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Page 1: AKTIVITI-AKTIVITI BAHAGIAN PENYELIDIKAN
Page 2: AKTIVITI-AKTIVITI BAHAGIAN PENYELIDIKAN

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LAPORAN AKTIVITI-AKTIVITI

BAHAGIAN PENYELIDIKAN Activities Of The Research Division

1987

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Sebagai suatu usaha tahunan, Bahagian Penyelidikan Unit Tenaga Nuklear menerbit Aktiviti-aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan dengan tujuan untuk menyebar maklumat mengenai kajian-kajian dan penyelidikan-penyelidikan yang dilakukan dalam Bahagian ini. Penerbitan keempat ini juga mengikuti format penerbitan sebelumnya, di (nana aktiviti-aktiviti lain seperti perkhidmatan, latihan dan sebagainya dimasukkan untuk lebih mencerminkan kegiatan sebenar kakitangan dalam Bahagian Penyelidikan. Laporan-laporan yang diberikan adalah penerangan ringkas mengenai aktiviti-aktiviti yang dijalankan. Untuk keterangan lanjut mengenai mana-mana tajuk, sila berhubung terus dengan penyelidik berkenaan.

Saya ingin mengucapkan berbanyak terima kasih kepada semua kakitangan Bahagian Penyelidikan yang telah menyumbangkan laporan-laporan untuk menjayakan penerbitan kali ini. Penghargaan saya juga di tujukan kepada Puan Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid, yang telah melapangkan masa untuk mHnyemak separuh daripada manuskrip asal, Puan Thiagarani, kerana telah inenaip segala manuskrip penerbitan serta membantu dalam kerja-kerja pcnyediaan manuskrip secara keseluruhan, Encik Ng Inn Khuan dan Encik S. Kanesan, kerana telah menyediakan separuh daripada rajah-rajah dalam bentuk yang sesuai untuk penerbitan, dan Puan Aminah binti Hj Ahmad Khalid serta kakitangan Jabatan Sains Penerangan Unit Tenaga Nuklear, kerana sudi mencetak laporan-laporan ini.

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Penyelaras Penerbitan Aktiviti-aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1987 Julai, 1988

As an annual affair, the Research Division of Unit Tenaga Nuklear publishes the Activities of the Research Division with the view to disseminate information on the research topics conducted by the Division. This fourth issue also follows the format of the last issue, whereby other activities such as services, training and others are included in order to reflect the true activities done by personnel in the Research Division. The reports presented here are only summaries of the work being done. For more information on any topic mentioned in this issue, please contact the appropriate researcher directly.

I would like to thank everyone in the Research Division who have contributed their reports to enable the publication of this issue, fly gratitude is also extended to firs. Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid, for having spent some time examining part of the original manuscript, Mrs. Thiagarani, for typing the entire manuscript as well as assisting in the general preparation of the publication, fir. Ng Inn Khuan and fir. S. Kanesan, for preparing same of the figures in a form suitable for publication, and Mrs. Aminah binti HJ Ahmad Khalid as well as the staff of the Information Science Department, Unit Tenaga Nuklear, for willingly publishing this report.

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Publications Do-ordinator, Activities of the Research Division 1997 July, 1989

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fltCTIVITI-flKTIVITI BflHMSIflN FENYELIDIKPN 19B7 ACTIVITIES OF ThE RESEARCH DIVISION V9B7

kandungan/can tents ms/pg

Pendahuluan dari Pengarah Penyelidikan 1 Foreword from the Director of Research 2

1. JflBftTflN INSTHUfENTASI DflN KfiUPLfiN INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL DERQRTTENT

1.1 Pengenalan 3 Introduction 7

1.2 Modul jam berdigit 9 Digital clock module 9

1.3 Penguji litar terkamil lelurus bagi penguat pengoperasi dan pemasa 555 7

Linear IC tester for operational amplifiers and 555 timer 10

1.4 Tolok paras nukleonik : sistem titik tunggal 10 Nucleonic level gauge : single-point system 10

1.5 Kawalan suhu untuk punca kobalt-60 12 Temperature control for the cobalt-60 source 12

1.6 Pengawal penutup sinar—X 13 X-ray shutter controller 14

1.7 Penyelakuan pembilang kelipan cecair 14 Liquid scintillation counter simulation 15

1.8 Penganalisis gama : modul kawalan dan pembilang 15 Gamma analyser : control and counting module 15

1.9 Sistem laporan kad perakam waktu berkomputer 16 Computerised punch-card reporting system 17

1.10 Sistem laporan produktiviti kakitangan berkomputer 17 Computerised employee productivity reporting system 18

1.11 Penunjuk sinaran mudah alih 18 Portable radiation indicator 19

1.12 Makmal pembangunan pemproses mikro 19 Microprocessor development laboratory 20

1.13 Penukar sampel III 20 Sample changer I I I 20

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1.14 Pemasa e l e k t r o n i k un tuk kcbuk gama 4000A 2 1 Electronic timer for gamna chamber 4OO0A 2 1

1.15 P e n g u j i pemapar 7 ruas 22 7-segment display tester 2 2

1.16 Anteramuka d i a n t « r a pembi lang BICRON dan komputer p s r i b a d i NEC 22

Interface between BICRON counter and AEC personal CGtnputer 2 2

1.17 ?!3pan l i t a r masukan-ke luaran un tuk u n i t kamputer mifcro p i a w a i 2 3

Input-output boards for the standard microcomputer unit 24

i.m Papan con toh -dasa r 24 Proto-board 24

1.19 S i s tem pember i taha umum untuU b lok pameran UTN Public-address system for UTN exhibition black

25 25

2 . FROGRPM TEM>" r r » M M F A » filCLERR TECHNQJOBY FROERftWe

2.1 Pengenalan In trac&jc tion

27 29

2 . 2 Rekaber<tuk a l a t serakarv sudu t k e c i l n e u t r o n 3 1 Design of a ssmal 1-angle neutron-scattering instrument 33

2*3 K a j i a n se rakan sudu t k e c i l s i n & r - X ke a t a s p e n g i s i karbari h i taa i d i dalam Getah £ s l i Ma lays ia be rg red L (SMRL) 36

Small-angle X-~ray scattering sttidies on carbon black filler in Standard Malaysian Rubber grade L (SfFL) 37

2 . 4 ^ n a l i s i s k u a r c t i t i a n d a r i d a t a fcv?lauan n e u t r c n te rhadap campuran b e r b i l a n g f a s a 38

Quantitative analysis of nxjitiffhase mixture from neutron diffraction data 40

2 . 5 Penya r ian u ran ium dan t h o r i u m a a r i s i s a kek t h o r i u m k i l a n g ARE - perggunaan bahan k i m i a be rg red i n d u s t r i 4 1

Extraetitn of uranium and thorium from /4RJĔ" thorium cake waste - use of industrial-grcude chemicals 43

2 . 6 Pemiastfuan uran i . jm dan t h o r i u m e*nggunakan damar penukaran >.'jn Ccwex 1XB (200 - 250 mesh) 44

Sk-paration of omnium and thorium using Dotvex 1X8 ion-exchange resin (2O0 - 250 mesh) 44

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2 . 7 Pemprosesan s i s a i n d u s t r i perlombongan un tuk mendapatkan u r a n i u m , t h o r i u m dan unsur—unsur n a d i r tanah 46

Processing of mining-industry wastes to obtain uranium, thorium and rare-earth elements 46

2 . 8 Kesan u n s u r - u n s u r p e l i n d a p t e rhadap penentuan uran ium m e l a l u i kaedah pemeteran p e n d a r f l u o r seca ra t e r u s 47

Effect of quenchers on uranium determination by direct fluorimetric technique 4«?

2 . 9 P e r i s i a n a l a t a n a l i s i s n e u t r o n t e r t u n d a 50 Software for delayed-neutron analysis equipment 51

2 . 1 0 Penentuan unsur—unsur s u r i h a n yang d isampel d i a t a s k e r t a s t u r a s m e l a l u i t e k n i k s p e k t r o s k o p i serapan atom 52

Determination of trace elements deposited on filter paper using atomic absorption spectroscopy 53

2 . 1 1 A n a l i s i s unsur—unsur utama yang t e r d a p a t d i dalam monaz i t dan xeno t im 55

Analysis of ttte main elements contained in monazite and xenotime 55

2 . 1 2 Penganal isaan b e r k a l a uran ium dan t h o r i u m m e l a l u i a n a l i s i s n e u t r o n t e r t u n d a 56

Routine analysis of uranium and thorium using delayed-neutron analysis 56

2 . 1 3 A n a l i s i s m i k r o k u a r bahan-bahan g a l i a n b e r a t d a r i p a d a sampel Semenanjung Ma lays i a 57

Elemental microanalysis of heavy minerals from Peninsular Malaysia 5B

2 . 1 4 Penggunaan a n a l i s i s se rak tenaga sinai—X dalam k a j i a n a lam sek i fcar 5B

Use of energy-dispersive X-ray analysis in environmental study 59

2 . 1 5 Kesan rawatan haba ke a t a s p e r a l i h a n kekenya lan-kerapuhan dalam k e l u l i karbon 60

Effect of heat treatment on the ductile-brittle transition in carbon steel 60

2 . 1 6 K a j i a n ke a t a s h a s i l penya r ian bahan-bahan tumbuhan sebaga i p e r e n c a t kak i san un tuk k e l u l i lembut d i dalam a i r t epu uda ra 61

Studies on plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in air-saturated water 61

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2.17 C i r i - c i r i kakisan elektrokimia a lo i rintang nikel jen is I I d i dalam a i r laut 62

Saw? elecrochemical corrosion characteristics of nickel-resistant alloy type II in sea water 62

2*18 Kesan sinaran gama dan neutron ke atas ketahanan ke lu l i ka l is karat d i dalam a i r penyejuk kepertamaan 62

The effect of gamma and neutron irradiation on the corrosion resistance of stainless steel in primary cooling-water 63

2.19 Pembentukan alat—alat pengesan isian gas 63 Fabrication of gas-filled detectors 64

2.20 Pemisahan bahan galian dan pengoptimuman keadaan punaran bagi pentarikhan runut pembelahan 64

Mineral separation and optimization of etching conditions for fission-track dating 68

2.21 Tentukuran ketebalan f i lem logam nip is melalui teknik laser dan kaedah Tolansky 69

Calibration of thin metallic film thickness using laser techniques and the Tolansky method 71

2.22 Penerbitan 73 Publications 73

3. PFOGRm ISOTDP DflN SINflRftN DflLPM IMXBTHI ISOTOPE /*VP RADIATION IN INDUSTRY FRDGRPt+E

3.1 Pengenalan 75 In troduc tion 76

3.2 Deposition pattern of fresh sediment input from Sungai

Kelang T7

3.3 Brain-size analysis of Port Bintulu sediment 79

3.4 Dispersion behaviour of oxidation pond at Kelang Hospital 79

3.5 Retention-time distribution studies in Seri Serdang oxidation ponds 83

3.6 Kajian masa mastautin dalam tanur simen berputar 86 Residence-time distribution studies in cement rotary kiln 88

3.7 Seepage investigation of bunded storage reservoir using environmental isotope - a preliminary study 91

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3 . 8 Environmental isotope-hydrology study of Kuala Rompin Area, Pahang 9 1

3 . 9 A preliminary study on the groundwater system of Perlis 95

3 .10 Penentuan c i r i - c i r i pengganding u l t rason ik berasas CMC 98 Determination of the characteristics of Cti>based

ultrasonic ccuplant 98

3 . 1 1 The development of acoustic emission technique in AD7 98

3 .12 Development of neutron radiography at UTN 99

3 . 1 3 Mood-polymer composites using gamma irradiation technique 102

3 .14 Polymerisation of methyl methacrylate 103

3 . 1 5 Impregnation of rubberwood 104

3 .16 Pengkopolimeran s t i r e n a - a k r i l o n i t r i l 105 Copolymerisation of styrene—acrilonitrile 107

3 .17 Rencam STAN-kayu getah 107 STAN-rubberwood composites 109

3 . 1 8 Kaj ian terhadap satu skim pemisahan radiokimia untuk a n a l i s i s pengakt i fan neutron 109

Studies on a radiochemical separation scheme for neutron activation analysis 110

3 . 1 9 Kaj ian unsur-unsur beracun dalam bahan makanan 110

3 . 2 0 Perkhidmatan 111

3 . 2 1 Lat ihan i l l

3 . 2 2 Seminar 115

3 . 2 3 Penerbitan 117 Publications 117

4 . ISOT0P DON SINPRPN OPLflfl BIQLOBI DW PERTflNIPN ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN BIOLOGY AND ASRICULTLRE

4 . 1 Pengenalan 121 Introduction 122

4 . 2 Biakbaka mutasi padi separuh k e r d i l 123 Semi-dwarf mutants for rice improvement 123

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4 . 3 Kaj ian mutasi aruhan koko (Theobroma cacao L . ) 124 Mutation-induction studies in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) 124

4 .4 Kaj ian mutasi aruhan u b i kayu (Manihot esculenta) 124 MUtation-induction studies in cassava (Manihot esculenta) 125

4 . 5 Pembiakan kacang tanah (ftrachis hypoaaea) yang mempunyai h a s i l dan pengikatan n i t rogen yang t ingg i menggunakan suntikan Rhizobia 125

Breeding for high yielding and high nitrogen fixation in groundnut (Arachis hypooaea) using Rhizobia innoculation 126

4 . 6 Biakbaka mutasi aruhan kacang tanah 130 Induced mutation-breeding of groundnut 130

4 . 7 Studies on plants as repellant against stored-grain insects 131

4 . 8 Upgrading the quality of dried cocoa—beans by gamma irradiation 131

4 . 9 Pemanjangan masa penyimpanan cendawan t i ram (Pleurotus s p . ) menggunakan s inaran gama 132

Extending the shelf life of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus so.) using gamma irradiation 133

4 . 1 0 Perencatan percambahan h a l i a basah menggunakan s inaran gama 133

Sprout inhibition in fresh ginger using gamma irradiation 134

4 . 1 1 Kesan sinaran gama dan pemprosesan ke atas mutu sos c i l i 134 Effects of gamma irradiation and processing on the

quality of chili source 135

4 .12 Kaj ian ekonomi kemudahan Co-60 136 Economics of a Co-60 source 140

4 .13 Taburan mikro-organisma da lam rempah—rempah dan nyah— kecemaran mereka menggunakan s inaran gama 143

Distribution of micro-organisms in spices and their decontamination using gamma radiation 143

4 .14 Kaj ian potensi pengeluaran a f l a t o k s i n oleh Asperg i l lus f l a v u s dalam lada hitarn yang t e r s i n a r dengan dos rendah 144

Assessment of the potential production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus in black pepper when subjected to low-dose radiation 144

4 .15 P e n i l a i a n s t a t u s a i r dalam daun menggunakan teknik tolokan beta 145

Assessment of leaf water status using the beta-gauging technique 145

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4 . 1 6 Pengambilan baja n i t rogen o leh tanaman kelapa sawi t muda yang d i b e r i pengairan tanibahan dan yang hanya menerima hujan 147

Utilization of nitrogen fertilizer sources by immature oil palm under irrigated and rain—fed conditions 149

4 .17 Pen i ia ian baja urea berbu t i r yang d i rawat dengan formaldehyde buatan Malaysia bagi N icot iona tabacum l_. menggunakan kaedah isotop N-15 149

Evaluation of Malaysian-made formaldehyde-treated granular urea for Nicotiona tabacu/n. L._ by a new field procedure using N-15 isotope technique 150

4 . I B Perbandingan pengambilan n i t rogen d a r i b a j a - b r T a urea dan amonium s u l f a t o leh jagung manis yang d ipera i rkan dan ditanam pada tanah s i r i Bungar 152

Comparison of nitrogen uptake from urea and ammonium sulphate fertilizers by irrigated sweeicorn an Bungar series soil 154

4 .1? Kesan a k t i v i t i perladangan ke atas eko log i dan alam s e k i t a r d i stesen pertanian Un i t Tenaga Nuklear 155

The impact of agricultural practices on the ecology and environment at Nuclear Energy Unit's agricultural station 157

4 . 2 0 Kajian a k t i v i t i akar pokok jambu batu (psidium guajava) menggunakan rad io isotop P-32 159

Root activity studies of guava plants (psidium guajava) using P-32 radioisotope 159

4 . 2 1 Kajian tempat per letakan baja bagi kelapa sawi t matang menggunakan teknik radio isotop 161

Fertilizer emplacement studies in mature oil palm using a radioisotope technique 163

4 . 2 2 Perbandingan sumber P yang berbeza ke a tas acacia manaium 164 Comparison of different P sources for acacia manoium 165

4 . 2 3 Nitrogen utilization by young oil palms fertilized with urea and ammonium sulphate 166

4 .24 Penapisan f o s f a t batuan ke atas jagung (zea mays) dan padi (oryza s a t i v a ) 168

Screening of rock phospate on maize (zea mays) and rice (oryza sativa) 169

4 . 2 5 Evaluation of different rock phosphate as P sources for oil-palm seedlings 170

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CARTA ORGANISASI BAHAGIAN PENYELIDIKAN 1967

INSTRUMENTASI & KAWALAN

Ketua Jabatan

-PENYENGGARAAN

SISTEM/PROJEK KHAS

-KOMPUTER

•KHIDMAT AM

BAHAGIAN PENYELIDIKAN

Pĕngarah Penyelidikan

TEKNOLOGI NUKLEAR

Ketua Program

-FIZIK GUNAAN

-TEKNOLOGI BAHANAPI

-TEKNOLOGI BAHAN

•PEMBANGUNAN PENGESAN S1NARAN

ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DALAM INDUSTRI

Ketua Program

HIDROLOGI DAN TEKNIK PENYURIH

-UJIAN TANPA MUSNAH

-KHIDMAT ANALISIS

•TEKNIK NUKLEAR DALAM GEOLOGI

•PEMPROSESAN MENGGUNAKAN SINARAN

ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DALAM BIOLOGI DAN PERTANIAN

Ketua Program

-PENYINARAN MAKANAN

BIAKBAKA MUTASI

HUBUNGAN TANAH-TANAMAN

•RADIOBIOLOGI GUNAAN

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ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE RESEARCH DIVISION 1987

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

Head of Department

- MAINTENANCE

- SYSTEMS/SPECIAL PROJECTS

- COMPUTER

-GENERAL SERVICES

RESEARCH

Director o:

NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY

Head of Programme -

-APPLIED PHYSICS

-FUELS TECHNOLOGY

-MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

-RADIATION DETECTORS

DEVELOPMENT

DIVISION

Research

ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN INDUSTRY

Head of Programme

-HYDROLOGY AND TRACER TECHNIQUES

-NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

-ANALYTICAL SERVICES

-NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN GEOLOGY

ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE

Head of Programme

- FOOD IRRADIATION

~ MUTATION BREEDING

- SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIP

- APPLIED RADIOBIOLOGY

'-RADIATION PROCESSING

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PEMaflHULUPN

Sekali lagi bagi tahun yang keempat berturutan, kita telah dapat menyediakan laporan mengenai akitiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan bagi tahun 1987. Izinkan saya untuk menyampaikan rasa penghargaan kepada seluruh kakitangan Bahagian Penyelidikan serta kakitangan Bahagian lain yang telah berusaha bersungguh-sungguh sehingga terhasilnya laporan ini. Laporan ini sebenarnya bertujuan untuk mencerminkan aktiviti keseluruhan yang telah dijalankan oleh kakitangan Bahagian Penyelidikan bagi tahun 1987.

