e#ind 3" t#e United States.PT#at desnQt !eant#at t#e United States is in de()ine 3+t at#e t#atP!an" t#e (+nties ae in as(ent in()+din4 s!e t#atae nt e,a(t)"P*iend)". Cnsidein4 t#e !a4nit+de * t#e n4in4 e(n!i( sta4natinPeten(#!ent isn)" nat+a). A!ei(a 'i)) e!ain t#e sin4)e !stP$'e*+) (+nt" * s!e ti!e. Westen (i@i)iHatin)ed 3" t#e UnitedPStates is e@)@in4 t *i, its !de) in (isis. It 'i)) e4+$ n d+3t andP(!e 3a(F3+t '#en it des it 'i)) !eet a ne' !+)ti$)a ')d.PRestin4 A!ei(aQs e(n!i( $'ess is @ita) int#is 7+n(t+e e@enP'#i)e t#e (+nt" (ntin+es t e@)@e a!id an in(easin4)" intet'ined ')d. T#ee"eas a4 'e (n*nted t#e 'st *inan(ia) (isis in ei4#tPde(ades. T#at (isis $@ed a *a(t t#at #as3e(!e ()eae 'it# ea(#P$assin4 "ea-+ *ate is inte(nne(ted in a 4)3a) e(n!" natinsP'i)) ise *a)) t4et#e%Q 6esident Baa(F O3a!a t)d t#e UnitedPNatins Genea) Asse!3)" in Se$te!3e2011.PT 3e s+e A!ei(aQs a3i)it" t asset itse)* 4)3a))" 'i)) 4' !ePda+ntin4 * t#ee easns% its*+t+e is !e tied t 4)3a) a**ais t#anPit #as e@e 3een t#e United States is *a(in4 !+)ti$)e s#t-

!idd)e- andP)n4-te! t#eats t#at #a@e *(ed t#e (+nt" t stet(# its es+(esPand a sta4nante(n!" is 'eaFenin4 its a3i)it" t dea) si!+)tane+s)"P'it# !+)ti$)e d!esti( and intenatina) iss+es.T#at is 7+st t#e ea)it".PT#ee is a )t 4in4 n n' e@en !e e,$e(ted in t#e *+t+e and si!$)"Pnten+4# t 4 a+nd.


58/97

,elecommunications


59/97

Inherency

2'' directive didnKt solve no sale of hard#are4private sector responseCOA K16A!ei(as S(iet"&C+n(i) * t#e A!ei(as e,e(+ti@e s+!!a" Se@en Ste$s t#e U.S.6esident Can TaFe t 6!te C#an4e in C+3a 3" Ada$tin4 t#e E!3a4 #tt$%&&'''.as-(a.4&ati()es&se@en-ste$s-+s-$esident-(an-taFe-$!te-(#an4e-(+3a-ada$tin4-e!3a4 N

On A$i) 1/ 200 t#e 6esident iss+ed a !e!and+! (ntainin4 die(ti@es desi4ned t in(ease t#e *ee*)' * in*!atin t t#e C+3an $e$)e and e,$and (!!+ni(atins )inFs 3et'een t#e United States andC+3a 3" a!n4 t#e t#in4s a))'in4 * U.S. te)e(! $@ides t ente int a4ee!ents t esta3)is#*i3e-$ti( (a3)e and sate))ite te)e(!!+ni(atins *a(i)ities )inFin4 t#e United States and C+3a a))'U.S. se@i(e $@ides t ente int a!in4 se@i(e a4ee!ents 'it# C+3an $@ides and * a))' *t#e dnatin * (ns+!e (!!+ni(atins de@i(es CCDs s+(# as !3i)e $#ne s"ste!s (!$+tes andsate))ite e(ei@es. W#at t#e" did nt d 'as a))' * t#e sa)e * #ad'ae #andsets (e)) t'es et(.t#at '+)d !aFe !an" * t#ese a(ti@ities *easi3)e s+**i(ient)" $*ita3)e. As a es+)t t#e $i@ate se(tes$nse #as 3een !ini!a).

PresidentKs directive nonuni$ues your .AKsPiccone et al% 1' T#ede . 6i((ne C#ist$#e Sa3atani Ca)s Sa)adi4as st+d" US-C+3a e)atinsat t#e BFin4s Instit+te Bid4in4 C+3a?s C!!+ni(atinDi@ide% =' U.S. 6)i(" Can =e)$ #tt$%&&'''.3Fin4s.ed+&^&!edia&e@ents&2010&:&1J20(+3aJ20(!!+ni(atins&0:_(+3a_te)e(!!+ni(atins_$i((ne N

On A$i) 1/ 200 t#e 6esident iss+ed a die(ti@e t e@ise t#e s($e * )i(ensin4 $)i(" e4adin4te)e(!!+ni(atins in de t in(ease t#e *)' * in*!atin 3et'een t#e United States and C+3a.T#e !e! (ntained die(ti@es t%

c A+t#iHe U.S. te)e(! $@ides t ente int a4ee!ents t esta3)is# *i3e-$ti( (a3)e and sate))itete)e(!!+ni(atins *a(i)ities )inFin4 t#e United States and C+3a.c Li(ense U.S. se@i(e $@ides t ente int a!in4 se@i(e a4ee!ents 'it# C+3an [email protected] Li(ense U.S. sate))ite adi and sate))ite te)e@isin $@ides t en4a4e in tansa(tins ne(essa" t$@ide se@i(es t (+st!es in C+3a.c Li(ense $esns s+37e(t t U.S. 7+isdi(tin t $a" * te)e(!!+ni(atins sate))ite adi and sate))itete)e@isin se@i(es $@ided t indi@id+a)s in C+3a.c A+t#iHe t#e e,$t e-e,$t t C+3a * dnated $esna) (!!+ni(atins de@i(es s+(# as !3i)e$#ne s"ste!s (!$+tes and sate))ite e(ei@es.

