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    BASIC RESEARCH

    METHODOLOGY

    Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Jailani Mohd NorTimbalan Naib Canselor

    (Penyelidikan dan Inovasi)

    Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka(UTeM)

    E-mel: [email protected]

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    1st Module

    Topic: Basic Research Methodology

    Speaker: Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor

    Duration: 2 Hours

    Scope:

    1 Objective

    2 Basic Approach To Conduct Scientific Research

    3 Philosophy and Concept

    4 The X-Factor in Research

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    P LANNING: S. W. O. T.CO MPETENCE: Skills, commitment, etc. LEAR OBJECTIVE: S. M. A. R. T.M ONITORING: Measure your performance and prepare for next

    plan of action.

    E THICS: Discipline, etc.S TAMINA: Endurance, positive work culture,

    and continuous effort.

    PLANNING FOR SUCCESSFUL

    RESEARCH AGENDA

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    SET INDUKSI

    Penyelidikan dalam erti hanya pengumpulan datauntuk tujuan pengumpulan data tidak memiliki

    ruang di universiti. Penyelidikan dalam erti

    pengembangan, penjelasan, dan perbaikan

    prinsip-prinsip yang digabung denganpengumpulan dan penggunaan bahan-bahan

    empiris untuk membantu lancarnya proses ini

    merupakan salah satu aktiviti paling berharga

    disebuah universiti dan merupakan aktiviti yangseharusnya dilakukan oleh para profesornya.

    Hutchins dan Al-Attas

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    GLOSSARY

    Research The systematic collection and interpretation of information with a

    clear purpose, to find things out.

    Theory Formulation regarding the cause and effect relationships between twoor more variables, which may or may not have been tested.

    Thesis The usual name for research projects undertaken for Master of

    Philosophy (MPhil) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees, written for an

    academic audience.

    Dissertation The usual name for research projects undertaken as part ofundergraduate and taught masters degrees.

    Triangulation The use of two or more independent sources of data or data

    collection methods within one study.

    Goldilocks test A test to decide whether research questions are either too big,

    to small, too hot or just right.

    Hypothesis Testable proposition about the relationship between two or more

    events or concepts.

    ParadigmA way of examining social phenomena from which particularunderstandings of these phenomena can be gained.

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    Action research Research strategy concerned with the management of a

    change and involving close collaboration between practitioners and

    researchers. The results flowing from action research should also inform

    other contexts.

    Applied research Research of direct and immediate relevance to

    practitioners that addresses issues they see as important and is presented

    in ways they can understand and act upon.

    Basic research Research undertaken purely to understand processes and

    their outcomes, predominantly in universities as a result of an academic

    agenda, for which the key consumer is the academic community.

    Fundamental research See basic research.; Pure research See basic

    research.

    Data display and analysis A process for the collection and analysis of

    qualitative data that involves three concurrent subprocesses of data

    reduction, data display, and drawing and verifying conclusions.

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    Deductive approach Research approach involving the testing of a theoretical

    proposition by the employment of a research strategy specifically designed for

    the purpose of its testing.

    Direct realism The epistemological position that what you see is what you get: what we

    experience through our senses portrays the world accurately.

    Inductive approach Research approach involving the development of a theory as a result of

    the observation of empirical data.

    Objectivism An ontological position that asserts that social entities exist in a reality external

    to, and independent of, social actors concerned with their existence.

    Positivism The epistemological position that advocates working with an observable social

    reality.

    Pragmatism An ontological position that argues that the most important determinant of the

    research philosophy adopted is the research question, arguing that it is possible to work within

    both positivist and interpretivist positions. It applies a practical approach, integrating different

    perspectives to help collect and interpret data.

    Realism The epistemological position that objects exist independently of our knowledge of

    their existence. See also critical realism, direct realism.

    Reductionism The idea that problems as a whole are better understood if they are reduced to

    the simplest possible elements.

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    What is research?

    Process of discovery

    Through investigation and analysis

    Builds on previous work

    Contributes to a body of knowledge

    Discovery of A new phenomenon

    Extending/confirming a theory Creating a new way of explaining a phenomenon

    Testing/validation of the discovery

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    Science and Engineering

    Science: explain the world

    Engineering: affect the world

    Science: build artifacts to explain

    Engineering: build artifacts to affect

    What is the difference from artificial and natural?

