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A. PENGERTIAN SASTRA MELAYU KLASIK- Sastra Melayu Klasik merupakan sastra yang
tumbuh dan berkembang pada masa masyarakat Melayu zaman dahulu.
- Di dalam karya sastra pada zaman Melayu Klasik ini, terdapat beberapa nilai moral, antara lain berisi ajaran untuk bersikap dan berbuat kepada orangtua, orang yang lebih muda, anggota keluarga, lawan, dan kawan. Dalam sastra Melayu Klasik juga disampaikan ajaran tentang ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, negara, dan lain-lain.
B. JENIS SASTRA MELAYU KLASIKJenis sastra pada masa Melayu Klasik dibedakan menjadi dua bentuk, yaitu puisi dan prosa. Bentuk puisinya adalah pantun dan syair. Bentuk prosa meliputi cerita asal-usul (legenda), cerita binatang, cerita pelipur lara, cerita jenaka, dan cerita sejarah atau hikayat.
1. Cerita Asal-Usul (Legenda)Cerita asal-usul merupakan cerita tentang asal mula terjadinya sesuatu. Cerita asal-usul terbagi atas ceita asal-usul dunia binatang, cerita asal-usul dunia tumbuhan, dan cerita asal-usul terjadinya suatu tempat.
BAHASA INGGRIS
BAB 1 TENSESTenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja (verb) karena perubahan waktu dan sifat kejadian tertentu pada suatu konteks kalimat.
A. PRESENT TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense
Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + V1 / Vs/es + Complement (C)/Object (O)/
Adverb (A)() S + dont/doesnt + V1 + C/O/A(? ) Do/Does + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + be (is, am, are) + C() S + be (is, am, are) + not + C(? ) Be (is, am , are) + S + C?
Keterangan: Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja. Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata
kerja. Do dipakai untuk subjek: I, you,we, they. Does dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it. Am dipakai untuk subjek: I Is dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it Are dipakai untuk subjek: We, They
Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I go to school everyday.
() I dont go to school everyday.(? ) Do you go to school everyday?Kalimat nominal: (+) She is hungry.() She is not hungry.(? ) Is she hungry?
Fungsi:a. Untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan (ditandai dengan
keterangan frekuensi: everyday, usually, every, always, never, once, twice, dll). Contoh: They visit me everyday.
b. Untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum. Contoh: The world is round. c. Untuk menunjukkan keadaan pada waktu sekarang
(factual state). Contoh: I want a glass of coffee.
2. Present Continuous TenseKalimat Verbal: (+) S + be (is, am, are) + V-ing + C/O/A() S + be (is, am, are) + not V-ing + C/O/A(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + be (is, am, are) + being + C() S + be (is, am, are) + not being + C(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + being + C?
Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I am repairing your bicycle now.() I am not repairing your bicycle now.(? ) Are you repairing my bicycle now?
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Kalimat nominal: (+) She is being very sad right now.() She is not being very sad right now.(? ) Is she being very sad right now?
Fungsi:a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang
sedang berlangsung saat ini (sedang dibicarakan). Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: now, at this
moment, look!, right now, at present, listen! Contoh: He is reading an English text now. b. Untuk menyatakan situasi yang berubah-ubah. Contoh:
The population of the world is rising very fast.
3. Present Perfect TenseKalimat Verbal: (+) S + has/have + V3 + C/O/A() S + has/have not + V3 +C/O/A(? ) Has/have +S + V3 +C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + has/have + been + C() S + has/have not + been + C(? ) Has/have + S + been + C?
Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) I have opened the door since 7 oclock.() I have not opened the door.(? ) Have you opened the door?Kalimat nominal: (+) She has been there since this morning.() She has not been there till now.(? ) Has she been there since this morning?
Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah terjadi dan masih berhubungan dengan sekarang. Keterangan waktu: already, just, yet, since, for, lately, these weeks/month, so far, till now, recently. Contoh: They have been here since 2 oclock.
4. Present Perfect Continuous TenseKalimat Verbal: (+) S + has/have + been + V-ing + C/O/A() S + has/have not + been + V-ing + C/O/A(? ) Has/have + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + has/have + been + being + C() S + has/have not + been + being + C(? ) Has/have + S + been + being + C?
Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) I have been waiting for two hours.
() I have not been meeting her since 1998.(? ) Have you been waiting for two hours?Kalimat nominal: (+) She has been being in the hospital for two weeks.() She has not been being here for five minutes.(? ) Has she been being here for two hours?
Fungsi:- Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dimulai di waktu
lampau dan masih dikerjakan sampai saat ini.- Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: for, all this
morning, since, the whole day. Contoh: He has been writing a letter for 1 hour.
B. FUTURE TENSES
1. Simple Future TenseKalimat Verbal: (+) S + will/shall +V1 + C/O/A() S + will/shall not + V1 + C/O/A(? ) Will/shall + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + be + C() S + will/shall not + be + C(? ) Will + S + be + C?
Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) I will go to Jakarta next week.() I will not go to Jakarta next week.(? ) Will you go to Jakarta next week?Kalimat nominal: (+) I will be in Jakarta tomorrow.() I will not be there tomorrow.(? ) Will you be there tomorrow?Fungsi:a. Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan di
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: the day after tomorrow, tomorrow next, tonight, soon, next week, dll. Contoh: John will come to see you tomorrow.
b. Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan terjadi apabila syarat peristiwa lain terpenuhi. Contoh: You will find many foreign tourists when you come to Bali.
2. Future Continuous TenseKalimat Verbal: (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + C/O/A() S + will/shall not + be + V-ing + C/O/A(? ) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + be + being + C() S + will/shall not + be + being + C(? ) Will/shall + S + be + being + C?
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Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) I will be coming there next week.() I will not be coming there next week.(? ) Will you be coming there next week?Kalimat nominal: (+) I will be being in London next month.() I will not be being in London next month.(? ) Will you be being in London next month?
Fungsi:Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dikerjakan di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: next/tomorrow at ... o clock, this time tomorrow/next. Contoh: I will be visiting my girlfriend tomorrow at 3 oclock.
3. Future Perfect TenseKalimat Verbal: (+) S + will/shall +have + V3 + C/O/A() S + will/shall not + have + V3 + C/O/A(? ) Will/shall + S + have + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + have + been + C() S + will/shall not + have + been + C(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + C?
Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) I will have finished this job by the end of this week.() I will not have finished this job by the end of this week.(? ) Will you have finished this job by the end of this week?Kalimat nominal: (+) I will have been in Jogja by the time you get there.() I will not have been in Jogja by the time you get there.(? ) Will you have been in Jogja by the end of this week?
Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan telah diselesaikan di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: by the time, by the end of, in 3 weeks/ years/ months for, after/ before + S + V1 after/ before + S +V1.Contoh: will have been visited my girlfriend by this time next week.
4. Future Perfect Continuous TenseKalimat Verbal: (+) S + will/shall +have + been + V-ing + C/O/A() S + will/shall not + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + have + been + being + C() S + will/shall not + have + been + being + C(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + being + C?
Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) I will have been finishing this job by the end of this
week.() I will not have been finishing this job by the end of this
week.(? ) Will you have been finishing this job by the end of this
week?Kalimat nominal: (+) I will have been being in Japan by the end of this year.() I will not have been being in Japan by the end of this
year.(? ) Will you have been being in Japan by the end of this
year?
