bot solar daerah 2013 smk taman seri kluang
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daerah kluangTRANSCRIPT
SMK TAMAN SERI KLUANG
PREPARED BY;
1. THINESH A/L NATHAN2. NURUL AIN BTE IDRIS3. LEOK YING YIN
ACCOMPANIED BY;
EN ONN AZRI BIN PUADE
TABLE OF CONTENT
Content page
1. ABSTRACT 3
2. OBJECTIVES 7
3. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES 9
4. INNOVATIONS 12
5. FABRICATIONS 17
6. COSTS 19
7. TRIAL & ERROR 20
8. APPENDIX 21
1. ABSTRACT2
1.1 OBJECTIVES
Nowadays, in the age of science and technology, the world
is facing the threat of global warming. Greenhouse gasses and
vehicle emission not only poison our air, but in the same time
causes the thinning of the ozone layer, up in the atmosphere. The
world today is indeed addicted to fossil fuels. These limited
resources need huge energy, and cost increasingly higher to
produce fuel. Fortunately, today, there are ‘green technologies’
that can help reduce and combat the effect of global warming.
One technology in particular is the solar technology. Solar is
the sun. Our closest star, which happens to be the center of our
solar system, emits radiations. Solar radiation is radiant energy
emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy. These can
be in a form of heat and light. The light can be generated into
electricity using solar panels.
We need fuel to move our boat. This is a burden because the fuel prices are quite expensive. With the presence of solar boat, we will be able to save our money and it didn’t causes pollution because it uses solar energy.
1.2 DESIGN INNOVATIONS
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This year, we innovate the design of last year. With a little
help from our teacher, we have enlarge the size of the boat so the
boat will be stable when on the water surface. The size of a small
boat will cause the boat to become unstable and swinging easily
when on the water surface. We also designed the boat so that it
can cut through the water and thus can move speed on the water.
During the construction process, we always ensure that the
boat can float on the water surface and thus can move smoothly
and fast.
1.3 COST
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Building a solar boat today is quite inexpensive. The main reason is that the technology has been duplicated by smaller companies in China. A ‘made in China’ DIY kit can cost as low as RM15, and can be obtained easily over the internet. For our project boat, we use the lightest material. As our school cannot support the cost of using of carbon fibers, we use polystyrene sheet. The material is very easy to cut and shape, plus it is lightweight, perfect for making our prototype.The total cost of our prototype is as follows :
Solar cell - RM 15.00DC motor - RM 6.50Gear - RM 4.50Polystyrene - RM 5.50Stationeries - RM 6.00TOTAL COST - RM 37.50
1.4 MAXIMUM SPEED VS TIME OF DAY
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After much discussing with our teachers, we came up with a
timetable, which we use to determine the maximum speed of our
solar boat in relation with the time of day. We created a table
which we can monitor the results, thus improving the angle of our
solar panel.
Date \ Time 9.30 10.30 11.30 12.30
Date 1 2.96 2.023 2.062 1.813
Date 2 2.94 2.021 2.060 1.811
Date 3 Test canceled due to bad weather
Date 4 2.95 2.024 2.059 1.805
Date 5 2.92 2.021 2.058 1.802
Maximum speed (m/s)
The table above represents our trial in determining the
maximum speed in 4 different times in the afternoon/evening. At
first, we would like to do the test in 3 days, but the cloudy and rainy
weather makes our data hard to read. So, more data can lead to a
more grouped numbers and makes averaging the speed easier for
us.
2. OBJECTIVE6
2.1 PURPOSE
The objective of this competition is to motivate Malaysian
secondary schools students in science, engineering, and
technology and to learn about solar power. Teams will design,
fund, build, and run a vehicle that is powered only by solar power.
Efficient balancing of power resources and power
consumption is the key to success during the race. At any moment
in time the optimal driving speed depends on the weather
(forecast). We were very fortunate to obtain the most efficient
balance in gear ratio and weight distribution. Our boat can go
quite fast as we can get the right motor.
During the early stage of our R&D, we opted the use of a
regular DC motor. It turned out to be a high speed but low torque
motor. After discussing with our teachers, we changed the motor to
a higher torque and low speed motor. As a result, our solar boat
can go at the slightest sunlight.
DC electric motor
2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
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The main objective of any solar boat manufacturer is to
build an efficient, "winning" vehicle. Design considerations
included hundreds of tradeoffs, but certain elements are essential.
Reliability is an important design factor. A vehicle which
performed well without any major breakdowns would cover the
race distance in less time.
The overall shape of a solar boat is another important
design factor. Teams had to determine how and where they would
mount the solar cells for maximum energy grain. They also had to
decide how to maintain low weight and minimize aerodynamic
drag.
3. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES8
3.1 HOW DOES A SOLAR CELL WORKS?
A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell)
is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of sunlight
directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Assemblies of
cells are used to make solar modules, also known as solar panels.
The energy generated from these solar modules, referred to as
solar power, is an example of solar energy.
Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research related to
the practical application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity
from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to the
generation of electricity from sunlight.
Cells are described as photovoltaic cells when the light
source is not necessarily sunlight. These are used for detecting
light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, for
example infrared detectors, or measurement of light intensity.