Dalam tahun 19B7, kedudukan kewangan Bahagian Penyelidikan tidaklah begitu baik. Walau bagaimanapun, keazaman kita untuk melaksanakan tugas penyelidikan dan pembangunan (P&P) serta hasrat untuk bergerak ke suatu arah yang lebih bermakna telah mendorong kita sehingga terus dapat melaksanakan usaha ini. Menyedari bahawa tahun 1988 menjajikan harapan-harapan baru bagi aktiviti P&P di mana suatu peruntukan khusus P&P di peringkat kebangsaan telah diperkenalkan bagi membiayai aktiviti P&P di seluruh negara, maka para penyelidik tentunya berharapan tinggi dan bersedia untuk memberi sumbangan yang berkesan bagi menjayakan usaha khusus ini.

Dari 17 program P&P yang dibentangkan sebagai cadangan program untuk dijalankan dalam tahun 1988, sebanyak 12 program telah diluluskan bagi pembiayaan melalui peruntukan khusus P&P ini, dengan jumlah peruntukan keseluruhan sebesar *4.86 juta. Ini menunjukkan bahawa hampir keseluruhan program-program yang dicadangkan adalah amat sesuai dilaksanakan serta akan memberi faedah kepada negara.

Melihat kembali kepada kemajuan yang telah dicapai dalam tahun 1987, tidak syak lagi para penyelidik telah berusaha dengan ikhlas dalam melaksanakan aktiviti P&P dan ini dijangka akan berterusan di tahun-tahun akan datang.

Saya ucapkan selamat maju jaya dalam semua usaha tuan/puan dan harapan ikhlas saya semoga usaha tuan/puan dalam aktiviti P&P ini akan membuahkan hasil.

Dr. Ahmad Sobri Hj. Hashim, Pengarah, Bahagian Penyelidikan, Unit Tenaga Nuklear.

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FUREUORD

Once again for the fourth consecutive year, we are able to publish a report on the activities undertaken by the Research Division for 1987. May I therefore express my appreciation to all the staff of the Research Division and others for their sincere efforts which finally resulted in the publication of this report. This report is intended to reflect the overall activities undertaken by the staff of the Research Division for the year 1987.

In 1987, the financial situation of the Research Division was not good. However, our determination to undertake research and development (R&D) and to move towards a more meaningful direction kept us going. Realizing that 1988 is a promising year for R&D where a special national R&D fund has been introduced to fund R&D activities in the country, researchers are even more hopeful and looking forward to contribute effectively towards the success of this particular endeavour.

Out of 17 R&D programmes submitted as proposed programmes to be undertaken in 1988, 12 have been approved for funding through this special R&D fund, with a total allocation of $4.86 million. This clearly indicates that most of the proposed programmes are viable and will benefit the country.

Looking back at the progress that has been achieved in 1987, undoubtedly the researchers have put their sincere efforts into the R&D activities and can be expected to continue in the subsequent years.

I wish you all the best in your endeavours and I sincerely hope that your efforts in R&D activities would be fruitful.

Dr. Ahmad Sobri Hi. Hashim Director, Research Division, Nuclear Energy Unit.

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JABA TAN INS TBUMEN T A SI DAN KAWALAN

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JABATAN INSTHUMENTASI DAN KAWALAN

1.1 Pengenalan

Jabatan Instrumentasi dan Kawalan (JIK) diwujudkan dengan objektif untuk menyediakan khidmat penyelenggaraan alat, rekabentuk dan pembangunan peralatan elektronik/nuklear yang diperlukan oleh UTN dan agensi-agensi luar yang berkepentingan. Sebagaimana tahun-tahun lepas JIK telah menjalankan berbagai aktiviti termasuk :

i. penyelenggaraan alat ii. rekabentuk dan pembangunan peralatan iii. mengendalikan kursus-kursus iv. pembangunan aturcara untuk sistem berkomputer v. penyediaan papan litar tercetak dan fabrikasi alat.

Khidmat pengujian dan penyelenggaraan instrumentasi nuklear telah dapat dipertingkatkan pada tahun 1787 di mana Jabatan ini berjaya membaiki sebanyak 395 kerosakan alat daripada Jabatan—Jabatan di UTN dan 66 buah alat lagi daripada agensi—agensi luar. Secara terperinci ini boleh dilihat dari Jadual 1.1.1 dan 1.1.2 . Di dalam jadual tersebut dapat dilihat bilangan kerosakan dan pembaikan serta nama Jabatan atau agensi. Buat masa ini setiap kerja baikpulih alat belum dinilai dalam bentuk wang. Ini akan Cuba dilaksanakan pada tahun akan datang.

Penggunaan komputer peribadi dalam pengurusan penyelenggaraan cegahan berkala telah dilaksanakan sepenuhnya pada tahun ini. Rekod kesemua alat yang ada di UTN dimasukkan ke dalam sistem ini. Ini telah memudahkan penyusunan kerja dan mengemaskini rekod. Di sepanjang tahun 1987 sebanyak 1317 buah alat UTN telah mengalami penyelenggaraan berkala. Kerja-kerja ini meliputi pembersihan, tentukuran dan penggantian bahagian yang haus dan meletakkan minyak pelincir pada sistem bsrgerak. Khidmat penyelenggaraan alat secara berkala ini akan cuba dilaksanakan kepada alat daripada agensi luar. Jadual 1.1.3 menunjukkan aktiviti penyelengaraan alat secara berkala untuk alat-alat UTN.

Selain daripada memberikan khidmat penyelenggaraan alat, Jabatan ini juga terlibat di dalam aktiviti rekabentuk dan pembangunan peralatan yang sesuai dan boleh digunakan dalam program—program penyelidikan dan latihan. Alat-alat yang direkabentuk dan dibangunkan terdiri daripada alat-alat kawalan/pengukuran secara elektronik dan juga alat-alat nuklear. Peralatan-peralatan yang dibangunkan pada tahun 1987 dinyatakan dalam laporan-laporan berikut.

Beberapa sistem berkomputer telah dibangunkan untuk kegunaan beberapa Bahagian/Jabatan di UTN demi untuk meningkatkan lagi pengurusan yang lebih cekap dan teratur. Sistem Kawalan Kewangan dan Sistem Maklumat Latihan berkomputer yang dibangunkan pada tahun 1986 (lihat Aktiviti-Aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1986) digunakan dengan lebih meluas lagi pada tahun ini. Selain dari itu 3 sistem baru secara berkomputer telah didirikan iaitu :

i. Sistem Laporan Produktiviti Kakitangan secara berkomputer ii. Sistem Maklumat Kajiselidik Latihan iii. Sistem Laporan Kad Perakam Waktu.

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Sebuah Unit di bawah JIK yang tidak kurang pentingnya untuk menjayakan aktiviti/matlamat Jabatan ialah Unit Khidmat Am. Unit ini merupakan unit sokongan khususnya untuk aktiviti-aktiviti yang dijalankan di JIK. Terdapat 4 aktiviti utama yang dijalankan oleh unit ini sepanjang tahun 1987. Aktiviti itu ialah

i. Kerja-kerja pembinaan papan litar tercetak ii. Pembinaan 'equipment-housing'

iii. Penyediaan lukisan teknikal iv. Urusan pesanan/pembelian komponen serta pengurusan stor.

Jadual 1.1.4 menunjukkan senarai aktiviti-aktiviti/keluaran yang dihasilkan oleh unit ini pada tahun 1987.

Pada tahun 1987, JIK telah berjaya mengadakan Kursus Latihan Elektronik Nuklear. Kursus ini bertujuan untuk memberi pengetahuan asas tentang elektronik nuklear kepada para peserta. Kursus ini telah dihadiri oleh 15 orang peserta daripada agensi kerajaan dan swasta.

Akhir sekali, saya ingin merakamkan ucapan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada semua pegawai dan kakitangan Jabatan ini di atas kerjasama dan ketekunan mereka dalam menjalankan kerja seharian demi mencapai matlamat Uhit/Jabatan.

Mohd. Nasir b. Hj. Abd. Wahid, Pemangku Ketua Jabatan Instrumentasi dan Kawalan

Jabatan/Program Department/Programne

Keselamatan Fizikal Pentadbiran Latihan Perancangan Sains Penerangan Kawalan Sinaran dan Kesihatan Isotop Reaktor Instrumentasi dan Kawalan Program Teknologi Nuklear Prog Isotop & Sinaran dim Industri Prog Isotop & Sinaran dim Biologi & Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan

Jumlah ( total)

Bilangan alat No. of

Pertanian

instruments

6 2 4 2 9 94 31 6 56 34 92 53 6

395

Jadual 1.1.1 : Senarai bilangan alat yang dibaiki di UTN mengikut Jabatan/Program

Table 1.1.1 : List of instruments repaired for each Department/ Programme in UTN

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Agensi Agency

Ansel1 Industrial Testing Malaysian Airline System (MAS) United Inspection velosi

No.

LPTA {Atomic Energy Licencing Board) Petrotechnical Ins Asian Rare Earth Forest Research Institute of Malaysia Lott Inspection NTI (M) Sdn Bhd OPN Welding & Underwater Ins & Cor Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Advanced Micro Devices SIRIM MAL. LNG Sdn Bhd Oil Field Ins & Ser Ins & Marketing Motorola Semiconductors Sdn Bhd National Semiconductors Sdn Bhd O.T.N. Welding CAID MART MfiRDI Inspection & Certification SHE AIROD SIME Sembadang Eng ITI Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi

Jumlah (total)

Bil. alat yang dibaiki of instruments maintained

2 2 2 4 6 2 1 2 1 4 4 1 2 7 4 2 i 1 3 1 2 1 2 i 1 1 1 1 1 6

66

Jadual 1.1.1 : Perkhidmatan penyelenggaraan alat kepada agensi-agensi luar

Table 1.1.2 : Maintenance services to external agencies

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Bulan Month

JANUAR1 FEBRIJARI MAC APRIL ME1 JUN JLLAI OBOS SEPTEMBER OKTOBER NOVEMBER DISEMBER

Bilangan fils-: No. of instruments

Jumlah ( t o t a l )

142 131 119 I f O V?h

i i 3

2 2 * 12b 121

49 75

2

1317

Jumlah masa (jarn) Time taken (hour)

B7.24 54.77 78.6b

177.23 115.40 72.18

293.30 200.70 171.57 60.75 85.91

0.91

1398.62

Jadual 1.1.3 : A k t i v i t i penyelenggarran a l a t secara berkala untuk a l a t - a l a t UTN

Table 1.1.3 : Preventive maintenance activity for UTN's instruments

Ak t i v i t i /Ke l ua ran flctivi ty/Product

Papan l i t a r tercetak Printed circuit board

Fabr ikas i dan pembinaan 'equipment housing' Equipment housing and fabrication

Lukisan kejuruteraan Engineering draining

Bilangan Qjantity

50

80

8

Jadual 1.1.4 : Senarai a k t i v i t i / k e l u a r a n yang d ihas i lkan o leh L h i t Khidmat Am pada tahun 1987

Table 1.1.4 : List of activities/products of General Services Unit for the year 1997

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INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL DEPARTMENT

1.1 Introduction

The objectives of the Instrumentation and Control Department (JIK) are to provide maintenance services for equipment, design and development of electronic/nuclear instrumentation for UTN and other agencies. As in previous years, JIK has undertaken various activities which include :

i . Maintenance of r";iuipment i i . Design and development of equipment

i i i . Organising courses iv. Software development of computer systems

v. Producing printed-circuit boards (PCB) and fabrication of equipment housing.

Testing and maintenance services of nuclear instruments has been upgraded in 1987, whereby this Department has succeeded in maintaining a total of 395 faulty equipment received from departments in UTN, while a total of 66 equipment were received from other agencies. A detailed account can be seen in Tables 1.1.1 and 1.1.2, which show the number of faulty equipment, the repair work done and the name of the Unit or Agency. Presently, all collective maintenance work have not been appraised in terms of money. This will hopefully be done by next year.

A computerised management of instrument preventive maintenance system has been carried out totally this year. Records of all equipment in UTN are kept in the system. With this system, instrument preventive maintenance schedule and updating of records have been simplified. In 1987, preventive maintenance work were done on 1317 equipment in UTN. The work includes cleaning, calibration, replacement of worn-out components and greasing of moveable parts. The Department will try to introduce this preventive maintenance service to other agencies. Table 1.1.3 shows the preventive maintenance activity for UTN's instruments in 1987.

Other than the maintenance service, this Department also engages itself in the development and design of suitable electronic instruments to be used in training and research programmes. Instruments that have been designed and developed by the Department include electronic control /"measuring systems and nuclear instruments. Instruments which have been developed for this year are given in subsequent reports.

A number of computerised systems have been developed in various departments in UTN as a measure towards achieving an efficient and orderly management system. The Computerised Financial Control System and Computerised Training Information System which were developed in 1986 (Refer to Activities of the Research Division 1986) have been used extensively this year. In addition, 3 new computerised systems have been developed for :

i . the Computerised Employee Productivity Report System i i . the Training Survey Information System

i i i . the Computerised punch-card report system.

Another unit which is Just as important as the others, for the success of

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this Department is the General Services Unit. This Uhit acts as a supporting unit for activities carried out in J IK. The four main activities carried out by this unit include :

1. processing of printed circuit boards (PCB) 11. fabrication of equipment housing

ill. preparation of technical drawings i v . management of store and purchasing/ordering of components.

Table 1.1.4 shows a list of activities/products of this unit for the year 1737.

In 1987, JIK has succeeded in organising a course in Nbclear Electronics. The aim of the course is to provide participants with the basic knowledge on nuclear electronics. Fifteen participants from the government and public sectors attended the course.

Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all staff members for their cooperation, dedication and hard work.

Mohd. Nasir b. HJ. Abd. Wahid, Acting Head, Instrumentation and Control Department

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1.2 Modul Jam b e r d i g i t

Alawiah Musa, Na j ib Mohd. Zakey, Saki lah Mansor dan Cheng Foh Yoong

Prajek i n i adalah untuk merekabentuk satu modul jam b e r d i g i t yang menggunakan l i t a r te rkami l jam/pemasa 5387AA. L i t a r terkami l i n i mempunyai semua l i t a r log ik yang diper lukan untuk ber t indak sebagai pengawal pusat bagi jam b e r d i g i t . Jam i n i beraperasi dengan format pemaparan 12 jam, mempunyai keluaran penunjuk PM/PM dan satu penggera yang boleh di tetapkan masa a k t i f n y a . Sebagai pemapar, I FT) te lah digunakan. Lima I Pn digunakan untuk membentuk se t iap ruas pemapar secara sambungan anod sepunya. Modul i n i mempunyai bekalan kuasa sokongan menggunakan ba te r i sebagai persediaan menghadapi gangguan bekalan kuasa utama.

1.2 Digital clock module

Alawiah Musa, Najib Mohd Zakey, Sakilah Mansor and Chang Foh Yoong

This project is to design a digital clock module which uses the RS digital clock/timer IC 5387QA. This IC incorporates all the logic circuitry required to act as the central controller in clock timers. The device is operated with a 12-hour display format, with fitl/PM indicator output and an alarm with an active period which can be set. The segments used are common-anode connections. Five light-emitting diodes have been used to make up a segment. The module has a back-up battery in case of mains power failure.

1.3 Penguj i l i t a r te rkami l l e l u rus bagi penguat pengoperasi dan pemasa 555

Mohd Saleh dan D z u l k e f l i

Penguji l i t a r terkami l l e lu rus i n i amat sesuai untuk pemeriksaan tekn ika l ke atas komponen-kamponen yang baru d i te r ima oleh s t o r e l e k t r o n i k . la dapat menguji komponen-kexnponen penguat pengoperasi dan pemasa 555 secara cepat dan mudah. Pemasa 555 dapat d ike tahu i ber fungsi atau t idak dengan meletakkannya pada soket 8 p in dan mel ihat samada LED be rke l i p .

Di samping i t u sekurang-kurangnya 27 j e n i s penguat pengoperasi dapat d i u j i dengan a l a t i n i . I n i dapat d ike tahu i dengan memasukkan penguat tersebut dan kad penguj i berkenaan pada soket-soketnya. Kad penguj i d ibuat pada palam 24 p in 'DIL dengan pendawaian te r t en tu dan dibahagikan kepada 4 j e n i s i a i t u :

i . Satu penguat pengoperasi dengan B p in DIL i i . Dua penguat pengoperasi dengan 8 p in DIL

i i i . Empat penguat pengoperasi dengan 14 p in DIL • , i v . Satu penguat pengoperasi dengan 14 p in DIL

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1.3 Linear IC tester for operational amplifiers and 555 timer

Mohd Saleh and Dzulkefli

This IC tester is suitable for testing new components which have been delivered to the electronics store. It can easily identify the condition of an operational amplifier or a 555 timer. The 555 timer is placed in the B pin DIL socket and its working condition can be seen by a flashing LED.