Fungsi:Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan telah terjadi dan masih akan berlanjut pada saat peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu mendatang. Keterangan waktu: for, by the time, by the end of, dll. Contoh: He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before she arrives.
C. PAST TENSE
1. Simple Past TenseKalimat Verbal: (+) S + V
2 + C/O/A
() S + did not + V1 + C/O/A(? ) Did + S + V1 + C/O/A?Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + be (was, were) + C() S + be (was,were) not + C(? ) Was/were + S + C?
Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) John came here yesterday.() John did not come here yesterday.(? ) Did John come here yesterday?Kalimat nominal: (+) She was in the hospital yesterday.() She was not in the hospital yesterday.(? ) Were you in the hospital yesterday?
Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. Keterangan waktu: last, ago, previously, yesterday, in 1973, the day before yesterday. Contoh: He bought a new bicycle last year.
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2. Past Continuous TenseKalimat Verbal: (+) S + be (was, were) + V-ing + C/O/A() S + be (was, were) not + V-ing + C/O/A(? ) Be (was,were) + S + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + be (was, were) + being + C() S + be (was, were) not + being + C(? ) Be (was,were) + S + being + C?
Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) I was sleeping when she arrived.() I was not sleeping when she arrived.(? ) Were you sleeping when she came yesterday?Kalimat nominal: (+) She was being at home when her father died.() She was not being at home when her father died.(? ) Were you being at home when your father died?
Fungsi:Untuk menunjukkan kegiatan atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada masa lampau.Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: when, as, while.Contoh: - John was reading a book when I came.- John was being at home while I was reading.
3. Past Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + had + V3 + C/O/A() S + had not + V3 + C/O/A (? ) Had + S + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal : (+) S + had + been + C() S + had not + been + C (? ) Had + S + been + C?
Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) I had gone to Jakarta before I met her.() I had not gone to Jakarta before I met her.(? ) Had you gone to Jakarta before you met her?Kalimat nominal: (+) He had been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.() He had not been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.(? ) Had he been in Jakarta before he got the bad news?
Fungsi:Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah selesai dikerjakan pada waktu lampau. Tenses ini ditandai oleh peristiwa lain
yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Keterangan waktu: for ... , when/after/before + S + V2 , after/before + S + V2Contoh: Johny had studied English for 2 hours before I came.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + had + been + V-ing + C/O/A() S + had not + been + V-ing + C/O/A(? ) Had + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + had + been + being + C() S + had not + been + being + C(? ) Had + S + been + being + C?
Contoh:Kalimat verbal: (+) I had been living in London for 2 years before I moved to
Italy.() I had not been living in London for 2 years before I
moved to Italy.(? ) Had you been living in London for 2 years before you
moved to Italy?Kalimat nominal: (+) He had been being famous before he won the singing
competition.() He had not been being famous before he won the
singing competition.(? ) Had he been being famous before he won the singing
competition?
Fungsi:Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang masih dikerjakan pada saat kejadian lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Tenses ini juga ditandai oleh peristiwa lain yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Adverb pada tenses ini adalah sama dengan bentuk Present Perfect Tense.Keterangan waktu: for ... , when/after/before + S + V2 , after/before + S + V2Contoh: - Johny had been studying English for 2 hours before I
came.- They had been being in the office when their boss came.
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BAB 2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCESConditional sentence (kalimat bersyarat) adalah kalimat yang di dalamnya mengandung syarat. Alat yang digunakan sebagai syarat meliputi: if (jika), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condition that (dengan syarat), dan susunan inversi.
A. STRUKTUR KALIMAT BERSYARAT Conditional terdiri dari dua klausa: if clause (anak kalimat) dan main clause (induk kalimat).
TIPE TENSE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE FAKTA
1 PRESENT If + S + VI S + will + VI FUTURE
2 PAST If + S + V2
S + would + VI PRESENT
3 PAST PERFECT If + S + had + V3 S + would have + V3 PAST
Keterangan: 1. Tipe 1 merupakan pengandaian yang kemungkinan akan
terjadi. Tipe 2 dan 3 merupakan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi. Fakta untuk tipe 2 adalah present (tidak terjadi di waktu sekarang) dan untuk tipe 3 adalah past (tidak terjadi di waktu lampau).
2. To be yang digunakan untuk semua subyek dengan Past Tense adalah were.
3. Letak If Clause tidak selalu di depan Main Clause. Salah satu dari klausa tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan. Apabila anak kalimat berada di depan induk kalimat, dalam tata tulis menggunakan koma setelah anak kalimat (If Clause).
Contoh:1. If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. (It is possible
that he will pass the exam) 2. If he studied hard, he would pass the exam. (He doesnt
study, so he doesnt pass the exam)3. If he had studied, he would have passed the exam. (He
didnt study, so he didnt pass the exam)
Untuk mencari fakta no. 2 dan 3, kita bisa memakai RUMUS PRAKTIS berikut. Perhatikan!
PENGANDAIAN FAKTAV1 Possibility (will + V1)
V2/were V1/is, am, are
Had V3 V2/was, wereKalimat Negatif (-) Kalimat Positif (+)
Kalimat Positif (+) Kalimat Negatif(-)
Contoh:
PENGANDAIAN
If he studied he would pass the exam. (V2 (+))
If he had studied he would have passed the exam. (Had V3 (+))
FAKTA
He doesnt study so he doesnt pass the exam. (VI (-))
He didnt study so he didnt pass the exam. (V2 (-))
Keterangan:- Pengandaian pada kalimat 2 dalam bentuk positif V2
(studied), maka fakta harus bentuk negatif VI (doesnt study).
- Pengandaian pada kalimat 3 dalam bentuk positif had V3 (had studied), maka fakta harus negatif V
2 (didnt study).
B. BENTUK INVERSI/SUSUN BALIKTipe 1 diawali dengan should, tipe 2 diawali dengan were, dan tipe 3 diawali dengan had.
Contoh:
Tipe Noninversi1
2
3
If you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her house.Iftheweatherwerefinenow, we would go swimming.If he had ridden his bike fast, he would not have been late to school.
Tipe Inversi1
2
3
Should you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her house. Weretheweatherfinenow, we would go swimming.Had he ridden his bike fast, he would not have been late to school.
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BAB 3 SUBJUNCTIVE AND CAUSATIVEA. SUBJUNCTIVESubjunctive merupakan suatu kalimat yang mengemu-kakan suatu pengharapan yang biasanya bertentangan dengan kenyataan yang sesungguhnya terjadi. Kalimat subjunctive menggunakan penanda pengandaian, yaitu: wish (berharap), if only (seandainya saja), as if/as though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka).
1. Present Subjunctivea. Subject 1 + wish/would rather + Subject 2 +
Past (V2/were)
b. If only + Subject + Past (V2/were)
c. Subject 1 + Present (V1) + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Past (V
2/were)
Contoh: I wish I were a doctor. (Saya berharap saya seorang dokter (Kenyataannya saya bukan seorang dokter/I am not a doctor)).