    They are two faces of the same coin

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    Research

    The process of producing new knowledge

    Basic research

    About fundamental properties of objects, their

    relationship and their behavior Theoretical Research

    Experimental Research

    Applied research

    Usefulness of objects and their behavior, maylead to improved technology

    Provides quicker results

    Question of normative issues?

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    RESEARCH EVOLUTION

    Fundamental Applied IndustrialDesign

    Pre-Comm

    Development BusinessVenture

    Post-Comm

    Spin off

    Inovation

    Development of

    New Knowledge

    Development

    of New

    Technology

    Development of

    New Product

    ERGS

    MOHE MOSTI

    KNOWLEDGE BASED

    ECONOMY (RMK-9)

    *PRG

    S

    FRGS /

    LRGS/

    PRGSMarketing

    Test

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    Scientific statements

    Attempts to describe / explain real phenomena

    (force = mass x acceleration)

    However, there is no absolute scientific truth

    Some knowledge is less likely to be wrong than other

    knowledge (e.g., Americans vote to in an attempt to

    improve their economic situation)

    Statements must be testable

    reproducible (a paper is good if I can redo what is

    written in this paper)

    Scientific knowledge tempts to represent the most

    accurate view of the world

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    Terms and languages

    Not reality but only statements about reality are

    objects of science.

    Languages are used to expresstheories.

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    Languages and terms

    terms

    Prescriptive Descriptive

    Non-logical termsLogical terms

    and,or,imply

    Value terms

    good, bad, ..

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    Theory BuildingConceptual frameworks

    Mathematical modelsMethods

    ObservationCase studies

    Survey studies

    Field studies

    SystemsDevelopment

    Prototyping

    Product development

    Technology transfer

    ExperimentationComputer simulations

    Field experiments

    Lab experiments

    Systems Development in Information Systems ResearchNunamaker, Chen and Purden, Journal of MIS, 1991, vol 7, no3

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    What kinds of research

    method?

    Method must be appropriate for the subject of the

    investigation and recognised by the people

    associated with the chosen body of knowledge

    Approaches include:

    Hypothesis testing

    Modelling

    Interpretive

    Experimental

    Observation Multi-methodological

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    REPORT

    WRITING

    DATA

    ANALYSIS

    GATHERING &

    MANAGEMENT

    OF DATA

    TEST RIG

    DESIGN

    PROBLEM

    IDENTIFICATION

    ORAL

    PRESENTATION

    HOW TO DORESEARCH?

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    Robert Smith, Graduate Research: A Guide for Students in the Sciences

    11 points to consider in finding and developing a research

    topic:

    1. Can it be enthusiastically pursued?

    2. Can interest be sustained by it?

    3. Is the problem solvable?

    4. Is it worth doing?

    5. Will it lead to other research problems?

    6. Is it manageable in size?

    7. What is the potential for making an original contribution to the

    literature in the field?

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    Robert Smith, Graduate Research: A Guide for Students in the Sciences

    11 points to consider in finding and developing a research topic. (continued)

    8. If the problem is solved, will the results be reviewed well by

    scholars in your field?

    9. Are you, or will you become, competent to solve it?

    10. By solving it, will you have demonstrated independent skills

    in your discipline?

    11. Will the necessary research prepare you in an area of

    demand or promise for the future?

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    Literature review

    the mechanism by which bits ofinformation scattered in various formatsthroughout the literature are gathered

    and synthesized into a cohesivewhole.

    Ackerson, Linda G. Basing reference service on scientific communication: toward a moreeffective model for science graduate students. Reference Quarterly, 1996, 36, 248-257.

    Structure of the literature and Channels of Communication

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    TERTIARY

    LITERATURE

    Information

    Retrieval

    Structure of the literature and Channels of Communication

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    Hypothesis

    How to come to hypothesis: Analogy Induction

    Deduction IntuitionIt is not important how to generate one, but only that it isfalsifyable.

    Hypothesis (e.g., there is a relationship between A and B) and Null Hypthesis (there is no relationship) Type I error: reject hypothesis that is true (false negative) Type II error: accept hypothesis that is wrong (false positive)

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    Approach

    Observation

    INDUCTION

    Theory

    DEDUCTION

    Prediction

    Boundary

    conditions

    1

    2

    Hypothesis

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    Hypothesis

    How to come to hypothesis: Analogy Induction

    Deduction IntuitionIt is not important how to generate one, but only that it isfalsifyable.