In addition to that, at least 27 types of operational amplifiers can be tested by this instrument. This can be done by plugging in the operational amplifier to be tested and an appropriate test-card to their sockets. The test-card is a 24 pin DIL connector w i t n fixed wiring between pins and is divided into 4 categories :

i . Single op-amp with 8 DIL pins i i . Dual op-amp with B DIL pins

Hi. Quad op-amp with 14 DIL pins iv. Single op-amp with 14 DIL pins

1.4 Tolok paras nukleonik : sistem t i t i k tunggal

Abu Bakar Ghazali

Sistem canton dasar i n i boleh menentukan paras cecair d i dalam t a l i a n paip atau balang pemadam a p i . Konsep rekabentuk sistem i n i berdasarkan kepada s i f a t perubahan kadar dos s inaran terhadap bahantara d i antara punca sinaran dan a l a t kesan. Bentuk gagasannya adalah seper t i d i tunjukkan dalam ra jah 1 . 4 . 1 .

Dalam sistem t i t i k tunggal a l a t pengesan dan punca sinaran di tetapkan kedudukannya pada ket ingg ian, h, yang sama. Pada paras hOJ penunjuk-penunjuk paras bertukar keadaan ON/OFF secara bergan t i .

Untuk sistem i n i , a l a t pengesan i a l a h t i u b Geiger-Muller model LND 7121 dan punca gamma i a l a h Cs-137. Kadar dos d i tukar kepada vo l tan dengan menggunakan l i t a r terkami l takometer 2917. Di dalam l i t a r terkami l i n i terdapat sebuah pembanding yang digunakan untuk mengsetkan vo l tan V0 yang setara dengan kadar dos pada ITQ. Keluaran d a r i pembanding i n i akan memandu sebuah gegant i 12V, 2 kutub a m b i l - a l i h . Geganti i n i ber fungsi sebagai su is untuk menjalankan dua buah lampu penunjuk paras.

1.4 Nucleonic level gauge : single-point system

Abu Bakar Ghazali

This prototype system determines the liquid level in a pipeline or a fire extinguisher. The design concept of this system is based on the dose-rate changes with density of medium between a gamma source and the detector.

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level gauge

h>h„ Q-

lampu penunjuk paras (level indicator lights

Kadar dos (Dose rate)

Rajah 1.4.1 : Tolak paras t i t i k tunggal dan sambutannya Figure 1.4.1 : Single-point level gauge and its response

500 W power supply

Pembekal kuasa 5fOW

cecair

ceramic insulator penebat ceramik

(500W S heater)

Unit kawalar suhu

Temperature control unit

£

Digital hermometer

Jangk"asiihii berdigit

• + N * keluar

3L

PtlOO

o o o o o o

sampel (sample)

Raiah 1.5.1 : Sistem pengawal suhu bagi punca Co-60 Figure 1.5.1 : Temperature-control system for the Co-60 source

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Its response is shown in figure 1.4.1.

In a single-point system, the detector and soiree are simultaneously moved up and down a certain value of height, h. At a level ha, the level indicators are complimentary changing states ON and OFF.

For this system, LND 7121 Seiger—Muller tube is chosen as the detector and a Cs-137 as the gamma source. The dose rate is converted into voltage by means of a tachometer IC 2917. This IC, contains a voltage comparator which sets a reference voltage Va equivalent to the dose rate at h0. The comparator output drives a 12 v1, 2 pole changeover relay. The relay switches lights for the two level indicators.

1.5 Kawalan suhu untuk punca kobal t -60

* Abu Bakar Shaza l i , Rosmaini, Shaharum Ramli dan Nik Bhazal i Nik Sal leh

Tujuan projek i n i adalah untuk merekabentuk dan membina sistem kawalan suhu untuk kawasan sampel d i dalam kebuk punca gamma kobalt—60. Sistem i n i baleh membantu para penyel id ik mengkaji kesan sinaran ke atas polimer pada suhu t e r t e n t u . Gambarajah skema sistem i n i d i tunjukkan dalam ra jah 1 . 5 . 1 .

Pengubah langkah turun 24 V, 22 A membekalkan kuasa kepada pemanas 500 W yang d i le takkan d i dalam n i t rogen cecair. Gas n i t rogen i n i d isalurkan kepada bekas sampel mela lu i sebuah l ag i pemanas 500 W. Suhu pemanas i n i dikawal o leh sebuah u n i t kawalan suhu.

Sampel d i le takkan d i dalam kebuk gamma, sementara suhu diukur o leh pengukur suhu b e r d i g i t . Suhu untuk se t iap pengukuran d i te tapkan oleh u n i t kawalan suhu. J u l a t suhu disetkan pada 0 C hingga 100 C. Fi lem plat inum P t 100 d i p i l i h sebagai pengesan suhu untuk u n i t kawalan suhu dan pengukur suhu. Pekal i suhunya i a l a h 0.375J1/ C dan rintangannya i a l ah 100 XL pada 0 C. Gegelung pemanas d a r i a l a t pengering rambut d i p i l i h sebagai pemanas 500 W.

1.5 Temperature control for the cabalt-60 source

Abu Bakar Bhazali, Rosmaini Mamat, Shaharum Ramli and Nik Ghazali Nik Salleh

The purpose of this project is to design and fabricate a temperature control system for the sampling area within the cabal t-60 source of the gamma chamber, model 4O00Q. This system Mill assist researchers in the investigation of the effect of radiation on polymers at a certain temperature. The schematic diagram of the sys'cem is shown in figure

Jabatan Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan

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1.5.1.

A 24 V, 22 A step-dawn transformer supplies power to the 500 U heater which is placed in liquid nitrogen. The nitrogen gas is channeled to th& sample chamber through another 500 U heater. The temperature around this heater is controlled by a temperature control unit.

Samples to be investigated are placed inside the gamma chamber while the temperature inside the chamber is measured by a digital thermometer. The temperature during measurement is kept constant by setting the temperature control unit. The temperature range is from 0°C to lOuC. Platinum film Pt 100 is chosen as the temperature sensor for the temperature control and the thermometer. Its temperature coefficient is 0.375XL /°C and its resistance is 100 SL at 0°C. The heating coil from a hair dryer is chosen as the 500 U heaters.

1.6 Penqawal penutup sinci—X

Izhar Abu Hussin

Projek ini bertujuan untuk mengawal punca sinar-X. Sinar-X yang dipancar daripada tiub dikawal melalui suatu penutup di mana masa penyinaran diukur oleh suatu pengukur masa yang dipicu oleh suatu suis mikro semasa penutup dibuka. Seorang pengendali mengawal suis pada suatu panel yang terletak di bilik kawalan. Alat kawalan ini juga adalah suatu alat keselamatan yang perlu untuk sebuah makmal l*PDK dan ia juga menunjukkan tiub sinar-X dalam keadaan operasi melalui satu lampu. Ciri-ciri keselamatan adalah :

i. Pintu ke makmal sinaran mesti di dalam keadaan tertutup rapat untuk penutup sinat—X beroperasi. Jika pintu dibuka secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja penutup sinar—X akan tertutup secara automatik.

ii. Jika halangan cahaya yang dipasang pada pintu masuk makmal sinaran dilintasi semasa penutup tiub sinat—X beroperasi, ia akan menutup penutup tiub sinar-x secara automatik.

iii. Alat kawalan penutup tiub sinar-X beroperasi secara persendirian dan ia tidak mengganggu operasi voltan tinggi pada k on sol kawalan.

iv. Suatu lampu yang menunjukkan penutup di dalam keadaan beroperasi dipasang di dalam makmal.

Pada panel kawalan tingkap tiub sinat—X pilihan operasi kawalan tingkap tiub boleh dibuat melalui suatu suis bagi tiub 160 kv" dan 320 kV.

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1.6 X-ray shutter controller

Izhar Abu HUssin

This device is used for controlling an X-ray source. X-ray from the tube passes through a controlled shutter. The time of irradiation is measured by a timer triggered by a microswitch which is operated during the opening of the shutter, fin operator controls the shutter using a push button switch located on the shutter panel in the control room.

The shutter controller also functions as a safety device used in SSDL. The safety features are :

i . To operate the shutter the doors in the laboratory must be properly closed. The shutter mil automatically be closed if the door opens accidentally.

i i . The shutter Mill automatically be closed if the light barrier is intersected.

Hi. The shutter controller operates independently without interfering with the high-voltage controller. This ensures the optimization of the lifetime of tube and high-voltage circuitry.

iv. A lamp has been installed to serve as an indicator when the shutter is opened.

The shutter controller enables the operator to choose the tube shutter by using a selector switch for 160 kV or 320 kv~ tubes.

1.7 Penyelakuan pembilang kelipan cecair

Izhar Abu Hussin

Projek i n i adalah suatu projek l a t i han untuk pembelajaran pengoperasi s istem pembilang ke l ipan c e c a i r . la menunjukkan perjalanan dan bentuk i s ya ra t pada sistem te rsebu t . Perjalanan i s y a r a t bermula d a r i punca s inaran memancarkan i s y a r a t yang dikesan o leh a l a t pengesan kel ipan ceca i r . I sya ra t i n i akan mela lu i prapenguat dan penguat untuk pemerosesan i s y a r a t .

Pembahagian j e n i s s inaran di lakukan o leh pengana l is is , 3 sa lu ran tunggal (SCA) yang mempunyai t ingkap kawalan untuk H, t* dan I . Dar i i s ya ra t SCA, t i g a j e n i s pembilangan di lakukan o leh pembilang d i mana pengguna boleh memil ih j e n i s s inaran dan penunjuk jumlah b i langan.

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1.7 Liquid scintillation counter simulation

Izhar Abu Hussin

This is an educational project on the system operation of a liquid scintillation counter. The system shows movement of system signals. The radiation source emits signals which are received by the scintillation detector. The signal output from the detector is fed into a preamplifier and amplifier for signal processing.

The type of radiation source^ is^ialysedjjy the single-channel analyser (SCA) with windows set for H, P and I. The SCA signal counter is used for counting each of the radiation source.

1.8 Penganalisis gama : modul kawalan dan pembilang

Mohd Ashhar Hj. Khalid

Bambarajah blok sistem yang dibangunkan adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah 1.8.1. Bahagian yang tunjukkan dengan garis terputus tidak termasuk dalam projek ini. Pada umumnya tugas bahagian yang direkabentuk adalah untuk bersaling tindak dengan pengguna, membilang, mencatit masa, memapar jumlah bilangan dan menghantar data keluar melalui pengkalan RS232.

Pemproses mikro Z-80 telah digunakan sebagai pengawal sementara dua buah Z-80 CTC digunakan sebagai pembilang dan pemasa. Segala operasi CTC telah dikawal oleh perisian yang dibangunkan dengan menggunakan komputer VAX 11/730. Ujian operasi Z-BO CTC sebagai pemasa dan pembilang telah selesai dilakukan di atas contoh dasar. Begitu juga dengan pengawalan papan kekunci dan pemapar 7 ruas serta perhubungan RS232. Sehingga penghujung tahun ini, hampir semua pengujian contoh dasar telah selesai. Dalam tahun 1988 papan litar tercetak dan perisian lengkap akan disiapkan dan pengujian keseluruhan sistem akan dijalankan.

1.8 Gamma analyser s control and counting module

Mohd Ashhar Hj. Khalid

The designed system block diagram is shown in Figure 1.8.1. Parts which are indicated in dotted lines are not included in this project. In general, the designed module allows the whole system to interact with the user through the keyboard and the segment display, to perform pulse counting, to control the counting or timing operation and to transmit counts to any external device through an RS232 terminal.

Z-80 CPU is chosen as the heart of the system employing Z-80 CTC for counting and timing purposes. The system software which took up most of the development time was developed on the vAX 11/730 computer. The software was running perfectly on the prototype. Input/output devices

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1 1 l alatkesan i

'

L _

1

ttiur •

' pembekai I

penguat , amplifier!

i

i

r •

i p

1 si 1 1

,vui Leu I Lj.nyy.LJ

\high-voltage I I supply 1 i_ _ J

enganal luran t ngle-ct analyse

jam clock

isis | Linggal i tannel \ r 1

_J

pengkod alamat &

isyara L. «.dwdi i cu i address & control

signal coder

CTCi pembilang

counter *

CTC2 -pemasa

timer

pemproses-mikro

Z-80

micro­processor

P

>

ingatan memory

pengawal papan kekunci & pemapar keyboard & display

controller

!

span kekunci keyboard

1 pemapar display

Rajah 1.8.1 Figure 1.8.1

Rajah blok penganalisis gama Block diagram of the gamma analyser

such as keyboard, the 7-segment display and the RS232 communication was also running as expected. In 1988, the printed circuit-board Mill be developed and tested. After this, the whole system hardware and software final development and testing will be carried out.

1.9 Sistem laporan kad perakam waktu berkamputer

Azri Hashim, Jamaludin Omar dan Mohd. Nasir Wahid

Sistem ini bertujuan untuk mengesan ketidakpatuhan kakitangan Jabatan Instrumentasi dan Kawalan terhadap peraturan waktu pejabat. Ianya dapat dikesan pada kad perakam waktu dan terbahagi kepada ciri-ciri berikut :

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i. datang lewat, ii. keluar dan masuk di waktu bekerja,

iii. pulang awal.

Data-data tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam komputer. Setiap akhir bulan pihak pengurusan akan dapat mengetahui jumlah kekerapan kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut serta sebab-sebabnya untuk diambil tindakan lanjut.

Sistem ini digunakan pada komputer peribadi IBM dan pembangunan perisian dibuat dengan menggunakan program dBase III.

1.9 Computerised punch-card reporting system

Pizri Hashim, Jamaludin Omar and Mohd. Nasir Wahid

This system is designed to trace irregularities in the marking hours among the staff of Instrumentation and Control Department, particularly as a result of :

i . coming late, i i . coming in and out during office hours,

i i i . going home early.

These data are fed into the system, fit the end of the month, the system will print the list of irregularities and the corresponding reasons given for further action to be taken by management.

The system runs on an IBM PC using dBase III.

1.10 Sistem laporan produktiviti kakitangan berkomputer

Azri Hashim, Jamaludin Omar dan Mohd. Nasir Wahid

Sistem ini menyimpan serta menyenaraikan kod-kod produktiviti serta hasil utama kakitangan Jabatan Instrumentasi dan Kawalan. Kod produktiviti harian yang terdiri daripada A, B, C dan D akan dimasukkan ke dalam sistem ini pada setiap akhir bulan. Sebagai keluaran, sistem ini akan menyenaraikan peratus kod-kod tersebut bagi setiap kakitangan serta kerja yang dihasilkan mengikut bulan atau tahun.

Sistem ini dikendalikan dengan komputer peribadi IBM dan dibina dengan menggunakan program dBase III.

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l.lO Computerised employee productivity reporting system

Azri Hashim, Jamaludin Omar and tlohd. Nasir Wahid

The objective of this system is to store and list productivity codes and the main Jobs of every staff in the Instrumentation and Control Department for a particular month. These codes are graded by the alphabets of ft, B, C and D are input into the system at the end of the month. The system will then print the percentage of each productivity codes and the main jobs done monthly or annually for every staff.

The system runs on an IBM personal computer using dBase III.

1.11 Penunjuk sinaran mudah alih

Nasarudin Abdul Mubin

Alat ini direkabsntuk untuk digunakan sebagai alat pengesan sinaran yang terdapat di sekitar alat, terutamanya untuk mengesan sinar gama dan sinat—X. Bambarajah blok sistem ini adalah seperti dalam rajah 1.11.1.

Denyut keluaran yang dihasilkan oleh pengesan dihantar kepada litar terkamil penukar frekuensi ke voltan. Voltan., V0, dibandingkan dengan voltan rujukan, Vr, iaitu voltan ambang dos sinaran latarbelakang. Apabila voltan V0 lebih tinggi daripada Vr, pembanding akan mencetuskan geganti dan penggera lampu yang berputar.

Termasuk dalam rekabentuk ini ialah bekalan voltan tinggi (600 V) untuk pengesan.

+ I2V

pembekal voltan tinggi high-valtage

supply

"

pengesan detector

Rajah 1.11.1 : Gambarajah blok bagi penunjuk sinaran mudah alih Figure 1.11.1 : Block diagram of the portable radiation indicator

takometer (tachometer)

penukar voltan ke frekuensi voltage to frequency converter

I'M pembanding

comparator

geganti

relay

/tr ^r

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1.11 Portable radiation indicator

Nasarudin Abdul Mubin

This instrument was designed and fabricated for the detection of radiation in the surrounding. The block diagram is shown in figure 1.11.1. It is specifically designed to detect X- and gamrta rays.

The output pulse from the detector is fed into a frequency to converter IC. The voltage, V0, is compared with a reference voltage, •,r,

voltage Vr

which represents a background signal. When the voltage produced is greater than the reference voltage, the comparator mil trigger a relay to switch on an alarm in the form of a rotating lamp.

Included in the design is a high voltage (600 V) power supply for the detector.

1.12 Makmal pembangunan pemproses mikro

Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman

Makmal pembangunan pemproses mikro diwujudkan untuk membantu pembangunan perisian dan juga perkakasan projek-projek yang berasaskan pemproses mikro. Sistem pembangunan ini berasaskan sistem komputer VAX 11/730 yang telah ditauliahkan dalam tahun 1986.

Sistem pembangunan pemproses mikro tersebut terdiri daripada alat-alat MICE II and pengatur EPROM. Dua modul MICE dibeli untuk unit pemproses pusat Z-80 dan 8085. Alat-alat tersebut boleh berhubung dengan komputer VAX melalui perisian-perisian khas. Pengguna boleh berhubung dengan alat-alat tersebut melalui pengkalan-pengkalan VAX. Dua pengkalan VT100 dibeli untuk kegunaan dengan komputer VAX 11/730. Dengan penggunaan tersebut pembangunan perisian menjadi lebih mudah dan cepat dan ini menggalakkan perkembangan projek-projek yang berasaskan pemproses mikro.

