bot solar daerah 2013 smk taman seri kluang

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SMK TAMAN SERI KLUANG PREPARED BY; 1. THINESH A/L NATHAN 2. NURUL AIN BTE IDRIS 3. LEOK YING YIN ACCOMPANIED BY;

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Page 1: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

SMK TAMAN SERI KLUANG

PREPARED BY;

1. THINESH A/L NATHAN2. NURUL AIN BTE IDRIS3. LEOK YING YIN

ACCOMPANIED BY;

EN ONN AZRI BIN PUADE

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page 2: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

Content page

1. ABSTRACT 3

2. OBJECTIVES 7

3. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES 9

4. INNOVATIONS 12

5. FABRICATIONS 17

6. COSTS 19

7. TRIAL & ERROR 20

8. APPENDIX 21

1. ABSTRACT2

Page 3: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

1.1 OBJECTIVES

Nowadays, in the age of science and technology, the world

is facing the threat of global warming. Greenhouse gasses and

vehicle emission not only poison our air, but in the same time

causes the thinning of the ozone layer, up in the atmosphere. The

world today is indeed addicted to fossil fuels. These limited

resources need huge energy, and cost increasingly higher to

produce fuel. Fortunately, today, there are ‘green technologies’

that can help reduce and combat the effect of global warming.

One technology in particular is the solar technology. Solar is

the sun. Our closest star, which happens to be the center of our

solar system, emits radiations. Solar radiation is radiant energy

emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy. These can

be in a form of heat and light. The light can be generated into

electricity using solar panels.

We need fuel to move our boat. This is a burden because the fuel prices are quite expensive. With the presence of solar boat, we will be able to save our money and it didn’t causes pollution because it uses solar energy.

1.2 DESIGN INNOVATIONS

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Page 4: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

This year, we innovate the design of last year. With a little

help from our teacher, we have enlarge the size of the boat so the

boat will be stable when on the water surface. The size of a small

boat will cause the boat to become unstable and swinging easily

when on the water surface. We also designed the boat so that it

can cut through the water and thus can move speed on the water.

During the construction process, we always ensure that the

boat can float on the water surface and thus can move smoothly

and fast.

1.3 COST

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Page 5: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

Building a solar boat today is quite inexpensive. The main reason is that the technology has been duplicated by smaller companies in China. A ‘made in China’ DIY kit can cost as low as RM15, and can be obtained easily over the internet. For our project boat, we use the lightest material. As our school cannot support the cost of using of carbon fibers, we use polystyrene sheet. The material is very easy to cut and shape, plus it is lightweight, perfect for making our prototype.The total cost of our prototype is as follows :

Solar cell - RM 15.00DC motor - RM 6.50Gear - RM 4.50Polystyrene - RM 5.50Stationeries - RM 6.00TOTAL COST - RM 37.50

1.4 MAXIMUM SPEED VS TIME OF DAY

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Page 6: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

After much discussing with our teachers, we came up with a

timetable, which we use to determine the maximum speed of our

solar boat in relation with the time of day. We created a table

which we can monitor the results, thus improving the angle of our

solar panel.

Date \ Time 9.30 10.30 11.30 12.30

Date 1 2.96 2.023 2.062 1.813

Date 2 2.94 2.021 2.060 1.811

Date 3 Test canceled due to bad weather

Date 4 2.95 2.024 2.059 1.805

Date 5 2.92 2.021 2.058 1.802

Maximum speed (m/s)

The table above represents our trial in determining the

maximum speed in 4 different times in the afternoon/evening. At

first, we would like to do the test in 3 days, but the cloudy and rainy

weather makes our data hard to read. So, more data can lead to a

more grouped numbers and makes averaging the speed easier for

us.

2. OBJECTIVE6

Page 7: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

2.1 PURPOSE

The objective of this competition is to motivate Malaysian

secondary schools students in science, engineering, and

technology and to learn about solar power. Teams will design,

fund, build, and run a vehicle that is powered only by solar power.

Efficient balancing of power resources and power

consumption is the key to success during the race. At any moment

in time the optimal driving speed depends on the weather

(forecast). We were very fortunate to obtain the most efficient

balance in gear ratio and weight distribution. Our boat can go

quite fast as we can get the right motor.

During the early stage of our R&D, we opted the use of a

regular DC motor. It turned out to be a high speed but low torque

motor. After discussing with our teachers, we changed the motor to

a higher torque and low speed motor. As a result, our solar boat

can go at the slightest sunlight.

DC electric motor

2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

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Page 8: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

The main objective of any solar boat manufacturer is to

build an efficient, "winning" vehicle. Design considerations

included hundreds of tradeoffs, but certain elements are essential.

Reliability is an important design factor. A vehicle which

performed well without any major breakdowns would cover the

race distance in less time.

The overall shape of a solar boat is another important

design factor. Teams had to determine how and where they would

mount the solar cells for maximum energy grain. They also had to

decide how to maintain low weight and minimize aerodynamic

drag.

3. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES8

Page 9: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

3.1 HOW DOES A SOLAR CELL WORKS?

A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell)

is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of sunlight

directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Assemblies of

cells are used to make solar modules, also known as solar panels.

The energy generated from these solar modules, referred to as

solar power, is an example of solar energy.

Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research related to

the practical application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity

from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to the

generation of electricity from sunlight.

Cells are described as photovoltaic cells when the light

source is not necessarily sunlight. These are used for detecting

light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, for

example infrared detectors, or measurement of light intensity.

