biology

STPM/S(E)964

MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA (MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)

PEPERIKSAAN SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA

(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION)

BIOLOGY Syllabus, Specimen Papers and Specimen Experiment

This syllabus applies for the 2012/2013 session and thereafter until further notice.

FALSAFAH PENDIDIKAN KEBANGSAAN

“Pendidikan di Malaysia adalah satu usaha berterusan ke arah memperkembangkan lagi potensi individu secara menyeluruh dan bersepadu untuk mewujudkan insan yang seimbang dan harmonis dari segi intelek, rohani, emosi, dan jasmani. Usaha ini adalah bagi melahirkan rakyat Malaysia yang berilmu pengetahuan, berakhlak mulia, bertanggungjawab, berketerampilan, dan berkeupayaan mencapai kesejahteraan diri serta memberi sumbangan terhadap keharmonian dan kemakmuran keluarga, masyarakat dan negara.”

FOREWORD

This revised Biology syllabus is designed to replace the existing syllabus which has been in use since the 2001 STPM examination. This new syllabus will be enforced in 2012 and the first examination will also be held the same year. The revision of the syllabus takes into account the changes made by the Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC) to the existing STPM examination. Through the new system, sixth-form study will be divided into three terms, and candidates will sit for an examination at the end of each term. The new syllabus fulfils the requirements of this new system. The main objective of introducing the new examination system is to enhance the teaching and learning orientation in sixth form so as to be in line with the orientation of teaching and learning in colleges and universities.

The revision of the Biology syllabus incorporates current developments in biology studies to be more relevant to the current global developments. Biology is a science that deals with the study of living organisms. It is dynamic and affects every aspect of our daily lives, from food and health, to the responsibilities towards our environment. The cumulative discoveries and developments in biology have tremendously enhanced our understanding and perception towards both the unity and diversity of life. With this understanding, we have become more aware of our interdependence with our rich biodiversity and natural resources. The application of biology together with modern technologies leads to the evolution of biotechnology. Furthermore, the assessment tools of this syllabus consist of written papers and coursework. The written papers evaluate candidates’ knowledge and understanding of the subject, while the coursework provides an opportunity for candidates to trigger their inquisitive biological reasoning. This also enhances their understanding and application of biological sciences and develops the candidates’ soft skills.

The syllabus contains topics, teaching periods, learning outcomes, examination format, grade description, and sample questions.

The design of this syllabus was undertaken by a committee chaired by Professor Emeritus Dato’ Dr. Latiff bin Mohamad of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Other committee members consist of university lecturers, representatives from the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education Malaysia, and experienced teachers teaching Biology. On behalf of the Malaysian Examinations Council, I would like to thank the committee for their commitment and invaluable contribution. It is hoped that this syllabus will be a guide for teachers and candidates in the teaching and learning process.

OMAR BIN ABU BAKAR Chief Executive Malaysian Examinations Council

CONTENTS

Syllabus 964 Biology

Page

Aims

Objectives

Content

First Term: Biological Molecules and Metabolism

Second Term: Physiology

Third Term: Ecology and Genetics

Practical Syllabus (School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4))

Written Practical Test (Paper 5)

Scheme of Assessment

Performance Descriptions

Reference Books

Specimen Paper 1

Specimen Paper 2

Specimen Paper 3

Specimen Experiment Paper 4

Specimen Paper 5

1

1

2–8

9 – 15

16 – 21

22

23

24 – 25

26

27

29 – 43

45 – 63

65 – 81

83 – 86

87 – 101

SYLLABUS 964 BIOLOGY

Aims

This syllabus is designed to enhance candidates’ knowledge and understanding of biology and biological issues, to prepare and equip the candidates for their tertiary education, to pursue careers in related fields and to promote continuous awareness of the importance of biology in life.

Objectives

This syllabus enables candidates to:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

understand the biological phenomena, principles and theories;

evaluate biological information critically and deduce logical conclusion;

plan and carry out experiments scientifically and make deductions;

develop abilities and skills in handling materials and apparatus correctly and safely, and;

cultivate proper attitudes and values on social, technological, and environmental issues in biology.

1

Topic TeachingPeriod

Learning Outcome

1 Biological Molecules

1.1 Water

1.2 Carbohydrates

24

2

6

Candidates should be able to:

(a) describe the chemical properties (solvent, bondangles and hydrogen bond) of water and relateits physiological roles in the organisms;

(b) describe the physical properties (polarity,cohesiveness, density, surface tension, specificheat capacity, and latent heat of vaporisation)of water and relate its physiological roles inorganisms.


(a) classify carbohydrates into monosaccharide,disaccharide and polysaccharide with respectto their physical and chemical properties;

(b) classify monosaccharide according to thenumber of carbon atoms and the functionalgroups

(i) triose e.g. glyceraldehydes,

(ii) pentose e.g. ribose and deoxyribose,

(iii) hexose e.g. glucose and fructose,

(c) illustrate the molecular structure of amonosaccharide and differentiate between thereducing and non-reducing ends;

(d) describe the formation of glycosidic bond indisaccharides (maltose and sucrose) andpolysaccharides (starch, glycogen andcellulose);

(e) relate the structure of disaccharides andpolysaccharides to their functions in livingorganisms.

FIRST TERM: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND METABOLISM

2


Learning Outcome

1.3 Lipids

1.4 Proteins

1.5 Nucleic acids

3

6

3


(a) describe the structures, properties anddistribution of triglycerides, phospholipids(lecithin) and steroid (cholesterol);

(b) state the functions of triglycerides,phospholipids (lecithin) and steroids(cholesterol);

(c) differentiate between saturated and unsaturatedfatty acids.


(a) classify amino acids into four main classesbased on their side chains: polar, non-polar,acidic and basic;

(b) describe the structure of an amino acid and theformation of peptide bonds in polypeptides;

(c) explain the properties of protein (amphoteric,isoelectric point, buffer and colloid);

(d) differentiate the various levels of organisationof protein structure (primary, secondary,tertiary and quaternary) and relate thefunctions of each structure to the organisationof proteins;

(e) explain the denaturation and renaturation ofprotein;

(f) classify proteins according to their structures,compositions (simple and conjugated) andfunctions.


(a) describe the structures of nucleotides and theformation of phosphodiester bonds in apolynucleotide;

(b) distinguish between DNA and RNA and thethree types of RNAs (mRNA, tRNA andrRNA);

(c) describe the structure of DNA based onWatson and Crick model.

3


Learning Outcome

1.6 Analytical techniques

2 Structure of Cells andOrganelles

2.1 Prokaryotic andeukaryotic cells

2.2 Cellular components

2.3 Specialised cells

4

16

4

6

6


(a) describe the basic principles of paperchromatography in pigment separation,electrophoresis for protein and nucleic acidseparation.


(a) state the cell theory;

(b) compare the structures of prokaryotic andeukaryotic cells;

(c) compare typical animal and plant cells as seenunder electron microscopes;

(d) describe the basic principles of light andelectron microscopy.


(a) identify the cellular components of typicalplant and animal cells;

(b) describe the structures of organelles and statetheir functions;

(c) explain the basic principles of differentialcentrifugation used to fractionate cellularcomponents (g and S values).


(a) outline the structures, functions anddistributions of unspecialised cells found inplants (meristematic cells);

(b) describe the structures, functions anddistributions of specialised plant cells found inepidermal, ground and vascular tissue;

(c) describe the structures, functions anddistributions of specialised animal cells foundin connective, nervous, muscular and epithelialtissues, including the formation of endocrineand exocrine glands.

4


Learning Outcome

3 Membrane Structure and

Transport

3.1 Fluid mosaic model

3.2 Movement ofsubstance acrossmembrane

4 Enzymes

4.1 Catalysis andactivation energy

4.2 Mechanism of actionand kinetics

8

3

5

20

3

5


(a) describe the structure of a membrane based onSinger-Nicolson fluid mosaic model;

(b) explain the roles of each component of themembrane.


(a) explain the processes of passive and activetransports, endocytosis and exocytosis;

(b) explain the concepts of water potential, solutepotential and pressure potential;

(c) calculate the water potential of a plant cell in asolution.


(a) explain that enzyme is a globular proteinwhich catalyses a metabolic reaction;

(b) explain the mode of action of enzymes atactive site involving enzyme-substratecomplex and lowering of the activation energyand enzyme specificity.


(a) illustrate enzyme specificity using induced fit(Koshland) and lock and key (Fischer) models;

(b) explain the time course of an enzyme-catalysed reaction by measuring the rate offormation of product(s) or rate ofdisappearance of substrate(s) as the rate ofreaction;

(c) deduce the Michaelis-Menten constant (K m)from the Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burk plots;

(d) explain the significance of K m and V max;

(e) explain the effects of temperature, pH, enzymeconcentration and substrate concentration onthe rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

5


Learning Outcome

4.3 Cofactors

4.4 Inhibitors

4.5 Classification ofenzymes

4.6 Enzyme technology

5 Cellular Respiration

5.1 The need for energy inliving

5.2 Aerobic respiration

3

4

2

3

12

1

8


(a) explain the roles of cofactors (ion activators,coenzymes and prosthetic groups) in anenzymatic reaction;

(b) explain the importance of vitamins andminerals as precursors ofcoenzymes/cofactors.


(a) explain the effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitions on the rate of enzymeactivity of reversible inhibition;

(b) relate the Lineweaver-Burk plot to the effect ofinhibition on K m and V max values.


(a) describe enzyme classification according toInternational Union of Biochemistry (IUB)e.g. oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase,lyase, isomerase and ligase.


(a) explain the importance and the maintechniques of enzyme immobilisation namelyadsorption, entrapment and covalent coupling;

(b) explain the application of enzymeimmobilisation in the development ofbiosensors.


(a) outline the importance of energy andrespiration in living organisms;

(b) describe the structure of the energy carrierssuch as ATP, NADH and FADH 2 .


(a) describe the various stages of aerobicrespiration and its location in the cells;

(b) describe glycolysis, and calculate the netenergy produced in glycolysis;

6


Learning Outcome

5.3 Anaerobic respiration

6 Photosynthesis

6.1 Autotroph

6.2 Light-dependentreactions

3

16

3

3

(c) describe the various steps involved in the

Krebs cycle (including the link reaction);

(d) explain the formation of NADH, FADH 2 , GTPand ATP during the Krebs cycle;

(e) describe oxidative phosphorylation andchemiosmosis in the electron transport system;

(f) explain the role of NADH, FADH 2 and ATPsynthase in the electron transport chain;

(g) calculate and explain the net energy producedin aerobic respiration per molecule of glucosein liver and muscle cells;

(h) describe the effects of cyanide and carbonmonoxide on respiration;

(i) explain how lipid and protein act as alternativeenergy sources.


