by: mohd.imran husain

8/14/2019 By: Mohd.imran Husain

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by: Mohd.Imran Husain


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What is RFID?What is RFID?

RFID is an ADC technology that usesradio-frequency waves to transfer databetween a reader and a movable itemto identify, categorize, track...

RFID is fast, reliable, and does notrequire physical sight or contactbetween reader/scanner and the

tagged item


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What Constitutes an RFIDWhat Constitutes an RFID

System?System?

. Tags

. Readers

. EPC Network

. Middleware


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----TagsTags

A Tag is a transponder which receives a radio signal and in

response to it sends out a radio signal.

. Tag contains an antenna, and a small chip that stores a small

amount of data

. Tag can be programmed at manufacture or on installation

. Tag is powered by the high power electromagnetic field generatedby the antennas usually in doorways

. The field allows the chip/antenna to reflect back an extremely weak

signal containing the data

. Collision Detection recognition of multiple tags in the read range

is employed to separately read the individual tags


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----ReadersReaders

An RFID reader is a device that is used tointerrogate an RFID tag. The reader has anantenna that emits radio waves; the tagresponds by sending back its data.

The reader has two basic components

. A scanning antenna

. A transceiver with a decoder to interpretthe data


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P

P


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RFID midilware


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Components of an RFID SystemComponents of an RFID System


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RFID Operations

Sequence of communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands

Reader and tag communicate via RF signal

Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request from the host application)

Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s)

Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

sends back modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as field

disturbance device)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data

Results returned to the host application


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A All T Th


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Are All Tags There ags eSame?Same?

Basic Types:ActiveTag transmits radio signalBattery powered memory, radio &

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from reader

Reader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)


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Frequency Regulation Range Data Speed Comments

125-150 kHz Basically unregulated 10 cm LowAnimal identificationand factory datacollection systems

13.56 MHz

ISM band, differing

power levels and dutycycle

< 1m Low tomoderate

Popular frequency for

I.C. Cards (SmartCards)

433 MHzNon-specific ShortRange Devices (SRD),Location Systems

1 100 m ModerateAsset tracking for U.S.DoD (Pallets)

860-930 MHz

ISM band (Region 2);increasing use inother regions,

differing power levelsand duty cycle

2 5 mModerate to

high

EAN.UCC GTAG,MH10.8.4 (RTI),

AIAG B-11 (Tires)

2450 MHzISM band, differingpower levels and dutycycle

1 2 m HighIEEE 802.11b,Bluetooth, CT,AIAG B-11


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Advantages

Uses normal CMOS processing basic and ubiquitous

Relative freedom fromregulatory limitations

Well suited for applicationsrequiring reading small

amounts of data at slowspeeds and minimal distances

Penetrates materials well(water, tissue, wood, aluminum)


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Disadvantages:Does not penetrate or transmit around

metals

(iron, steel)Handles only small amounts of data

Slow read speeds

Large Antennas -- compared to higherfrequencies

Minimal Range


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Disadvantages:Tag construction:

is thicker (than 13.56 MHz) is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz)

more complex(requires more turns of the induction coil)


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13.56 MHz13.56 MHz

AdvantagesUses normal CMOS processing--basic and

ubiquitous

Well suited for applications requiring readingsmall amounts of data and minimal distances

Penetrates water/tissue well

Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of thecoil); lower costs to build

Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slowerthan higher MHz systems)

Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)

Popular Smart Card frequency


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13.56 MHz13.56 MHz

DisadvantagesGovernment regulated frequency

(U.S. and Europe recently harmonized)

Does not penetrate or transmit aroundmetals

Large Antennas (compared to higherfrequencies)

Larger tag size than higher frequenciesTag construction: requires more than one

surface to complete a circuit

Reading Range of 0.7 m


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>300 MHz 300 MHz 1mTag size smaller than 13.56 MHz

Smaller antennasRange: licensed to 20-40' withreasonable sized tag (stamp toeraser size). Unlicensed 3-5 m.

Good non-line-of-sightcommunication (except forconductive, "lossy" materials)

High data rate; Large amountsof data

Controlled read zone (throughantenna directionality)


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>300 MHz 300 MHz


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2.45 GHz2.45 GHz

AdvantagesTag size smaller than inductive or

lower range UHF (1"x 1/4")

Range: greater range thaninductive w/o battery

More bandwidth than lowerrange UHF (more

frequencies to hop)Smaller antennas than lower

range UHF or inductive

High data rate


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2.45 GHz2.45 GHz

Disadvantages

More susceptible to electronic noise than lower UHFbands, e.g. 433 MHz, 860-930 MHz

Shared spectrum with other technologies--

microwave ovens, RLANS, TV devices, etc.Requires non-interfering, "good neighbor"

tactics like FHSS

Competitive requirement: single chip--highly technical;limited number of vendors

Regulatory approvals still "in process"


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ApplicationsApplications


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Portal ApplicationsPortal Applications

Bill of Lading

Material Tracking

onveyor ssem yv y y


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onveyor ssem yv y yLineLine

Read / Write OperationsHigher Accuracy than Bar Code


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Application ExamplesApplication Examples

Wireless / Batch

Inventory Management

Material Handling

By Destination

Material Handling

Inspecting / MaintainingMaterial Handling

Aggregate / De-aggregate

Where is it? What is it?What is inside the box?

Where is it going? Where has it been?

Should it be here?

What have I assembled or disassembled?

How many do I have? Do I have enough?

Has this been repaired?

Is this under warrantee?

Has this been inspected?

Is this complete?

What is the assets status or state?


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Shipping ValidationShipping Validation

Tote/Box/Unit Level Inventory


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Thank You!

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by: mohd.imran husain

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