2. Past Subjunctivea. Subject 1 + (wish, if, as if, as though, would
rather) + Subject 2 + Past Perfectb. If only + Subject + Past Perfectc. Subject1 + Past (V
2) + as if/as though + Subject
2 + Past PerfectContoh: I wish I had typed a letter.(Seandainya (lampau) saya telah mengetik sebuah surat (Kenyataannya saya tidak mengetik sebuah surat (lampau)/I didnt type a letter).Keterangan: Untuk to be Past Subjunctive harus selalu were apapun subjeknya, tidak boleh was
RUMUS PRAKTIS PENGANDAIAN FAKTAWould/could V1 Possibility (will + V1)
V2/were V1/is/am/are
Had V3 V2Kalimat Negatif(-) Kalimat Positif (+)
Kalimat Positif (+) Kalimat Negatif(-)Keterangan:Perubahan fakta ke pengandaian sama persis dengan rumus conditional. Contoh: I wish she had come. Means: She didnt come.
B. CAUSATIVECausative adalah penggunaan kata kerja-kata kerja tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris yang bermakna menyuruh orang lain mengerjakan sesuatu, entah karena subyek merasa tidak sanggup mengerjakan sendiri atau ingin agar orang lain mengerjakannya. Causative yang umum dikenal adalah have dan get.
1. Untuk Obyek Aktif (Manusia)a. Rumus:
S + has/have/had + obyek aktif (manusia) + V1Berarti: S + ask/asked + obyek aktif (orang) + to + V1
Contoh:I have John wash my car. Berarti: I ask John to wash my car.
b. RumusS + get/got/gotten + obyek aktif (manusia) + to + V1Berarti: S + ask/asked + obyek aktif (orang) + to + V1
Contoh:I get John to wash my car. Berarti: I ask John to wash my car.
2. Untuk Obyek Pasif (Benda)Rumus:S + has/have/had /get/got/gotten + O pasif (benda) + V3Berarti: S + ask/asked + someone/somebody + to + V1 + O
Contoh:I have/get my car washed (by John). Berarti: I ask some one/some body (John) to wash my car.
Keterangan:- Bila have diikuti obyek aktif (orang), verb yang
mengikuti adalah V1 .- Bila get diikuti obyek aktif (orang), verb yang
mengikuti adalah to V1 . - Bila have atau get diikuti obyek pasif (benda),
verb yang mengikuti adalah V3.
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A. SUBJUNCTIVESubjunctive merupakan suatu kalimat yang mengemu-kakan suatu pengharapan yang biasanya bertentangan dengan kenyataan yang sesungguhnya terjadi. Kalimat subjunctive menggunakan penanda pengandaian, yaitu: wish (berharap), if only (seandainya saja), as if/as though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka).
1. Present Subjunctivea. Subject 1 + wish/would rather + Subject 2 +
Past (V2/were)
b. If only + Subject + Past (V2/were)
c. Subject 1 + Present (V1) + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Past (V
2/were)
Contoh: I wish I were a doctor. (Saya berharap saya seorang dokter (Kenyataannya saya bukan seorang dokter/I am not a doctor)).
2. Past Subjunctivea. Subject 1 + (wish, if, as if, as though, would
rather) + Subject 2 + Past Perfectb. If only + Subject + Past Perfectc. Subject1 + Past (V
2) + as if/as though + Subject
2 + Past PerfectContoh: I wish I had typed a letter.(Seandainya (lampau) saya telah mengetik sebuah surat (Kenyataannya saya tidak mengetik sebuah surat (lampau)/I didnt type a letter).Keterangan: Untuk to be Past Subjunctive harus selalu were apapun subjeknya, tidak boleh was
RUMUS PRAKTIS PENGANDAIAN FAKTAWould/could V1 Possibility (will + V1)
V2/were V1/is/am/are
Had V3 V2Kalimat Negatif(-) Kalimat Positif (+)
Kalimat Positif (+) Kalimat Negatif(-)Keterangan:Perubahan fakta ke pengandaian sama persis dengan rumus conditional. Contoh: I wish she had come. Means: She didnt come.
BAB 4 TO INFINITIVE AND GERUND
A. TO INFINITIVEBentuk kata kerja simple (V1) dengan awalan to.
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No Penggunaan Contoh
1 Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk menyatakan keharusan.
The students are to do the school assignment.
2 Sebagai subject. To study hard makes us clever.
3 Menerangkan tujuan.Rumus:alasan+toinfinitive(tujuan)
He comes here to meet me alasan tujuan
4 Sebagai verb setelah obyek pelaku. Doni asked me to go with him.
5 Menerangkan noun/kata benda.Rumus:(kalimat)+N+toinfinitive
I need a glass of milk to drink.
6 Menerangkan adjective/kata sifat.Rumus:(kalimat)+Adj+toinfinitive
English is easy to learn.
7 Setelah Adjective/kata sifat. Dedi is too young to run the business.
8 Mengikuti verb tertentu, berfungsi sebagai obyek kata kerja atau komplemen obyek.Rumus:S+Vtertentu+(O)+toinfinitive
Verb tertentu yang diikuti to infinitive:Ask, allow, advice, beg, decide, expect, hope, intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need, propose, promise, permit, want, warn, would like, tell, teach, urge, dll.
I want to go.I want you to go.She expects me to study.
B. GERUND Ving yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No Penggunaan Contoh
1 Sebagai subyek (S (gerund)+ V + O). Swimming is my hobby.
2 Sebagai obyek (S + V + O (gerund)). I like swimming.
3 Sebagai pelengkap (complement). His job is working on the field.
4 Mengikuti preposisi / kata depan. Preposisi: in, on, at, of, for, from, by, with, without, after, before
He is good at speaking English.
5 Possessive pronoun + gerund.Keterangan: Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti kepunyaan): my, his, her, their, your, our, John s.
I dont mind her smoking here.
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6 Mengikuti prepositional objectPreposisi to berikut ini diikuti gerund: - to be used to: terbiasa- to be accustomed to: terbiasa - object to: keberatan- look forward to: menanti/ ingin sekali- to take to: senang- confess to: mengakui
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. Catatan khusus: Apa bedanya used to dan to be used to? Jawabannya adalah:1. used to + V1: kebiasaan lampau.2. to be used to + gerund: kebiasaan hingga
sekarang.Contoh: I used to play soccer. (sekarang sudah tidak lagi) I am used to playing soccer. (sampai sekarang masih dilakukan)
7 Membentuk noun phrase (frase kata benda): Ving + Noun swimming pool (kolam untuk berenang), walking stick (tongkat untuk berjalan) (bedakan dengan frase kata benda active participle)
8 Mengikuti verb (kata kerja) tertentu:(V tertentu + gerund) Keterangan: verb tertentu yang diikuti gerund: avoid, admit, appreciate, anticipate, continue, consider, deny, detest, delay, enjoy,escape, excuse, finish, forgive, fancy, imagine, keep, mind, postpone,practice, prevent, quit, risk, resist, suggest.
He enjoys smoking. I avoid answering my question.
9 Digunakan setelah frase berikut: Cant help/stand (tidak tahan), no use (tidak ada gunanya)
It is no use waiting for her.
10 Sebagai obyek kata kerja: need/want/require (perlu) dan kata sifat worth (layak) dengan makna pasif.
I have seen the film. I think it is worth seeing.