(a) explain the anaerobic respiration in yeast andmuscle cells;

(b) describe the applications of anaerobicrespiration in food industries (bread, tapai, andyogurt).


(a) classify autotroph into photoautotroph andchemoautotroph;

(b) describe photosynthetic pigments;

(c) explain the absorption spectrum and actionspectrum of photosynthetic pigments.


(a) explain photo-activation of chlorophyll aresulting in photolysis of water;

(b) explain the cyclic and non-cyclicphotophosphorylation including electrontransport system resulting in the production ofATP and NADPH.

7


Learning Outcome

6.3 Light-independent

reactions

6.4 Limiting factors

8

2


(a) describe Calvin cycle;

(b) explain photorespiration;

(c) describe the anatomical structure of C 4 leaf(Krantz anatomy) in comparison to C 3 leaf;

(d) explain carbon dioxide fixation in C 4 plantsand Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)plants;

(e) differentiate the metabolism of C 3 , C 4 andCAM plants.


(a) explain limiting factors of photosynthesis(light intensity, carbon dioxide concentrationand temperature);

(b) relate the roles of C 3 , C 4 and CAM plants onthe increasing carbon dioxide emission andglobal warming.

8


Learning Outcome

7 Gas Exchange

7.1 Gaseous exchange inhumans

7.2 Breathing cycle

7.3 Gaseous exchange inplants

8 Transport in Animals andPlants

8.1 Transport system inmammals

12

7

3

2

16

8


(a) outline the structure of human respiratorysystem, including the microscopic structure ofthe wall of an alveolus;

(b) describe the structure of haemoglobin;

(c) explain the transport of oxygen and carbondioxide in blood;

(d) explain the oxygen dissociation curves ofhaemoglobin, myoglobin and foetalhaemoglobin;

(e) explain the Bohr effect and relate it to theoxygen dissociation curve.


(a) explain the control of breathing mechanism,including the role of chemoreceptor;

(b) define tidal volume, vital capacity, total lungcapacity, inspiratory reserve volume,expiratory reserve volume and residualvolume.


(a) describe the structure and functions of stomata;

(b) describe the mechanism of opening andclosing of stomata based on potassium ionaccumulation hypothesis.


(a) describe the structure of a mammalian heart;

(b) define systole and diastole, and explain thesequence of events in a cardiac cycle includingchanges in pressure and volume in aorta, leftatrium and left ventricle;

(c) describe the initiation and regulation of heartbeat;

SECOND TERM: PHYSIOLOGY

9


Learning Outcome

8.2 Transport system in

vascular plants

9 Control and Regulation

9.1 Nervous system

8

22

16

(d) explain hypertension, atherosclerosis,

arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction, andstate their causes and preventions;

(e) describe the lymphatic system in relation to theblood circulatory system;

(f) determine the direction of fluid movement atthe arterial and venous ends of the capillariesby calculating the differences betweenosmotic pressure/solute potential andhydrostatic pressure.


(a) explain the uptake of water and mineral ionsfrom the soil by the root hairs involving waterpotential;

(b) describe the apoplast, symplast and vacuolarpathway of water movement through the roottissues;

(c) describe the root pressure, cohesion-tensiontheory and transpiration pull in relation towater movement from the roots to leaves;

(d) explain translocation using the mass flow,electro-osmosis, cytoplasmic streaming andperistaltic waves hypotheses;

(e) explain the concept of source and sink, andphloem loading and unloading in translocationaccording to pressure flow hypothesis.


(a) describe the organisation of the nervoussystem in humans;

(b) explain the formation of resting and actionpotentials;

(c) describe the characteristics of nerve impulse;

(d) describe the structure of synapse, and explainthe role of neurotransmitters (acetylcholineand norepinephrine);

(e) explain and compare the mechanisms ofimpulse transmission along the axon andacross the synapse;

10


Learning Outcome

9.2 Hormones

10 Reproduction,Development and Growth

10.1 Sexual reproduction inhumans

6

13

6

(f) describe the structure of neuromuscular

junction and sarcomere;

(g) explain the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum,calcium ions, myofibril and T tubules inmuscle contraction;

(h) explain the mechanism of muscle contractionaccording to the sliding filament hypothesis;

(i) compare the sympathetic and parasympatheticnervous systems;

(j) explain the mechanisms of drug action onnervous system and neuromuscular junction(cocaine and curare).


(a) explain the mechanisms of action of steroidhormone and non-steroid hormones;

(b) explain the roles of plant hormones in growthand development;

(c) explain the mechanism of phytochrome actionand their roles in photoperiodism andflowering;

(d) outline the application of plant growthregulators (synthetic auxin, syntheticgibberellins, and synthetic ethylene) inagriculture.


(a) outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis;

(b) describe the passage and development ofsperms from the testis to the oviduct forfertilisation;

(c) describe the process of fertilisation andimplantation;

(d) describe the roles of hormones in menstrualcycle and pregnancy;

(e) describe briefly the stages in embryonicdevelopment;

11


Learning Outcome

10.2 Sexual reproduction in

flowering plants

10.3 Seed germination

10.4 Growth curves andpatterns of growth

11 Homeostasis

11.1 Importance ofhomeostasis

2

1

4

10

2

(f) explain the roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic

fluid and allantois in foetal development;

(g) explain the process of parturition.


(a) outline double fertilisation;

(b) describe the embryonic development in seedand formation of fruit.


(a) explain the mobilisation of nutrients afterimbibition in seed germination;

(b) state the external factors affecting germination.


(a) explain the types of growth curves (absolutegrowth curve, absolute growth rate curve andrelative growth rate curve);

(b) explain with examples the patterns of growth(limited growth in humans, unlimited growthin perennial plant, allometric growth inhumans, isometric growth in fish andintermittent growth in insect);

(c) explain the processes of ecdysis andmetamorphosis in insects, and relate the role ofhormones (neurosecretory hormone, juvenilehormone and ecdysone) in these processes.


(a) explain the importance of homeostasis;

(b) describe the homeostatic control system inmammals;

(c) explain the physiological and behaviouralcontrol in thermoregulation of endotherms.

12


Learning Outcome

11.2 Liver

11.3 Osmoregulation inmammals

11.4 Osmoregulation inplants

12 Immunity

12.1 Immune system

4

3

1

10

3


(a) describe the structure of liver, and explain theroles of its components;

(b) describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver(glycogenesis, glycogenolysis,gluconeogenesis);

(c) describe protein metabolism (transamination,deamination and urea formation) in the liver.


(a) explain the process of ultrafiltration,reabsorption and secretion in the formation ofurine;

(b) explain the role of ADH and aldosterone, andthe related hormones in regulating water,sodium and potassium ions of urine;

(c) explain the regulation of pH of tissue fluid.


(a) describe the role of stomata in regulation ofwater loss, and explain the importance oftranspiration;

(b) describe the various types of plant adaptationsto prevent water loss (halophytes andxerophytes).


(a) describe human lymphatic system, and explainits function in relation to immunity;

(b) describe antibody (structure and function),antigen, epitope, and the development of Band T cells;

(c) describe the roles of macrophages, B cells andT cells.

13


Learning Outcome

12.2 Development of

immunity

12.3 Concept of self andnon-self

12.4 Immune disorder

13 Infectious Diseases

13.1 Infectious disease

13.2 Dengue

13.3 Cholera

3

3

1

13

1

3

3


(a) explain cell-mediated and humoral immuneresponses;

(b) outline the antigen-antibody reactions(precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation,complement fixation).


(a) explain the concept of self and non-self andrelate this to tissue rejection in organtransplant;

(b) explain the mechanism of immune suppression(HIV infection).


(a) describe autoimmune disorder (Systemic LupusErythematosus (SLE)).


(a) explain what is meant by an infection and aninfectious disease;

(b) outline the types of infectious agents.


(a) describe the causes and symptoms of dengue;

(b) explain the transmission of dengue;

(c) discuss the roles of social, economical andbiological factors in the prevention of dengue.


(a) describe the causes and symptoms of cholera;

(b) explain the transmission of cholera;

(c) discuss the roles of social, economical andbiological factors in the prevention of cholera.

14


Learning Outcome

13.4 Tuberculosis (TB)

13.5 Malaria

3

3


(a) describe the causes and symptoms oftuberculosis (TB);

(b) explain the transmission of TB;

(c) discuss the roles of social, economical andbiological factors in the prevention of TB.


(a) describe the causes and symptoms of malaria;

(b) explain the transmission of malaria;

(c) discuss the roles of social, economical andbiological factors in the prevention of malaria.

15


Learning Outcome

14 Taxonomy and

Biodiversity

14.1 Taxonomy

14.2 Diversity of organisms

14.3 Biodiversity inMalaysia

14.4 Threats to biodiversity

14.5 Conservation ofbiodiversity

14

2

6

2

2

2


(a) explain the importance of taxonomy inbiological sciences;

(b) explain the concept of species, and relate howa species is classified into higher categories ina taxonomic hierarchy.


(a) describe the morphological characteristics ofthe following phyla in the respectivekingdoms: Protoctista (Chlorophyta andZoomastigina), Fungi (Zygomycota), Plantae(Bryophyta, Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta andAngiospermophyta) and Animalia (Porifera,Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca,Arthropoda and Chordata).


(a) describe the different levels and examples ofbiodiversity in Malaysia, namely ecosystem orcommunity diversity, species or taxonomicdiversity and genetic diversity;

(b) explain the importance of biodiversity inMalaysia.


(a) explain the natural and man-made factors thatthreaten biodiversity in Malaysia;

(b) explain the steps and efforts taken by variousagencies and organisations to address thethreats.


(a) describe the various measures taken toconserve the different levels of biodiversityincluding in situ and ex situ conservation inMalaysia.

THIRD TERM: ECOLOGY AND GENETICS

16


Learning Outcome

15 Ecology

15.1 Levels of ecologicalorganisation

15.2 Biogeochemical cycles

15.3 Energy flow

15.4 Population ecology

15.5 Carrying capacity

15.6 Quantitative ecology

22

3

3

3

6

3

4


(a) explain the concept of hierarchy in anecosystem and the interaction between thebiotic and abiotic components.