/m3argo increases regimeKs control over communications

.odge K1'Katie Dd4e Ba(#e) * Ats B.A. C!!+ni(atins and En4)is#Uni@esit" * Mi(#i4an T#e United States E!3a4 n C+3a#tt$%&&site!aFe.+!i(#.ed+&in*s+4ents(+3a&+.s._e!3a4_ N

T#e e!3a4 (!$)ete)" #indes C+3ans *! a((essin4 t#e te(#n)4" t#at '+)d a))' a *ee-*)' *in*!atin 'it# t#e est * t#e ')d. CitiHens ae (+t ** *! t#e ')d a+nd t#e! and e@en '#ent#e" ae a3)e t a((ess Intenet (a*Zs t#e Intenet is s s)' and #ea@i)" !nited t#at it is @it+a))"i!$ssi3)e t d !e t#at send an e!ai) t'. Dissidents ae #ea@i)" $ese(+ted and it is (!!n *7+na)ists t 3e i!$isned * s+3@etin4 t#e C+3an )a'. Be(a+se * t#e e!3a4 i!$sed 3" t#e
http://www.as-coa.org/articles/seven-steps-us-president-can-take-promote-change-cuba-adapting-embargohttp://www.as-coa.org/articles/seven-steps-us-president-can-take-promote-change-cuba-adapting-embargohttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2010/7/15%20cuba%20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_picconehttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2010/7/15%20cuba%20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_picconehttp://sitemaker.umich.edu/infosurgentscuba/u.s._embargo_http://www.as-coa.org/articles/seven-steps-us-president-can-take-promote-change-cuba-adapting-embargohttp://www.as-coa.org/articles/seven-steps-us-president-can-take-promote-change-cuba-adapting-embargohttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2010/7/15%20cuba%20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_picconehttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2010/7/15%20cuba%20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_picconehttp://sitemaker.umich.edu/infosurgentscuba/u.s._embargo_


60/97

United States t#e C+3an 4@en!ent is 4i@en !e $'e @e its (itiHens and t#ei a3i)ities t(!!+ni(ate 'it# t#e est * t#e ')d. In additin t#e esti(tins n ta@e)in4 int and +t * t#e(+nt" !aFe it di**i(+)t * in*!atin t s$ead in t#e a3sen(e * Intenet a((ess.

2'' didnKt go far enough Cu3a loo"ing for foreign help! lifting the em3argo

entirely is "eyartley K' Da)een =at)e" sta** 'ite US )sens C+3an e!3a4 n te(#n)4"#tt$%&&'''.4eeF.(!&(#i$s&+s-)sens-(+3an-e!3a4-n-te(#n)4"-:91192& N

T#e d s'in4s 3t# 'a"s t#+4#. +st 3e(a+se t#e US sa"s (!$anies (an set +$ *i3e $ti( andsate))ite )inFs t C+3a t#at desn?t !ean t#ei (itiHens 'i)) 3e a3)e t taFe ad@anta4e * t#se !eans *(!!+ni(atin4 'it# t#e +tside ')d. A s$Fes!an * a


61/97

Access Restricted

&overnment restricting Cu3ans access no# access in the hands of the elitePiccone et al% 1' T#ede . 6i((ne C#ist$#e Sa3atani Ca)s Sa)adi4as st+d" US-C+3a e)atinsat t#e BFin4s Instit+te Bid4in4 C+3a?s C!!+ni(atin Di@ide% =' U.S. 6)i(" Can =e)$#tt$%&&'''.3Fin4s.ed+&^&!edia&e@ents&2010&:&1J20(+3aJ20(!!+ni(atins&0:_(+3a_te)e(!!+ni(atins_$i((ne N

C+3a #as t#e )'est )e@e) * intenet $enetatin in t#e #e!is$#ee and ne * t#e )'est in t#e')d. B" t#e C+3an 4@en!ent?s 'n esti!ates 1. !i))in +ses 1/ $e(ent * t#e $$+)atin #a@ea((ess t t#e intenet t#+4# intenatina) a((+nts $)a(e it s+3stantia))" )'e at a3+t 2.J $enetatin.6at * t#e easn * t#e dis(e$an(" is t#at **i(ia) statisti(s !a" in()+de a((ess 3t# t t#e ')d'ide'e3 as 'e)) as t C+3a?s intena) net'F intanet. T#is is (!$aed t intenet $enetatin in =aiti * 2/ $e(ent. O'nes#i$ * $esna)(!$+tes is (nsidea3)" )'e% :2/000 .2 $e(ent * t#e $$+)atin.In C+3a t#e intenet is $i!ai)" a((essi3)e t a(ade!i(s 4@en!ent **i(ia)s *ei4nes and t+ists.

La(F * a((ess is t#e $i!a" 3)(Fin4 t) +sed 3" t#e C+3an 4@en!ent t esti(t t#e te(#n)4" tt#e $$+)atin at )a4e. A (ensed @esin * t#e intenet !e * an intanet is **eed t#+4#+ni@esities se(nda" s(#)s $st **i(es and 4@en!ent "+t# (!$+te ()+3s in )ine 'it# a de(eet#at t#e intenet (annt 3e +sed in @i)atin * t#e (+nt"?s !a) $in(i$)es )a's 7e$adiHenatina) se(+it". T 3tain a((ess t t#e intenet +ses #a@e t 3e a$$@ed 3" Ete(sa t#e state-'nedte)e(!!+ni(atins (!$an" and a (!!issin )inFed t t#e C!!ittee * t#e De*ense * t#eRe@)+tin A(t
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oosts Cu3an /con