11 Kata kerja yang bisa diikuti Ving atau to V1a. Tidak ada perbedaan makna: advise, begin, continue,
dislike, dread, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start.
b. Ada perbedaan makna: S + forget/remember/stop/regret + Ving: pekerjaannya sudah dilakukan S + forget/remember/stop/regret + to V1: pekerjaannya belum dilakukan
- I forget giving her a letter. (lupa telah memberi)I forget to give her a letter. (lupa belum memberi)
- I stop smoking .(berhenti dari kebiasaan merokok) I stop to smoke.(berhenti dari melakukan suatu pekerjaan untuk merokok)
C. PERBEDAAN GERUND DAN ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
1. ModifiersofNoun- a swimming pool (Gerund/Kolam untuk berenang) a swimming child (Participle/Anak yang sedang berenang)- a walking stick (Gerund/Tongkat untuk berjalan) a walking girl (Participle/Gadis yang sedang berjalan)
Keterangan : Kalau tidak dapat diterjemahkan dengan kata untuk, berarti bukan Gerund tetapi Participle
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2. Sentence Pattern- Walking in the jungle makes the young man happy. (Gerund) Walking in the jungle, the young man felt happy. (Participle)- Studying with teachers can solve the problem. (Gerund) Studying with teachers, she can solve the problem. (participle)
Keterangan: Kalau setelah bentuk ing, tidak ada koma, berarti kalimat tersebut belum mempunyai Subject, sehingga bentuk ing tersebut berfungsi sebagai subject dan berbentuk Gerund, kalau ada koma, berarti kalimat tersebut sudah mempunyai Subject dan berbentuk Participle.
BAB 5 ACTIVE PARTICIPLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLEKata kerja (verb) dapat memiliki bentuk yang bermacam-macam, yaitu: Infinitive (V1), To infinitive (To V1), Past (V
2), Past Participle (V3), dan Present Participle (V-ing).
Present participle (V-ing) menunjuk kegiatan aktif sedangkan Past Participle (V3 ) menunjuk kegiatan pasif.
A. ACTIVE PARTICIPLEV-ing yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat V-ing S + P ...
Having + V3
Keterangan: V-ing dan Having V3 yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna:a. kejadian sebab-akibatb. kejadian berurutanc. kejadian bersamaanContoh:- Sebab-akibat: Studying, he passed the test
(He passed the test because/as/for, since he studied)
- Berurutan: Having opened the drawer, I take the gun (After I have opened the drawer, I take the gun)
- Bersamaan: Studying, he watches the TV (While he is studying he watches the TV)
2. Apabila Subyek Melakukan Dua Pekerjaan pada Saat yang Sama
S + V + V-ing +Object
Contoh: He runs kicking the ball
3. Setelah Obyek dari Kata KerjaS+Verbpancaindera+orang+V-ing
Keterangan: - V-ing mengikuti Verb panca indera seperti: see,
notice, observe, watch ,find, smell, listen, hear, feel. Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the boy trying to get on the roof.
- Jika diikuti V1, peristiwanya lengkap dari awal hingga akhir. Jika diikuti V-ing, peristiwanya tak lengkap, hanya saat sedang dikerjakan.
4. Digunakan Sebagai Kata Sambung dalam Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative Pronoun
(kalimat)+N+V-ing Contoh:Kalimat 1: I meet the girlKalimat 2: She smiles Gabungan kalimatnya:1. I meet the girl who smiles. (relative pronoun)2. I meet the girl smiling. (active participle)
5. Membentuk Noun Phrase (Frase Kata Benda)Noun Phrase : V-ing + N
Contoh: I meet the smiling girl (noun phrase)
B. PASSIVE PARTICIPLEV3 yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat V3 + S + P ...
Having + been + V3 Keterangan:
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V3 dan Having been V3 yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna:a. kejadian sebab-akibatb. kejadian berurutanc. kejadian bersamaanContoh: Sebab-akibat: Surrounded by mountain, the
city has a cool climate. (Because/as/since the city is surrounded by
mountain, the city has a cool climate). Berurutan: Having been beaten by Joko, Joni
became a polite man. (After Joni had been beaten by Joko, he
became a polite man.) Bersamaan: Studied, he watched the movie (While he is studying he watches the movie)
2. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi S+Vpancaindera+benda+beingV3
Keterangan: V3 mengikuti verb panca indera jika obyeknya adalah obyek pasif (benda). Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the roof being tried to get on.
3. Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan Menggunakan Relative Pronoun
(kalimat)+N+V3Keterangan: Dalam kalimat V3 berfungsi menerangkan Noun (kata benda) mengacu arti yang di-.Contoh:The book is good The book is written by Mr. CoveyGabungan kalimatnya:1. The book which is written by Mr. Covey is
good2. The book written by Mr. Covey is good
(passive participle) 4. Membentuk Frase KB (Kata Benda)
V3 + N = yang di / terContoh:
- The tired boy (anak lelaki yang lelah)- Hidden treasure (harta karun yang terpendam) - Written story (cerita yang tertulis)
BAB 6 DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
A. DIRECT SPEECH Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip dan kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital.
B. INDIRECT SPEECH Indirect speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung/bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modifikasi tertentu. Terdapat tiga jenis Indirect Speech:
1. Kalimat Berita/Pernyataan (declarative/statement)a. Direct : He says: I go to school everyday. Indirect : He says that he goes to school everyday.b. Direct : Doni said: I am doing my job here now. Indirect : Doni said that he was doing his job there then.
Donisaid
that he was doing his job there thentold
Catatan:- Kedua bentuk mempunyai arti yang sama.- Kalau induk kalimatnya present, anak kalimat-
nya tidak ada perubahan tenses, yang ber-ubah hanya kata ganti (pronoun) dan kata keterangan (adverbial).(Lihat contoh a)
- Kalau induk kalimatnya past, anak kalimatnya ada perubahan tenses, pronoun, dan adverbial. (Lihat contoh b)
2. Kalimat Perintah (imperative/command/request) a. Positive Imperative Direct : Doni said: Close the door! Indirect : Doni asked me to close the door.
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A. DIRECT SPEECH Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip dan kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital.
B. INDIRECT SPEECH Indirect speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung/bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modifikasi tertentu. Terdapat tiga jenis Indirect Speech:
1. Kalimat Berita/Pernyataan (declarative/statement)a. Direct : He says: I go to school everyday. Indirect : He says that he goes to school everyday.b. Direct : Doni said: I am doing my job here now. Indirect : Doni said that he was doing his job there then.
Doni
Asked Me
toClose the
door
Told Him
Advised Her
Commanded Joko
Ordered The Girl
b. Negative Imperative Direct : Doni said: Dont close the door! Indirect : Doni asked me not to close the door.
Doni
Asked Me
Not ToClose the
doorTold Him
Commanded Joko
Ordered The boy
3. Kalimat Tanya (interogative/question)a. Tanpa kata tanya
Direct : Doni asked: Do you know Stephen Covey?Indirect : Doni asked if (whether) I knew Stephen Covey.
Doni
asked
If/ whether
I knewStephen
Coveywondered
wanted to know
inquired
Catatan:Kalimat tanya tanpa kata dapat dijawab: Yes, I do atau No, I dont.
b. Dengan kata tanya Direct : Doni asked: Who is Stephen Covey?Indirect : Doni asked who Stephen Covey is.