    Hypothesis (e.g., there is a relationship between A and B) and Null Hypthesis (there is no relationship) Type I error: reject hypothesis that is true (false negative) Type II error: accept hypothesis that is wrong (false positive)

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    Hypothesis testing

    1. Existing theory

    & observations2. Hypothesis 3. Predictions

    4. Tests and new

    observations

    5. Old theory confirmed

    (within a new context) or

    New theory proposed

    Add to body

    of knowledge

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    Problem identification from

    the real world

    Apply research

    Results in industry

    Discover deep research

    issues from study of

    Real world

    Carry out basic

    research on those

    issues

    Create basic

    CS/IS

    knowledge

    Theories

    Models

    tools

    Create innovative

    And useful products

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    Research Logbook

    Essential to record all measurements, calculations, facts, ideas,

    etc., immediately

    If you fail to observe this, you will lose information

    Date each entry - this can be crucial

    When other media employed (computer files, discs, printouts, etc.),

    note existence, contents, & date in your logbook

    No one ever kept too complete a logbook

    REPORT WRITING

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    REPORT WRITING

    (I.M.R.A.D.)

    Modular approach

    General Format

    Additional chapter can beincorporated if necessary

    Introduction (Pengenalan)

    Methodology (Kaedah)

    Results (Keputusan)

    Analysis (Analisis)

    Duscussion/Conclusion

    ( perbincangan/kesimpulan)

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    Tie your project and results to previous research.

    An essential component of scholarship

    Entails referencing previous work that is relevant References should be complete

    Good Papers and Presentations

    These two are very important.

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    ORAL PRESENTATION

    Three things that will be tested:

    You understand what you are doing (Why?, What?, How?)

    You carry the research project and write the thesis yourself

    Every single thing that you presented is correct and can be

    proven and scientifically tested

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    Plan your presentation for specific audience

    Present things that will be the interest of your

    audience

    Try to make them interested in your findings

    Choose appropriate case studies

    ORAL PRESENTATION Cont.

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    George Springer, chairman of th e aeronautics and astron autics department at Stanford

    University.

    It is really important to do the right

    research as well as to do the researchright. You need to do wow research,

    research that is compelling, not just

    interesting.

    Identifying the right research area, and the right research topic.

    The right topic will be interesting to you, complex, and

    compelling.

    The research you do as a graduate student will set the stage for

    your research as a postdoc and as a professor.

    Choosing the right topic as a graduate student will help you

    insure that your research will be viable in the future.

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    Start: Topic and presenter

    Introduction: Problem statement and Objective of your study.

    Content: Present your methodology and findings

    Validation: Validate your results.

    Contribution: State clearly your contributions in the field

    Conclusion: Conclusions and recommendations

    ORAL PRESENTATION Cont.

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    Research Mgmt Issues

    Education: To raise the level of skill in

    project management, research strategy,

    intelligence and resources.

    Communication: Not just within an

    organisation but also between organisations.

    Exploitation: Managing and exploiting

    research product.

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    Management of research for the futurerequires a diffeerent mindset, becausethe outcomes expected have changetremendously.

    Reseachers must be well-versed notonly in their subject area but also other

    areas such as management,communication, leadership, and humanrelation.

    EFFECTIVE RESEARCH MANAGEMENT

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    Management of a research projectnowadays must be done professionallyemphasizing on transparency, honesty,

    ethics, and accountability.

    Delivery and management of research

    projects at all level such as individual,group, centre, university, agency andfederal level need to be upgraded.

    EFFECTIVE RESEARCH MANAGEMENT 2

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    PERFORMANCE INDICATOR

    Scival spotlight H Index

    Citations

    Impact Factors

    Number of publications per staff per year

    Fellows of respected academic organisations

    Chairman of Professional bodies or Conference

    Commercialised R&I products Bilangan pelajar siswazah yang bergraduat

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    The X-Factor in Research

    Doing research beyond expectations

    Not to do research for the sake of doingresearch

    KPI versus KIP

    Giving impact to the community, nation,mankind, and the whole world.

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    THANK YOU

    VICTORY (SUCCESS) COMES FROM COOL

    COURAGE, DEVOTION, FAITH AND PATIENCE.