Allo#ing access to telecommunications is "ey to Cu3aKs economy = reasonsPiccone et al% 1' T#ede . 6i((ne C#ist$#e Sa3atani Ca)s Sa)adi4as st+d" US-C+3a e)atinsat t#e BFin4s Instit+te Bid4in4 C+3a?s C!!+ni(atin Di@ide% =' U.S. 6)i(" Can =e)$#tt$%&&'''.3Fin4s.ed+&^&!edia&e@ents&2010&:&1J20(+3aJ20(!!+ni(atins&0:_(+3a_te)e(!!+ni(atins_$i((ne N

E@iden(e #as de!nstated a e)atins#i$ 3et'een te)edensit" and +a)it" * )i*e indi(atse@en(nt))in4 * GD6s+(# as )i*e e,$e(tan(" )'e in*ant !ta)it" ates and t#e ate * *!atin and4't# * ne' ente$ises.2 T#e *))'in4 ae s!e * t#e $siti@e 3ene*its t#at a((ess t !den ICTse@i(es (+)d **e C+3an (itiHens tda"%

1> I!$@in4 t#e *)' * e(n!i( and !aFet in*!atin% T#+4#+t t#e ')d (nne(ti@it" #as #ad

a (iti(a) )e@e)in4 e**e(t * s!a)) $d+(es*! *is#e!en t s!a)) !an+*a(t+es(+ttin4 +t !idd)e!en and a))'in4 t#e! t seeF t#e 3est $i(es * t#ei $d+(ts. T#is in*!atin is a)s i!$tant *

)inFin4 t 4)3a) !aFets. A W)d BanF s+@e" * de@e)$ed and de@e)$in4 (+nties *+nd asi4ni*i(ant )inF 3et'een Intenet a((ess and tade 4't#'it# t#e 4eatest 3ene*its a((+in4 t de@e)$in4 (+nties 'it# t#e 'eaFest tade )inFs./

2 E,$andin4 a((ess t *inan(es and (edit% >da$#ne and t#e !3i)e $#ne (!$anies #a@e

de@e)$ed an aa" * a$$)i(atins t#at #a@e e,$anded 3anFin4 a((ess t#+4# !3i)e 3anFin4.S+(# inn@atins ae $ati(+)a)" $'e*+) * C+3ans '# (+)d (n(ei@a3)" e(ei@e e!ittan(es andt#e *inan(ia) tansa(tins t#+4# !3i)e $#nes i* t#e $$e te(#n)4" and in*ast+(t+e 'ee in$)a(e.

6> Die(t)" and indie(t)" 4eneatin4 a !denda" 'F*(e t#at (an (!$ete in tda"?s in*!atin-

di@en e(n!"% Bad-3ased a((ess t ICT is essentia) t (!$etin4 in tda"?s 4)3a)in*!atin and Fn')ed4e-3ased e(n!" 3" a))'in4 (!!+nities and $i@ate indi@id+a)sinde$endent * t#e statet 4ain sFi))s (#anne)s and (a$a(it". T#e )' 3aies t ent" ens+e

t#at e@en t#e $ and +a) se(ts * t#e $$+)atin (an 4ain eas" a((ess.

=> 6@idin4 (#anne)s * (!!+ni(atin t a@et #+!anitaian disastes and assist in e(nst+(tin

e**ts% T#e Intenatina) C!!ittee * t#e Red Css #as de@e)$ed an e**e(ti@estate4" +sin4 !3i)e $#nes nt n)" t 'an (itiHens * i!$endin4 nat+a) disastes 3+t a)st #e)$ 4+ide t#e! t sa*et" and aise and de)i@e *+nds and #+!anitaian assistan(e a*te t#e ta4ed"$asses.9T#is is $ati(+)a)" e)e@ant in #+i(ane-$ne C+3a '#ee s+(# s"ste!s (+)d #e)$a@et #+!an )ss i* ICT se@i(es 'ee $)a(ed in t#e #ands * (itiHens. T#e )n4-te! e(n!i( $tentia)* t#e intenet 'as *(e*+))" ati(+)ated 3" Se(eta" * State =i))a" C)intn )ast an+a"% 'e Fn'*! )n4 e,$eien(e t#at $!tin4 s(ia) and e(n!i( de@e)$!ent in (+nties '#ee $e$)e )a(Fa((ess t Fn')ed4e !aFets (a$ita) and $$t+nit" (an

3e *+statin4 and s!eti!es *+ti)e 'F. In t#is (nte,t t#e intenet (an se@e as a 4eat e+a)iHe. B"$@idin4 $e$)e 'it# a((ess t Fn')ed4e and $tentia) !aFets net'Fs (an (eate $$t+nities'#ee nne e,ist. E@en in(e!enta) (#an4es in e,$andin4 (nne(ti@it" and a((ess t ICT (+)d 4 a)n4 'a" t'ad a))e@iatin4 t#e e(n!i( st+44)es and #ea)t# and#+!an isFs in#eent in )i@in4 +nde a ()sed a+t#itaian e4i!e. Ini(a))" #'e@e (+ent U.S.e4+)atins esti(t t#e @e" a((ess ne(essa" t !aFe t#is #a$$en. E,$andin4 t#e $$t+nit" * U.S.te)e(!s in@ests and (!$anies t $@ide (e)) $#ne andintenet se@i(e t t#e is)and 'i)) #e)$ ens+e t#at C+3an (itiHens $ssess t#e t)s t 3e(!e $d+(ti@ee(n!i( (itiHens n(e t#e s#a(F)es * $)iti(a) and e(n!i( state (nt) ae e!@ed. T sa" t#is is
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nt t den" !ini!iHe t#e @e" ea) (nt)s t#at t#e C+3an 4@en!ent $)a(es n its 'n (itiHens?a((ess t t#e intenet. B+t e,$andin4 (itiHens? a((ess t e@en t#e !st +di!enta" te(#n)4" in C+3a'+)d 3e a 4iant ste$ *'ad in e(n!i(a))" e!$'ein4 a ne' inde$endent 4eneatin * C+3an(itiHens.