(a) describe the biogeochemical cycles (carbon,phosphorus and sulphur), and explain theirimportance.


(a) describe the energy flow and the efficiency ofenergy transfer in terrestrial ecosystem(tropical rain forest) and aquatic ecosystem(lake).


(a) explain population growth (S and J growthcurves), biotic potential, natality, mortality,migration and survivorship;

(b) explain the characteristics of populations thatshow Type I, Type II and Type IIIsurvivorship curves, and K-strategies andr-strategies.


(a) explain what is meant by carrying capacity andsustainable development;

(b) explain the factors limiting the population sizeand distribution.


(a) describe the use of quadrat and line transectsampling methods and explain the advantagesand disadvantages of using these methods;

(b) calculate the various sampling parameters(frequency, density, cover and their absoluteand relative estimations) and estimate thepopulation size of organisms;

(c) explain the pattern of distribution of organismsin an ecosystem.

17


Learning Outcome

16 Selection and Speciation

16.1 Natural and artificialselection

16.2 Speciation

17 Inheritance and GeneticControl

17.1 Types of geneticcrosses and breedingsystem

17.2 Non-Mendelianinheritance

10

6

4

34

5

7


(a) describe continuous and discontinuousvariations in relation to selection andspeciation;

(b) explain the modes of natural selection(stabilising, directional and disruptive) andtheir consequences;

(c) describe with examples, sexual selection andpolymorphism;

(d) explain the importance of artificial selection(gene bank, germplasm bank and sperm bank).


(a) explain the processes of isolation, genetic drift,hybridisation and adaptive radiation;

(b) explain the importance of speciation in relationto evolution.


(a) explain the Mendelian inheritance pertainingto the phenotypic and genotypic ratios;

(b) describe the types of crosses (test cross,backcross, reciprocal cross and selfing) andexplain their importance;

(c) describe pure breeding, outbreeding,inbreeding, selective breeding, and explaintheir importance.


(a) explain

(i) incomplete dominance (flower colour insnapdragon),

(ii) codominance (MN blood group inhumans),

(iii) multiple alleles (ABO blood group inhumans), and

calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios;

18


Learning Outcome

17.3 Genetic mapping

17.4 Population genetics

17.5 DNA replication

2

5

4

(b) explain lethal genes (sickle-cell in human/coat

colur in mice/chlorophyll production inmaize), polygenes (height in humans), linkedand sex-linked genes (Drosophila eye colourand haemophilia in humans), and epistasis(coat colour in dog and capsule shape inshepherd’s purse plant);

(c) explain the pedigree analysis.


(a) explain crossing over and distinguish betweenparental and recombinant genotypes andphenotypes;

(b) calculate the distance between two loci, anddetermine the relative position of a gene on achromosome based on percentage of crossing-over in Drosophila.


(a) describe the concept of gene pool, gene/allelefrequency and genotype frequency;

(b) explain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(p2 + 2pq +q2 = 1 and p + q = 1), and calculatethe gene/allele and genotype frequencies;

(c) explain the conditions for Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium to be valid;

(d) describe changes in genotype frequencies inrelation to evolution.


(a) explain the experiments to prove DNA is thegenetic material (Avery, MacLeod andMcCarty experiment and Hershey and Chaseexperiment);

(b) explain the three models of DNA replication,and interpret the experiment of Meselson andStahl to prove the semi-conservative model ofDNA replication;

(c) explain the mechanism of DNA replication,and the role of the enzymes involved.

19


Learning Outcome

17.6 Gene expression

17.7 Regulation of geneexpression

17.8 Mutation

4

2

5


(a) explain the experiment of Beadle and Tatumwhich leads to the establishment of one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis;

(b) interpret the genetic code table, and identifythe appropriate anti-codon;

(c) explain the characteristics of genetic code;

(d) describe transcription and translation.


(a) define repressor, inducer, negative control inlac operon and constitutive enzyme;

(b) describe the components of lac operon, andexplain its mechanism.


(a) describe the different types of gene mutationwith examples of its consequences(substitution – sickle-cell anaemia,insertion/addition – frameshift mutation,deletion – frameshift mutation andthalassaemia major and inversion);

(b) differentiate missense, nonsense and silent/neutral mutations;

(c) describe the four structural changes inchromosomes (duplication, deletion, inversionand translocation);

(d) describe the changes in chromosome number,including the definition of non-disjunction;

(e) describe the consequences of non-disjunctionin relation to meiosis;

(f) explain and give examples of different types ofaneuploidy (monosomy and trisomy);

(g) explain and give examples of different types ofeuploidy: diploid and polyploid, includingautopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.

20


Learning Outcome

18 Gene Technology

18.1 Recombinant DNAtechnology

19 Biotechnology

19.1 Roles ofbiotechnology

19.2 Applications ofbiotechnology

8

8

8

1

7


(a) explain recombinant DNA technology/geneticengineering;

(b) differentiate between genomic and cDNAcloning and genomic and cDNA libraries;

(c) describe the vectors used in cloning and theirproperties;

(d) describe the restriction enzyme (EcoR1 andSmaI), including its nomenclature, recognitionsite (palindrome), importance and the types ofends generated;

(e) explain reverse transcription, insertion,ligation, transformation/transduction,amplification and screening;

(f) describe the steps involved in genomic andcDNA cloning, including the enzymesinvolved, and explain human insulinproduction in E. coli as an example.


(a) define biotechnology;

(b) outline the roles of biotechnology in our life.


(a) describe the application of biotechnology infood and beverages production (fermentationand vitamin-enriched eggs);

(b) describe the application of biotechnology inagriculture (hybrid rice, herbicide resistantplants and transgenic fish);

(c) describe the application of biotechnology inmedicine (human growth hormone, humaninsulin and gene therapy) and forensic (DNAfinger printing);

(d) describe the application of biotechnology inpublic health (genetic screening, diagnostickits and oil-decomposing bacteria).

21

The Practical Syllabus

School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4)

School-based assessment of practical work will be carried out throughout the form six school terms for candidates from government schools and private schools which are approved by the MEC to carry out the school-based assessment of practical work.

MEC will determine 15 compulsory experiments to be carried out by the candidates and to be assessed by the subject teachers in schools in the respective terms. Details of the title, objective, learning outcome, introduction, material, apparatus and procedure of each of the experiments will be specified in the Teacher’s and Student’s Manual for Practical Biology which can be downloaded from MEC Portal (http://www.mpm.edu.my) during the first term of form six by the subject teacher.

Candidates should be supplied with a work scheme before the day of the compulsory experiment so as to enable them to plan their practical work. Each experiment is expected to last one school double period. Assessment of the practical work is done by the subject teachers during the practical sessions and also based on the practical reports. The assessment should comply with the assessment guidelines prepared by MEC.

A repeating candidate may use the total mark obtained in the coursework for two subsequent examinations. Requests to carry forward the moderated coursework mark should be made during the registration of the examination.

During the practical session, candidates should be able to:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

make observations on living, preserved specimens and models, and record them accurately in writing or by using clear drawings or diagrams,

identify morphological features of specimens as a basis for their classification,

carry out dissection, display and illustrate the result,

stain and mount specimens for microscopic examination,

identify and illustrate the specimens observed under light microscope,

carry out biochemical, physiological and genetic experiments,

carry out sampling for ecological studies,

record the results systematically, interpret the data scientifically and make conclusion.

22

Written Practical Test (Paper 5)

The main objective of written practical test is to assess the candidates’ understanding of practical procedures in the laboratory.

The following candidates are required to register for this paper:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

individual private candidates,

candidates from private schools which have no permission to carry out the school-based assessment of practical work,

candidates who repeat upper six (in government or private schools),

candidates who do not attend classes of lower six and upper six in two consecutive years (in government or private schools),

candidates who take Biology other than the package offered by schools.

Three structured questions related to practical work will be set. MEC will not be strictly bound by the syllabus in setting questions. Where appropriate, candidates will be given sufficient information to enable them to answer the questions. Only knowledge of theory within the syllabus and knowledge of usual laboratory practical procedures will be expected.

Candidates should have sufficient knowledge on:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

structure of specimens and record them accurately in writing or illustration,

morphological and anatomical features and relate to functions of specimens as a basis for their classification,

dissection of specimens and illustration of the result (rat),

staining and mounting specimens for microscopic examination,

identification and illustration of the specimens as observed under microscope,

biochemical, physiological and genetic experiments,

sampling for ecological studies,

interpreting, evaluating, drawing conclusion from experimental data,

using theories to explain the results of experiments and performing simple calculations based on experiments.

23

Term ofStudy

Paper Codeand Name

Theme/Title Type of Test Mark(Weighting)

Duration Administration

FirstTerm

964/1BiologyPaper 1

BiologicalMoleculesandMetabolism

Written test

Section A15 compulsorymultiple-choicequestions to beanswered.

Section B2 compulsory shortstructured questions tobe answered.

Section C2 out of 3 essayquestions to beanswered.

All questions arebased on topics 1 to 6.

60(26.67%)

15

15

30

1½ hoursCentral

assessment

SecondTerm

964/2BiologyPaper 2

Physiology Written test

Section A15 compulsorymultiple-choicequestions to beanswered.



All questions arebased on topics 7 to13.

60(26.67%)

15

15

30

1½ hours Centralassessment

Scheme of Assessment

24

Term ofStudy

Paper Codeand Name

Theme/Title Type of Test Mark(Weighting)

Duration Administration

ThirdTerm

964/3BiologyPaper 3

Ecology andGenetics

Written test

Section A

15 compulsorymultiple-choicequestions to beanswered.



All questions arebased on topics 14 to19.

60(26.67%)

15

15

30

1½ hoursCentral

assessment

964/5BiologyPaper 5

Written PracticalTest

3 structured questionswith diagram/graph/table to be answered.

45(20%)

1½ hours Centralassessment

First,Second

andThirdTerms

964/4BiologyPaper 4

BiologyPractical

School-basedAssessment ofPractical

15 compulsoryexperiments to becarried out.

225(20%) Through-

out thethreeterms

School-basedassessment

25

Performance Descriptions

A Grade A candidate is likely able to:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

recall almost all the content of required areas of biological syllabus, and relate the content with the question;

decide on, organise and present information to explain the concept, theories and depth of biological knowledge in an ordered and logical manner;

plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a sound biological knowledge;

interpret and analyse complex data presented, and relate the biological knowledge and understanding of content by using correct formulae, terminologies, scientific units and approach;

integrate various concepts and findings accurately, and formulate logical conclusion;

apply and justify knowledge and understanding successfully to unfamiliar contexts and data.