VAX 11/730 juga boleh digunakan untuk pembangunan saintifik yang lain'. Ianya digunakan oleh sistem pembilang seluruh badan untuk penganalisaan data. Penggunaan-penggunaan lain juga boleh dijalankan tetapi buat masa ini kekurangan pengkalan tidak boleh menampung jumlah pengguna yang lebih ramai.

VT100 #1 VT100 #2

MICE * VAX 11/730 EPROM prog

Rajah 1.12.1 : Gambarajah blok makmal pembangunan pemproses mikro Figure 1.12.1 : Block diagram of the MDL

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1.12 Microprocessor development laboratory

Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman

The microprocessor development laboratory (MDL) was set up to assist in the development of software and hardware of all microprocessor-based projects. The system is based on the VAX 11/730 minicomputer which was commissioned in 1986.

Components of the MDL include the MICE II (microprocessor in-circuit emulator) and the EPROM programmer. Two modules of MICE were purchased, one for the Z-80 and the other for 8085 central processing units. All the devices are able to communicate with the VAX computer via special software. Users communicate with the devices via the VAX terminals. Two terminals emulating VTIOO were purchased for accessing the VAX 11/730. Software development was very much simplified using the system, thus enhancing the development of microprocessor-based projects.

Besides supporting the MDL, the VAX 11/730 could also be used for other scientific purposes. In fact it is currently used by the whole-body counter. Other applications is also possible but currently there is an insufficient number of terminals to support many users.

1.13 Penukar sampel III

if,

Jamaludin bin Omar, Salleh Mihud dan Ariff Hamzah

Rekabentuk mekanik penukar sampel ini yang menggunakan prinsip mesin gan seperti yang dilaporkan dalam laparan 1.21 Aktiviti-aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1986 telah berjaya disiapkan. Kawalan elektronik yang telah direkabentuk dipasangkan dan diuji dengan rekabentuk ini. Contoh-dasar keseluruhan penukar sampel ini, dari segi sistem mekanik dan kawalan elektronik, telah juga disambungkan dan diuji operasinya bersama sistem MCA ND66. Keseluruhan sistem berfungsi seperti yang dikehendakki. Kawalan masa untuk membilang dan menukar sampel boleh dilakukan oleh kawalan elektronik penukar sampel ini ataupun dipindahkan kepada sistem MCA ND66 dengan menggunakan suis-suis yang ditetapkan.

1.13 Sample changer III

Jamaludin bin Omar, Salleh Mihud and Ariff Hamzah

The mechanical design of this sample changer using the machine-gun principle as illustrated in report 1.21 in the Activities of the Research Division 1986 has successfully been completed. The electronic control of

Jabatan Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan

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the sample changer was fixed and tested with the mechanical design, A prototype of the whole sample changer including mechanical and electronic controls was connected to the ND66 MCA system and tested. The system functioned as required. Counting time and sample changing control is carried out by the electronic control of the sample changer or can be transferred to the AID6A MCA system through appropriate switches.

1.14 Pemasa elektronik untuk kebuk gama 400QA

Jamaludin Omar, Salleh Mihud dan Abdul Halim Ramli

Kebuk gamma 4000A ini adalah buatan Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India, la menggunakan pemasa mekanik di dalam rekabentuk asalnya. Pemasa mekanik ini membalehkan masa penyinaran secara automatik terhadap sesuatu sampel ditetapkan sehingga maksimum dua jam.

Projek ini adalah bertujuan untuk merekabentuk dan menyiapkan satu pemasa elektronik untuk menggantikan pemasa mekanik memandangkan terdapatnya keperluan untuk menyinarkan sampel secara automatik lebih daripada dua jam. Pemasa elektronik yang telah direkabentuk ini membolehkan masa penyinaran terhadap sesuatu sampel ditetapkan sehingga 99 jam 59 minit 59 saat dengan menggunakan suis—suis tertentu. Ketepatan pemasa elektronik ini adalah jauh lebih baik daripada ketepatan pemasa mekanik yang digantikan. Pemasa elektronik ini telah dipasang kepada kebuk gamma dan diuji. la berfungsi seperti yang dikehendakki.

1.14 Electronic timer for gamma chamber 40OOA

Jamaludin Omar, Salleh Mihud and ftbdul Halim Ramli

The gamma chamber 4O0OA was made by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India. It uses a mechanical timer in the original design. This mechanical timer enables irradiation time in the automatic mode to be set up to a maximum of two hours.

The aim of this project was to design and develop an electronic timer to replace the mechanical timer since there was a requirement for irradiating samples automatically for more than two hours. This electronic timer was designed so that the irradiation time can be set to a maximum of 99 hours 59 minutes and 59 seconds using thumbwheel switches. The accuracy of this electronic timer is better than that of the mechanical timer. It was fixed to the gamma chamber, tested and found to be functioning as required.

Jabatan Kawalan Sinaran dan Kesihatan

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1.15 Penguji pemapar 7 ruas

Sakilah Mansor

Penguji pemapar 7 ruas ini merupakan satu projek yang ringkas. Alat ini direka untuk membantu pengguna dan stor elektronik untuk mengenalbeza fungsi—fungsi setiap ruas pemapar tersebut riengan tepat dan cepat. Alat ini dapat menguji pemapar 7 ruas yang berukuran 0.3 inci dan 0.5 inci samada dalam jenis anod sepu atau jenis katod sepu.

1.15 7-Segment display tester

Sakilah Mansor

This tester is a simple project. The reason for fabricating this instrument is to help 7-segemnt display users and the electronic store to identify the function of each segment of the display accurately and rapidly, it is able to test O.J inch and 0.3 inch displays being either a common-anode or common-cathode type.

1.16 Antaramuka di an tar a pembilang BICRON dan komputer peribadi t<EC

Abu Bakar Hasan, Jamaludin Omar, Mohd Saleh Mihud, Mobd Amin Sharifuldin Salleh dan Jaafar Abdullah

Projek ini merupakan projek antaramuka di antara pembilang BICRON dengan komputer peribadi NEC yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis data daripada pembilang BICRON terus pada komputer peribadi NEC. Rekabentuk asas sistem ini adalah seperti yang di gambarkan dalam rajah 1.16.1.

Dari nasil projek ini, pinak pengguna akan dapat menyimpan data di dalam RAM komputer peribadi dan terus menggunakan data ini semasa memplot.

1.16 Interface between BICRON counter and hEC personal computer

PDu Bakar Hasan, Jamaludin Omar, Mohd Saleh Mihud, Mohd Amin Sharifuldin Salleh and Jaafar Abdullah

This project involves establishing communication or interface between A£ET personal computer and BICRON counter. This Mould enable data from BICRON counter to be sent directly to the NEC PC for analysis. A block diagram of the system is shown in figure 1.16.1.

The user can now store data inside the NEC RAM pack and use these for plotting when required.

Jabatan Reaktor

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masukan pembilang input BICRON bilang counter count

—*!' tahan . hold

Rajah 1.16.1 : Bambarajah blok antaramuka bagi penyambungan komputer per ibadi NEC dengan pembilang BICRON

Figure 1.16.1 : Block diagram of the interface far connecting an NEC personal computer to the BICRON counter

1.17 Papan l i t a r masukan-keluaran untuk u n i t kamputer mikro piawai

Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman dan Saleh Mihud

Projek i n i adalah sambungan daripada projek u n i t kanputer mikro piawai atau l e b i h d i kena l i sebagai Z-BO motherboard sepe r t i yang t e l ah di laporkan dalam laporan 1.18 A k t i v i t i - A k t i v i t i Bahagian Penyel idikan 1985. Penyel idikan ke atas penggunaan u n i t i n i te lah dimulakan selepas laporan tersebut d i s ia rkan . Untuk membantu perhubungan d i antara pengguna dengan u n i t pemproses pusat atau motherboard, sebuah papan l i t a r masukan-keluaran t e l a h direkabentuk dengan l i t a r - l i t a r pengantaramukaan kepada pemapar 7-ruas, papan kekunci , s u i s - s u i s , pemapar LED dan perant i b e r s i r i . Menjelang pertengahan 1987 projek i n i te lah berjaya menghasilkan sebuah papan l i t a r masukan-keluaran d i g i t yang mengandungi semua antaramuka—antaramuka d i atas kecual i antaramuka b e r s i r i .

Sebuah kad antaramuka s i r i juga direkabentuk d i dalam papan l i t a r yang berasingan supaya dengan i t u dapat membuat penyel idikan tentang penggunaan pelbagai papan l i t a r d i dalam satu s is tem. Beberapa perubahan pada rekabentuk asal te lah d ibuat supaya o b j e k t i f i n i t e r capa i . H a s i l -has i l penyel id ikan i n i direkodkan dan disimpan d i Jabatan Instrumentasi dan Kawalan untuk kegunaan projek-projek masa hadapan.

Pembangunan perkakasan-perkakasan tersebut d i i k u t i dengan pembangunan per i s ian -per i s ian yang bersangkutan. R u t i n - r u t i n yang piawai dan bermodul direkabentuk supaya ianya dapat dikumpulkan nant i menjadi sebuah sistem pengoperasi p r i m i t i f untuk u n i t pemproses te rsebut .

litar antaramuka interface circuit

komputer NEC

computer

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1.17 Input-output boards for the standard microcomputer unit

Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman and Sal eh Mihud

This project is a continuation of the standard microcomputer unit or ZBO motherboard as previously described in report 1.18 of the Activities of the Research Division 1985. Since the report Mas published, research and development has progressed towards the usage of the motherboard. To assist in user communication with the central processing unit, i.e. the motherboard, an input-output board was designed with interfaces to a- 7-segment display, keyboard, switches, indicators and serial devices. By the middle of 1987, a custom-made digital input-output board was produced with all the interfaces mentioned above except for the serial interface.

ft serial interface card was then designed separately and research was carried out to integrate multiple boards into the system. Several modifications were made to improve the design to allow multi-board operation. These experiences were recorded in several reports kept in the Instrumentation and Control Department and will be used as references in future projects.

Both hardware and software development were carried out simultaneously. Standard input-output routines were designed to drive the interfaces. These were made as modular as passible so that i t could be compiled collectively and in due course form a primitive operating system for the mo therboard.

1.18 Papan contoh-dasar

Aisah Ibrahim dan. Abu Bakar Ghazali

Papan contah-dasar i n i adalah ubahsuaian d a r i papan contoh-dasar asal dengan menambah beberapa fungs i l a g i untuk melengkapkan penggunaannya d i dalam u j i a n dan pengukuran e l e k t r o n i k . la mempunyai 3 papan l i t a r tercetak i a i t u pembekal kuasa, penjana i sya ra t dan pemapar l o g i k . Pembekal kuasa +5 V, 1 A yang d ipe ro leh i d a r i pengawal 7805 membekalkan kuasa kepada l i t a r - l i t a r pengawas berangka dan l og i k . Pembekal kuasa boleh-ubah 0 hingga +30 V d ipe ro leh i dengan menggunakan pengawal vo l tan RS306-0H. Pembekal kuasa +15 V digunakan kepada l i t a r penjana i s y a r a t . Peruana isyara t menggunakan l i t a r terkami l RS8038CC dan mengeluarkan gelombang-gelombang s inus , segiempat dan g i g i g e r g a j i . Sebuah meter ampere 100 mA dengan dua pengkalan dipasang pada a l a t i n i untuk mengukur arus atau v o l t a n .

1.18 Proto-board

Aisah Ibrahim and Abu Bakar Ghazali

The current proto-board is an upgraded/improved version of the original proto-board with new functions added to cater for a wider range of

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electronic testing and measurements. The new board consists of boards such as the poller supply unit, signal generator and logic display respectively. The +5 v", 1 A suppJy is obtained from the mains via a 7QQ5 regulator and transformer which in turn supplies power to the numeric monitor and logic monitor. The> 0 to +30 V variable power supply is provided by RS30&-011 voltage regulator. The power supply unit also provides +15 V to the signal-generator circuit. This signal generator uses RS80S8CC and is capable of generating sinusoidal, square and sawtooth waveforms. An additional ammeter (100 tnA) is also added with two external terminal connectors far the purpose of using either as an <ammeter or a voltmeter.

1.1? Sistem pemberitahu umum untuk blok pameran UTN

Mohd. Saleh, Slam Hadzir P. Mohamad dan ftbd Halim A l i

Sistem pemberitahu umum (sistem PA) dibuat khas untuk kegunaan d i b i l i k takl imat . Alat i n i juga dilengkapkan dengan a la t perakam suara dan pengaturcara s i a id . Sistem ini mengandungi beberapa modul yang setiap satunya dipasang berasingan. Di antat-anya ia lah :

i . Pencampur - terdapat 7 masukan i a i t u 4 untuk mikrofon dan 3 untuk p i ta , cakera dan I a i n - l a i n . Kesemua masukan boleh dikawal dengan tombol yang ter letak pada bahagian hadapan pencampur. Audio keluaran boleh dikawal nada dengan tomtol bass dan t reble .

i i . Penyama - adalah j e n i s stereo kawalan dua arah; k i r i dan kanan. Julat frekuensi adalah 500 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz dan 1.2 kHz.

i i i . Penguat audio - mempunyai 2 modul, untuk pembesar suara d i sebelah k i r i dan d i sebelah kanan. Kuasa maksimum untuk setiap unit adalah 10O W. Paras kuasa audio ditunjukkan oleh 10 LED yang dipasang sebaris.

iv . Geladak kaset - I n i merupakan tambahan dan digunakan untuk merakam suara dan sebagai muzik latarbelakang.

1.19 Publxc~address system for UTN exhibition block

Mohd Saleh, Slam Hadzir P. Hohamad and ftbd Halim Ali

The public~address system is built for use in the seminar and briefing room. It is incorporated with a tape recorder and slide programmer. The system is divided into modules which are installed separately and are as follows :

i. Mixer —it has 7 inputs, A for microphones and another 3 inputs are reserved for a tape, a disc and auxilliary respectively. All the input signals can be controlled by knobs located in front of the mixer. It also has a bass and a treble controller.

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i i . Equaliser - it is a stereo type system with left and right audio controls. It covers the frequency ranges at 500 Hz, BOO Hz, 1 kHz and 1.2 kHz.

Hi. Audio amplifier - i t has two units. It is connected to the left and right speakers. The maximum output for each unit is lOO W. The audio audio power level is displayed by lO LEDs.

iv. Cassette deck - i t can be used as a tape recorder- for background , music and recording.

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PROGRAM TEKNOLOGI NUKLEAB

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PROGRAM TEKNuUTRT M «a FAR

2.1 Pengenalan

Tahun 1987 adalah tahun yang rumit dari segi kewangan untuk penyelidikan teknologi nuklear. Bagaimanapun, kakitangan Program Teknologi Nuklear telah menunjukkan semangat dedikasi da lam pengendalian projek-projek yang dirancangkan. Ini dapat disaksikan daripada laporan—laporan yang dikemukakan dalam terbitan ini.

Usaha perancangan pembinaan alat serakan sudut kecil neutron telah berjalan dengan lancar melalui rekabentuk terperinci alat yang dikehendakki (laporan 2.2). Permohonan kewangan bagi alat ini dari Peruntukan R&D telah dikemukakan dan diluluskan. Tidak ketinggalan ialah aktiviti-aktiviti penyelidikan dalam bidang serakan neutron dan teknik-teknik berkaitan yang dilakukan menggunakan alat-alat dan kemudahan-kemudahan di luar negeri (laporan-laporan 2.3 dan 2.4). Melalui perjalanan aktiviti penyelidikan serentak dengan perancangan pembinaan alat, adalah diharapkan bahawa masa yang diambil untuk menauliahkan alat sepenuhnya dapat dipendekkan.

Usaha Program Teknologi Nuklear dalam penyarian uranium, thorium dan unsut—unsur lain telah meningkat serta mencapai kemajuan yang baik (laporan-laporan 2.5 hingga 2.7). Dalam tahun 1987, Program Teknolagi Nuklear telah berganding bahu dengan beberapa para saintis dari Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia untuk memajukan penyelidikan ini. Penganalisaan unsur—unsur juga memainkan peranan penting dalam hal ini, seperti yang dapat dilihat daripada jumlah bilangan laporan yang disediakan (laporan-laporan 2.8 hingga 2.13). Selaras dengan perancangan Program ini dalam pembangunan bahan dan bahan api nuklear, penyelidikan-penyelidikan kajilogam dan kajibahan turut dimajukan (laporan-laporan 2.15 hingga 2.18).

Tahun. 1987 juga merupakan tahun permulaan kumpulan baru dalam Program Teknologi Nuklear, iaitu Kumpulan Pengesan Sinaran. Kumpulan ini telah terlibat dalam aktiviti pembentukan pengesan sinaran isian gas (laporan 2.19) seperti di tahun-tahun lepas. Penentuan kaedah penyalutan kepingan logam nipis ke atas substratum juga dilakukan sebagai permulaan usaha pembentukan pengesan sawar permukaan separuh pengalir (laporan 2.21). Aktiviti baru yang diusahakan ialah pembangunan pengesan runut keadaan pepejal. Sebagai permulaan, teknik pentarikhan runut pembelahan sedang dibangunkan (laporan 2.20).

Selain daripada aktiviti-aktiviti penyelidikan utama yang dinyatakan di atas, Program Teknologi Nuklear juga terlibat dalam penyelidikan-penyelidikan sampingan, biasanya bersama institusi luar, menggunakan peralatan yang wujud di bawah jagaannya. Projek pengawasan kesihatan di sekitar lombong—lombong dan kilang-kilang pemerosesan bijih timah masih diteruskan. Satu lagi projek berkenaan dengan kajian alam sekitar dapat dilihat dalam laporan 2.14.