Spreading IC, is "ey to Cu3an economic gro#th lifting the em3argo allo#s it to

spreadPiccone et al% 1' T#ede . 6i((ne C#ist$#e Sa3atani Ca)s Sa)adi4as st+d" US-C+3a e)atinsat t#e BFin4s Instit+te Bid4in4 C+3a?s C!!+ni(atinDi@ide% =' U.S. 6)i(" Can =e)$ #tt$%&&'''.3Fin4s.ed+&^&!edia&e@ents&2010&:&1J20(+3aJ20(!!+ni(atins&0:_(+3a_te)e(!!+ni(atins_$i((ne N

We Fn' t#ee is a stn4 (e)atin 3et'een a((ess t ICT and e(n!i( 4't# and de@e)$!ent.Cn@ese)" t#e )a4e in@est!ents e+ied * ICT in*ast+(t+e 'i)) n)" taFe $)a(e '#en t#ee is ae@en+e !de) t s+$$t t#e in@est!ent and $@ide in@ests 'it# !aFet-3ased ates * et+n. In t#e(ase * C+3a t#is 3e(a!e ()ea 'it# (e))+)a $#nes. As )itt)e as *i@e "eas a4 t#ee 'ee 7+st a *e'

t#+sand !3i)e $#nes in C+3a a)!st a)) * t#e! in t#e #ands * 4@en!ent **i(ia)s *ei4nes and!e!3es * t#e e)ite. Sin(e 200 '#en 6esident Ra+) Cast ann+n(ed t#e )i*tin4 * t#e 3an n (e))$#nes t#e n+!3e * (e)) $#nes is a$id)" a$$a(#in4 ne !i))in. T#e easn is si!$)e(e)) $#nee@en+es #a@e 3e(!e an i!$tant s+(e * #ad (+en(". T#e e(n!i( !de) +t'ei4#ed $)iti(a)(n(ens.It is +neasna3)e t #$e * t#e de@e)$!ent * t#e ICTs s+(# as t#e intenet and s(ia) !edia'it#+t e(n!i( !de)s t !aFe t#e! 'F. T#+s t#e (#a))en4e * U.S. $)i("!aFes (nsists ntn)" in e**e(tin4 ta4eted e*!s t its 0-"ea )d e!3a4 3+t in 3ad)" )i*tin4 a)) esti(tins t#at#inde t#e de@e)$!ent * an e(n!i( !de) (a$a3)e * s+stainin4 t#e e+isite in@est!ents in ICT inC+3a and t#e (es$ndin4 (ns+!e de!and * t#e se@i(es.A $ie(e!ea) a$$a(# 'i)) si!$)" nt d t#e 73. La"in4 t#is Fn')ed4e and in*ast+(t+e *+ndatin isessentia) * t#e )n4-te! e(n!i( $s$e(ts * t#e C+3an $e$)e. Gettin4 t#ee e+ies t#ee ste$s% 1

!e e,$)i(it and *)e,i3)e U.S. e4+)atins 4@enin4 t#e e,$t and in@est!ents in ICT in*ast+(t+e inC+3a 2 !e *)e,i3)e U.S. e4+)atins t a))' * t#e de@e)$!ent * an ICT (ns+!e !aFet inC+3a and / t#e de@e)$!ent * distan(e-)eanin4 $4a!s n t#e te(#n)4" e,$eien(es anda$$)i(atins * ICT t e(n!i( and #+!anitaian a(ti@it".

)ac" of access is preventing economic development in Cu3a no selfemployment!

no entrepreneurship7alathil @ oas '1 S#ant#i Ka)at#i) and Ta") C. Bas 'ites * $ee-e@ie'ed 7+na) * t#eCane4ie End'!ent * Intenatina) 6ea(e T#e Intenet and state (nt) in a+t#itaian e4i!es%C#ina C+3a and t#e (+ntee@)+tin

#tt$%&&*ist!nda".4&7s&inde,.$#$&*!&ati()e&@ie'&:&:F2

T#e i!$)i(atin * Intenet +se in t#e d!esti( e(n!" $ses a t#id $tentia) (#a))en4e t t#e e4i!e.W#i)e C+3a #as 3een *(ed t i!$)e!ent s!e !aFet e*!s d+in4 t#e e(n!i( di**i(+)ties * t#e10s it #as 4enea))" (ntained t#e! t t#e d))aden!inated e,$tiented se(t * t#e e(n!".T#e e4i!e #as 3een +ite e)+(tant t taFe ste$s t#at (+)d 4eneate ()ass di@isins 3et'een C+3ans andit )Fs disa$$@in4)" +$n t#e n+@ea+ i(#e '# #a@e e!e4ed *! 4ains in t+is! t#e in*!a)e(n!". A)t#+4# t#e 3sta()es !a" 3e si4ni*i(ant t#e Intenet (+)d $esent ant#e )+(ati@e
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$$t+nit" * ente$isin4 C+3ans t !aFe !ne" $tentia))" e,a(e3atin4 s(ia) tensins. IndeedC+3ans #a@e 3een a))'ed t $+s+e se)*e!$)"!ent * se@ea) "eas and a *e' #a@e 3e4+n din4*ee)an(e We3 desi4n * intenatina) ()ients. T#ese ()ients 3ene*it *! (#ea$ )a3 (sts "et sti)) $a"!e t#an C+3ans t"$i(a))" ean t#+4# !st t#e $+s+its:2;. B+t t#e 4@en!ent sti)) (nt)sIntenet a((ess * t#is #and*+) * 3+ddin4 ente$ene+s and as )n4 as a((ess des nt 3e(!e a *ee)"a@ai)a3)e (!!dit" it '+)d 3e i!$ssi3)e * s+(# a(ti@it" t 4' *aste t#an t#e 4@en!ent desies.