Doni
Asked
Me
whoStephen
Coveyis
Him
Her
Joko
The Girl
wanted to know
whoStephen
Coveyis
about Stephen Covey
inquired about Stephen Covey
Catatan:Semua kata tanya dapat dipergunakan (who, whom, whose, what, which, why, where, when, how)
C. PERUBAHAN TENSES
Direct IndirectSimple Present Tense Simple Past TensePresent Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense
Past Continuous TensePast Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Future Tense Past Future Tense
Future Continuous TensePast Future Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Future Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense Past Perfect Future Tense
Past Future Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Future Continuous Tense
Perubahan pada
Direct Indirect
Pronoun I She/HeWe They
Possessive Pronoun
My Her/HisOur Their
Keterangan Tempat (Adverb of Place)
Here There
Demon-strative Adjective
This That
These Those
Keterangan Waktu (Adverb of Time)
Now ThenToday That day
TomorrowThe next dayThe day afterThe following day
Yesterday The day before
________ ago ____ beforeThe day before yesterday
Two days before
Last ____ The____ before
Next ____The ____ afterThe following ____
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BAB 7 DEPENDENT-INDEPENDENT CLAUSEDependent-independent clause adalah kalimat majemuk yang terdiri dari induk kalimat sebagai independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) dan anak kalimat sebagai dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri).
POLA KALIMATIndependent Clause +
Questionword/that/if/whether+S+V/auxiliary Dependentclause
Keterangan:- Question word/kata tanya: what, when, whom,
which, whose, how, how many, how much, dsb.- That- If atau whether (Yes/No Question)
Contoh-contohverb yang bisa dipergunakan sebagai verb untuk independent clause dalam susunan Dependent-independent Clause:
be afraid expect explain hope to be learnagree teach be worriedsorry believe tellask decide hopefeel learn thinkpromise say seeshow suppose understandguess hear imagineknow remember wonder Contoh:1. Diawali kata tanya I dont know where he comes from.
- I dont know = induk kalimat/main clause/independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- where he comes from = anak kalimat/dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri)
2. Diawali that You hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
- You hope = induk kalimat/main clause/independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- that Joni will come with me tonight = anak kalimat/dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri)
3. Diawali if/whetherI dont know if/whether she can come on time.- I dont know = induk kalimat/Main clause/
Independent Clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)- if/ whether she can come on time = anak
kalimat/Dependent Clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri)
Aturan-aturan Bentuk Kalimat Dependent-independent Clause1. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat dalam bentuk
Present Tense atau Future Tense maka tense untuk anak kalimat bisa dalam bentuk tense apa pun. Contoh: You hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
2. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat Past Tense maka tense untuk anak kalimat juga harus dalam bentuk Past Tense. Contoh: You hoped that Joni would come with me tonight.
3. Susunan anak kalimat/dependent clause harus selalu dalam bentuk affirmative/pernyataan.
4. Untuk bentuk negatif dan interrogatif, yang berubah hanya induk kalimatnya saja.
Contoh: - Kalimat positif: You hope that Joni will come
with me tonight.- Kalimat negatif: You do not hope that Joni will
come with me tonight.- Kalimat interrogatif: Do you hope that Joni will
come with me tonight?
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Dependent-independent clause adalah kalimat majemuk yang terdiri dari induk kalimat sebagai independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) dan anak kalimat sebagai dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri).
POLA KALIMAT
Keterangan:- Question word/kata tanya: what, when, whom,
which, whose, how, how many, how much, dsb.- That- If atau whether (Yes/No Question)
Contoh-contohverb yang bisa dipergunakan sebagai verb untuk independent clause dalam susunan Dependent-independent Clause:
be afraid expect explain hope to be learnagree teach be worriedsorry believe tellask decide hopefeel learn thinkpromise say seeshow suppose understandguess hear imagineknow remember wonder Contoh:1. Diawali kata tanya I dont know where he comes from.
- I dont know = induk kalimat/main clause/independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- where he comes from = anak kalimat/dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri)
2. Diawali that You hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
- You hope = induk kalimat/main clause/independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- that Joni will come with me tonight = anak kalimat/dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri)
BAB 8 PASSIVE VOICE
A. POLA KALIMAT PASIF Pola Dasar: S + to be + V3PolaContinuous: S + to be + being + V3PolaPerfect: S + have/has/had + been + V3Pola Future: S + will/shall/would/should + be + V3
B. POLA PERUBAHAN KALIMAT AKTIF MENJADI KALIMAT PASIF
1. Pola Dasar S + V + O
S + to be V3 + by ____
Aktif
Pasif
Contoh: Aktif: John bites Mary. Pasif: Mary is bitten by John.
2. Pola Continuous
Pasif
Aktif S + to be Ving + O
S + to be being V3 + by ___
Contoh:Aktif: John is bitting Mary.Pasif: Mary is being bitten by John.
3. Pola Perfect
Aktif
Pasif
S + to be (has/hav/had) V3 + O
S + to be (has/hav/had) been V3 + by ___
Contoh: Aktif: John has bitten Mary.Pasif: Mary has been bitten by John.
4. Pola Future
Pasif
Aktif S + modal (will,shall,dll) V + O
S + modal (will/shall,dll) be V3 + by ___
Contoh: Aktif: John will bite Mary.Pasif: Mary will be bitten by John.
Keterangan:Untuk mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif adalah sebagai berikut.a. Tense kalimat pasif sama dengan tense kalimat
aktif.b. Subjek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari objek
kalimat aktif.c. Objek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari subjek
kalimat aktif.d. Verb/kata kerja dalam kalimat aktif berubah
menjadi to be + V3 atau to be + being + V3.
C. PASIF UNIK needS + want + Ving require
needS + want + tobe V3 require
atau
Contoh: The room needs cleaning atau The room needs to be cleaned.
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BAB 9 CONJUNCTIONConjunction adalah kata sambung/penghubung atau kelompok kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang berfungsi menghubungkan dua kata, frase, atau kalimat. Dalam penggunaannya diperlukan pemahaman konteks kalimat dan arti dari conjunction-nya. Macam-macam kata hubung ada dua, yaitu coordinative conjunction dan subordinative conjunction.
A. Coordinative ConjunctionKonjugasi yang menghubungkan klausa yang setara.
1. Correlative ConjunctionKonjungsi yang dalam pemakaiannya berpasangan dengan konjungsi lain.a. Both... and... = keduanya baik... maupun... . Contoh: Both my brother and sister are in
London now.b. Either... or... = baik... atau... . Contoh: You can go to the market either by bus
or by motorcycle.c. Neither... nor... = tidak... maupun... . Contoh: He has neither food nor water.d. Not only... but also... = tidak hanya... tetapi
juga... . Contoh: She has not only a big house but also
a wide garden.
2. Conjunctive AdverbConjunctive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung klausa atau kalimat.a. Nevertheless, however, yet = namun Contoh: She doesnt earn much; however, he
can send his children to college.b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result =
oleh karena itu Contoh: She always works hard; therefore, she
is promoted to a manager of the company.c. Thus = dengan demikian Contoh: The girl is very beautiful; thus, she is
liked by the boys.d. Besides, in addition = di samping itu Contoh: She is clever; in addition, she is rich.e. Moreover, furthermore = lagi pula Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he
was very polite.
B. Subordinative Conjunction Konjungsi yang menghubungkan klausa yang tidak setara.
1. Keterangan SebabDitandai dengan konjungsi: as, since, because, because of, due to, on account of the fact that, owing to the fact that... = karena. Contoh: a. She is absent because/as/for/since he is sick. kalimatb. She is sick due to/because of the cold weather.
noun
2. Keterangan PertentanganDitandai dengan konjungsi: although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of = meskipun/ walaupun. Contoh: He is happy although he has no money at all.