Program Teknologi Nuklear juga berupaya memberi beberapa khidmat analisis dalam tahun 1987. Suatu bengkel mengenai teknik dan alat analisis neutron tertunda yang dimajukan oleh Program Teknologi Nuklear telah diadakan untuk memberi penerangan kepada bakal pengguna mengenai kelebihan teknik

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ini. Alat tersebut telah mula dijalankan untuk penganalisaan berkala semenjak bulan Jun, 1937. Selain daripada khidmat penganalisaan uranium dan thorium yang menjadi bidang pengkhususan Program Teknologi Nuklear, khidmat penganalisaan kajilogam juga telah diberi. Ini telah dapat diberi kerana kewujudan beberapa alat serba lengkap seperti mikroskop imbasan elektron dan Iain-lain. Aktiviti ini akan diusahakan dengan lebih giat lagi pada tahun-tahun akan datang.

Saya ingin mengambil kesempatan ini untuk mengucapkan berbanyak terima kasih dan merakamkan penghargaan eaya kepada semua ahli Program Teknologi Nuklear yang telah memberi sumbangan dan sakongan sepenuhnya dalam segala perkara yang diusahakan oleh Program ini. Kerjasama ini sangat-sangat diharapkan pada masa-masa akan datang untuk memastikan rancangan-rancangan Program Teknalogi Nuklear mencapai kejayaan yang diidamkan.

Abdul 6haffar Ramli, PhD, MIPM, Ketua Program Teknologi Nuklear

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NUCLEI TEChHOLOGY PROGRtWE

2.1 Introduction

1987 was a di fficul t year in terms of finances available for research in nuclear technology. However, members of the Nuclear Technology Programme (PTN) have shown dedication in the execution of projects planned. This can be observed from the reports submitted for this issue.

Efforts towards planning and fabrication of the small-angle neutron scattering instrument proceeded well through detailed design of the intended instrument (report 2.2). The request for financing this instrument from the R&D Budget had been submitted and approved. Not forgotten are research activities in neutron scattering and related techniques, which were conducted using instruments and facilities overseas (reports 2.3 and 2.4). Through a parallel execution of research work and the planned construction of the instrument, it is hoped that the time required to commission the instrument fully would be minimised.

The Nuclear Technology Programme's efforts in the extraction of uranium, thorium and other elements have increased and achieved a good degree of progress (reports 2.5 to 2.7). In 1987, the Nuclear Technology Programme underwent co-operation with scientists from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for the advancement of this research area. The analysis of elements also plays an important role in this respect, as can be noticed from the large number of reports prepared on this subject (reports 2.8 to 2.13). In line with the Programme's plans in the development of nuclear fuels and materials, research in metallurgy and materials science were also expanded (reports 2.15 to 2.18).

1987 also saw the beginning of a new group in the Nuclear Technology Programme, that is, the Radiation Detectors Group. This group were involved in the fabrication of gas-filled detectors (report 2.19) as in previous years. The determination of techniques for coating thin metallic layers on substrates were also done as a beginning to efforts in the fabrication of semiconductor surface-barrier detectors, rt new activity which has been initiated is the development of solid-state track detectors. Fission-track dating is being developed for a start (report 2.20).

Besides the main line of research as mentioned above, the Nuclear Technology Programme is also involved in side-line research, usually in co-operation with external institutions, using equipment available under the Programme's care. Monitoring of occupational exposure to dust around tin mines and processing plants continue to be carried out. Another project dealing w i th environmental research can be seen in report 2.14.

The Nuclear Technology Programme also managed to offer a nuii:ber of analytical services in 1987. A workshop on the techniques and equipment for delayed-neutron analysis which was commissioned by the Nuclear Technology Programme was organised as a means to inform potential users on the merits of the technique. That equipment had been operated on a routine basis since June, 1987. Besides analytical services on uranium and thorium analysis, which happens to be the Nuclear Technology Programme's speciality, analytical services in metallurgy have also been

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30

given. This had been enabled through the availability of a number of sophisticated equipment such as the scanning electron microscope. This activity Mill be executed on a bigger scale in future years.

I uould like to take this opportunity to thank and record my sincerest gratitude to all members af the Nuclear Technology Programme mho have given their contribution and support in every aspect of inork done by this Programme. This co-operation is dearly expected for the future to ensure that the Nuclear Technology Programme's plans achieve the success that is hoped for.

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, PhD, MIPM, Head, Nuclear Technology Programme

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2.2 Rekabentuk alat serakan sudut kecil neutron

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Mohamad Deraman, Mohd. Ali Sufi dan Abdul Razak Rohany

Butir-butir terperinci rekabentuk alat serakan sudut kecil neutron (MUNSHI) telah dilakukan dalam tahun 1987. Rajah 2.2.1 menunjukkan jangkaan rupabentuk alat ini.

Perisai pemonokromat adalah berbentuk perangkap alur, menggunakan blok-blok anulus yang dibentuk daripada plumbum dan campuran parafin-asid borik. Struktur ini akan mengandungi kriostat penapis berilium dan susunatur pemonokromat H0P6. Perisai ini akan dibentuk dalam blok bermodiul supaya mudah dibina, dipasang dan untuk kerja-kerja penyenggaraan komponen-komponen di dalamnya pada masa-masa akan datang. Perhatian telah dilakukan semasa perkiraan ketebalan perisai yang diperlukan supaya kadar dos maksimum di luar perisai, di mana pekerja akan berada ketika pengendalian, tidak melebihi 10 uSv j . Pada dua tempat, iaitu pada lubang pengisi nitrogen cecair di atas perisai dan lubang pengeluaran alur neutron di tepi perisai, kadar dos neutron dan gama lebih tinggi dan adalah dalam persekitaran 1 mSv j

Tiub-tiub pengkolimat akan dibentuk daripada bebibir yakum keluli kalis karat Klein 40 mm berserta tiub-tiub keluli kalis karat yang dikimpal kepada bebibir vakum. 50 mm 'boroflex', iaitu getah yang mengandungi boron, akan disalut di sebelah luar pengkolimat untuk berfungsi sebagai perisai terhadap sinaran neutron daripada luar dan dalam pengkolimat. Tingkap kemasukkan ke pengkolimat akan dibuat daripada bebibir kosong di mana lubang yang diperlukan telah dilarik. 250 urn hablur tunggal silikon atau 1 mm aluminium akan dilekatkan menutupi lubang ini untuk membentuk tingkap yang diperlukan. Bukaan kemasukkan akan dibentuk daripada topeng kadmium yang boleh ditukarganti, yang diletakkan di dalam pemegang berasingan daripada tingkap pengkolimat tetapi berhadapan • dengan pengkolimat. Pemegang ini boleh dilaraskan pada satah serenjang dengan paksi alur neutron. Tiub-tiub pengkolimat juga boleh dilaraskan pada satah ini, berserta selari dengan paksi alur neutron untuk membenarkan perubahan kepada geometri alat.

Kebuk sampel akan dibentuk daripada kotak keluli kalis karat berserta lapisan 'boroflex' di luarnya. Susunatur kebuk sampel juga mempunyai penyambung pengkolimat pendek dan tiub penerbangan keduaan pendek yang bertentangan. Tiub penerbangan keduaan dicantumkan kepada ruang kebuk sampel melalui injap get bukaan lebar. Beberapa penyambung tambahan disediakan, seperti penyambung vakum dan pemanjangan pengkolimat berserta tingkap dan bukaan yang sesuai. Sampel akan dimasukkan ke dalam ruang melalui penutup di atas kebuk sampel. Jangkaan pada masa hadapan ialah untuk mengubahsuai penutup ini supaya mengandungi sistem penukar sampel insani serta litar pemanas/penyejuk sampel.

Tiub-tiub penerbangan keduaan akan dibentuk daripada bebibir mengapit keluli kalis karat 1000 mm bersama tiub-tiub keluli lembut. Campuran boron karbida dan damar epoksi di antara 100 mm dan 150 mm akan digunakan

Jabatan Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan

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PERISAI PENAPIS Be DAN PEMONOKROMAT «^t

(Be FLFER AND MONOCHROMATOR SHIELDING

, v KEBUK SAMPEL (SAMPLE CHAMBER)

• TIUB PENERBANGAN KEDUAAN (SECONDARY FLIGHT TUBE)

Rajah 2.2.1 : Rupabentuk isoiretxi a la t serakan sudut kecil neutron. Figure 2.2.1 : Isoiretric view of the small-angle neutron scattering

Instrument.

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sebagai perisai neutron. Ruang pengesan peka kedudukan (PSD) adalah tiub penerbangan keduaan khas yang mengandungi suap lalu lelurus/putaran yang membenarkan pelarasan penangkap alur di hadapan PSD. PSD akan diletakkan di dalam ruang ini menghadap tiub-tiub vakum. Ruang sebelah belakang PSD akan berada pada tekanan udara biasa dan akan mengandungi sistem edaran udara untuk penyejukan litar elektranik pengesan.

Keperluan vakum untuk alat ini tidak ketara dan bertujuan hanya untuk mengurangkan serakan neutron oleh udara melalui pengurangan bilangan molekul udara pada laluan neutron. Tekanan 1 Pa yang dijangka akan diperolehi melalui penggunaan pam vakum ram putar dua peringkat. Sistem vakum, yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah 2.2.2, mengandungi beberapa injap insani yang membenarkan kemasukan sampel tanpa kemasukan udara ke dalam seluruh ruang vakum. Susunatur ini akan mengurangkan masa untuk mengepam semula setelah sampel dimasukkan.

Pengumpulan data akan dilakukan melalui komputer IBM PC/AT, menggunakan talian DMA untuk memindah data terus kepada ingatan daripada sistem CAMAC terubahsuai yang menjana alamat-alamat pengesanan neutron di dalam pengesan. Komputer PC/AT akan juga mengawal pemaparan data serakan. Adalah dianggar pemaparan isometri (dalam hitam-putih) dan kontor (dalam 8 warna) akan dibenarkan. Sedikit pemprosesan data boleh dilakukan pada PC/AT. Pemprosesan lanjut akan dilakukan pada VAX 11/730 yang sedia ada menggunakan pengkalan ini atau yang lain. Skema pemprosesan terbahagi ini mungkin akan mengelakkan masalah bersangkutan dengan pengendalian alat sekiranya terjadi kerosakan komputer utama.

Pembinaan alat ini akan dimulakan pada tahun hadapan. Perjanjian bagi pembekalan PSD, yang biasanya dibina mengikut pesanan, juga dijangka akan dilakukan pada tahun hadapan. Jangkamasa pembinaan dianggarkan selama dua tahun. Kerja-kerja lain yang akan dilakukan dalam dua tahun berikut ialah pembangunan perisian untuk pengumpulan dan pemprosesan data.

2.2 Design of a small-angle neutron-scattering instrument

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Mohamad Deraman, Mohd. AH Sufi and Abdul Razak Rohany

Details of the design of the intended small-angle neutron-scattering instrument (MUNSHI) were done in 1987. An isometric view of the expected shape of the instrument is shown in fig. 2.2.1.

The monochromator shielding mil be a beam-trap design, employing annular blocks of lead and borated paraffin. This structure will house the beryllium filter cryostat and HOPS monochromator assembly. The shielding will be constructed in modular blocks for ease of construction, assembly and future maintenance of the internal components. Care had been exercised in the design calculations to achieve a maximum dose-rate of lO

JJSV h around the shield where personnel are expected to be present even during operation. An exception to this is at the liquid-nitrogen filler

Engineering Services Department

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-C-

LINEAR/ROTARY FEEDTHROUGH P ^

mthr ft& PIRANI HEAD AND GAUGE

COLLIMATOR: AOmrnKLEIN FLANGE • SSTUBE WELDED

t H \ G \ F / E / D5

100mm SCREW/CLAMP FLANGES

SECONDARY FLIGHT-TUBE

\ * - * *# 0 "fUI |&?~ C^B^A'1.

GATE VAVE

T-PIECE ° 25 mm KLEIN

^

-^HM

OIL-MIST FILTER

REDUCTION K-PIECE Wmm-10mm KLEIN FLANGE

REDUCTION ! ' PIECE

25mm-10mm KLEIN FLANGE

VENTING OR ISOLATION VALVES

ROTARY-VANE PUMP

>15M 3 S ' 1

Rajah 2.2.2 : Sistem vakum untuk a l a t serakan sudut kec i l neutron.

Figure 2.2-2 : Vacuum system for the snai l-angle neutron scat ter ing instrument.

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35

hale on top of the shield and the beam-extraction port on the side where the neutron and gamma dose is expected to be in the region of 1 mSv h .

The collimator tubes will be made from 40 mm stainless-steel Klein vacuum flanges welded to appropriate lengths of stainless-steel tubing. The exterior of the collimator will be wrapped with 50 mm of boroflex, a boron-loaded rubber compound, which will serve as an adequate shield against internal as well as external neutron radiation. The entrance window to the collimator will be made from blanking flanges with appropriate size holes turned in them. 250pm silicon single-crystal or 1 mm aluminium will be glued over the holes to form the required entrance windows. The entrance aperture will be made from removeable cadmium masks held on a suitable holder detached but in direct 1 ine-oi'-sight of the collimator window. The holder will be adjustable on a plane perpendicular to the beam axis. The collimator tubes are also adjustable on a plane perpendicular to the beam axis for alignment purposes, as well as parallel to the beam axis for instrument-geometry changes.

The sample chamber will be a stainless-steel box lined on the outside with boroflex. The sample chamber assembly is integral with a short collimator attachment on one end, and a short secondary flight-tube on the opposite end. The secondary flight-tube attachment to the sample chamber is made via a wide-aperture gate valve. Various attachments are available in the sample chamber to accommodate vacuum pump-down lines, extension tubes with entrance and exit windows as well as collimator exit apertures. Samples will be introduced from the top via a removeable lid. It is expected that future modification to this lid will be made to incorporate a simple, manually operated sample changer, and heating/ cooling circuits.

The secondary flight-path tubes will be made from J.0OO mm stainless-steel vacuum clamping flanges welded to appropriate lengths of mild—steel tubes, A mixture of boron carbide and epoxy resin between lOO mm and ISO mm will be used as the neutron shield. The position-sensitive detector (PSD) housing will be a special secondary flight-path tube with a linear/ rotary vacuum feedthrough which will allow adjustments to the beam stop to be made. The PSD will be mounted in this tube, with the front facing the evacuated beam tubes. The rear part of the PSD housing will be at atmospheric pressure and will incorporate an air-circulation system to cool the detector electronics.

Vacuum requirements for the instrument is not critical and is intended to minimise air-scattering of neutrons through reduction of air molecules in the path of the neutrons. The expected 1 Pa pressure in the tubes will be achieved using a two-stage rotary-vane vacuum pump. The vacuum line, shown in fig. 2.2.2, consists of a system of manually-operated valves which will allow sample entry without letting the entire volume to air. This mil minimise pump-down time after sample introduction.

Data acquisition will be done through an IBM PC/AT compatible personal computer, utilising a DUG line for direct data transfer to memory from a modified CfitlfiC crate which generates the positional address of neutron events occurring in the detector. The PC/AT will also control a live display of scattering data and i t is expected that isometric (rln monochrome) or contour (in 8 colours) displays will be supported, ft

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limited amount of data processing can be done on the PC/AT. Further processing (off-line) Mill be done on an existing VftX 11/730 using this or other terminals. This distributed processing scheme may avoid future problems of instrument disruption due to computer breakdowns.

Construction of the instrument will commence next year, fin agreement for the supply of the PSD, which is usually made to order, is also expected to be entered into next year. A two-year construction period is anticipated. Other work expected to be carried out over the next two years is the development of software for data acquisition and analysis.

2.3 Kajian serakan sudut kecil sinar—X ke atas pengisi karbon hitam di dalam Getah Asli Malaysia bergred L (SMRL)

Mohamad Deraman, Wan Manshul Wan Zain dan Salleh Nordin

Teknik serakan sudut kecil sinar-X boleh digunakan untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri sistem fasa-berganda yang mempunyai struktur di antara 1 nm hingga 100 nm. Sifat utama yang mesti ada pada sampel yang dikaji ialah keperluan perbezaan yang mencukupi bagi ketumpatan elektron di antara fasa-fasa yang berlainan. Ini dapat pula menghasilkan keamatan serakan sinar-X yang mencukupi. Karbon hitam yang dimasukkan ke dalam getah sebagai zarah penenulang dapat membentuk sistem dua fasa. Ciri-ciri tertentu pengisi karbon dapat dikaji menggunakan teknik serakan sinai—X.

Spektrum serakan sudut kecil sinar—X untuk sampel-sampel yang disenaraikan dalam jadual 2.3.1 telah diperolehi dalam bentuk keamatan berlawan sudut serakan. Kajian serakan sinar-X dilakukan di Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University^ Canberra. Julat sudut serakan menghasilkan nilai Q di antara O.0O7 A dan 0.45 A Spektrum sinar-X ditafsirkan dengan melihat kepada nilai cerun dalam kawasan Porod.

Jadual 2.3.1 menyenaraikan nilai-nilai cerun tersebut. Nilai-nilai ini didapati bukan integer dan ini menunjukkan bahawa penyerak karbon hitam itu berbentuk agregat atau aglomerat dan tidak mempunyai bentuk geometri seperti sfera, silinder atau kepingan. Bentuk geometrinya tidak tertakrif dan penyerak yang seperti ini boleh dianggap mempunyai sifat-sifat fraktal. Tafsiran yang lebih kukuh memerlukan maklumat tambahan daripada data mikroskop hantaran elektron. Ini akan dilakukan tidak lama lagi.