As s+(# it is #i4#)" +n)iFe)" t#at an" st * Intenet ()ass 'i)) e!e4e in C+3a in t#e s#t t !edi+!te!

)ifting the telecommunications part of the em3argo is "ey to economic gro#th

prepares the peopleCS& K1' C+3an St+d" G+$ a nn-$atisan nt-*-$*it 4aniHatin '#se e,e(+ti@e die(t #)dsa B.A. in Intenatina) St+dies *! A!ei(an Uni@esit" in Was#in4tn DC and an M.B.A. *! t#eKe))44 S(#) * Mana4e!ent at Nt#'esten Uni@esit" EM6OWERING T=E CUBAN 6EO6LET=ROUG= ACCESS TO TEC=NOLOGY#tt$%&&'''.as(e(+3a.4&$+3)i(atins&$(eedin4s&@)+!e20&$d*s&(+3ast+d"4+$it.$d* N

T#e $'e * in*!atin te(#n)4" and s(ia) !edia t *+e) e(n!i( 4't# en#an(e(!!+ni(atins and e,$and ed+(atina) $$t+nities is ne * t#e )e4a(ies * t#e )ast +ate (ent+".A((ess t ICT is stn4)" (e)ated 'it# e(n!i( 4't# and de@e)$!ent t#+4#+t t#e ')d. Asdes(i3ed in t#is e$t t#ee ae se@ea) 3sta()es t t#e de@e)$!ent * in*!atin te(#n)4" in C+3ain()+din4 t#e i!$a(t * e(n!i( san(tins 3" t#e UnitedStates. ='e@e t#e $i!a" easns * C+3a?s +ndede@e)$!ent in ICT ste! *! t#e C+3an4@en!ent?s 'n $)i(ies '#i(# ai! t $iitiHe $)iti(a) (nt) @e e(n!i( de@e)$!ent andin*!atin in*ast+(t+e. Bad e*!s t U.S. san(tins a4ainst C+3aas t#e" e)ate t te(#n)4"and te)e(!!+ni(atinsa)n4 'it# e,$anded e**ts t in(ease $i@ate dnatins and Fn')ed4etans*e *! U.S. (itiHens t C+3an (itiHens (an 4 a )n4 'a" t'ad $e$ain4t#e C+3an $e$)e * $ati(i$atin in 3ad-3ased !den e(n!i( de@e)$!ent +nde a !e $en$)iti(a) s"ste!
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.emocracy I)

.emocratic movements are ineffective due to a lac" of communications tech and

economic opportunities*tset '< a@ie Utset inde$endent (ns+)tant T#e C+3an De!(a(" M@e!ent% An Ana)"ti(a)O@e@ie' #tt$%&&(i.*i+.ed+&esea(#&(!!issined-e$ts&(+3an-de!-+tset.$d* N

C+3an de!(a(" 4+$s 4enea))" $ssess 'eaF 4aniHatina) st+(t+es t#at in(ease t#ei@+)nea3i)it" t e$essin. Man" ae )se)" 4aniHed '#i)e t#es inteestin4)" $ssess (+nt)ess$sitin tit)es and de$at!ents 'it# )itt)e $a(ti(a) +ti)it" 4i@en t#e s!a)) siHe * 4aniHatins. R)es andes$nsi3i)ities ae *ten @a4+e)" in*!a))" de*ined n)" in*!a))" and t#e )eades#i$ st")e in s!e4+$s is e,(essi@e)" $esna)isti(.T#e #as# en@in!ent is 3@i+s)" a deteent t t#e neat set +$ * 4aniHatins. In C+3a it isi!$ssi3)e t #a@e **i(e s$a(es !e!3es#i$ e(+it!ent is dan4e+s $en ad@(a(" is i))e4a) and(nstant #aass!ent !aFes t#e (dinatin * tasFs e,te!e)" (#a))en4in4. Res+(es t#at ae taFen *4anted in t#e $)a(es s+(# as $a$e $ens )a$t$s $#nes and t#e dina" **i(e de@i(es ae+na@ai)a3)e i))e4a) e,te!e)" e,$ensi@e. A *a(t t#at is @it+a))" i!$ssi3)e t addess 3" t#e 4+$sis s+staina3i)it". =ad)" s+$isin4 t#e a+t#ities +tine)" (+t a(ti@ists ** e(n!i( $$t+nities and*(e t#e! t de$end n t#e assistan(e * e,tena) a(ts s+(# as *a!i)" *iends and intenatina) NGOs.In 4enea) te!s 4aniHatins ae (a+4#t +$ in t#e 4ind * dai)" s+@i@a) and (nse+ent)" s$end )itt)et n ti!e n state4i( $)annin4 ana)"Hin4 t#ei 'n sten4t#s and 'eaFnesses t#se * t#e State+ndestandin4 '#at !aFes t#ei ta4et (nstit+en(ies ti(F desi4nin4 initiati@es t#at a$$ea) said ta4et(nstit+en(ies. Ca)itin-3+i)din4 (a$a(it" is 'eaF. W#i)e 4+$s !a" 3e a3)e t a)i4n a+nd (!!n4a)s t#e" ae ae)" a3)e t (dinate (!!n a(tin. A(ti@ist e(+it!ent a$$eas t de$ende,(essi@e)" n stn4 )inFs * inte$esna) t+st '#i(# !ini!iHes t#e isF * in*i)tatin 3+t a)s ed+(est#e (a$a(it" t ea(# )a4e and di@esi*ied $)s * $e$)e. 1 Tans)atin% assa+)t *(e. 6a4e * 1/C!!+ni(atins (ntin+e t 3e a sei+s (#a))en4e * de!(a(" 4+$s. E-!ai) $#ne and *a, aeeit#e inse(+e +ne)ia3)e and tans$tatin is eit#e +na@ai)a3)e e,(essi@e)" e,$ensi@e. Cetaindis(nne(t 3et'een a(ti@ists in =a@ana and t#se in t#e +a) aeas (ntin+es t e,ist as t#e )atte *ten*ee) $#an *! and *4tten 3" t#e !e @isi3)e a(ti@ists in t#e (a$ita) (it".