A Grade C candidate is likely able to:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

recall some of the content of the required areas of biological syllabus, and relate the content with the question moderately;

decide on, organise and present information to describe the concept, theories and depth of biological knowledge;

plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a mediocre biological knowledge;

interpret and analyse simple and straight forward data presented, and relate the biological knowledge and understanding of content by using some formulae, terminologies and scientific units;

integrate some concepts and findings, and formulate simple conclusion;

apply knowledge with moderate understanding to unfamiliar contexts and data.

26

Reference Books

Teachers and candidates may use books specially written for the STPM examination and other reference books such as those listed below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Alters, S. and Alters, B., 2006. Biology: Understanding Life. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G. and Byers, B. E., 2001. Biology: Life on Earth. 6th edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Campbell, M. K., Farrell, S. O., 2006. Biochemistry. Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Campbell, N. A. and Reece, N. A., 2005. Biology. 7th edition. San Francisco: Benjamin/ Cummings.

Clegg, C. J. and Mackean, D. G., 2000. Advanced Biology: Principles and Applications. 2nd edition. London: John Murray.

Kent, M., 2000. Advanced Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Klug, W. S., Cummings, M.R. and Spencer, C. A., 2005. Concepts of Genetics. 8th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Klug, W. S. and Cummings, M. R., 2005. Essentials of Genetics. 5th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Mader, S., 2004. Biology. 8th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Raven, P. H., et. al. 2005. Biology. 7th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Russel, P. J., et. al. 2008. Biology: The Dynamics Science. 1st edition. Belmont: Thompson Brooks/Cole.

Smith, R. L. and Smith, T. M., 2003. Elements of Ecology. 5th edition. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.

Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R. and Martin, D. W., 2005. Biology. 7th edition. Belmont: Thompson Brooks/Cole.

Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Stout, G. W., 2003. Biological Science 1: Organisms, Energy and Environment. 3rd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Stout, G. W., 2003. Biological Science 2: Systems, Maintenance and Change. 3rd editon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Toole, G. and Toole, S., 1999. Understanding Biology for Advanced Level. 4th edition. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes.

27

Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:………………………. (Nombor kad pengenalan)

964/1

(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)

SPECIMEN PAPER

STPM

BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)

PAPER 1 (KERTAS 1)

One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)


SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA (MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)

Instructions to candidates:

DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Answer all questions in Section A. Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers. For each question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the correct answer and circle the answer.

Answer all questions in Section B. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Answer any two questions in Section C. All essential working should be shown. For numerical answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper and arrange your answers in numerical order.

Arahan kepada calon:

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUAT DEMIKIAN.

Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah. Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan jawapan diberikan. Pilih jawapan yang betul dan buat bulatan pada jawapan tersebut.

Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di ruang yang diberikan.

Jawab mana-mana dua soalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklah ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai. Mulakan setiap jawapan pada helaian kertas jawapan yang baharu dan susun jawapan anda mengikut tertib berangka.

This question paper consists of printed pages and blank page. (Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak dan

© Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia STPM 964/1

29

halaman kosong.)

Section A [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

1

2

3

4

5

Which property of water is important to living organisms?

A Polar molecule

B Non polar molecule

C Low specific heat capacity

D Low latent heat of vaporisation

Which monosaccharide, example and its description correspond?

Monosaccharide Example Description

A Pentose Ribose A coenzyme involved in the transfer of hydrogen during glycolysis

B Pentose Ribulose A source of NADPH production

C Triose Glyceraldehyde An important intermediate substance in glycolysis

D Triose Dihydroxyacetone A monomer of cellulose

Which is not true of lipid?

A It is soluble in water.

B It is a solvent for cholesterol.

C It is soluble in organic solvents.

D It is an ester formed from the reaction of fat and alcohol.

Which amino acid is the first to be carried by tRNA to ribosome during translation?

A Leucine

B Tyrosine

C Tryptophan

D Methionine

Which organelle gives rise to the membranes of a cell?

A Vacuole

B Nucleus

C Lysosome

D Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

964/1

30

Bahagian A [15 markah]

Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

1

2

3

4

5

Sifat air yang manakah yang penting kepada organism hidup?

A Molekul berkutub

B Molekul tak berkutub

C Muatan haba tentu yang rendah

D Haba pendam pengewapan yang rendah

Monosakarida, contohnya, dan penerangan yang manakah yang berpadanan?

Monosakarida Contoh Penerangan

A Pentosa Ribosa Satu koenzim yang terlibat dalam pemindahan hydrogen semasa glikolisis

B Pentosa Ribulosa Sumber penghasilan NADPH

C Triosa Gliseraldehid Bahan perantara penting dalam glikolisis

D Triosa Dihidroksiaseton Monomer selulosa

Yang manakah yang tidak benar tentang lipid?

A Terlarut dalam air.

B Pelarut bagi kolesterol.

C Terlarut dalam pelarut organik.

D Satu ester yang terbentuk daripada tindak balas lemak dan alkohol.

Asid amino yang manakah yang pertama dibawa oleh tRNA ke ribosom semasa translasi?

A Leusina

B Tirosina

C Triptofan

D Metionina

Organel yang manakah yang membentuk membran sel?

A Vakuol

B Nukleus

C Lisosom

D Jalinan endoplasma licin

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31

Component of a cellmembrane

Functions

I Oligosaccharide

II Lecithin

III Protein

IV Cholesterol

p Acts as a receptor to a certain molecule such as hormone

q As an indicator so that the cells can recognise each other

r Gives the semi-permeable and selective characteristics tothe membrane

s Maintains the fluid characteristics of the membrane

6

7

8

Which statement is not true of xylem?

A Xylem cells contain pits.

B Matured xylem cells are dead cells.

C Companion cells provide nutrients to the xylem.

D Xylem consists of vessel elements and tracheids.

The table below shows the components of a cell membrane and their functions.

Which components of cell membrane and functions correspond?

I II III IV

A p q r s

B q r p s

C r p s q

D s r q p

Which factor reduces enzyme activity?

A Extreme pH

B Heavy metal

C Competitive inhibitor

D Very high temperature

964/1

32

Komponenmembran sel

Fungsi

I Oligosakarida

II Lesitin

III Protein

IV Kolesterol

p Bertindak sebagai reseptor kepada molekul tertentu sepertihormon

q Sebagai penanda supaya sel boleh mengecam antara satusama lain

r Memberi sifat separa telap dan sifat memilih pada membran

s Mengekalkan ciri bendalir bagi membran

6

7

8

Penyataan yang manakah yang tidak benar tentang xilem?

A Sel xilem mengandungi pit.

B Sel xylem yang matang ialah sel mati.

C Sel rakan membekalkan nutrien kepada xilem.

D Xilem terdiri daripada unsur salur dan trakeid.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan komponen-komponen satu membran sel dan fungsinya.

Yang manakah yang betul bagi komponen membran sel di atas dan fungsi masing-masing?

I II III IV

A p q r s

B q r p s

C r p s q

D s r q p

Faktor yang manakah yang mengurangkan aktiviti enzim?

A pH yang melampau

B Logam berat

C Perencat persaingan

D Suhu yang sangat tinggi

964/1

33

9 Which graph shows the possible changes in the rate of a reaction catalysed by an enzyme in the presence of a competitive inhibitor?

1/V Without inhibitor

With inhibitor

1/[S]

A

1/V Without inhibitor

With inhibitor

1/[S] C

1/V

1/V

With inhibitor

Without inhibitor

1/[S] B

With inhibitor

Without inhibitor

1/[S] D

10 Which statement describes the advantage of immobilised enzyme?

A The efficiency of enzyme increases.

B The enzyme can be easily retrieved but cannot be reused.

C The end product does not contain the enzyme and easily retrieved.

D The characteristics of enzyme can be changed in order to increase its surface area.

11 What is the fate of all carbons from a glucose molecule after it is completely oxidised?

A Pyruvate

B Carbohydrate

C Carbon dioxide

D Acetyl coenzyme A

12 In a condition without oxygen, pyruvate in plants will

A be converted into lactate

B be converted into acetaldehyde

C enter the Krebs cycle immediately

D be converted back into phosphoglyceraldehyde

964/1

34

9 Graf yang manakah yang menunjukkan kemungkinan perubahan kadar tindak balas yang dimangkinkan oleh enzim dalam kehadiran perencat persaingan?

1/V Tanpa perencat

Dengan perencat

1/[S] A

1/V Tanpa perencat

Dengan perencat

1/[S] C

1/V Dengan perencat

Tanpa perencat

1/[S] B

1/V Dengan perencat

Tanpa perencat

1/[S] D

10 Penyataan yang manakah yang memerihalkan kelebihan enzim pentakmobilan?

A Keefisienan enzim bertambah.

B Enzim boleh didapatkan dengan mudah tetapi tidak boleh digunakan semula.

C Produk akhir tidak mengandungi enzim dan mudah didapatkan.

D Ciri enzim boleh diubah bagi meningkatkan luas permukaan.

11 Apakah yang terjadi kepada semua karbon dari molekul glukosa selepas dioksidakan dengan lengkap?

A Piruvat

B Karbohidrat

C Karbon dioksida

D Asetil koenzim A

12 Dalam keadaan ketiadaan oksigen, piruvat dalam tumbuhan akan

A ditukarkan kepada laktat

B ditukarkan kepada asetildehid

C masuk ke kitar Krebs dengan segera

D ditukar semula kepada fosfogliseraldehid

964/1

35

13 In cyclic photophosphorylation, the excited electron which returns to its ground state will emit

A light

B microwave

C gamma ray

D ultraviolet radiation

14 Which statement describes the characteristic of bundle sheath cell of C 4 plants?

A It has small grana.

B It contains a few starch granules.

C The activity of photosystem I is high.

D Carbon dioxide is assimilated by PEP carboxylase.

15 The diagram below shows non-cyclic photophosphorylation during the light reaction of photosynthesis.

Which are represented by X, Y and Z ?

X

A Ferredoxin

B Ferredoxin

C Plastocyanin

D Plastoquinone

964/1

Y

Plastoquinone

Plastocyanin

Plastoquinone

Plastocyanin

Z

Plastocyanin

Plastoquinone

Ferredoxin

Ferredoxin

36

13 Dalam pemfotofostorilan berkitar, elektron teruja yang kembali ke keadaan asas akan membebaskan

A cahaya

B gelombang mikro

C sinar gamma

D sinaran ultra lembayung

14 Penyataan yang manakah yang memerihalkan ciri sel berkas tumbuhan C 4 ?

A Mempunyai grana yang kecil.