Institut Penyelidikan Getah, Sungai Buluh

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sampel (sample) cerun ( slope)

Serbuk karban hitam (zarah pengisi) -3.49 Carbon black powder (filler particles)

SMRL mengandungi dikumil peroksid (terawet) -2.54 SMRL containing dicumyl peroxide (cured)

SMRL mengandungi pengisi karbcn hitam dan dikumil peroksid (tidak terawet) -2.72

SMRL containing carbon black filler and dicumyl peroxide (uncured)

SMRL mengandungi pengisi karbon hitam tanpa dikumil peroksid (tidak terawet) -2.65

SMRL containing carbon black filler without dicumyl peroxide (uncured)

SMRL mangandungi pengisi karbon hitam dan dikumil peroxide (tersinar dengan 1 Mrad sinaran gama) -2.82

SMRL containing carbon black filler and dicumyl peroxide (irradiated with 1 Mrad gamma irradiation)

SMRL mengandungi pengisi karban hitam tanpa dikumil peroksid (tersinar dengan 1 Mrad sinaran gama) -2.79

SMRL containing carbon black filler without dicumyl peroxide (irradiated with 1 Mrad gamma irradiation)

SMRL mengandungi pengisi karbon hitarn dan dikumil peroksid (terawet) -2.91

SMRL containing carbon black filler and dicumyl peroxide (cured)

Jadual 2 .3 .1 : Cerun keamatan dalam kawasan Pored bagi sampel-sampel yang d i k a j i

Table 2.3.1 : Slopes of intensity in the Porod region for the samples investigated

2.3 Small-angle X-ray scattering studies on carbon black filler in Standard Malaysian Rubber grade L (SMRL)

Mohamad Deraman, Ulan Manshul Zain and Salleh Nordin

Small-angle X-ray scattering can be used to study the characteristics of two-phase systems which have structures between 1 nm to 100 nm. The main feature of the samples is that there is sufficient electron density difference between the phases. This will be capable of producing appreciable scattering intensity. Carbon black which have been added to

Rubber Research Institute, Sungai Buluh

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rubber as reinforcement particle can form a two-phase system and their characteristics can be studied using X-ray scattering.

Small-angle X-ray scattering spectrum for the samples listed in table 2.3.1 were obtained in the fomt of intensity versus scattering angle. Scattering experiments were done at the Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra. The angular range provided a momentum-transfer range of between 0.007 /9 to 0.45 A . The X-ray spectra Mere interpreted by looking at the slopes of the intensities in the Rorod region.

Table 2.3.1 lists the values of the slopes. These values, found to be non-integral, indicate that the carbon black scatterers may be in the form of aggregates or agglomerates and geometrically not spherical, cylindrical or plate-like. Their geometry is not well-defined and these scatterers can be said to exhibit fractal properties. However, a more conclusive interpretation would require additional information from transmission-electron microscopy data. This will be done in due course.

2.4 Ana l i s i s kuan t i t i an d a r i data belauan neutron terhadap campuran berbi lang fasa

Mohd. A l i S u f i , R. J . H i l l * dan C. J . Howard*

Kaj ian belauan neutron di lakukan ke atas campuran sampel bahan ga l ian yang mempunyai ' l ima fasa ' yang ber la inan. Pengukuran d ibuat menggunakan jangkabelauan serbuk peleraian t i n g g i yang terdapat d i Lucas Height Research Laborator ies (LHRL), Aus t ra l i a . Data serakan d a r i pengukuran i n i d i tunjukkan dalam ra jah 2 . 4 . i . Ana l i s i s ke atas data serakan i n i d ibuat dengan memakai kaedah Re i t ve ld . Dalam kaedah i n i , keseluruhan corak belauan yang d ihas i l kan d a r i ka j ian dipadankan dengan kaedah kuasa dua t e r k e c i l . Kaedah pembaik—pulih p r o f i l i n i dapat menentukan n i l a i f a k t o r ska la yang mana berkadar terus dengan n i l a i berat se t iap fasa dalam campuran sampel tersebut . Rajah 2 .4 .1 menunjukkan dengan j e l a s kaedah Rei tve la i n i sangat berkesan dan dapat dipadankan dengan has i l k a j i a n . Kedudukan puncak—puncak ditanda dengan g a r i s tegak d i bawah puncak belauan dan perbezaan d i antara h a s i l ka j ian dengan perkiraan t e o r i d i tunjukkan d i bawah geraf tersebut . Perkiraan dan n i l a i asal bagi peratus berat se t i ap fasa campuran dapat d i l i h a t dalam jadual 2 . 4 . 2 . Jadual i n i menunjukkan bahawa n i l a i k i raan dengan n i l a i sebenar sangat hampir (<57.) dan perbezaan yang k e c i l mungkin disebabkan adanya s i f a t kehabluran secara bandingan dalam set iap fasa. Sejumlah 46 parameter d i ba i kpu l i h dan n i l a i t e rakh i r Rwp Rei tve ld i a l a h 5.11X. N i l a i Rg untuk se t iap fasa adalah sangat memuaskan.

CSIRO Div is ion o f Mineral Chemistry, Aus t ra l i a AAEC Lucas Heights Research Laborator ies, Aus t ra l i a

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1.0

0.5 -

0.0

0.0

'^J^KJO IAJU^J'

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i < i i • < i I I

• I I I i i i i i i i i i • i * i i i i i i i i i i I I i i i i i

I I >i i i i i ii i i i «i i I I I ii i i 111 i it n i i 11 I I I i i ii i 1 1 i i i I I i l l I I l i I II n i l I l ill I i I n ll I I Ii I I II I l II II

I ll I I II I II I I II l II I I II ll I l I ill I II I III l l l l II II II I I II II I H I ll II II I II II I I II I I II I I I I M l I I I I I II II i l l I I I I II I ll I II ll I I III II I ll II I I I I I » I l l l l I I I I II Ii I II

20 30 L0 50 60 70 80 90 100 TWO THETA (DEG)

110 120 130 HO 150 160

Rajah 2.4.1 : Corak belauan neutron serbuk yang diperolehi dari sanpel campuran.

Figure 2.4.1 : Neutron powder diffraction obtained from the sample mixture. CO 1X1

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40

Fasa P/rese

R u t i l e Galena P y r i t e S p h a l e r i t e

Formula Formula

Ti02 PbS FeS2

ZnS Chalcopyr i te CaFe03 Quartz S1O2

Kumpulan Space Group

Pfl^/mnm Fm3m

P a 3 F43m I42J P3, 21

Z

2 4 4 4 4 3

M (amu)

79.89«? 239.254 119.975 97 .434

189.515 60 .085

V(A 3 )

62.407 209.056 158.94 158.21 291.46 112.95

Jadual 2 . 4 . 1 : S i f a t - s i f a t f i z i k a l sampel campuran Table 2.4.1 : Physical properties of the sample mixture

Fasa

Phase

R u t i l e Galena P y r i t e Spha ler i te Chalcopyr i te Quartz

Jumlah

RB(7.)

1.82 0 .90 0 .59 1.00 1.69 1.64

( Total)

Skala Skala X Z W

Scale Scale X ZhV

1.393(12) 13892(120) 0.0370(26) 7403(484) 0 .1O1K26) 7711(198) 0.1248(64) 7695(394) 0 .0391(9) 3365(193) 0 .392(5) 7981(102)

7. asal

b e r a t ternormal

kpd 257. r u t i l wfc.X

raw

2 6 . 1 13.9 14 .5 14 .5 15.8 15 .1

10O.0

normalized

timbangan

As weighed

to 25'/. rutile

2 5 . 0 ( 9 ) 13 .3 (12 ) 13 .9(B) 13 .8 (11 ) 1 5 . 1 ( 8 ) 1 4 . 4 ( 6 )

9 5 . 5

25 15 15 15 15 15

100

Jadual 2 . 4 . 2 : Parameter-parameter yang d i p e r o i e h i daripada penurnian p r a f i l menggunakan kaedah Re i tve ld

Table 2.4.2 : Parameters obtained from profile refinement using Reitveld method

2.4 Quantitative analysis of multiphase mixture from neutron diffraction data

Mohd. Ali Sufi, R. J. Hill* and C. J. Howard*

The measurement of 'five phases' mixture of mineral samples has been made using the High Resolution Neutron Powder Diffractometer (HRPDJ at Lucas Heights Research Laboratories (LHFL), Australia. The neutron diffraction pattern obtained from this measurement is shorn in figure 2.4.1. Me have analysed the neutron patterns using Rietveld method. In this method, a

•' CSIRO Division of Mineral Chemistry, Australia AAEC Lucas Heights Research Laboratories, Australia

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41

least squares fit is made to the whole diffraction pattern from the multiphase mixture. This method determines the scale factor which is proportional to the weight of a phase in the mixture. It is clearly seen from the figure that the calculated intensities from Rietveld method fits very well to the observed values. The peak postions are indicated by vertical lines under the diffraction peaks and the difference between the observed and calculated intensities are shown below it. The actual and calculated weight percentages of every phase in the mixture are listed in table 2.4.2. It is shown that the calculated weight percentages are all close (<5X) to their actual values and the discrepancies which occur between these values may be due to the relative crystal Unities present in the individual phases, ft total of 4£> parameters have been refined and the final Rietveld Rwp value is 5.11'/.. The Bragg Rg values for each phase are very good.

2.5 Penyarian uranium dan thorium dari sisa kek thorium kilang ARE - penggunaan bahan kimia beryred industri

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abdul Rahman dan Wan Ali Wan Yusof

Teknik penyarian uranium dan thorium dari sisa kek thorium adalah berdasarkan kaedah penyarian pelarut. Tributil fosfat merupakan satu bahan organik piawai yang digunakan bagi pemisahan unsui—unsur ini. Uhtuk mendapatkan hasil yang baik, pencair bagi bahan organik ini adalah perlu dan pada umumnya eter petroleum, xylene, kerosin dan bahan yang seumpama digunakan. Beberapa faktor diambilkira dalam pemilihan bahan pencair yang sesuai. Di antara perkara yang mustahak ialah harga bahan tersebut, kesesuaiannya untuk digunakan dalam skala yang lebih besar, mudah diperolehi dan, tidak ketinggalan, ia seharusnya memberi hasil pemisahan yang baik.

Dalam kajian ini, perbandingan di antara eter petroleum bergred analar dan kerosin bergred industri telah dijalankan. Eter petroleum dipilih kerana dalam kajian yang terdahulu ia didapati sesuai sebagai pencair dan hasil yang diperolehi adalah memuaskan. Pemilihan kerosin adalah berdasarkan kepada harganya yang murah serta ianya digunakan dengan meluas sebagai pencair tributil fosfat.

Di samping menentukan kesesuaian pencair bergred industri, kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk memperolehi data-data yang bersangkutan dengan proses ini supaya keadaan optimum dapat diperolehi. Rajah 2.5.1 menunjukkan keupayaan penyarian uranium menggunakan kepekatan TBP dan juga molariti asid nitrik yang berlainan dalam sistem pencair eter petroleum. Rajah 2.5.2 pula menunjukkan keupayaan penyarian uranium dalam keadaan pencair kerosin. Penyarian thorium di dalam kedua-dua sistem pencair ini juga ditentukan. Beberapa kesimpulan dapat dibuat dari hasil ini iaitu :

i. Kerosin bergred industri adalah sesuai digunakan sebagai bahan pencair TBP.

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Rajah 2 .5 .1

Figure 2.5.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 MOLARITI ASID NITRIK «NITRIC ACM MOLARITY)

Kecekapan penya r i an u ran ium menggunakan TBP dalam p e n c a i r e t e r pe t ro leum

r Uranium extraction efficiency using TBP in petroleum ether solvent

Rajah 2 .5 .2

Figure 2.5.2

1 2 3 4 B B HOLARITI ASID NITRIK (NITRIC ACID MOLARITY)

Kecekapan penyar ian uran ium menggunakan TBP dalam p e n c a i r k e r o s i n Uranium extraction efficiency using TBP in kerosene solvent

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ii. Uhtuk memperolehi pemisahan yang baik bagi uranium dan thorium perbezaan dalam pekali tatxiran yang terbesar di antara kedua-duanya adalah dalam keadaan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual 2.5.1. Dari jadual tersebut didapati bahawa keadaan yang harus digunakan untuk pemisahan uranium dari thorium ialah kepekatan 107. TBP dan 5 M asid nitrik. Bagi pemisahan thorium pula 407. TBP dan 3 M asid nitrik adalah sesuai.

iii. Perlucutan bagi pemisahan kedua-dua unsur ini adalah baik pada molariti asid nitrik yang rendah.

Kepekatan TBP Molariti asid nitrik Rij/Rt TBP concentration Nitric acid molarity

107. 5 M 133.2

407. 3 M 13.7

Jadual 2 .5 .1 : Keadaan yang memberi peka l i pemisahan yang terbaik bagi uranium dan thorium

Table 2.5.1 : The condition that gives the best coefficient of separation for uranium and thorium

2.5 Extraction of uranium and thorium from PRE thorium cake waste - use of industrial-grade chemicals

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Kamaruddin Hashim, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Gbd. Rahman and Wan Ali Man Yusof

The extraction of uranium and thorium from thorium cake waste is based on liquid-liquid extraction technique. Tributyl phospate (TBP) have been used as the standard organic compound ini separating these elements. To obtain better results, diluents are used in this type of extraction and generally petroluem ether, xylene, kerosene and similar chemicals are used. Several factors are taken into consideration in choosing the right diluent. Among the important ones are the price of the compound, its suitability for use on a large scale, ease of purchase and also i t should give a good separation result.

In this study, comparison is done between analar-grade petroluem ether and industrial-grade kerosene. Petroleum ether was chosen because of its suitability and the good separation results i t gave in previous work. The choice for kerosene is made due to its low price and also i t is commonly being used as a diluent for TBP.

Besides the determination of the suitability of using industrial grade chemicals, this study also involved finding data for the optimization of this process. Figure 2.5.1 shows the extraction efficiency of uranium using various concentration of TBP and molarity of nitric acid with petroleum ether as the diluent. Figure 2.5.2 shows the extraction efficiency of uranium in kerosene. The extracton of thorium in both these

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diluents have also been done. Several conclusions can be made from these results, which are :

i. Industrial-grade kerosene is suitable to be used as a diluent for TBP

ii. To obtain a good separation between uranium and thorium, the largest difference of coefficient of distribution between the two elements are as shown in table 2.5.1. From the table, the separation of uranium from thorium is best done at 107. TBP and SM nitric acid while the separation of thorium is suitable at 40X TBP and 3 M nitric acid.

iii. Stripping during .the separation process for this two elements is suitable by using low molarity nitric acid.

2.6 Pemisahan uranium dan thorium menggunakan damar penukaran ion Dowex 1X8 (200 - 2S0 mesh)

Shamsiah Abdul Rahman

Kerja permulaan adalah bertujuan untuk menentukan parameter-parameter optimum dalam pemisahan uranium dan thorium menggunakan damar penukaran ion Dowex 1X8. Di dalam kerja ini larutan piawai uranium dan thorium digunakan untuk mengkaji kesesuaian damar.

Dowex 1X8 (analar) dimasukkan ke dalam turus kaca yang bergarispusat lO mm dan dielut dengan air suling untuk mengukur kadar aliran elutan. Kadar alir yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah 1 ml/min. Damar kemudiannya disesuaikan dengan menggunakan BM HC1 sehingga wama kuningnya hilang. Kemudian campuran larutan uranium dan thorium dalam nisbah yang ditetapkan dituang ke dalam turus. Th dielut terlebih dahulu menggunakan 8M HC1 (20-30 ml) diikuti dengan uranium menggunakan 0.1M HC1 (20-30 ml).

Pecahan kedua-dua uranium dan thorium ditentukan melalui teknik spektro-fotometri. Keputusan yang diperolehi dari analisis larutan piawai ini diberikan dalam jadual 2.6.1 dan 2.6.2.

2.6 Separation of uranium and thorium using Dowex 1X8 ion-exchange resin (ZOO - 2SO mesh)

Shamsiah Abdul Rahman

This preliminary work is aimed at identifying optimum parameters of uranium and thorium separation using anion exchange resin Dowex IXB. In this work uranium and thorium standard solutions were used to study the suitability of the resin.

Analar-grade Dowex 1XB was packed in a lO mm diameter glass column and was eluted with distilled water to measure the flow rate of elution. The

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flow rate used in this work is 1 ml/min. The resin was conditioned using BM HCl until its yellow colour dissappeared. Thereafter, a pre-calculated ratio of uranium and thorium mixed solution was poured into the column. Thorium was eluted first using B II HCl (20-30 ml) and thereafter uranium using 0.1 (1 HCl (20-30 ml).

Both fraction of uranium and thorium were determined by spectrophotometric technique. The results from the analysis of these standard solutions are given in tables 2.6.1 and 2.6.2.

nisbah ratio U : Th

1 : 0 1 : 10 1 : 20 1 : 40

sebelum pemisahan before separation

U (jjg)

100 200 100 50

selepas pemisahan after separation

U (ug)

95.0 180.0 97.5 30.0

Jadual 2 .6 .1 : Jumlah uranium yang d i p u l i h mela lu i pemisahan penukar ion

Table 2.6.1 : The amount of uranium recovered through the ion-exchange process

nisbah ratio U : Th

1 : 0 1 : 10 1 : 20 1 : 40

sebelum pemisahan before separation

Th (}ig)

0 2000 2000 2000

selepas pemisahan after separation

Th (ug)

0 1885 1B85 1885

Jadual 2 .6 .2 : Jumlah thorium yang d i p u l i h me la lu i pemisahan penukar ion

Table 2.6.1 : The amount of thorium recovered through the ion-exchange process

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2.7 Pemprosesan sisa industri perlombongan untuk mendapatkan uranium, thorium dan unsur—unsur nadir bumi

Meor Yusoff lieor Sulaiman, Kamaruddin Hashim, Zulkafli Ghazali, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Qhmad Rahman Songip , Kamarul Asri Ibrahim , RamIan Abd. Aziz , Wan Ramli Ulan Daud dan Sukiman Sarmani

Dbjektif projek kerjasama ini antara lain ialah pertamanya untuk membangunkan satu sistem pemprosesan selanjar bagi mendapatkan uranium, thorium dan unsur-unsur nadir bumi daripada sisa kek thorium kilang ARE. Keduanya, projek ini juga bertujuan untuk mengkaji kemungkinan proses di atas dapat dijalankan secara perdagangan. Diharapkan juga hasil dari projek ini dapat meningkatkan kepakaran dalam bidang pemprosesan sisa perlombongan.