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Page 10: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

The solar cell works in three steps:

1. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by

semi conducting materials, such as silicon.

2. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their

atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce

electricity. Due to the special composition of solar cells, the

electrons are only allowed to move in a single direction.

3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable

amount of direct current (DC) electricity.

4. The current produced turned the motor, which in turn drives

a set of gears to run the boat.

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Page 11: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

The power of our solar panel is;

*Tests are done under maximum sunlight;

Voltage = 4 1.5V cells = 6 Volts

The current calculation must be done in a complete circuit,

since current doesn’t flow in a load-less circuit.

According to our experiment under maximum sunlight, the

current for our solar boat is; 0.6A

P = I x V

= 0.1 x6

= 0.6W

= 0.6Watt

→P = 0.6W, lower than the 1A regulation.#

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V

Solar panel

Voltmeter

Sunlight

Current

Page 12: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

4. INNOVATIONS4.1 SOLAR CELL SELECTION

Our solar boat project uses a common commercially

available solar panel, which retails at RM15.00. The low cost and

high efficiency solar cell is modified. We do without the panel

holder, which further lighten our final product.

The solar panel is efficient that we need only one unit to

power up our DC motor.

4.2 SOLAR CELL CIRCUIT

The solar panel, according to the shop salesman, are 2 solar

panel in a serial connection. Serial connection limits the voltage

output, but combines the current from each of the panel. As a

result, in theory the combined solar cell voltage output is only

about 3V, but the current can go as high as 0.1amp.

A famous misconception of voltage-current

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Page 13: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

4.3 AERODYNAMICS

Aerodynamic is the key in designing any vehicle, especially a

vehicle built for speed. Slipstream design can helps reduce air

resistance, an archenemy of speed. A sloping nose section not

only directs air upwards, it can also provides down force, which

can helps to stabilize the vehicle in high speed.

A bubble canopy, made from high grade polyglass can also

give the boat a slipstream design, thus further improving the

aerodynamics of the boat .

One section which we haven’t missed is the water surface .

A flat underside of the boat enable air to pass through and

generates negative life.

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Page 14: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

4.4 FAN SELECTION

The fan of our solar boat is salvaged from a cheap toy helicopter.

4.5 MATERIAL SELECTION

Thin high density polystyrene sheets.

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UHU tube glue

We use the lightest material possible in order to achieve the

maximum power to weight ratio. Sir Isaac Newton famous

Newton's second law stated that the formula F = ma establishes

that as m is more, the force needed to produce the same

acceleration will also be higher. Heavy means more weight. More

weight due to more mass.

We believe by stripping down our boat’s weight, we will be

able to leave the competitors in the dust.

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Page 16: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

5. FabricationsOur solar boat begins as a sketch (refer appendix). A credit

goes to Leok Ying Yin, the artist of our group. She was able to

draw her ideas, presented and approved by our teachers.

Firstly, we cut the polystyrene sheet using a sharp knife.

Then we glued all the pieces together using UHU tube glue. The

first problem that we encounter is the wheel shaft got stuck on the

polystyrene hole. Our solution is to use a small straw to go

between the shaft and the body.

The solar panel is the last thing that we assemble on the

solar boat. Our teacher, Mr Onn Azri raised a question weather to

put the panel on the back or on the front. As a proof of concept, we

run a few tests, with the panel on the front and on the rear. It

turned out that putting the panel directly on the motor makes the

car at least 1 second slower than on the front.

The next problem we face is the steering. At first, the boat

tends to swerve to the left on the 1 meter mark. The solution is

simple, we use a thin sheet of plastic as rudder, positioned behind

the boat.

All the calculations and measurement are done with our

teacher. Along the way, we learned the proper way to measure

voltage and current, as well as meter connection to the circuit.

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Page 17: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

Voltage measurement

Current measurement

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7. Trial & errorThese results are collected in the stated date and time.

Date \ Time 9.30 10.30 11.30 12.30

02/06/13 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.26

03/06/13 0.14 0.19 0.23 0.26

04/06/13 Test canceled due to bad weather

05/06/13 0.16 0.24 0.24 0.27

06/06/13 0.13 0.25 0.23 0.29

In order to calculate the average speed, we take the 3

fastest times and divided them by three. All experiments are done

during hot sunny days.

Fastest speed 1 ; 0.26

Fastest speed 2 ; 0.27

Fastest speed 3 ; 0.29

Average speed ; 0.27m/s

Fastest speed is obtained at ______12.30______(time)

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8. Appendix

Early stage of development

Flat underside of the boat

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Page 20: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

front view of solar boat

Solar panel placement, optimum weight balance

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Our solar boat

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Page 22: Bot Solar Daerah 2013 Smk Taman Seri Kluang

I. FOREWORD

Tn Hj Abd Sukor Bin Salikin

The Principal

SMK Taman Seri Kluang

86000 Kluang, Johore.

First and foremost, I would like to congratulate our school’s

student for making it to the state’s level of the competition. This is

the first time ever that our students qualify to the state level in the

Science and Technology Carnival.

The solar car race competition is a part of science carnival.

These students show high interest and appreciation towards the

usage of alternative energy source, which is solar. According to

the skills and knowledge provided by our teachers, students are

able to explore science in a way they could not just by studying

theories. The competition allows our student to do practical works.

Finally, it is a hope that our school representatives are able

to go further, up to the national’s final. This will definitely do our

school proud.

______________________.

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