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The solar cell works in three steps:
1. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by
semi conducting materials, such as silicon.
2. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their
atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce
electricity. Due to the special composition of solar cells, the
electrons are only allowed to move in a single direction.
3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable
amount of direct current (DC) electricity.
4. The current produced turned the motor, which in turn drives
a set of gears to run the boat.
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The power of our solar panel is;
*Tests are done under maximum sunlight;
Voltage = 4 1.5V cells = 6 Volts
The current calculation must be done in a complete circuit,
since current doesn’t flow in a load-less circuit.
According to our experiment under maximum sunlight, the
current for our solar boat is; 0.6A
P = I x V
= 0.1 x6
= 0.6W
= 0.6Watt
→P = 0.6W, lower than the 1A regulation.#
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V
Solar panel
Voltmeter
Sunlight
Current
4. INNOVATIONS4.1 SOLAR CELL SELECTION
Our solar boat project uses a common commercially
available solar panel, which retails at RM15.00. The low cost and
high efficiency solar cell is modified. We do without the panel
holder, which further lighten our final product.
The solar panel is efficient that we need only one unit to
power up our DC motor.
4.2 SOLAR CELL CIRCUIT
The solar panel, according to the shop salesman, are 2 solar
panel in a serial connection. Serial connection limits the voltage
output, but combines the current from each of the panel. As a
result, in theory the combined solar cell voltage output is only
about 3V, but the current can go as high as 0.1amp.
A famous misconception of voltage-current
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4.3 AERODYNAMICS
Aerodynamic is the key in designing any vehicle, especially a
vehicle built for speed. Slipstream design can helps reduce air
resistance, an archenemy of speed. A sloping nose section not
only directs air upwards, it can also provides down force, which
can helps to stabilize the vehicle in high speed.
A bubble canopy, made from high grade polyglass can also
give the boat a slipstream design, thus further improving the
aerodynamics of the boat .
One section which we haven’t missed is the water surface .
A flat underside of the boat enable air to pass through and
generates negative life.
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4.4 FAN SELECTION
The fan of our solar boat is salvaged from a cheap toy helicopter.
4.5 MATERIAL SELECTION
Thin high density polystyrene sheets.
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UHU tube glue
We use the lightest material possible in order to achieve the
maximum power to weight ratio. Sir Isaac Newton famous
Newton's second law stated that the formula F = ma establishes
that as m is more, the force needed to produce the same
acceleration will also be higher. Heavy means more weight. More
weight due to more mass.
We believe by stripping down our boat’s weight, we will be
able to leave the competitors in the dust.
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5. FabricationsOur solar boat begins as a sketch (refer appendix). A credit
goes to Leok Ying Yin, the artist of our group. She was able to
draw her ideas, presented and approved by our teachers.
Firstly, we cut the polystyrene sheet using a sharp knife.
Then we glued all the pieces together using UHU tube glue. The
first problem that we encounter is the wheel shaft got stuck on the
polystyrene hole. Our solution is to use a small straw to go
between the shaft and the body.
The solar panel is the last thing that we assemble on the
solar boat. Our teacher, Mr Onn Azri raised a question weather to
put the panel on the back or on the front. As a proof of concept, we
run a few tests, with the panel on the front and on the rear. It
turned out that putting the panel directly on the motor makes the
car at least 1 second slower than on the front.
The next problem we face is the steering. At first, the boat
tends to swerve to the left on the 1 meter mark. The solution is
simple, we use a thin sheet of plastic as rudder, positioned behind
the boat.
All the calculations and measurement are done with our
teacher. Along the way, we learned the proper way to measure
voltage and current, as well as meter connection to the circuit.
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Voltage measurement
Current measurement
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7. Trial & errorThese results are collected in the stated date and time.
Date \ Time 9.30 10.30 11.30 12.30
02/06/13 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.26
03/06/13 0.14 0.19 0.23 0.26
04/06/13 Test canceled due to bad weather
05/06/13 0.16 0.24 0.24 0.27
06/06/13 0.13 0.25 0.23 0.29
In order to calculate the average speed, we take the 3
fastest times and divided them by three. All experiments are done
during hot sunny days.
Fastest speed 1 ; 0.26
Fastest speed 2 ; 0.27
Fastest speed 3 ; 0.29
Average speed ; 0.27m/s
Fastest speed is obtained at ______12.30______(time)
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8. Appendix
Early stage of development
Flat underside of the boat
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front view of solar boat
Solar panel placement, optimum weight balance
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Our solar boat
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I. FOREWORD
Tn Hj Abd Sukor Bin Salikin
The Principal
SMK Taman Seri Kluang
86000 Kluang, Johore.
First and foremost, I would like to congratulate our school’s
student for making it to the state’s level of the competition. This is
the first time ever that our students qualify to the state level in the
Science and Technology Carnival.
The solar car race competition is a part of science carnival.
These students show high interest and appreciation towards the
usage of alternative energy source, which is solar. According to
the skills and knowledge provided by our teachers, students are
able to explore science in a way they could not just by studying
theories. The competition allows our student to do practical works.
Finally, it is a hope that our school representatives are able
to go further, up to the national’s final. This will definitely do our
school proud.
______________________.
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