Kerja-kerja peringkat makmal pemprosesan dan pemisahan uranium dan thorium telah bermula di UTN sejak tahun 1985 (lihat Aktiviti-Aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1985 dan 1986). Dengan penyertaan Jabatan Kejuruteraan Kimia, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, diharap segala kerja-kerja kejuruteraan dalam peningkatan skala sistem pemprosesan ini dapat dijalankan. Dua teknik lagi ekstraksi pelarut telah dikenalpasti iaitu pertamanya, dengan menggunakan sistem pencampui—pengenap berbilang peringkat, yang sedang dalam pembinaan, dan keduanya ialah dengan menggunakan sistem penyarian pelarut turus lapisan tetap.

2.7 Processing of mining-industry wastes to obtain uranium, thorium and rare-earth elements

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Kamaruddin Hashim, Zulkafli Ghazali, Jamaliah Sharif, Shamsiah Abd. Rahman, Apmad Rahman Songip ,+

Kamarul Asri Ibrahim , Ramian Abd. Aziz , Wan Ramli Wan Daud and Sukiman Sarmani

The objective of this cooperative project is firstly to establish a continuous-flow processing system to obtain uranium, thorium and rare-earth elements from the thorium cake waste of the ARE plant. The second abjective is to explore the commercial possibility of the above process. It is also hoped that the findings from this project will increase our expertise in the field of processing of wastes from mining industries.

Laboratory-scale work in processing and separation of uranium and thorium from this type of waste had been carried out in UTN since 1985 (refer to the Activities of the Research Division 19B5 and 1986). With the participation of the Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, it is hoped that all the engineering work in increasing the scale of this processing

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Kimia, UTM Jabatan Kejuruteraan Kimia dan Proses, UKM Fakulti Sains dan Fizis Gunaan, UKM

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system can be done. Two different techniques of solvent extraction will be used. The first involves the use of multi-stage mixer-settlers and the second is by using a fixed-bed column solvent-extraction system.

2.8 Kesan unsur-unsur pelindap terhadap penentuan uranium melalui kaedah pemeteran pendarfluor secara terus

Jamaliah Sharif dan Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid

Kehadiran unsui—unsur tertentu di dalam sampel yang mengandungi uranium akan mengurangkan isyarat pendarfluor hasil daripada uranium yang telah menerima pancaran ultraungu. Kesan ini digelar lindapan. Keadaan ini akan mengakibatkan ketidakjituan dalam penentuan uranium melalui pemeteran pendarfluor dan pemeteran pendarfluor aruhan laser. Sebagai langkah untuk mengoptimumkan prestasi dan perlakuan alat tersebut, satu kajian telah dijalankan untuk meneliti kesan unsur—unsur pelindap seperti kromium (Cr ), nikel (Ni ), thorium (Th) dan besi (Fe ) dalam pengurangan isyarat pendarfluor uranium.

Penyediaan sampel bagi penentuan uranium melalui teknik pemeteran pendarfluor boleh dijalankan mengikut dua kaedah. Pertamanya ialah kaedah terus di mana ia sesuai bagi sampel-sampel yang tidak mengandungi unsur— unsur gangguan dan lindapan. Kaedah ini mudah dan menjimatkan masa kerana 5ampel-sampel hanya perlu dicairkan dan dipipetkan terus ke dalam piring platinum. Kaedah kedua digunakan bagi sampel-sampel yang mengandungi unsur—unsur pelindap di mana ia melibatkan kerja pemisahan uranium daripada unsur-unsur tersebut dengan kaedah penyarian pelarut sebelum dipipetkan ke dalam piring platinum (lihat Aktiviti-Aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1986). Oleh kerana kaedah terus lebih mudah dan cepat dilakukan perlulah diketahui had unsui—unsur gangguan yang dibenarkan diatas piring pelakuran supaya sampel-sampel yang mengandungi sedikit unsur gangguan boleh dianalisis melalui kaedah terus. Ini dapat membantu mempercepatkan kerja penganalisaan sampel-sampel yang diterima dari UTN dan institusi lain.

Data-data yang disediakan diperolehi dengan cara mempipet berbagai kuantiti unsur yang hendak dikaji ke dalam piring platinum yang mengandungi 0.5 ug uranium. Bahan lakur karbonat kemudian ditambah dan dilakurkan di dalam relau haba pada suhu 700 C selama 20 minit. Pendarfluor yang dihasilkan dibandingkan dengan pendarfluor 0.5 ug uranium yang tidak ditambah unsur yang dikaji.

Keputusan yang diperolehi daripada beberapa percubaan yang telah dijalankan dicatitkan dalam jadual 2.8.1, sementara rajah 2.B.1 menunjukkan, secara kuantitian, kesan unsur—unsur pelindap yang dikaji.

Terdapat dua cara bagaimana unsui—unsur gangguan boleh melindap pendarfluor uranium :

i. penyerapan yang kuat terhadap sinaran ultraungu,

ii. penyerapan isyarat pendarfluor yang dipancarkan oleh ion uranil.

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0 2 4 6 8 10

JISIM UNSUR PELINDAP <MASS OF INTERFERING ELEMENT) ug

Rajah 2 .B .1 : Kesan pengurangan pendar f luor uranium o leh unsur—unsur pe l indap

Figure 2.8.1 : The reduction effect of uranium fluorescence by quenching elements

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Kesimpulan yang d ipe ro leh i d a r i ka j ian i n i i a l ah bahawa i sya ra t pendarf luor d a r i uranium boleh dikurangkan dengan j e l a s o leh unsur—unsur sepe r t i kromium dan thor ium, manakala n i k e l dan besi adalah pelindap sederhana dan lemah bagi pendarf luor uranium. Kaj ian ke a tas unsur-unsur l a i n akan di teruskan mela lu i kaedah yang sama.

J is im unsur gangguan yang ditambah kepada ditambah 0.5 ug U Mass of interfering element added to ^ 0.5 jjg U ^ '

ug

o.o 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0

1O.0

Pendarf luor uranium dalam kehadiran unsur gangguan

Uranium fluorescence in the presence of y^ interfering ions y^

Th Cr Ni Fe

4.84 4.93 4.92 5.00 4.24 4.07 4.82 4.88 3.27 3.07 4.78 4.88 2.47 2.73 4.67 4.83 2.01 2.09 4.34 4.74 1.5 1.82 4.58 4.74 1.11 1.43 4.31 4.74 0.61 1.14 4.2 4.6

Peratus pengurangan pendarf luor uranium

Percent reduction in uranium fl uorescence

Th Cr Ni Fe

12.4 17.4 2.03 2.4 32.4 37.7 2.85 2.4 49.0 44.6 5.08 3.4 58.5 57.6 11.79 5.2 69.0 63.1 6.9 5.2 77.0 71.0 12.4 5.2 87.6 76.9 14.6 8.0

Jadual 2 .8 .1 : Lindapan pendarf luor uranium o leh unsur-unsur gangguan Table 2.8.1 : Quenching of uranium fluorescence by interfering ions

2.8 Effect of quenchers on uranium determination by direct fluorimetric technique

Jamaliah Sharif and Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid

The presence of a few elements in a sample containing uranium results in the reduction of fluorescence signal emitted by uranium. This effect is termed quenching. Such a condition creates inaccuracy in the determination of uranium concentration by fluorimetry and laser-induced fluorimetry. In order to optimize the performance of fluarimeters, a study has been carried out tq+investigate the effect of interfering elements such as chromium (Cr ) , nickel (Ni ) , Thorium (Th) and iron (Fe ) on the reduction of uranium fluorescence.

The preparation of samples for the fluorimetric analysis of uranium . can be approached by either of two methods. The first is by direct method and is applicable to samples known to be free from interfering and quenching substances, thus permitting the sample to be pipetted directly onto the platinum dish after proper dilution. The second method i s applicable to samples containing interfering substances and thus, involves the isolation of uranium by solvent extraction techniques before pipetting onto the fusion dish (refer to Activities of the Research Division 1986). Due to the obvious advantage of the direct method, knowledge of the limit

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of various quenchers, which can be tolerated on the fusion dish is necessary to eliminate the possibility of applying this method where serious errors could arise.

The data provided here was obtained by pipetting various quantities of solutions containing known amounts of the cations onto a dish containing 0.5pg uranium. After evaporation of the solvent, carbonate flux pellets nere added and fused at 700°C. The fluorescence produced by this sample was compared to that of 0.5jjg uranium standard that is free from quenchers.

The results of the study are presented in table 2.8.1, while figure 2.8.1 provide quantitative indication of the effects of the various elements.

Two ways in which interfering ions may cause a reduction in the fluorescence of uranium are :

i. strong absorption of ultraviolet light,

ii. absorption of fluorescence emitted by uranium.

It can be concluded from these investigations that the fluorescence intensity of uranium were seriously quenched by chromium and thorium, while nickel and iron are moderate and weak quenchers. The investigation will be extended to other elements using similar techniques.

2.9 Perisian alat analisis neutron tertunda

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli

Perisian pengendalian dan penganalisaan data bagi alat analisis neutron tertunda yang dibangunkan dalam tahun 1986 (perisian Sistem 2.0) telah digunakan untuk pengendalian alat dalam tahun 1987. Perisian tersebut menggunakan faktor tetap untuk pembetulan data serta faktor-faktor tentukuran daripada jadual yang dibentuk setiap 6 bulan mengikut jadual penyenggaraan reaktor. Satu masalah yang telah timbul adalah disebabkan oleh perubahan kepada faktDr-faktar tentukuran akibat daripada aktiviti pengendalian reaktar secara berterusan di sepanjang tahun 1987. Aktiviti ini mengakibatkan perubahan ketara kepada kereaktifan dan fluks neutron dalam masa yang singkat. Dengan itu, perisian Sistem 2.1 telah dibangunkan untuk nengatasi masalah ini.

Perisian Sistem 2.1 mempunyai dua pembaikan besar daripada perisian Sistem 2.0. Data pembilangan akibat daripada penyinaran dalam tiub biasa perlu dibetulkan. Keadaan ini berlaku oleh kerana masa penyejukan yang singkat diberikan di antara penyinaran. Dalam perisian Sistem 2.0, pembetulan ke atas data pembilangan telah dilakukan dengan mengandaikan faktor tetap sebanyak 0.0605 daripada pembilangan akibat daripada penyinaran dalam tiub kadmium. Faktor ini telah diperolehi melalui pengukuran beberapa sampel yang mengandungi kedua-dua uranium dan thorium. Perkiraan yang dilakukan dalam tahun 19Q7 menunjukkan bahawa faktor ini sepatutnya berlainan bagi uranium dan bagi thorium kerana

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prapenanda yang berlainan dibentuk akibat pembelahan uranium dan thorium. Pengukuran yang dilakukan dalam tahun 1997 ke atas sampel-sampel uranium tulen dan thorium tulen menyokong pendapat ini. Faktor-faktor yang diperolehi adalah 0.0495 bagi uranium dan 0.0687 bagi thorium. Nilai— nilai ini adalah sangat hampir dengan perkiraan. Dengan itu, faktor pembetulan bagi campuran uranium dan thorium adalah di antara kedua-dua nilai ini, bergantung kepada kepekatan uranium dan thorium.

Perisian Sistem 2.1 menentukan faktor ini bagi setiap sampel menggunaksn gabungan lelurus kedua-dua faktor di mana keputusan kepekatan perantaraan digunakan sebagai faktor timbangan. Lelaran dilakukan beberapa kali sehingga perubahan kepada faktor pembetulan menjadi tidak ketara. Perubahan ini membaikki keputusan penganalisaan bagi keadaan di mana sedikit uranium wujud dalam bilangan thorium yang banyak, dan sebaliknya.

Perubahan kedua terhadap perisian Sistem 2.0 ialah darihal tentukuran. Uhtuk mengelakkan daripada perubahan tentukuran akibat daripada perubahan fluks, tentukuran perlu dilakukan pada permulaan setiap kendalian. Susunatur ini dibenarkan dalam perisian Sistem 2.1, di mana perisian analisis tentukuran dipilih secara automatis setelah kendalian tentukuran dilakukan. Beberapa perubahan kecil juga dilakukan kepada perisian lain untuk membantu pengendalian alat secara umum. Perisian Sistem 2.1 akan menggantikan perisian Sistem 2.0 bagi pengendalian alat analisis neutron tertunda dalam tahun 1988 dan tahun-tahun berikut.

2.9 Software for delayed-neutron analysis equipment

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli

The software controlling the operation and data analysis of the delayed-neutron analysis equipment developed in 1986 (System 2.0 software) was used for the operation of the equipment throughout 1987. This software makes use of a constant factor for the correction of data, as well as calibration factors obtained from tables generated at six-monthly intervals corresponding to reactor maintenance periods. One of the problems observed was due to rapid changes in calibration factors due to changes in reactivity and neutron flux resulting from reactor continuous operations throughout 1987. To overcome this problem,, System 2.1 software was developed.

The System 2.1 software has two main improvements over the System 2.0 software. Counts obtained as a result of the normal-tube irradiation has to be corrected. This arises because of the short cooling-down time given in between irradiations. In the System 2.0 software, the correction was done by assuming a constant factor of 0.0605 times the cadmium-tube counts. This factor was determined through measurements of several samples containing uranium and thorium. Calculations done in 1987 showed that this factor should be different for uranium and for thorium due to the different precursors formed as a result of their fission. Measurements done on pure uranium and pure thorium samples supported this finding. The factors obtained are 0.0495 for uranium and 0.0687 for thorium. The values are in close agreement with calculations. This entails that the correction factor for a mixture of uranium and thorium

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is intermediate between the two values, depending on the exact concentration of uranium and thorium.

The System 2.1 software determines the correction factor for each sample by using a linear combination of the two values based on the previous estimate of the nuclide concentration as flighting factors. The process is iterated a few times until an insignificant change to the correction factor results. This method improves analysis in situations where a small amount of uranium' exists in a largs concentration of thorium, and vice-versa.

The second change to the System 2.0 software concerns the calibration. To avoid changes in calibration factors due to flux changes, calibration has to be done at the begining of each run. This is enabled in the System 2.1 software, where the system calibration routine is automatically selected at the end of every calibration run. A few other small changes to the programme were made to assist in day-to-day running of the equipment. System 2.1 software will replace System 2.0 software for the operation of the equipment in 19B8 and subsequent years.

2.10 Penentuan unsur-unsur surihan yang disampel d i atas kertas turas melalu i teknik spektroskopi serapan atom

Jamaliah Shar i f

Sampel yang digunakan d i dalam ka j ian i n i disediakan dengan mempipet larutan piawai t i a p - t i a p unsur yang hendak d i k a j i ke atas kertas turas dan kemudian diker ingkan d i bawah lampu i n f r a merah. Sampsl yang disediakan i n i d i jad ikan sebagai piawai_fc>agi sampel—sampel kertas turas yang d ipero leh i d a r i persampelan udara d i lombong-lombong d i Plalaysia. Ketepatan teknik spektroskopi serapan atom d i u j i dengan menganalisis kandungan unsur—unsur surihan d i atas piawai yang te lah disediakan.

Sampel kertas turas d i le takkan d i dalam bikar dan ditambah 3 ml HNO3 pekat. Kemudian b ikar dipanaskan perlahan-lahan hingga asid hampir ker ing . Bikar disejukkan dan ditambah l ag i 3 ml HND3 pekat, d i t u tup dengan p i r i n g kaca dan d i r e f l u k s perlahan-lahan. Pemanasan di teruskan dan asid ditambah j i k a per lu sehingga penghadaman sampel sempurna (penghadaman sempurna apabi la larutan yang d ihas i l kan berwarna cerah atau t i ada perubahan warna larutan sete lah lama d i r e f l u k s ) . Sekal i l ag i as id n i t r i k diwapkan sehingga hampir ker ing dan b ikar disejukkan. Kemudian ditambah s e d i k i t as id HC1 (1:1) dan dipanaskan untuk melarutkan saki baki mendakan semasa proses pengewapan. P i r i ng kaca dan dinding b ikar dibasuh dengan a i r su l ing dan sampel d i t u ras untuk menghindarkan s i l i k a dan bahan-bahan l a i n yang t idak l a r u t daripada tersumbat d i dalam pengabus.

Serapan t i a p - t i a p unsur berserta piawai diukur dengan menggunakan parameter-parameter peralatan yang d i b e r i dalam jadual 2 . 1 0 . 1 . Geraf tentukuran bagi t i a p - t i a p unsur d i p l o t dan kepekatan unsur dibaca. Keputusan yang d ipe ro leh i di tunjukkan dalam jadual 2 .10.2 . Dari keputusan i n i d idapat i kaedah penghadaman yang d i ja lankan sesuai digunakan bagi sampel kertas t u ras . Kepekatan Ba, Fe, Mn, Pb dan Zn hampir kepada n i l a i

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sebenar. Kepekatan Cr, Ni dan Sn tidak dapat diukur kerana larutan sampel yang disediakan terlalu cair. Pengukuran ini akan diulang semula ke atas sampel piawai kertas turas yang lain.

Penqharqaan

Terima kasih diucapkan kepada En. Zulka-fli Gnazali yang telah menyediakan sampel kertas turas.

Unsur

Element

Ba

Cr

Cu Fe Mn N i Pb Sn

Zn

Panjang gelombang Wavelength

(nm)

553.6

357.6

324.6 248.2 279.5 231.4 283.1 286.3

213.6

Lulus j ' a lu r spektrum Spectral bandpass

(nm)

0 . 5

0 . 2

0 . 5 0 . 2 0 . 5

1 0 . 5 0 . 5

0 . 2

Jenis nyalaan

Type of flame

Nit rous ox ide/ Acetylene

Ni t rous ox ide/ Acetylene

Ai r /Acety lene A i r /Acety lene Ai r /Acety lene Ai r /Acety lene Ai r /Acety lene N i t rous ox ide/

Acetylene A i r /Acety lene

Ju la t kepekatan bagi piawai tentukuran Range of cone, for calibration standard

(mg/1)

1 - 2 0

1 - 2 0

0.2 - 5 1 - 5 1 - 5 1 - 1 0 1 - 2 0

5 0 - 3 0 0

0 .2 - 2.0

Jadual 2.10.1 : Parameter—parameter peralatan spektroskopi serapan atom (Pye Unicam SP9)

Table 2.1Q.1 : Instrument parameters for the atomic absorption spectrometer (Pye Unicam SP9)

2.10 Determination of trace elements deposited on filter paper-using atomic absorption spectroscopy

Jamaliah Sharif

The sample used in this hark was prepared by dropping standard solutions of each element of interest on a filter paper and dried under an infra red lamp. This sample was made as the standard for filter-paper samples obtained from air sampling work around mines in Malaysia. The accuracy of the method was checked with the standard filter paper before proceeding with the samples.