3. Keterangan SyaratDitandai dengan konjungsi: if (jika, seandainya), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condition that (dengan syarat), as long as (selama), otherwise (jika tidak).Contoh: I will give the money if you work for me.
4. Keterangan Waktu Menggunakan konjungsi: when/as/while (ketika), since (sejak), after (setelah), before (sebelum), as soon as (segera setelah), in the mean time (sementara itu), till/until (sampai).Contoh: She has been living here since 1980.
5. Keterangan Akibat dan TujuanDitandai dengan konjungsi: so that (sehingga), so...that (sangat... sehingga), such... that (sangat... sehingga), in order that (agar, supaya).Contoh: They studied hard in order that they passed the exam.
6. Keterangan Perbandingan dan Cara Menggunakan konjungsi: as if, as though (seolah-olah), as (sebagaimana), as...as (se.../ sama...), than (daripada).Contoh: He walked around as though he was in a daze.
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Conjunction adalah kata sambung/penghubung atau kelompok kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang berfungsi menghubungkan dua kata, frase, atau kalimat. Dalam penggunaannya diperlukan pemahaman konteks kalimat dan arti dari conjunction-nya. Macam-macam kata hubung ada dua, yaitu coordinative conjunction dan subordinative conjunction.
A. Coordinative ConjunctionKonjugasi yang menghubungkan klausa yang setara.
1. Correlative ConjunctionKonjungsi yang dalam pemakaiannya berpasangan dengan konjungsi lain.a. Both... and... = keduanya baik... maupun... . Contoh: Both my brother and sister are in
London now.b. Either... or... = baik... atau... . Contoh: You can go to the market either by bus
or by motorcycle.c. Neither... nor... = tidak... maupun... . Contoh: He has neither food nor water.d. Not only... but also... = tidak hanya... tetapi
juga... . Contoh: She has not only a big house but also
a wide garden.
2. Conjunctive AdverbConjunctive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung klausa atau kalimat.a. Nevertheless, however, yet = namun Contoh: She doesnt earn much; however, he
can send his children to college.b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result =
oleh karena itu Contoh: She always works hard; therefore, she
is promoted to a manager of the company.c. Thus = dengan demikian Contoh: The girl is very beautiful; thus, she is
liked by the boys.d. Besides, in addition = di samping itu Contoh: She is clever; in addition, she is rich.e. Moreover, furthermore = lagi pula Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he
was very polite.
BAB 10 MODALSModal sering disebut juga sebagai auxiliary karena fungsinya dalam kalimat adalah sebagai kata kerja bantu.
A. MODAL PRESENTRumus: S+MODAL(will,shall,must,may,oughtto,can)+V1
Modal Fungsi Contoh
Will (to be going to) = akan
menyatakan peristiwa yang akan datang He will arrive tomorrow
menyatakan permintaan sopan Will you open the door, please?
Shall = akan
menyatakan peristiwa yang akan datang We shall leave here next month.
menyatakan persetujuan Shall I open the door?
menyatakan keputusan yang harus dilaksanakan
You shall open the door now!
Must (has/have to) = harus, pasti
keharusan (tidak boleh tidak dikerjakan) You must study hard.
kesimpulan sekarang (present)He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak English well.
May = mungkin, boleh
kemungkinan sekarang (present) He is absent. He may be sick.
ijin May I go now?
Ought to = seharusnya
menyatakan keharusanYou ought to practice a lot before the competition.
Can = dapat, mampu
kemampuan I can sing.
menyatakan kebolehan/ijin Can I borrow your car?
B. MODAL PASTRumus:S+MODALPAST(would,should,must/hadto,might,could)+V1
Modal past Keterangan Fungsi Contoh
Would = akan
bentuk past dari will
menyatakan permintaan sopanWould you like to open the door, please?
Should= akan
bentuk past dari will
menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya dikerjakan/tidak dikerjakan
The man should not swim in that dangerous beach.
Must (had to) = harus, pasti
bentuk past dari will/has to/have to
keharusan (tidak boleh tidak dikerjakan)You must/had to study in biology class yesterday.
kesimpulan sekarang (present)He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak English well.
Might= mungkin, boleh
bentuk past dari may
menyatakan ungkapan yang lebih sopan Joni might do the exam well.
menyatakan kemungkinan besarAriel was absent yesterday. He might be sick.
Could= dapat, mampu
bentuk past dari can
menyatakan permintaan yang lebih sopan Could you open the door please?
menyatakan kebolehan/ijin You could open the window.
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C. MODAL PERFECT
Rumus:S+MODAL(must,might,should,could)+have+V3
Modal past Fungsi Contoh
Must have + V3 kesimpulan lampau Anto passed the exam. He must have studied.
Might have + V3 kemungkinan lampau Anto was absent. He might have been sick.
Should have + V3
keharusan yang tak dikerjakan pada waktu lampau
Contoh: Anto didnt pass. He should have studied.Fakta berlawanan arti: He didnt study.
kesimpulan sekarang (present)He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak English well.
Could have + V3 kemampuan yang tak digunakan di waktu lampau
Anto could have done the homework himself.Fakta berlawanan arti: He didnt do the homework himself.
BAB 11 CONCORD AND AGREEMENTConcord merupakan pola persesuaian (agreement) antara subyek (noun) dengan kata kerja (verb) atau kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Juga persesuaian antara satu kata dengan kata lainnya (word agreement).- Apabila subyek singular (tunggal), maka verb/
auxiliary tunggal. - Apabila subyek plural (jamak), maka verb/auxiliary
jamak. Contoh:He comes there; T T
They come there. J J
ATURAN-ATURAN DALAM CONCORD
1. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung-kan preposisi/kata depan of, in, on, at, maka verb yang mengikuti bisa jamak bisa juga tunggal bergantung noun di depan preposisi. Contoh: - Different interpretations on the same event by
various newspapers make readers confused and angry.
- A period of eight hours is not enough to finish this assignment.
2. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung-kan oleh together with, accompanied by, dan as well as, a long with bisa diikuti verb jamak maupun tunggal, tergantung noun depan.
Contoh: - The minister together with the wives and
children attends the meeting. - The ministers together with the wives and
children attend the meeting.
3. Bila subyek: the number of + verb tunggal. Contoh: The number of students does the exam.
4. Bila subyek: a number of + verb jamak. Contoh: A number of students do the exam.
5. Bila subyek: everyone, everybody, somebody, someone, something, no one/none, nothing, no body, anyone, anybody, anything + verb tunggal maka kata ganti jamak.Keterangan: kata-kata di atas diikuti oleh verb tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak. Contoh: - Everyone likes her. They are happy. - Nobody knows their faults.
6. Bila subyek: each of, each, every, neither/neither of, one of, either/either of + verb tunggal. Contoh: Each of students studies hard.
7. Bila subyek menyatakan jumlah jarak, waktu, uang, berat, volume + verb tunggal Contoh: - One hundred dollars is expensive for this hat. - Two hours is not enough to do the test.
8. Bila subyek: benda-benda sepasang seperti shoes, trousers, glasses, socks, scissors + verb jamak.
Contoh: His glasses are nice.