-o access to communications prevents reform0ohr '5 LaKinda M# $at * t#e SAIS e@ie' * Intenatina) A**ais '#i(# $+3)is#es essa"s t#atstadd)e t#e 3+nda" 3et'een s(#)a)" in+i" and $a(ti(a) e,$eien(e in its sea(# t 3in4 a *es# and$)i("-*(+sed $es$e(ti@e t 4)3a) $)iti(a) e(n!i( and se(+it" +estins State Cnt) * t#eIntenet Reins in C+3aQs


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4@en!entQs @it+a) !n$)" @e Intenet a((ess and its +se e!ains a sei+s i!$edi!ent t!3i)iHin4 a $-de!(a(" $$sitin !@e!ent.Intenet (nt) in C+3a #as in@)@ed a (!3inatin * $a(ti@e and ea(ti@e state4ies a)) se@in4 t(ns)idate t#e $'e * t#e e4i!e. T#ese state4ies an4e *! +sin4 t#e Intenet t disti3+te4@en!ent $$a4anda t (ensin4 (ntent and )i!itin4 (nne(ti@it".2W#i)e t#e 4@en!ent #asa))'ed s!e Intenet a((ess $ati(+)a)" * inta-4@en!enta) (!!+ni(atins )i!ited intenatina)

(es$nden(e and se)e(t a(ade!i( instit+tins and 3+siness ente$ises it (ntin+es t di(tate$e!issi3)e (ntent and !nit and esti(t Intenet +se./It #as a)s !ade it End 6a4e11; in(easin4)" di**i(+)t $#i3iti@e)" e,$ensi@e * dina" C+3an (itiHens t a(+ie Intenetse@i(e.9In *a(t !st C+3ans ae +na3)e t a**d e@en t#e 3asi( #ad'ae s*t'ae and (nne(ti@it"*ees t#at '+)d 4ain t#e! a((ess.Cnse+ent)" t#e +se * t#e Intenet as a t) * $)iti(a) 4aniHatinis se@ee)" )i!ited addin4 t t#e 3sta()es t#at a(ti@ist 4+$s in (i@i) s(iet" *a(e in $!tin4 e4i!e(#an4e.One * t#e (!$nents t#at +an Lf$eH identi*ies as !issin4 in C+3an (i@i) s(iet" is t#e a3i)it" * a )a4e$$tin * t#e C+3an $$+)atin t e4+)a)" a((ess inde$endent (#anne)s * (!!+ni(atin.InC+3a t#is @ita) e)e!ent is )a(Fin4 in $at 3e(a+se * t#e 4@en!entQs (nt) * t#e Intenet and t#e*!s * !edia in 4enea). Wit#+t t#is (#anne) Lf$eH a4+es (i@i) s(iet" a(ti@ists st+44)e tdisse!inate in*!atin ed+(ate (itiHens and !3i)iHe !e * t#e $$+)atina(ti@ities t#at (+)d

+)ti!ate)" (#a))en4e t#e e4i!e and e!$'e t#e C+3an $e$)e.:B" esti(tin4 t#e +se * t#e Intenet'#i(# *+n(tins as a *ai)" e)ia3)e inde$endent )ine * (!!+ni(atin in $en s(ieties t#e 4@en!ent#as e)i!inated an e**e(ti@e !eans * intea(tin and dia)4+e * (i@i) s(iet". W#i)e +nde4+ndIntenet a(ti@it" e,ists t#e 4@en!ent #as t#+s *a $e@ented it *! 3e(!in4 a !eanin4*+) t#eat andits +se is +n)iFe)" t 3e 'ides$ead en+4# t (+)ti@ate and s+$$t a $)n4ed 3ad 3ased $$sitin!@e!ent an"ti!e sn.O@ea)) a)t#+4# t#ee ae !an" *a(ts t#at #a@e i!$eded t#e @i(es * $$sitin in C+3a t#e ina3i)it"* a(ti@ist 4+$s t +ti)iHe t#e Intenet #as 3een deti!enta) t t#ei e**ts t *ste $)+a)is! and(n*nt t#e stat+s +. T#e 4@en!entQs d!inatin @e t#e *)' * in*!atin t#+4# t#e Intenetas 'e)) as t#+4# t#e !edia in 4enea) #as esti(ted *ee e,$essin t#e *)' * ideas and e4+)aa((ess t inde$endent (#anne)s * (!!+ni(atin. T#is ea)it" 'i)) (ntin+e t 3e a !a7 3aie in (i@i)s(iet"Qs atte!$ts t ea(# +t t C+3ans a(ss t#e is)and and !3i)iHe $ess+e * a e4i!e (#an4e in

t#e s#t te!. W#i)e t#e ine@ita3)e de$at+e *


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e@ent+a))" ends +$ in t#e e4i!e?s (**es. ='e@e it is a)s ()ea t#at totalitarianism thrives on

isolation . T#e C+3an 4@en!ent (nt)s a((ess t (+en(" in*!atin and $e$)e $e(ise)" 3e(a+se

t#ese $@ide s!et#in4 dan4e+s t e@e"da" (itiHens% e!$'e!ent. A(()ai!ed C+3an 3)44e YaniSgn(#eH a4+es t#at a((ess t es+(es and !ne" *! A!ei(ans )iFe a((ess t t#e Intenet '+)d3ene*it C+3an (itiHens% ELO6MENTOR 6LANTING T=E >IRUS O< DISSIDENCE ANDDESTABILIATION5#tt$%&&'''.as(e(+3a.4&$+3)i(atins&$(eedin4s&@)+!e20&$d*senFen.$d*