B Mengandungi beberapa granul kanji.

C Aktiviti fotosistem I adalah tinggi.

D Karbon dioksida diasimilasi oleh PEP karboksilase.

15 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan bukan kitar semasa tindak balas cahaya fotosintesis.

Penerima pertama

Kompleks NADP +

sitokrom reduktase

Cahaya

Yang manakah yang diwakili oleh X, Y, dan Z ?

X Y Z

A Ferredoksin Plastokuinon Plastosianin

B Ferredoksin Plastosianin Plastokuinon

C Plastosianin Plastokuinon Ferredoksin

D Plastokuinon Plastosianin Ferredoksin

964/1

37

Cahaya

Section B [15 marks]


16 A quantity of cells taken from a type of tissue were homogenised and their organelles were separated by ultracentrifugation. The diagrams below show three types of organelles obtained.

R P

Organelle X Organelle Y

(a) State where these cells may have been taken from.

Q

Organelle Z

[1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

(b) Arrange the order of sedimentation of organelles X, Y and Z. Explain your answer. [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

(c) From the above diagrams, name the structure labelled P, Q and R. [3 marks]

P: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Q: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

R: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(d) Give one function of organelle Y. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

(e) Give one common function of organelles X and Z. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

964/1

38

Bahagian B [15 markah]


16 Sejumlah sel yang diambil daripada tisu telah dihomogenkan dan kandungan organelnya diasingkan melalui ultrapengemparan. Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga jenis organel yang diperoleh.

R P

Organel X Organel Y

Q

Organel Z

(a) Nyatakan dari manakah sel-sel ini mungkin telah diperoleh. [1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

(b) Susunkan turutan pengenapan bagi organel X, Y, dan Z. Jelaskan jawapan anda. [2 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

(c) Daripada gambar rajah di atas, namakan struktur yang berlabel P, Q, dan R. [3 markah]

P: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Q: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

R: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(d) Berikan satu fungsi organel Y. [1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

(e) Berikan satu fungsi sepunya bagi organel X dan Z. [1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

964/1

39

17 The diagram below shows photophosphorylation in light reaction for plants.

Oxidation- reduction potential (Relative energy level)

(a) Name the photosystems labeled Q and R, and give the wavelengths of their appropriate reaction centres.

Name of photosystem Wavelength

Q : …………………… ………………

R: ……………………. ………………

(b) What are the forms of energy represented by S and T?

[4 marks]

[2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

(c) Name the process that occurs at Q. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

964/1

40

17 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan dalam tindak balas cahaya bagi tumbuhan.

Keupayaan pengoksidaan penurunan

(Aras tenaga Penerima elektron

relatif)

Penerima elektron

(a) Namakan fotosistem yang berlabel Q dan R, dan berikan panjang gelombang bagi pusat tindak balas yang sewajarnya.

Nama fotosistem Panjang gelombang

Q : …………………… ………………………..

R: ……………………. ………………………

(b) Apakan bentuk tenaga yang diwakili oleh S dan T?

[4 markah]

[2 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

(c) Namakan proses yang berlaku di Q. [1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………........................

964/1

41

Section C [30 marks]

Answer any two questions in this section.

18 (a) Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. State the importance of these structures which are related to the properties of proteins. [11 marks]

(b) Based on their functions, proteins can be classified into several types. Give two types of these proteins and their functions in living organisms.

19 (a) Distinguish a bacteria chromosome from a eukaryotic chromosome.

(b) Describe the distinctive anatomical features of vascular bundles in maize leaves.

20 (a) Explain three different classes of enzymes based on the reactions that they catalyse.

[4 marks]

[8 marks]

[7 marks]

[6 marks] (b) By giving two examples of enzymatic reactions, explain how the appropriate cofactor and

inhibitor affect their activities.

964/1

42

[9 marks]

Bahagian C [30 markah]

Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini.

18 (a) Perihalkan struktur primer, sekunder, dan tertier bagi protein. Nyatakan kepentingan struktur ini yang berkaitan dengan sifat protein. [11 markah]

(b) Berdasarkan fungsinya, protein boleh dikelaskan kepada beberapa jenis. Berikan dua jenis protein ini dan fungsinya dalam organisma hidup.

19 (a) Bezakan kromosom bacteria daripada kromosom eukariot.

(b) Perihalkan ciri anatomi yang ketara bagi berkas vaskular pada daun jagung.

[4 markah]

[8 markah]

[7 markah]

20 (a) Perihalkan tiga kelas enzim yang berbeza berdasarkan tindak balas yang dimangkinkan. [6 markah]

(b) Dengan memberi dua contoh tindak balas enzim, jelaskan bagaimana kofaktor dan perencat yang sesuai mempengaruhi aktiviti masing-masing.

964/1

43

[9 markah]


964/2


SPECIMEN PAPER

STPM

BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)

PAPER 2 (KERTAS 2)
















45

halaman kosong.)



1 The graph below shows the oxygen dissociation curves for myoglobin, maternal haemoglobin and foetal haemoglobin.

Percentage of oxygen saturation

Partial pressure of oxygen/mm Hg

Which curves correspond to myoglobin, maternal haemoglobin and foetal haemoglobin?

Myoglobin

A P

B P

C Q

D R

Maternal haemoglobin

Q

R

R

P

Foetal haemoglobin

R

Q

P

Q

2 Which factor causes the stomata to close?

A Water stress

B Low temperature

C High light intensity

D Low carbon dioxide concentration

964/2

46



1 Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung penceraian oksigen untuk mioglobin, hemoglobin ibu dan hemoglobin fetus.

Peratus ketepuan oksigen

Tekanan separa oksigen/mm Hg

Lengkung yang manakah yang sepadan dengan mioglobin, hemoglobin ibu, dan hemoglobin fetus?

Mioglobin

A P

B P

C Q

D R

Hemoglobin ibu

Q

R

R

P

Haemoglobin fetus

R

Q

P

Q

2 Faktor yang manakah yang menyebabkan penutupan stoma?

A Tekanan air

B Suhu rendah

C Keamatan cahaya yang tinggi

D Kepekatan karbon dioksida yang rendah

964/2

47

3 The graph below shows the pressure changes in the atrium, ventricle and aorta during a complete cardiac cycle.

Pressure/kPa

Time/s

What do X, Y and Z represent?

X

Aortic pressure A

Ventricular pressure B

Atrial pressure C

Atrial pressure D

Y

Atrial pressure

Atrial pressure

Ventricular pressure

Aortic pressure

Z


Aortic pressure

Aortic pressure


4

5

Which statement about the control of heart beat is true?

A The secretion of adrenaline increases the rate of heart beat.

B The decrease in blood pH inhibits neurons in the chemoreceptors at the aorta and carotid artery.

C The propagation of impulse through the sympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes decreases the rate of heart beat.

D The propagation of impulses through the parasympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes increases the rate of heart beat.

The role of the Casparian strip in the endodermal cell of the root is

A to carry out active transport

B to strengthen the root structure

C to ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the symplastic route

D to ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the apoplastic route

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48

3 Graf di bawah menunjukkan perubahan tekanan di dalam atrium, ventrikel, dan aorta semasa satu kitar kardium yang lengkap.

TekanankPa Sistol atrium

Apakah yang diwakili oleh X, Y, dan Z?

X Y

Sistol Diastol

ventrikel

Masa/s

Z

Tekanan aorta A

Tekanan ventrikel B

Tekanan atrium C

Tekanan atrium D

Tekanan atrium

Tekanan atrium

Tekanan ventrikel

Tekanan aorta

Tekanan ventrikel

Tekanan aorta

Tekanan aorta

Tekanan ventrikel

4

5

Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang kawalan denyutan jantung?

A Rembesan adrenalina meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.

B Penurunan pH darah menrencat neuron pada aorta dan arteri carotid dalam kemoreseptor

C Perambatan impuls melalui saraf simpatetik ke arah buku sinoatrium dan buku atreoventrikel merendahkan kadar denyutan jantung.

D Perambatan impuls melalui saraf parasimpatetik kearah buku sinoatrium dan buku atreoventrikel meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.

Peranan jalur Caspary di dalam sel endodermis akar ialah

A menjalankan pengangkutan aktif

B mengukuhkan struktur akar

C memastikan bahawa air dan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan simplas

D memastikan bahawa air dan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan apoplas

964/2

49

6

7

8

The role of calcium ions during muscle contraction is

A to form tropomyosin-troponin complex

B to bind myosin to actin forming cross-bridges

C to bind with tropomyosin exposing the myosin head

D to bind with troponin allowing the formation of cross-bridges

Which statement refers to the mechanism of action of adrenaline?

A Transcription and translation occur.

B Hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane.

C The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus.

D Hormone binds with a receptor on the plasma membrane.

The events regarding the action of oestrogen are given as follows.

I A specific gene is activated.

II Transcription and translation occur.

III Hormone receptor complex enter the nucleus.

IV Hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane.

Which sequence of events is correct?

A I IV II III

B I IV III II

C IV III I II

D IV III II I

9 Which structure cease to function after the formation of placenta in the development of mammalian foetus?

A Allantois

B Yolk sac

C Chorionic membrane

D Amniotic membrane

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6

7

8

Peranan ion kalsium dalam pengecutan otot adalah

A untuk membentuk kompleks tropomiosin-troponin

B untuk mengikat miosin kepada aktin membentuk titian silang

C untuk mengikat dengan tropomiosin mendedahkan kepala miosin

D untuk mengikat dengan troponin membenarkan pembentukan titian silang

Penyataan yang manakah yang merujuk kepada mekanisme tindakan adrenalina?

A Transkripsi dan penterjemahan berlaku.

B Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.

C Kompleks hormon reseptor memasuki nukleus.

D Hormon mengikat dengan reseptor pada membran plasma.

Peristiwa berkenaan tindakan estrogen diberikan seperti yang berikut.

I Gen spesifik diaktifkan.

II Transkripsi dan translasi berlaku.

III Kompleks hormon reseptor memasuki nukleus.

IV Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.

Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang benar?