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Concord merupakan pola persesuaian (agreement) antara subyek (noun) dengan kata kerja (verb) atau kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Juga persesuaian antara satu kata dengan kata lainnya (word agreement).- Apabila subyek singular (tunggal), maka verb/
auxiliary tunggal. - Apabila subyek plural (jamak), maka verb/auxiliary
jamak. Contoh:
ATURAN-ATURAN DALAM CONCORD
1. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung-kan preposisi/kata depan of, in, on, at, maka verb yang mengikuti bisa jamak bisa juga tunggal bergantung noun di depan preposisi. Contoh: - Different interpretations on the same event by
various newspapers make readers confused and angry.
- A period of eight hours is not enough to finish this assignment.
2. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung-kan oleh together with, accompanied by, dan as well as, a long with bisa diikuti verb jamak maupun tunggal, tergantung noun depan.
9. Bila subyek: gerund dan kata benda yang dianggap abstrak + verb tunggal. Contoh: Swimming is her hobby.
10. Bila subyek: judul buku, cerita, film + verb tunggal. Contoh: Romeo and Juliet is a good story.
11. Bila subyek: benda-benda berbentuk jamak berikut ini diikuti verb tunggal: billiards, dominos, cards + verb tunggal. Contoh: Billiards is an interesting game.
12. Kata benda kolektif berikut bisa diikuti verb tunggal maupun jamak: team, staff, family, jury, village. Dianggap tunggal bila dilihat kesatuannya. Dianggap jamak bila dititikberatkan pada anggota-anggotanya. Contoh: - The staff is slim. It is composed of five
members. (mengacu pada kesatuannya) - The staff are strong. They are always ready
to join the competition. (mengacu pada anggota-anggotanya/bermakna orang)
13. Kesesuaian antara pronoun (kata ganti) dengan antecedent (kata atau bagian kalimat yang mendahului kata ganti).Contoh:- John loves his daughter very much. (his: John)- Stephen and Sandra love their children. (their:
Stephen and Sandra).
14. Bila kata either diikuti oleh or dan neither diikuti oleh nor, maka kata kerja/verb dan auxiliary-nya mungkin tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada kata setelah or atau nor tunggal atau jamak. Kalaupun kata or atau nor berdiri sendiri verb/auxiliary-nya tetap ditentukan oleh kata setelah or ataunor.Contoh:- Neither Novi nor Vivi is going to class today.- Either Novi or Wiwit is going to the beach
today.- Neither Novi nor her friends are going to class
today.- Either Novi or his classmates are going to the
beach today.
15. Kata hubung and menghubungkan pemakaian jenis dan bentuk kata yang setara, misalnya gerund dengan gerund, klausa dengan klausa, noun dengan noun, adjective dengan adjective, frase dengan frase, dst.Contoh:- Debby enjoys playing on the beach and
swimming in the ocean.- I know Dean as a loyal employee and a hard
worker.
16. Subyek yang terbentuk dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung (uncountable noun) harus dianggap singular.Contoh:- The meat has a lot of fat.- The news of Saptis marriage is surprising
many boys.
17. Nama-nama cabang ilmu berikut ini harus dianggap singular: mathematics, physics, mechanics, statistics, politics, economics, optics, phonetics + verb tunggalContoh: - Economics is a social science. - Politics has become a favourite subject.
18. Untuk kata-kata all, no, half sangat mengacu kepada kata yang ditekankan.Contoh:- No motorcycle is expensive.- No motorcycles are expensive.
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BAB 12 WORDS ORDERWords order adalah urutan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris.
Noun phrase (kelompok kata benda)
Disusun dengan urutan: DOECH
Contoh: The three beautiful American women D O E C H
Keterangan:
- D = Determiner Contoh: a. Articles a, an, theb. Possessive my, your, our, her, his, itsc. Demonstrative this, that, these, thosed. Quantitatives some, many, a lot of, much, little, any, few,
- O = Ordinative Contoh: one, two, three, second, first, dsb. Kata sifat yang diberi awalan more, most dan akhiran -er, -est
- E = Epithet/Adjective = kata sifat Contoh: nice, fantastic, strong, beautiful, small
- C = Classifying = kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifatContoh: American man C
- H = Head = kata benda utama Pada kata: The three beautiful American women, head-nya adalah women. Kadang epithet/adjective pada noun phrase lebih dari satu. Maka rumusnya menjadi:
EpithetDi Si A T Sha C M PA
Keterangan: - Di = descriptive enumerator : beautiful, expensive, strong, cheap, interesting,etc.- Si = size = ukuran : big, small, thick, short, etc. - A = age = umur : young, old, new, etc.- T = temperature = suhu : cold, cool, warm, hot, etc. - Sha = shape = bentuk : square, round, triangle, etc. - C = colour = warna : red, black, white, etc.- M = Material = bahan : plastic, metal, leather, diamond, etc.- PA = V3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective: bored, well-trained, handmade, etc.
Rumus Lengkap:
D OEpithet
C HDi Si A T Sha C M PA
Contoh: 1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor.
D OEpithet
C HDi Si A T Sha C M PA
The most intelligent handsome tall young - - black -well-trained
French Actor
2. The two clever fat old white bored English teachers.
D OEpithet
C HDi Si A T Sha C M PA
The two clever fat old - - white - bored English teachers
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EpithetDi Si A T Sha C M PA
Keterangan: - Di = descriptive enumerator : beautiful, expensive, strong, cheap, interesting,etc.- Si = size = ukuran : big, small, thick, short, etc. - A = age = umur : young, old, new, etc.- T = temperature = suhu : cold, cool, warm, hot, etc. - Sha = shape = bentuk : square, round, triangle, etc. - C = colour = warna : red, black, white, etc.- M = Material = bahan : plastic, metal, leather, diamond, etc.- PA = V3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective: bored, well-trained, handmade, etc.
Rumus Lengkap:
D OEpithet
C HDi Si A T Sha C M PA
Contoh: 1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor.
D OEpithet
C HDi Si A T Sha C M PA
The most intelligent handsome tall young - - black -well-trained
French Actor
2. The two clever fat old white bored English teachers.
D OEpithet
C HDi Si A T Sha C M PA
The two clever fat old - - white - bored English teachers
BAB 13 DERIVATION1. Susunan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat
bahasa Inggris menurut fungsinya, yakni subyek, predikat, obyek, dan keterangan.
2. Juga merupakan pola pembentukan kata turunan yang berasal dari kata dasar dengan memberikan penam-bahan imbuhan (awalan dan akhiran), baik kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat maupun kata keterangan.
A. KATA BENDA (NOUN/N)
1. Fungsi Kata BendaDalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai subyek dan juga obyek.a. Letak Sebelum Verb
Contoh:- John is a patriot.- Education is very important for the future.
b. Letak Setelah VerbContoh:- We need Education.- We love John.
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Benda
a. Setelah determiners: a, the, my, our, his, your, this, that, those, some, many, each, few, one, two, dsb. Contoh:- Their English is still bad.- We must carry out our development.
b. Pola pembentukan kata benda (noun) yang berasal dari kata kerja (verb), menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran Contoh
ion, -tion collection, correction, confusio
-ment agreement, appointment
-ance, -ence attendance, difference
-ness carelessness, clearness, dsb.
-er, -or, -ist, -ent actor, typist, applicant, dsb.
-t complaint, joint, gift, dsb
-ure, -ture, -ature failure, furniture, mixture, dsb.
Akhiran Contoh
-al arrival, approval, proposal, dsb.
-age carriage, package, marriage, dsb.
