EXPLORING MATERIALS (MENEROKA BAHAN)

EXPLORING MATERIALS(MENEROKA BAHAN)Bahan/jirim unsursebatiancampuranZarah-zarah membina jirim atommolekulionunsurAdalah unit paling ringkas bagi satu jirim hanya mengandungi satu jenis atom sahaja, tidak boleh dipisahkan kepada bentuk yang lebih ringkas lagi sama ada melalui fizikal atau kimia. Cth (e.g. argon) or molecules (gas nitrogen).

MolekulZarah neutral yang terdiri daripada dua atau lebih atom yang bergabung dalam kumpulan kecil dan boleh wujud bersendirian

IonZarah bercas positif atau negatif yang terhasil daripada atom atau kumpulan atom dengan menerima atau melepaskan elektron

unsurmolekulatomHidrogen (H2)Nitrogen (N2)Oksigen(O2)Bromin (Br2)Sulfur (S8)Fosforus(P4)Natrium (Na)Kalium (K)aluminium(Al)helium (He)Ferum (Fe)Karbon(C)Sebatian Bahan yang terdiri daripada dua atau lebih unsur yang terikat secara kimia Zarah-zarah dalam sebatian adalah molekul atau ion.. Boleh dipisahkan secara kimia kepada unsur yang ringkasMempunyai sifat-sifat yang berbeza dari unsuralways contains the same ratio of its component atoms

sebatianunsurCarbon dioxideOne carbon atom, two oxygen atomsSodium chlorideOne sodium atom, one chloride atomBenzeneSix carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms.AmmoniaOne nitrogen atom, three hydrogen atom.WaterOne oxygen atom, two hydrogen atoms.Contoh-contoh sebatianCampuran Bahan yang terdiri daripada gabungan secara fizikal 2 atau lebih bahan. Boleh dipisahkan secara fizikal seperti kaedah penurusan, evaporation, distillation, chromatography, extraction, precipitation, magnetic forces, sieving and heating or evaporation processes.

9MixtureComponentsAirOxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide, inert gases, microorganisms and water vapour.SoilWater, clay, loam, sand, humus, gravelSea waterSodium chloride, water, magnesium, plumbum, oxygenChocolate cakeFlour, water, oil, egg, chocolate powderBloodBlood cells, hormones, minerals, water, plasma, oxygenRemoving elements Compounds are made of elements that combined chemically. Compounds can be separated to its elements by heat in thermal conditions, a direct current and electrolysis.Example compounds can be separated to its elements by heat in thermal conditions. Silver oxide silver + oxygenExample some compounds can be decomposed into their elements by the passage of a direct current. Sodium chloride sodium + chloridecompound elementsChemical reaction that enables to split compounds by means of electricity is called electrolysisWater Hydrogen + Oxygen11Natural and Man-made materialsNatural material : material that found in nature.From plants, animals or earthLimited in supply

Man-made material:Come from natural materialMade by man using natural material + additive

Bahan Buatan

Bahan semulajadi

Natural material and Man-made material are differ inchemical composition properties applications in our daily lifeExample:Natural materialMan-made materialWood, rubber, cotton, leather, silk, metalPlastic, man-made fiber, synthetic cloth, synthetic rubber, synthetic leather, glassEraser, glovePlastic container, nylonObject from natural materialNatural materialusesRubberlatexWood timberParaffin wax and stearic acidcandlesCarbon black and water or oilinkVegetable fibreWood pulp, Vegetable waxes, oil and sapCarnauba wax, linseed oilAnimal fibreWool, alpacaAnimal productLeather , tallow, lardRaw MaterialBioticnon-biotic Source of raw materialsWood, straw, humus, spider silkbone Water, soil, coal, crude oil, natural gas, rocks air MANUFACTURED/ MAN MADE MATERIALObject from manufactured material

Manufactured materialSynthetic polymerUsesSynthetic rubberStyrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)Tyres, shoe solesNeoprene rubberWater pipes, hand glovesButyl rubberTyres, shoe soles, hosesMetalsStainless steelCooking utensil, BronzeMedals,DuraluminCooking utensilGlassPyrexLaboratory apparatus, cooking utensilCooking utensilCeramicBrickBuildingTilesBuildingPotteryDecorationFabricNylonClothPlasticPolyvinyl chlorideElectrical insulators, music records, pipes, bottlesNylonSynthetic textile, string, parachutesPolythenePlastic bags, food containers, pailsPolystyrenePackaging materials, heat insulators, toysMelaminePlates, cups, Epoxy glueGlue, electrical insulatorsCOMPARING NATURAL MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURED MATERIAL

Example of natural material and manufactured material is natural and synthetic rubber. Synthetic rubber and natural rubber have different properties. Synthetic rubber has better properties, besides a few similarities. Synthetic rubberPropertiesNatural rubberSyntheticType of polymerNaturalAble to withstand high temperatureHigh temperature effectDecomposes and become liquidVery permeable to gas and waterPermeability to gas and waterNot permeable to gas and waterDoes not react to acid and alkaliAbility to withstand actions of acid and alkaliReact to acid and alkaliLow abilityAbility to absorb pressure, vibration and soundHigh ability Can be vulcanisedVulcanizationEasily vulcanised