N


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t#e (+ttin4 ed4e !3i)e te(#n)4ies !ade 'ide)" a((essi3)e 3" t#e ne' 4eneatin * s!at $#nes as aFind * e@)+tina" R!an senate '#ee t#e"(an $en +$ a ()sed s"ste! (a"in4 +t a netts e*! !@e!ent t#e" )iFe t (a)) 3)4stiFa.

Re)atins IL


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e(n(i)e and esta3)is# $)iti(a) and e(n!i( ties 'it# *!e ad@esa" >ietna! - #ist" s#'s t#atA!ei(a *ten *inds t#e 'a" t #ea) e)atins#i$s 'it# *!e ad@esaies - t#ee is )itt)e d+3t t#at it(+)d d t#e sa!e 'it# C+3a. Wit# 6esident O3a!aQs (a!$ai4n $!ise t !@e a'a" *! t#ee!3a4 n' is t#e ti!e * A!ei(an 3+siness inteests t stat *!+)atin4 a state4" * din43+siness 'it# C+3a.


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se@i(e $@ides t ente int and $eate +nde a!in4 se@i(e a4ee!ents 'it# t#ei C+3an(+nte$ats. Ri4#t n' aside *! t#e )a4e (ities and !+ni(i$a)ities (e)) $#ne (@ea4e is )i!ited inC+3a. S#+)d t#e U.S. 4@en!ent 'ite ne' te)e(!!+ni(atins +)es t a))' U.S. se@i(e $@ides tset +$ a!in4 (e)) $ints t aeas nt "et (@eed in C+3a t#at 'i)) a))' * e,$anded (!!+ni(atins'it# t#e C+3an $e$)e and * (+se '+)d esta3)is# t#e *a!e'F * !den 3+siness and $esna)te)e(!!+ni(atins 'it# is)ated 3+t state4i(a))" i!$tant se(ts * t#e is)and. Entein4 int s+(#

a!in4 a4ee!ents 'it# A!ei(an te)e(!s a)s 'i)) a))' ETECSA1 and t#e C+3an te)e(! entitiest $@ide (#ea$e !3i)e a((ess t C+3ans.Cn()+sinT#e C+3an 4@en!ent and t#e C+3an $e$)e #a@e )n4 'anted t een4a4e in tade 'it# t#e UnitedStates. Wit# t#e e(n!i( d'nt+n n' a**e(tin4 *ei4n in@est!ent in t#e is)and *! Latin A!ei(aand E+$e and t#e !assi@e )sses and da!a4es t $$et" and in*ast+(t+e t#at C+3a #as s+**eed*! e(ent #+i(ane seasns in(eased !ti@atin e,ists * t#e C+3an 4@en!ent t ea)iHe t#e3ene*its * eesta3)is#in4 e(n!i( ties 'it# t#e United States (eatin4 t#e e(n!" * a *+t+e Ne'C+3a. B" e,e(+tin4 a !den a**da3)e and e**i(ient te)e(!!+ni(atins *+ndatin 'it# t#e UnitedStates C+3a (an )e@ea4e t#e ne' te(#n)4" and its #+!an (a$ita) t e,$and its Fn')ed4e-3asedind+sties s+(# as in*!atin te(#n)4" and 3ite(#n)4".W#i)e C+3a initia))" !a" e3+** atte!$ts *! U.S. te)e(!!+ni(atins (!$anies t ente int

a4ee!ents $+s+ant t t#e O3a!a ad!inistatinQs ne' $)i(" *ai)+e t esta3)is# *i3e $ti( (a3)e andsate))ite te)e(!!+ni(atins *a(i)ities )inFin4 t#e t' (+nties '+)d )iFe)" $)a(e t#e C+3an 4@en!entin an a'F'ad de*ensi@e $sitin in t#e e"es * !an" C+3ans. It '+)d nt 3e s+$isin4 i* t#e ne'e4+)atins a+t#iHin4 U.S. (!$anies t ne4tiate te)e(!!+ni(atins dea)s 'it# C+3a e+ie U.S.(!$anies and C+3an te)e(!s t in()+de a 4+aantee 4d-*ait# (!!it!ent *! ETECSA t$@ide 4eate a((ess t dina" C+3ans. Wit# t#e 4@en!ent-(nt))ed $ess in C+3a )i3ea))"$+3)i(iHin4 6esident O3a!aQs e(ent $)i(" (#an4e !st C+3ans *+))" s+$$t and 'e)(!e t#e$$t+nit" * 4eate ties 'it# t#e A!ei(an $e$)e.