A I IV II III

B I IV III II

C IV III I II

D IV III II I

9 Struktur yang manakah yang berhenti berfungsi selepas pembentukan plasenta dalam perkembangan fetus mamalia?

A Alantois

B Pundi yolka

C Membran korion

D Membran amnion

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10 The following are events that occur during seed germination.

I Activation of enzyme

II Initial uptake of water

III Flow of sugar into embryo

IV Activation of gibberellic acids

Which is the correct sequence of events during seed germination?

A II

B II

C II

D II

I

I

III

IV

III

IV

I

I

IV

III

IV

III

11 Which substance is produced by the mammalian liver during protein metabolism?

A Bile

B Urea

C Glycogen

D Cholesterol

12 The simplified diagram of the humoral response is shown below.

Antigen

Stimulate

W

X

What do W, X and Y represent?

W X Y

A B cell Memory B cell Antibody

B B cell Antibody Memory B cell

C T cell Memory T cell Antibody

D T cell Memory T cell Cytotoxic T cell

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Plasma cell

Y

10 Peristiwa berikut berlaku semasa percambahan biji benih.

I Pengaktifan enzim

II Permulaan pengambilan air

III Pengaliran gula kedalam embrio

IV Pengaktifan asid giberelik

Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang betul semasa percambahan biji benih?

A II

B II

C II

D II

I

I

III

IV

III

IV

I

I

IV

III

IV

III

11 Bahan yang manakah yang dihasilkan oleh hati mamalia semasa metabolisma protein?

A Hempedu

B Urea

C Glikogen

D Kolesterol

12 Gambar rajah yang diringkaskan tentang tindakan humor ditunjukkan di bawah.

Antigen

Rangsangan

W

X

Apakah wang diwakili oleh W, X , dan Y ?

W X Y

A Sel B Sel B ingatan Antibodi

B Sel B Antibodi Sel B ingatan

C Sel T Sel T ingatan Antibodi

D Sel T Sel T ingatan Sel T sitotoksik

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Sel plasma

Y

13 The diagram below shows the immune response in the human body.

Which statement about the above diagram is true?

A Cell X secretes lymphokine, then divides to form cells Y and Z in the presence of substance R.

B Cell Z responds quickly towards the repeated infection of a particular disease.

C Substance S induces proliferation of lymphocytes involved in the immune disease.

D Cell Y prepares other lymphocytes to produce antibodies.

14 The following are the stages of life cycle of Plasmodium that causes human malaria.

I Formation of gametocytes

II Multiplication in liver

III Injection of parasite

IV Completion of gametogony

V Migration of sporozoites to mosquito salivary gland

VI Invasion and multiplication in red blood cells

Which is the correct sequence of the Plasmodium life cycle?

A I

B III

C III

D III

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II

II

II

II

III

I

IV

VI

IV

V

V

I

V

IV

I

IV

VI

VI

VI

V

54

13 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan gerak balas imun dalam badan manusia.

Sel prekursor dari sum-sum tulang

Bergerak ke nodus limfa

Bahan R Sel X

Sel Z

Bahan S Sel Y

Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang gambar rajah di atas?

A Sel X merembeskan limfokin, kemudian membahagi menghasilkan sel Y dan Z dalam kehadiran bahan R.

B Sel Z merespon dengan cepat terhadap jangkitan semula penyakit tertentu.

C Bahan S merangsang proliferasi limfosit yang terlibat dalam penyakit keimunan.

D Sel Y menyediakan limfosit lain untuk menghasilkan antibodi.

14 Yang berikut ialah peringkat kitar hidup Plasmodium yang menyebabkan malaria kepada manusia.

I Pembentukan gametosit

II Pengandaan di dalam hati

III Suntikan parasit

IV Pelengkapan gametogoni

V Penghijrahan sporozoites kepada kelenjar liur nyamuk

VI Serangan dan pengandaan dalam sel darah merah

Yang manakah urutan yang benar tentang kitar hidup Plasmodium?

A I

B III

C III

D III

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II

II

II

II

III

I

IV

VI

IV

V

V

I

V

IV

I

IV

VI

VI

VI

V

55

15 A person suffering from abrupt onset of fever, headache, facial flushing, conjuctival suffusion and severe backache is most likely to contract

A dengue

B cholera

C malaria

D tuberculosis

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15 Seorang yang menderita serangan mendadak demam, sakit kepala, kemerahan pada wajah, konjugtivitis dan sakit pinggang kemungkinan besar menghidap

A denggi

B kolera

C malaria

D tuberkulosis

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16 The diagram below shows the simplified chemical reaction that occurs during the transport of carbon dioxide by the red blood cell in a mammal.

R + O 2

Cell/tissue

CO 2 + H 2 O II

T

I CO 2 + H 2 O

HCO 3−

H + + Hb O 2

S

Erythrocyte membrane HbO 2

H 2 CO 3

(a) Name the substances labelled R, S and T. [3 marks]

R: ...............................................................................................................................................................

S: ...............................................................................................................................................................

T: ...............................................................................................................................................................

(b) Explain what happens at stages I and II. [4 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

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16 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas kimia yang diringkaskan yang berlaku semasa pengangkutan karbon dioksida oleh sel darah merah dalam mamalia.

R + O 2

Sel/tisu

CO 2 + H 2 O II

T

I CO 2 + H 2 O

HCO 3−

H + + Hb O 2

S

Membran eritrosit HbO 2

H 2 CO 3

(a) Namakan bahan yang berlabel R, S, dan T. [3 markah]

R: ...............................................................................................................................................................

S: ...............................................................................................................................................................

T: ...............................................................................................................................................................

(b) Jelaskan apa yang berlaku pada peringkat I dan II. [4 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

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17 The diagram below shows simplified events in menstrual cycle of humans.

P

Thickness of endometrium

Menstrual Proliferative phase phase

(a) Name the structure labelled P and Q.

Q

Secretory Ovulation

phase

[2 marks]

P: ...............................................................................................................................................................

Q: ...............................................................................................................................................................

(b) State two types of hormones which influence the above menstrual cycle, and state the role of each hormone. [4 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(c) What happens to structure Q if

(i) fertilisation occurs? [1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) fertilisation does not occur? [1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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17 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan ringkasan peristiwa dalam kitar haid manusia.

Q P

Ketebalan endometrium

Fasa Ovulasi

proliferatif haid

(a) Namakan struktur berlabel P dan Q.

rembesan

[2 markah]

P: ...............................................................................................................................................................

Q: ...............................................................................................................................................................

(b) Nyatakan dua jenis hormon yang mempengaruhi kitar haid di atas, dan nyatakan peranan setiap hormon. [4 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Apakah yang berlaku kepada struktur Q jika

(i) persenyawaan berlaku? [1 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) persenyawaan tidak berlaku? [1 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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18 (a) Give the definition, causes and methods of prevention of each of the following cardiovascular disorders.

(i) Arteriosclerosis

(ii) Hypertension [10 marks]

(b) With the aid of Munch Model, describe the mechanism of mass translocation in phloem. [5 marks]

19 (a) With the aid of a diagram, describe the process of double fertilisation in an angiosperm. [5 marks]

(b) Describe the main structural features that favour cross-pollination in an angiosperm. [4 marks]

(c) Describe the characteristics of the following types of asexual reproduction.

(i) Polyembryony

(ii) Parthenogenesis

(iii) Vegetative reproduction [6 marks]

20 (a) Name the organs of the lymphatic system, and describe their functions. [8 marks]

(b) A malfunctioned kidney may be replaced by a healthy one which is transplanted from a donor.

(i) Explain why the healthy kidney may later be rejected by the recipient’s body. [4 marks]

(ii) What are the steps taken to overcome the problem of rejection by the recipient’s body? [3 marks]

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Jawab mana-mana dua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

18 (a) Berikan takrif, punca, dan kaedah pencegahan setiap penyakit kardiovaskular yang berikut.

(i) Arteriosklerosis

(ii) Hipertensi [10 markah]

(b) Dengan bantuan Model Munch, perihalkan mekanisme translokasi jisim dalam floem. [5 markah]

19 (a) Dengan bantuan gambar rajah, perihalkan proses persenyawaan ganda dua dalam suatu angiosperma. [5 markah]

(b) Perihalkan sifat struktur utama yang menggalakkan pendebungaan silang dalam suatu angiosperma.

(c) Perihalkan ciri bagi jenis pembiakan aseks yang berikut.

(i) Poliembrioni

(ii) Partenogenesis

(iii) Pembiakan vegitatif

[4 markah]

[6 markah]

20 (a) Namakan organ dan struktur dalam system limfa, dan perihalkan fungsi masing-masing. [8 markah]

(b) Ginjal yang tidak berfungsi boleh digantikan dengan ginjal yang sihat yang dipindahkan daripada seorang penderma.

(i) Jelaskan mengapa ginjal yang sihat mungkin kemudiannya akan ditolak oleh badan penerima. [4 markah]

(ii) Apakah langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk mengatasi masalah penolakan oleh badan penerima itu?

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[3 markah]


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SPECIMEN PAPER

STPM

BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)

PAPER 3 (KERTAS 3)
















65

halaman kosong.)



1

2

3

4

Which genera belongs to the phylum Coniferophyta?

A Zea

B Cycas

C Dryopteris

D Marchantia

Housefly is classified into the Order

A Diptera

B Hemiptera

C Orthoptera

D Hymenoptera

Which statement is true of an ecosystem?

A It encompasses living and non living components.

B It encompasses edaphic, climatic and topographic factors.

C It comprises of various species living together in a habitat.

D It comprises of organisms with the same morphological characteristics.

Which energy flows in an ecosystem involves the transfer of the greatest amount of energy?

A Plant Herbivore

B Herbivore Carnivore

C Carnivore Decomposer

D Herbivore Decomposer

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Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini

1

2

3

Genus yang manakah kepunyaan filum Coniferophyta?

A Zea

B Cycas

C Dryopteris

D Marchantia

Lalat dikelaskan kedalam Order

A Diptera

B Hemiptera

C Orthoptera

D Hymenoptera

Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang ekosistem?

A Meliputi komponen hidup dan bukan hidup

B Meliputi faktor edafik, faktor iklim, dan faktor topografik

C Meliputi pelbagai spesies yang hidup bersama dalam suatu habitat

D Meliputi organisma yang mempunyai ciri morfologi yang sama

4 Pengaliran tenaga dalam ekosistem yang manakah yang melibatkan pemindahan amaun tenaga yang paling banyak?

A Tumbuhan

B Herbivor

C Karnivor

D Herbivor

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Herbivor

Karnivor

Pengurai

Pengurai

67

5

6

7

The graph below shows the survivorship curves for three species of animals.