-ity creativity, ability, dsb.
-y, -ery, -ary delivery, discovery, boundary, dsb.
-hood brotherhood, childhood, dsb.
-ship leadership, relationship, dsb.
B. KATA KERJA (VERB/V)
1. Fungsi Kata KerjaDalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat. a. Letak setelah subyek. Rumus: S + verb Contoh: He studied.b. Letak setelah kata Dont, Lets, dan Please
pada kalimat perintah. Rumus: Dont, Lets, Please + Verb
Contoh: Dont go!, Lets go!, Please help me!c. Letak setelah auxiliaries (is, am, are, was,
were, can, may, must, has, have). Rumus: Auxiliaries+Verb
Contoh: I am swimming. They have written a novel.
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Kerja
a. Menggunakan awalan: en- Contoh: enlarge, encourage, enrich, dst.b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran Contoh
-ze, -ize apologize, standardize, dst.
-en lengthen frighten hasten threaten, dst.
-d succeed, offend, applaud, dst.
-fy, -ify classify, solidity, beautify, dst.
-ve prove, believe, relieve, dst.
-s yang dibaca /z/ (dari noun yang berakhiran desis s)
use /z/, excuse /z/, advice /z/, dst.
-ed atau -ing cleaned, asked, asking, dst.
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C. KATA SIFAT (ADJECTIVE/ADJ)
1. Fungsi Kata SifatDalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat. a. Letak setelah to be. Rumus: S+tobe(is,am,
are,was,were)+adjectiveContoh: She is beautiful; They are happy
b. Letak setelah linking verb. Rumus: S + linking verb+adjectiveMacam-macam linking verb:- seem, appear, look (nampak) - get, become, turn (berubah jadi ... ) - sound (terdengar) - stay, remain, keep (tetap) - feel (terasa) Contoh: He looks calm adj
c. Letak sebelum kata benda/ menerangkan kata benda. Rumus: Adjective+noun
Contoh: Beautiful girl.
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Sifata. Setelah kata: very, so, quite, too, more, most.
Contoh: - He is very handsome.- The ball is so expensive.
b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran Contoh
- ive imaginative, creative, active.
-ous dangerous, suspicious.
-ful beautiful, powerful.
-less jobless, homeless, powerless.
-y wealthy, hairy, sadly.
-ly monthly, friendly, daily.
Akhiran Contoh
-able reasonable, adaptable, questionable.
-ing satisfying, interesting, disappointing.
-ish Reddish, childish.
-al astronomical, economical, accidental.
-ic basic, sympathetic.
-ed bored, satisfied.
D. KATA KETERANGAN (ADVERB/ADV)
Fungsi Kata KeteranganDalam kalimat berfungsi menerangkan kata kerja. a. Letak sesudah verb/predikat. Rumus: S + V + Adv Contoh: He walks carefully.b. Letak sebelum verb/predikat yang diterangkan.
Rumus: S + Adv + V Contoh: He carefully ran away.c. Letak di awal kalimat. Rumus: Adv + S + V Contoh: Everyday, I wake up early.d. Letak sesudah obyek. Rumus: S+V+O+Adv Contoh: He studies Mathematics carefully.
Catatan: Posisi adverb tergantung jenis adverb-nya. Ada yang hanya bisa di satu posisi, ada yang bisa ada di berbagai macam posisi.
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BAB 14 ELLIPTIC SENTENCESPenggabungan dua kalimat dengan penghilangan bagian predikat yang sama dari suatu kalimat.
A. GABUNGAN SETARA
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung and. Gabungan setara dibagi dua, yaitu positif dan negatif.
1. PositifUntuk kalimat positif digunakan kata hubung so dan too. Polanya:a. Menggunakan auxiliary.
S1+auxiliary+(V)andS2+auxiliary+tooS1+auxiliary+(V)andso+auxiliary+S2
Contoh:- Anton is handsome and Joko is too.- Anton is handsome and so is Joko.
b. Tidak menggunakan auxiliary:
S1 + V1andS2 + do/does + tooS1 + V1andso+did+S2Contoh:- I like Madonna. He likes Madonna. I like Madonna and he does too. I like Madonna and so does he. - He came there. She came there. He came there and she did too. He came there and so did she.
Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) dibagi dua, yaitu:1. auxiliary - Past did, was, were 2. auxiliary - Present is, am, are, do, does
2. NegatifUntuk kalimat negatif digunakan kata hubung either dan neither.Polanya:
S1+auxiliarynot(V)andS2+auxiliarynot+eitherS1+auxiliarynot(V)andneither+auxiliary+S2
Contoh:- He is not studying. She is not studying. He is not studying and she is not either. He is not studying and neither is she.
B. GABUNGAN SETARA BERLAWANAN
Untuk kondisi berlawanan digunakan kata hubung but/while. Polanya:S1+auxiliary(V)but/whileS2+auxiliarynotS1+auxiliarynot(V)but/whileS2+auxiliary
Contoh: My sister will be interested in reading this book while my son wont.
S1 + V1but/whileS2 + do/does notS1 + V2but/whileS2 + did not
Contoh:- I like ice cream but he doesnt.- He doesnt like ice cream but I do.
C. GABUNGAN/KATA SAMBUNG BERPASANGAN
1. Untuk kalimat positif dan negatif Polanya:
Either____or..(baik:..,maupun...)
Contoh: The boy goes to the party. We go to the party. Either the boy or we go to the party.
2. Untuk kalimat negatif Polanya:
Neither____nor____(baik...maupun...tidak...)
Contoh:- He is not a teacher. She is not a teacher. Neither he nor she is a teacher.- He doesnt speak French. I dont speak French. Neither he nor I speak French.
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BAB 15 ADJECTIVE CLAUSEAdjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda sebelumnya/orang atau benda.
A. UNTUK ORANG
1. Pengganti SubyekPolanya: Orang+____who/that____+P
Contoh: The boy is kind. He visits her house. Gabungan: The boy who visits her house is kind.
2. Pengganti ObyekPolanya: Orang+____whom/that____+S+P
Contoh: The girl is cute. He loves her indeed. Gabungan: The girl whom he loves indeed is cute.
3. Pengganti KepunyaanPolanya: Orang+____whose____+Noun
Contoh: The man is charming. His hair is white. Gabungan: The man whose hair is white is charming.
B. UNTUK BENDA/BINATANG
1. Untuk Pengganti Subyek Polanya:Benda+____which/that____+P
Contoh:The book is good. The book is written by Covey.Gabungan: The book which is written by Covey is good.
2. Untuk Pengganti ObyekPolanya: Benda+____which/that____+S+P
Contoh: The book is good. We bought it yesterday. Gabungan: The book which/that we bought yesterday is good.
3. Untuk Pengganti KepunyaanPolanya: Benda + ___ whose/of which ___ +Noun(kepunyaan)
Contoh:The bicycle is cheap.Its colour is red.Gabungan: The bicycle whose/of which colour is red is cheap.
C. UNTUK KETERANGAN TEMPATPolanya: Ket.Tempat+____where/inwhich____+S+P
Contoh: The house is haunted. We lived there last year. Gabungan: The house where/in which we lived last year is haunted.
D. UNTUK KETERANGAN WAKTUPolanya: Ket.Waktu+____when/onwhich____+S+P
Contoh: The month was April.The APEC conference was held on April.Gabungan: The month when/on which the APEC conference was held was April.