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=e)$s US ind+st"

)ifting the communications em3argo is critical to *S communication sectorSimp"ins K'asn Si!$Fins !ana4in4 edit * Mne" Mnin4 Wi)) O3a!a Li*t t#e Tade

E!3a4 A4ainst C+3a5 #tt$%&&!ne"!nin4.(!&200&09&22&3a!a-(+3a-e!3a4& N

ItQs t ea)" t assess t#e i!$a(t * t#ese !eas+es n 3+sinesses 3+t ana)"sts anti(i$ate t#at ai)ine(aies Intenet and te)e$#ne se@i(e $@ides and 3anF se@i(es (!$anies 'i)) 3ene*it *! ne'3+siness $$t+nities.T#is is a 3i4 dea) itQs a si4ni*i(ant (#an4e in U.S. $)i(" *!e A!3assad Da@id A. Gss t#e U.S.(dinat * intenatina) (!!+ni(atins and in*!atin $)i(" and a $atne at t#e )a' *i! Wi)e"Rein t)d t#e Ls An4e)es Ti!es.Te)e(!!+ni(atins (aies 'i)) n' $tentia))" 3e a3)e t esta3)is# a!in4 a4ee!ents 'it# C+3an(aies Gss said. T#at '+)d !aFe it $ssi3)e * C+3an A!ei(ans t 3+" (e)) $#nes and $a"!ent$)ans in t#e United States and send t#e! t C+3a * t#ei e)ati@es t +se.T#e 4@en!ent said Mnda" t#at it '+)d a))' U.S. te)e(! $@ides t esta3)is# *i3e-$ti( (a3)e

se@i(es )inFin4 t#e United States t C+3a. A((ess t t#+sands * $tentia) ne' (+st!es '+)d 3ene*itan" n+!3e * U.S. (!!+ni(atins (!$anies and Intenet se@i(e $@ides. Te)e@isin and adi(!$anies s+(# as Sii+s M Radi In(. SIRI (+)d a)s $tentia))" $@ide se@i(e t C+3a.T#e O3a!a ad!inistatin 'i)) a)s a))' (!$+tes s*t'ae and $#nes t 3e dnated t C+3a 'it#+ta 4@en!ent )i(ense.

,elecommunications "ey to the *S economy part of every sector

/+ K1' E(n!" Wat(# U.S Te)e(! Ind+st" http:44###%economy#atch%com4#orldindustries4telecommunications4ustelecomindustry%html N

Te)e(!!+ni(atin ind+st" is t#e "ey force * A!ei(an e(n!". U.S. te)e(!!+ni(atin ind+st"

e,tends itQs a(ti@ities in a)!st e@e" se(t *! ed+(atin t #ea)t# (ae 3anFin4 and *inan(e. U.S.te)e(! ind+st" ena3)es an @ea)) * :J U.S. )a3 $d+(ti@it" 4ains.6i!e 37e(ti@es * U.S. te)e(!!+ni(atin ind+st"U.S. te)e(!!+ni(atin ind+st" desi4ned t a(#ie@e t#e ta4et * (eatin4 !e t#an 212000 73s in itQste)e(!!+ni(atin ind+st". Besides (eatin4 ne' 73 $$t+nities s!e t#e 37e(ti@es * U.S.te)e(!!+ni(atin ind+st" in()+de addin4 (+st!e @a)+e 3" $@idin4 t#e! inn@ati@e se@i(es )iFe>I6 >i(e @e Intenet 6t() (eatin4 an @ea)) * 3i))in (a$ita) in@est!ent $$t+nitiesand 4eneatin4 11/ 3i))in ne' e@en+es in itQs te)e(! ind+st".

Cu3a is the goldmine for telecommunications! 3ut sanctions give regime control over

access.evereuB and Schmidt K11 C#a)ie De@ee+, and B)aFe S(#!idt sta** 'ites * B)!3e4 C#a@eHBeats ATT t C+3an Te)e(! G)d MineQ as Dis$+te n 6i(in4 Bites#tt$%&&'''.3)!3e4.(!&ne's&2011-01-2&(#a@eH-3eats-at-t-t-(+3a-te)e(!-!aFet-as-$i(e-dis$+te-3ites.#t!) N

C+3a is t#e 4)d !ine e@e"ne is a*te in Latin A!ei(a se Ma4ana a seni ana)"st at 6"a!id saidin a $#ne inte@ie'. 6ess+e 'i)) 3+i)d n t#e U.S. 4@en!ent t )et U.S. (!$anies $ati(i$ate in t#e$enin4 * C+3a?s !aFet.
http://moneymorning.com/2009/04/22/obama-cuba-embargo/http://www.economywatch.com/world-industries/telecommunications/us-telecom-industry.htmlhttp://www.economywatch.com/world-industries/telecommunications/us-telecom-industry.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-26/chavez-beats-at-t-to-cuba-telecom-market-as-price-dispute-bites.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-26/chavez-beats-at-t-to-cuba-telecom-market-as-price-dispute-bites.htmlhttp://moneymorning.com/2009/04/22/obama-cuba-embargo/http://www.economywatch.com/world-industries/telecommunications/us-telecom-industry.htmlhttp://www.economywatch.com/world-industries/telecommunications/us-telecom-industry.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-26/chavez-beats-at-t-to-cuba-telecom-market-as-price-dispute-bites.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-26/chavez-beats-at-t-to-cuba-telecom-market-as-price-dispute-bites.html


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Band'idt# in C+3a (an ea(# a !a,i!+! * a3+t 2 !e4a3"tes $e se(nd (!$aed 'it# a U.S.a@ea4e * !e4a3"tes and !e t#an 12 !e4a3"tes inS+t# Kea Ma4ana said.C+3an state $#ne (!$an" E!$esa de Te)e(!+ni(a(ines de C+3a S.A. Ete(sa #as a !n$)" na)) *i,ed-)ine and !3i)e se@i(es. Mi)an-3ased Te)e(! Ita)ia S$A#as a 2: $e(ent staFe in t#e =a@ana-3ased (!$an".T#e -"ea-)d C#a@eH (a))s *!e 6esident


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A2 Regime loc"s It

Regime #elcomes it their evidence in conteBt of 2'' not lifting the entire

em3argoFran" K1'Ma(


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A2 Off Case Positions


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A2 CPs


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Only Full )ifting Solves

*nilateral lifting "ey A-9 $uid pro $uo shifts

cuba affirmative update - emory 2013

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