Number of survivors (log scale)

Percentage of maximum life span

Which characteristic of the animal is correctly matched to its survivorship curve?

Characteristic Curve

A Natality rate is high (c)

B Care for offspring is minimal (a)

C Mortality rate remains constant with age (a)

D Mortality is concentrated at the end of the maximum life span (b)

Which statement is not true of an artificial classification system?

A The system is based on phylogenetic relationship.

B The system can be used to construct dichotomous keys.

C Organisms are placed into groups for specific purposes.

D Organisms are placed into groups according to their different characteristics which are arbitrarily chosen.

The processes below contribute to speciation except

A isolation

B succession

C natural selection

D formation of different gene pool

8 Alleles A and B are codominant. How many types of phenotype would be produced from the cross AB AB?

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

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5

6

7

Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung kemandirian bagi tiga spesies haiwan.

Bilangan yang hidup (skala log)

Peratusan jangka masa maksimum hidup

Ciri haiwan yang manakah yang sepadan dengan betul dengan lengkung kemandiriannya?

Ciri Lengkung

A Kadar kenatalan yang tinggi (c)

B Penjagaan anak minima (a)

C Kadar kemortalan kekal malar dengan umur (a)

D Kemortalan tertumpu pada akhir tempoh hidup maksimum (b)

Penyataan yang manakah yang tidak benar tentang sistem pengelasan buatan?

A Sistem yang berdasarkan hubungan filogenetik.

B Sistem itu boleh digunakan untuk membina kunci dikotomi.

C Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan untuk kegunaan spesifik.

D Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan mengikut perbezaan ciri yang dipilih secara sembarangan.

Proses di bawah menyumbang kepada penspesiesan kecuali

A pemencilan

B penggantian

C pemilihan semulajadi

D pembentukan kolam gen yang berbeza

8 Alel A dan B adalah kodominan. Berapakah jenis fenotip yang akan terhasil daripada kacukan AB AB?

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

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9 The frequency of the allele B in a population at genetic equilibrium is 0.70. What is the frequency of the Bb genotype?

A 0.21

B 0.42

C 0.49

D 0.70

10 The graphs below show the ultraviolet absorption in the experiment to prove the mode of DNA replication.

Percentage of ultraviolet absorption

Generation 0 Nitrogen content

Generation 1

Nitrogen content

Generation 2

Nitrogen content

Generation 3

N 14 14

N

N 14 15

N

N 15 15

N

Nitrogen content

Which conclusion can be made from the above graphs?

A The dispersive mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 1.

B The conservative mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 2.

C The semi-conservative mode of DNA replication can be proven in the generation 1.

D The semi-conservative mode of DNA replication can be proven in the generation 2.

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9 Frekuensi alel B dalam populasi dalam keseimbangan genetik ialah 0.70. Berapakah frekuensi genotip Bb?

A 0.21

B 0.42

C 0.49

D 0.70

10 Graf di bawah menunjukkan penyerapan ultra lembayung dalam uji kaji untuk membuktikan cara pereplikaan DNA.

Peratusan serapan ultra lembayung

Generasi 0 Kandungan nitrogen

Generasi 1

Kandungan nitrogen

Generasi 2

Kandungan nitrogen

Generasi 3

N 14 14

N

N 14 15

N

N 15

N 15

Kandungan nitrogen

Kesimpulan yang manakah yang boleh dibuat daripada graf di atas?

A Mode dispersif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 1.

B Mode konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 2.

C Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.

D Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.

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11 Gene expression is defined as

A the transcription of genes from DNA

B the use of information in DNA to produce a protein

C the transfer of one gene from one organism to another

D the translation of one gene by ribosomes to produce protein

12 The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a disease.

The inheritance of the disease is controlled by

A X-linked recessive gene

B X-linked dominant gene

C autosomal recessive gene

D autosomal dominant gene

13 Which statement is not true of mutation?

A The deletion of two bases causes frame-shift mutation.

B Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion in chromosome 5.

C Allopolyploidy involved chromosome doubling from different genomes.

D A chromosomal mutation involves the deletion of a base pair from a gene.

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11 Pengekspresan gen boleh ditakrifkan sebagai

A transkripsi gen daripada DNA

B penggunaan maklumat dalam DNA untuk menghasilkan protein

C pemindahan satu gen dari satu organisma kepada satu organisma yang lain

D translasi satu gen oleh ribosom untuk menghasilkan protein

12 Salasiah di bawah menunjukkan penyakit pewarisan.

Petanda:

Lelaki normal

Perempuan normal

Penyakit pewarisan dikawal oleh

A gen resesif X-terangkai

B gen dominan X-terangkai

C gen resesif autosom

D gen dominan autosom

13 Penyataan yang manakah yang tidak benar tentang mutasi?

A Pelenyapan dua bes menyebabkan mutasi anjakan rangka.

B Sindrom Cri-du-chat disebabkan oleh pelenyapan kromosom 5.

C Alopoliploidi melibatkan pengandaan kromosom daripada genom yang berbeza.

D Mutasi kromosom melibatkan pelenyapan pasangan bes daripada satu gen.

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14 The diagram below shows steps in DNA cloning using bacterial plasmid.

Source DNA

Plasmid

Cloned DNA

What processes are represented by P, Q and R?

P

A Amplification

B Amplification

C Transformation

D Transformation

Q

Screening

Transformation

Screening

Amplification

R

Transformation

Screening

Amplification

Screening

15 Transgenic bacteria is used in the following industrial processes except

A decomposition of oil spill

B degradation of organic waste

C production of -1-antitrypsin

D introduction of herbicide-resistant gene into plant

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14 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan langkah pengklonan DNA mengunakan plasmid bakteria.

DNA sumber

Plasmid

DNA terklon

Apakah yang diwakili oleh P, Q, dan R?

P

A Amplifikasi

B Amplifikasi

C Transformasi

D Transformasi

Q

Penyaringan

Transformasi

Penyaringan

Amplifikasi

R

Transformasi

Penyaringan

Amplifikasi

Penyaringan

15 Bakteria transgenik digunakan dalam proses industri berikut kecuali

A penguraian tumpahan minyak

B degradasi bahan buangan organik

C penghasilan -1-antitrypsin

D pengenalan gen rintangan herbisid ke dalam tumbuhan

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16 The graphs below show the normal distribution of early population of an organism living in three different environments, I, II and III. The arrows represent the selection pressure on the phenotypes.

Number of I individuals

Phenotype

Number of III

individuals

Number of II individuals

Phenotype

Phenotype

(a) Sketch the curve to show the effect of natural selection in each case.

(b) State the types of selection represented by the curves you have sketched in (a).

[3 marks]

[3 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Give one example of the phenomenon resulting from each of the selections II and III. [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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16 Graf di bawah menunjukkan taburan normal awal populasi organism yang hidup di tiga persekitaran yang berbeza I, II, dan III. Anak panah mewakili tekanan pemilihan keatas fenotip.

Bilangan I individu

Fenotip

Bilangan III

individu

Bilangan II individu

Fenotip

Fenotip

(a) Lakar lengkung yang menunjukkan kesan pemilihan semula jadi dalam setiap kes. [3 markah]

(b) Nyatakan jenis pemilihan yang mewakili lengkung yang anda lakar dalam (a). [3 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Berikan satu contoh fenomena yang dihasilkan daripada pemilihan II dan III. [2 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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17 (a) The diagram below shows the stages of meiosis during the formation of gametes which involve a pair of chromosome P and a pair of chromosome Q. Draw the complete diagram to show the arrangement of the chromosomes if non-disjunction occurs involving the pair of chromosome P

during meiosis I.

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Gamete Gamete Gamete Gamete

(b) State the type of the above chromosomal mutation.

[6 marks]

[1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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17 (a) Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan peringkat meiosis semasa pembentukan gamet yang melibatkan sepasang kromosom P dan sepasang kromosom Q. Lukis gambar rajah lengkap untuk menunjukkan susunan kromosom jika tak disjungsi berlaku yang melibatkan pasangan kromosom P

semasa meiosis I.

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Gamet Gamet Gamet Gamet

(b) Nyatakan jenis mutasi kromosom di atas.

[6 markah]

[1 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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18 (a) Describe the characteristic features of the phylum Bryophyta and Filicinophyta. [8 marks]

(b) Water pollution is a major threat to aquatic biodiversity in Malaysia. Discuss this statement. [7 marks]

19 (a) Explain the energy flow in the carbon cycle.

(b) Compare the adaptive characteristics of K−and r −strategies.

[7 marks]

[8 marks]

20 In a small population, 40 individuals are tasters of phenylthiocarbamide and 60 are non-tasters. The dominant allele T controls the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide.

(a) (i) Determine the frequencies of allele t and allele T. [6 marks]

(ii) Determine the number of individuals who are heterozygous in the population. [4 marks]

(b) If 20 non-tasters immigrate into the population, determine the new frequencies of allele t and allele T.

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[5 marks]


Jawab mana-mana dua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

18 (a) Perihalkan cici-ciri filum Bryophyta dan Filicinophyta. [8 markah]

(b) Pencemaran air adalah ancaman utama kepada kepelbagian biologi di Malaysia. Bincangkan pernyataan ini.

19 (a) Jelaskan pengaliran tenaga di dalam kitar karbon.

(b) Bandingkan ciri penyesuaian strategi K dan strategi r.

[7 markah]

[7 markah]

[8 markah]

20 Dalam satu populasi kecil, 40 individu ialah perasa feniltiokarbamida dan 60 individu bukan perasa feniltiokarbamida. Alel dominan T mengawal keupayaan untuk merasa feniltiokarbamida.

(a) (i) Tentukan kekerapan alel t dan alel T.

(ii) Tentukan bilangan individu yang heterozigot dalam populasi itu.

[6 markah]

[4 markah]

(b) Jika 20 individu bukan perasa berhijrah masuk ke dalam populasi itu, tentukan kekerapan baharu alel t dan alel T.

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[5 markah]

STPM BIOLOGY

Experiment 1

Title: Determination of the osmotic potential of plant cells

STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___

Objectives: To determine the osmotic potential of the potato cell sap.

Learning Outcome: At the end of the experiment, the candidates should be able to

(i) prepare solutions of various molarities from a stock solution.

(ii) tabulate the results and plot graphs.

(iii) analyse and interpret experimental results.

Introduction:

Osmotic potential of a cell refers to the amount of solute dissolved in the cell sap, containing mostly water and be the main cause to its osmotic concentration. The difference in osmotic concentration inside the cell and its surrounding is called a concentration gradient. Movement of water molecules via semi permeable membrane occurs from a region of higher water concentration (low osmotic potential) to a region of lower water concentration (high osmotic potential).

Materials and apparatus:

(i) 1.0 M sucrose solution

(ii) Distilled water

(iii) Potato

(iv) Large test tubes

(v) Beakers

(vi) Ruler

(vii) Filter paper

(viii) Petri dish with cover

(ix) Marker pen

(x) Cork-borer

(xi) Single-edge blade

(xii) White tile

(xiii) Graph paper

(xiv) Dissecting needle/Mounted needle

(xv) 25 ml measuring cylinder

(xvi) Fine forceps

(xvii) 10 ml pipette

(xviii) Analytical balance

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Molarity (M) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55

Osmotic potential(in atmosphere)

1.3 2.6 4.0 5.3 6.7 8.1 9.6 11.1 12.6 14.3 16.0

STPM BIOLOGY

Procedure:


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

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Prepare 20 ml of 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M sucrose solutions from 1.0 M stock solution in labelled test tubes. Use the following formula to assist you in preparing your dilution.

where M 1 = initial molarity M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2

V 1 = initial volume

M 2 = final molarity

V 2 = final volume

Record the volume of the stock solution and distilled water used in each dilution in Table 1.

Prepare 15 cylindrical strips of potato tissues using a cork-borer. Cut the strips to a uniform length.

Take 3 potato strips, record their average initial length and weight and place them into the test tube containing 0.1 M sucrose solution. Note down the texture of the potato strips.

Repeat step 4 using 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M sucrose solutions and wait for 30 minutes.

Plot a standard curve of the osmotic potential against the molarities of the sucrose solutions using the data given below.

After 30 minutes, remove the strips with the dissecting needle/mounted needle provided. Dry the strips gently with filter paper and record their average final length and weight.

Note down any changes to the texture of the potato strips.

Create your own table to record the results. (Table 2)

Plot another graph of the average change in the length of the potato strips against the molarities of the sucrose solution used.

Use both the graphs to determine the osmotic potential of the potato cell sap.

85

Molarity 0.1 M 0.2 M 0.3 M 0.4 M 0.5 M

Volume of 1.0 M sucrose solution used (ml)

Volume of distilled water used (ml)

STPM BIOLOGY

Result:

Table 1

Table 2

Discussion:


1 (a) From the first graph, determine the solute concentration of the cell sap of the potato tissues (in molarity) of sucrose solution. Explain your answer. [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(b) From the standard curve, determine the equivalent osmotic potential (in atmosphere) of the cell sap. [1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

2 What is the relationship between the changes in weight of the potato strips and their texture? [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

3 Plant fertilizer contains many solutes. Why an overdose of fertilizer may kill a plant? [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

Conclusion [1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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For examiner’suse

1

2

3

Total


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SPECIMEN PAPER

STPM

BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)

PAPER 5 (KERTAS 5)






Answer all questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaysia.



Jawab semua soalan.

Tulis jawapan anda dalam ruang yang disediakan.

Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris atau Bahasa Malaysia.

This question paper consists of printed pages and (Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak dan

© Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

STPM 964/5

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blank page. halaman kosong.)

Time (hour) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Height of fluid (mm) 100 82 73 68 66 66 66

Height of gas (mm)

1 A group of students carried out an experiment on respiration using yeast.

A fermentation tube was filled with 5% glucose solution and 5 drops of 10% yeast suspension. It was then put inside a test tube as shown below.

Test tube

Fermentation tube

Height of fluid

The apparatus set-up was placed in an incubator at 37 C for 60 hours. The heights of the fluid and the gas in the fermentation tube were recorded every 10 hours.

(a) Is oxygen involved in the process? [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Name the end products of the fermentation. [3 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Complete the table below.

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[3 marks]

Masa (jam) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tinggi bendalir (mm) 100 82 73 68 66 66 66

Tinggi gas (mm)

1 Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu uji kaji tentang respirasi dengan menggunakan yis.

Satu tabung penapaian diisi dengan larutan glukosa 5% dan 5 titis ampaian yis 10%. Tabung penapaian itu kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam satu tabung uji seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.

Tabung uji

Tabung penapaian

Tinggi cecair

Susunan alat radas diletakkan ke dalam pengeram pada 37 C selama 60 jam. Tinggi bendalir dan gas di dalam tabung penapaian direkodkan setiap 10 jam.

(a) Adakah oksigen terlibat dalam proses itu? [2 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Namakan hasil akhir penapaian itu. [3 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.

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[3 markah]

(d) Plot a graph of the height of the gas against time.

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[3 marks]

(d) Plot graf tinggi gas lawan masa.

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[3 markah]

(e) Based on the graph that you have plotted, describe briefly the fermentation process. [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(f) State two industrial applications of the yeast fermentation. [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

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(e) Berdasarkan graf yang anda plot itu, perihalkan secara ringkas proses penapaian itu. [2 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(f) Nyatakan dua penggunaan industri penapaian yis. [2 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

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2 (a) A cross-section of an organ that has been diverted out of a rat is shown in the diagram below.

C B

D

A

E

F

G J

I H

(i) Name the organ, and the structures labelled A and I. [5 marks]

Organ: ...…………………………………………………………………………………………………

A: ……………………………………………….. F: ………………………………………………….

B: ……………………………………………….. G: ………………………………………………….

C: ………………………………………………. H: ………………………………………………….

D: ………………………………………………. I: ….………………………………………………..

E: ……………………………………………….

(ii) State two function of the organ. [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) State the similarity and the difference in function between the structures B and C. [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(iv) State the common function of structures F, G and J. [1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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2 (a) Keratan rentas satu organ yang telah dialih keluar daripada seekor tikus ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah di bawah.

C B

D

A

E

F

G J

I

(i) Namakan organ itu, dan struktur berlabel A hingga I.

H

[5 markah]

Organ: ...…………………………………………………………………………………………………

A: ……………………………………………….. F: ………………………………………………….

B: ……………………………………………….. G: ………………………………………………….

C: ………………………………………………. H: ………………………………………………….

D: ………………………………………………. I: ….………………………………………………..

E: ……………………………………………….

(ii) Nyatakan dua fungsi organ itu. [2 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Nyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan fungsi antara struktur B dengan struktur C. [2 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(iv) Nyatakan fungsi sepunya struktur F, G, dan J. [1 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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(b) The structures shown in the diagram below are related to the organ in (a).

L K

(i) Name the structures K and L. [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give two characteristics of each of the structures. [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Why are the wall structures of K and L are different? [1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

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(b) Struktur yang ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah di bawah berkaitan dengan organ pada (a).

L K

(i) Namakan struktur K dan L. [2 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Berikan dua ciri bagi setiap struktur itu. [2 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Mengapakah struktur dinding bagi K dan L berbeza? [1 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

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Phenotype Observed number Expected number

Wrinkled 59

Smooth 191

3 A researcher carried out a cross on pea plants to determine the inheritance of seed forms. He crossed pure line wrinkled seed with pure line smooth seed to produce F 1 generation and subsequently F 2 generation. A total of 250 plants were produced in F 2 generation, 59 with wrinkled seeds and 191 with smooth seeds. The diagram below illustrates the crosses.

X

Progeny Q

(a) What is the phenotype of progeny Q? [1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

(b) What is the expected ratio of wrinkled-seed plants to smooth-seed plants of F 2 generation? [1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Using the expected ratio in (b), determine the expected number of phenotypes of F 2

generation.

[2 marks]

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Fenotip Bilangan cerapan Bilangan jangkaan

Berkedut 59

Licin 191

3 Seorang penyelidik telah membuat kacukan terhadap pokok kacang pea untuk menentukan perwarisan bentuk biji. Beliau mengkacukkan baka tulen biji yang berkedut dengan baka tulen biji licin untuk menghasilkan generasi F 1 dan seterusnya generasi F 2. Sebanyak 250 tumbuhan telah dihasilkan dalam generasi F 2 , 59 dengan biji berkedut, dan 191 dengan biji licin. Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan kacukan tersebut.

Biji berkedut

Biji licin

Induk betina

X

Progeni Q

(a) Apakah fenotip bagi progeni Q?

Induk jantan

[1 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Apakah nisbah jangkaan pokok dengan biji berkedut kepada pokok dengan biji licin bagi generasi F 2 ? [1 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Dengan menggunakan nisbah jangkaan pada (b), tentukan bilangan jangkaan fenotip generasi F 2 .

[2 marks]

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Degree of freedom 5% level

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

3.841

5.991

7.815

9.488

11.070

12.592

14.067

15.507

16.919

18.307

(d) Using the chi-square formula, determine the chi-square value for F 2 generation.

(e) Chi-square (2 ) values at 5% level is given below.

[3 marks]

[4 marks]

Using the data from above table, explain whether the result obtained is in accordance with Mendel’s first law.

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(f) Determine the dominant seed forms of pea plants. [1 mark]

Wrinkled: ...................................................................................................................................................

Smooth: ......................................................................................................................................................

(g) With the symbol R as dominant allele and symbol r as recessive allele, determine the genotypes of both parents and progeny Q. [3 marks]

Female parent:...................................................................................................................................

Male parent: .....................................................................................................................................

Progeny Q: ........................................................................................................................................

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Darjah kebebasan Aras 5%

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

3.841

5.991

7.815

9.488

11.070

12.592

14.067

15.507

16.919

18.307

(d) Dengan menggunakan rumus khi kuasa dua, tentukan nilai khi kuasa dua bagi generasi F 2 . [3 markah]

(e) Jadual nilai khi kuasa dua (2 ) pada aras 5% diberikan di bawah. [4 markah]

Dengan menggunakan data daripada jadual di atas, jelaskan sama ada keputusan yang diperoleh mematuhi hukum Mendel pertama.

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(f) Tentukan kedominanan bentuk biji kacang pea. [1 markah]

Berkedut:....................................................................................................................................................

Licin: .........................................................................................................................................................

(g) Dengan simbol R sebagai alel dominan dan simbol r sebagai alel resesif, tentukan genotip kedua-dua induk dan progeni Q. [3 markah]

Induk betina:..............................................................................................................................................

Induk jantan:..............................................................................................................................................

Progeni Q:..................................................................................................................................................

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