The sample was placed in a beaker with 3 ml of concentrated HNOj. It was then cautiously evaporated to near dryness, making certain the sample did not boil. The beaker was then cooled and another 3 ml of concentrated HNOj was added. The beaker was covered with a watch glass and returned to the hot plate. The temperature of the hot plate was increased so that a

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gentle reflux action occurs. The heating was continued and additional acid was added until the digestion was complete (indicated when the digestate is light in colour or does not change in appearance with continuing refluxJ. The acid was again evaporated to near dryness and the beaker was cooled. A small quantity of 1:1 HCl was added and the beaker was warmed to dissolve any precipitate or residue resulting from the evaporation. The watch glass and the beaker walls were washed with triply distilled water and the sample was filtered to removed silicates and other insoluble material that could clog the atomizer.

The absorption of each element as well as that of its appropriate calibration standards were measured in turn using the instrument parameters listed in table 2.10.1. The calibration curve for the standard solution was plotted and the values for the analyte was read from the curve. The result obtain from this work is presented in table 2.10.2. From the result we found that the digestion method is applicable to filter paper samples. The concentration of Ba, Fe, m„ Pb, and Zn was good enough. The problem with Cr, Ni and Sn is the concentration being too low so preconcentration of the prepared sample solution is needed. This work will continue whenever the sample is available.

Acknowledgemen t

The author wishes to thank En. Zulkafli Ghazali for preparing the sample.

Unsur

Element

Ba Cr Fe Mn Ni Pb Sn Zn

Kepekatan yang di atas kertas Amount dropped filter paper

)*3

300 20 700 50 20 100 20 150

diletakkan turas on

Kepekatan yang dianalisis

Amount analysed

yg

2TO -700 51 -90 -180

Jadual 2.10.2 : Kepekatan unsur—unsur surihan yang dikesan melalui spektroskopi serapan atom. Tanda - menunjukkan keputusan di bawah had pengesanan

Table 2.10.2 : Concentration of trace elements found by atomic absorption Spectroscopy. A - indicates results below the detection limit

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2.11 finalisis unsur-unsur utama yang terdapat di dalam monazit dan xenotim

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Haryoto Djojosubroto dan Sobana

Monazit [ (Ce, La, ThJPO^.] dan xenotim [YPQ43 yang terdapat di Malaysia dan Indonesia adalah dari sumber yang sama. Mereka merupakan hasil sampingan dari industri perlombongan bijih timah. Kedua-dua bahan galian ini mempunyai nilai dagangan disebabkan kandungan unsur-unsur nadir bumi di dalamnya. Bahan galian fusfat ini juga balehlah dianggap sebagai bahan galian yang berpotensi untuk menghasilkan bahanapi nuklear kerana kandungan thorium dan uraniumnya yang agak tinggi. Perkembangan teknologi pengalir lampau dewasa ini menyebabkan bertambah minat terhadap kedua-dua bahan galian ini. Ini adalah kerana bahan-bahan galian ini, terutama sekali xenotim, mengandungi kandungan yttrium yang amat tinggi. Yttrium merupakan bahan utama dalam pembuatan pengalir lampau.

Penggunaan teknik analisis pengaktifan neutron telah dikaji untuk menentukan unsur-unsur nadir bumi di dalam monazit dan xenotim. Sampel-sampel monazit dan xenotim ini telah diperolehi dari Direktorat Sumber Daya Mineral, Bandung, Indonesia. Masa penyinaran yang pendek, sederhana dan panjang telah dicuba dalam penentuan unsut—uhsur ini. Di samping itu, pemisahan unsui—unsur nadir bumi dalam sampel juga dilakukan dengan cara pemisahan kumpulan menggunakan kaedah pengendapan oksalat. Kaedah ini dapat memisahkan unsur—unsur nadir bumi ini daripada unsur lain. Penentuan kuantitian juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan piawai kepertamaan.

Satu lagi teknik yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah pendarfluor sinar— X. Penyediaan sampel adalah mustahak untuk mendapatkan hasil yang jitu. Kerja-kerja telah dilakukan supaya satu kaedah yang baik dapat diperolehi dengan mengambilkira kesan-kesan kehomogenan dan matriks dalam sampel dan piawai. Di samping ianya dapat digunakan sebagai teknik perbandingan, pendarfluor sinar-X juga mampu menganalisis unsur-unsur yang tidak boleh dilakukan oleh analisis pengaktifan neutron, seperti yttrium dalam sampel ini.

2.11 Analysis of the main elements contained in monazite and xenotime

j/f ^

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Haryoto Djojosubroto and Sobana

Monazite [<Ce, La, ThlPO^J and xenotime [YPO4] from Malaysia and Indonesia are from similar sources. They are the by-products of the tin mining industry. The commercial importance of these minerals is due to their rare-earth content. These dhosphate minerals can be considered as a potential source of nuclear—fuel materials due to its high concentration of thorium and uranium. The recent development of superconductor technology leads to a greater interest in these two minerals. This is because these minerals, especially xenotime, contains a high

Pusat Penelitian Teknik Nuklir, Bandung, Indonesia

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concentration of yttrium. Yttrium is the main element for the construction of superconductors.

Neutron activation analysis technique was used in the determination of rare-earth elements in manazite and xenotime. These mineral •samples are obtained from Direktorat Sumber Daya Mineral, Bandung, Indonesia. Short, intermediate and long irradiation times were tried for the determination of these elements. Separation of the rare-earth elements Mere also done by using group separation through the precipitation technique. This method enables the rare-earth to be separated from the other elements. Primary standards are used in quantitative determination.

Another technique used in this study is X-ray fluorescence. Sample preparation is important in obtaining accurate results. Uork is done in ensuring a good method is established taking the considerations of homogeneity and matrix effect in both sample and standard. Besides being used as a comparison method, X-ray fluorescence can also analyse elements which cannot be determined by neutron activation analysis such as yttrium in these type of samples.

2.12 Penganalisaan berkala uranium dan thorium melalui analisis neutron tertunda

Kamaruddin Hashim, Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Abdul Bhaffar Ramli, Wan A l i Wan Yusof, Linda Ee Seak Cheng dan Eewiat Ehdin Put

Alat anal is is neutron tertunda telah digunakan untuk penganalisaan uranium dan thorium dalam sampel secara berkala semenjak bulan Mac 1987. Di antara tar ikh i n i dan akhir tahun 1987, sebanyak 1,907 sampel telah d iana l is is dalam 49 sesi pengendalian. Bilangan i n i t idak termasuk sampel-sampel yang digunakan untuk tujuan pembangunan teknik, pertunjukan dan diagnosis a l a t .

Jadual 2.12.1 menunjukkan pecahan bilangan i n i bagi tujuan-tujuan tentukuran, pengesahan tentukuran (piawai dan laterbelakang) dan anal is is sampel-sampel. Sampel-sampel yang d iana l i s is t e r d i r i daripada batuan, bahan gal ian dan baja fosfat semulajadi dan buatan. Sampel-sampel diperolehi daripada Program Teknologi Nuklear (bahan ga l ian) , Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi (batuan) dan Program Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Biologi dan Pertanian (baja -fosfat).

2.12 Routine analysis of uranium and thorium using delayed-neutron analysis

Kamaruddin Hashim, rttor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman, Abdul Shaffar Ramli, Man ftli Man Yusof, Linda Ee Beak Cheng and Eewiat Ehdin Put

The delayed-neutron analysis equipment was used for routine analysis of samples since March 1997. Between that date and the end of 1987, a total of 1,907 samples were analysed in 49 operating sessions. This number does

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not include samples analysed for developmental mork, demonstrations and diagnosis of equipment operation.

Table 2.12.1 shows the number of samples analysed for calibrations, verification of calibrations (standards and background) and normal analysis. Samples analysed composed of rock samples, minerals and natural as well as artificial phosphate fertilizers. Samples mere supplied by the Nuclear Technology Programme (minerals), Beological Survey of Malaysia (rocks) and Isotope and Radiation in Biology and Agriculture Programme ( fertilizers).

Tujuan Purpose

tentukuran calibration pengesahan tentukuran verification of calibration analisis analysis

Jumlah ( total)

bilangan sampel number of samples

413

252

1242

1907

Jadual 2 .12 .1 : Bilangan sampel-sampel yang dianal is is melalui a l a t ana l is is neutron tertunda untuk tujuan tertentu

Table 2.12.1 : Number of samples analysed using the delayed-neutron analysis equipment for specific purposes

2.13 Analisis mikrokuar bahan-bahan galian berat daripada sampel Semenanjung Malaysia

* Wan Fuad b. Man Hassan , Mohd b. Harun dan Zaiton Selamat

Sektor perlombongan yang berasaskan kepada industr i perlambongan b i j i h timah lanar merupakan sektor yang penting dalam kegiatan ekonomi negara. Selain daripada memperolehi bahan galian k a s i t e r i t , i a i t u bahan galian utama b i j i h timah, terdapat juga bahan-bahan galian sampingan seperti monazit, xenotim, kolumbit - tantal i t , i lmeni t , r u t i l , zirkon dan I a i n -l a i n . Kajian mengenai bahan-bahan galian sampingan i n i tidak banyak dilakukan terutama sekal i berhubung dengan kandungan kimianya. Kajian Ianjut mengenai bahan-bahan galian i n i boleh memberi gambaran tentang potensi bahan galian i n i kepada ekonomi negara pada masa hadapan.

Kajian luar negeri dan kajian awalan d i negeri i n i menunjukkan bahawa bahan-bahan galian tersebut mengandungi unsur-unsur berguna, i a i t u monazit dan xenotim mengandungi unsui—unsur nadir bumi dan Th, i lmenit

un ivers i t i Kebangsaan Malaysia

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dan r u t i l mengandungi t i t an ium, ko lumbi t—tanta l i t mengandungi niobium, tanta l ium dan zi rkonium. Untuk menentukan kandungan unsur—unsur yang terdapat dalam bahan—bahan ga l ian daripada sampel lanar i n i , teknik a n a l i s i s serak tenaga sinar—X yang diperlengkapkan kepada mikroskop imbasan e lekt ron te lah digunakan. Sebagai permulaan dalam ka j ian i n i , sampel d a r i Gunung Ledang te lah d ipe ra leh i dan h a s i l a n a l i s i s menunjukkan bahawa i a mengandungi t i t an ium, manganis dan besi (yang terdahulu adalah terbanyak).

2.13 Elemental microanalysis of heavy minerals from Peninsular Malaysia

lie Wan Fuad b. Man Hassan , Mohd b. Harun and Zaiton Selamat

Alluvial deposits, obtained either as mine concentrates or panned stream sediments are very useful for our country's economic development. There are many by-product minerals of tin mining such as monazite, xenotime, columbite-tantalite, ilmenite, rutile, zircon and others. The chemical composition investigations of the minerals have still not been carried out, thus the study of the minerals Mill give a good potential for the country's future economy.

According to foreign and earlier studies in the country, the by-product minerals contain some useful elements as follows; monazite and xenotime contain rare-earth elements (REE) and thorium, ilmenite and rutile contain titanium and columbite-tantalite contain niobium, tantalum and zirconium. To determine the chemical composition of the minerals in deposited samples, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis attached to a scanning-electron microscope has been used. For a start, microelemental analysis of a mineral sample obtained from Gunung Ledang has been carried out. The results show that the mineral contains a large quantity titanium, manganese and iron.

2.14 Penggunaan a n a l i s i s serak tenaga sinai—X dalam kajian alam s e k i t a r

Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Yusoff , Mohd b. Harun dan Zaiton Selamat

Mikroskop imbasan e lek t ron yang diperlengkapkan dengan penganal is is serak tenaga sinar-X t e l ah digunakan dengan meluas dalam ka j ian alam s e k i t a r . Sampel-sampel bu t i ran halus/habuk udara yang d ipe ro leh i d a r i kawasan— kawasan sesak dan tercemar akan diambi l untuk ka j i an i n i . Sebagai permulaan dalam ka j ian i n i , t i g a j e n i s sampel t e lah d ipe ra leh i i a i t u debu t indan, "POFA" dan habuk makmal untuk d i a n a l i s i s . Has i l a n a l i s i s secara mutuan dan semi-kuant i t ian di tunjukkan dalam jadual 2 . 1 4 . 1 .

Uhiversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

U n i v e r s i t i Teknologi Malaysia

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Uhsur Element

Si K Br CI P As S Ca Sn Fe Cs I Al Mg Ti Ma Zn

7. berat wt.Y.

debu tindan stack ash

80.32 6.74 2.08 3.81 3.12 1.70 0.75 1.48

POFA (butiran 1) POFA (grain 1)

93.80 2.02

0.27

0.65 0.27

1.71 0.55 0.53 0.20

POFA (butiran 2) PCFPt (grain 2)

41.14 19.27

4.55

13.04

5.90

10.84 5.26

habuk makmal lab. dust

34.47 8.06

9.63 1.10 2.22 4.59 16.25

3.63

16.OB

1.69 1.53 0.75

Jadual 2.14.1 : Hasi l a n a l i s i s unsur d a r i sampel-sampel Table 2.14.1 : Results of the elemental analysis of the samples

2.14 Use of energy-dispersive X-ray analysis in environmental study

Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Yusoff*, Mohd b. Harun dan Zaiton Selamat

Scanning-electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer have been used in the analysis of airborne particulates obtained from particular environments. Dust samples from suspected areas Mere obtained in this investigation. In this early \nork, three samples have been analysed. They are stack ash, POFfl and laboratory dust. The qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of the samples are shown in table 2.14.1.

Lhiversiti Teknologi Malaysia

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2.15 Kesan rawatan haba ke atas peralihan kekenyalan-kerapuhan dalam keluli karbon

Gob Kian Secng , Jasmin Baba , Mohd b. Harun dan Krishnamoorthy

Keluli bagi kegunaan sesuatu sistem yang genting seperti dalam penyuap arang batu, loji penggasan arang batu, loji pemeroses minyak dan sebagainya memerlukan sifat kekuatan pada suhu bilik yang baik di samping kekuatan tegangan yang tinggi pada suhu bilik dan suhu tinggi. Sifat-sifat ini boleh tercapai dengan melakukan beberapa perubahan pada kandungan kimia dan rawatan haba. Dalam kajian ini keluli karban 0.17XC telah digunakan dan dua cara rawatan haba dikenakan :

i. Pemanasan pada suhu 1233K selama 2 jam dan disejukkan dalam relau ke suhu bilik. Pemanasan seterusnya adalah pada suhu 1033K, selama 3 jam dan disejukkan dengan air ke suhu bilik.

ii. Pemanasan pada suhu 1253K selama 2 jam dan disejukkan dalam relau ke suhu 1033K dan dibiarkan selama 3 jam sebelum disejukkan dengan air ke suhu bilik.

Proses pembajaan dilakukan ke atas sampel-sampel dari dua rawatan haba ini pada suhu 473K dan 823K selama 1 jam dan kemudian dilakukan ujian-ujian hentaman dan kekuatan tegangan. Kajian mikrostruktur dilakukan dengan menggunakan mikroskop optik dan mikroskop imbasan elektron.

Kajian ini masih diteruskan dan keputusan akan diperolehi tanun hadapan.

2.15 Effect of heat treatment on the ductile-brittle transition in carbon steel

# $ Boh Kian Seong , Jasmin Baba , tlohd b. Harun and Krishnamoarthy

Critical components such as coal feeders, coal gassification plants, oil processing plants and others require adequate room temperature toughness and high strength at both room and moderately elevated temperatures. Through modification of both composition and heat treatment the above conditions can be achieved. In the present study, 0.17% carbon steel has been used and heat-treated at two conditions :

i . Heated at a temperature of 1253K for 2 hours and cooled in a furnace to room temperature. The sample is heated again at 1033K for 3 hours > and watev—quenched to room temperature.

i i . Heated at 1253K for 2 hours and cooled in a furnace to 1033K then held at 1033K for 3 hours before water-quenched to room temperature.

The heat treated samples have been tempered at temperatures of 473K and B23K for 1 hour. Impact and tensile tests have been carried out to the samples. Microstructure studies have been carried out by using optical

Uhiversiti Teknologi Malaysia

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and scanning-electron microscopes.

This work is continuing and the results are expected next year.

2.16 Kaj ian ke atas h a s i l penyarian bahan-bahan tumbuhan sebagai perencat kakisan untuk k e l u l i lembut d i dalam a i r tepu udara

He * Muhamad Daud, Abdul Razak Daud dan Zainal Abid in

Keberkesanan perencat kakisan daripada ceca i r -ceca i r yang d i s a r i daripada bawang p u t i h , kacang soya, tembakau dan campuran bahan-bahan tersebut untuk k e l u l i lembut d i dalam a i r tepu udara pada suhu b i l i k t e l ah d i k a j i mela lu i u j i a n - u j i a n kakisan e lek t rok im ia . Kepekatan perencat yang d i k a j i adalah d i antara 0 .1 dan 1.0 g / 1 .

Perubahan-perubahan keupayaan kakisan, Ecorr» dan ketumpatan arus kakisan, I c o r r , dengan kepekatan yang d i u j i t e l ah d i c a t i t k a n . Keputusan-keputusan yang d ipe ra leh i menunjukkan bahawa ceca i r yang d i s a r i d a r i bahan-bahan i n i mempunyai s i f a t - s i f a t merencat kakisan k e l u l i lembut. Keputusan ketara menunjukkan bahawa keberkesanan campuran>tembakau>bawang putih>kacang soya untuk merencat kakisan k e l u l i lembut.

2.16 Studies on plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in aii—saturated mater

Muhamad Daud, Abdul Razak Daud and Zainal flbidin

The inhibition effectiveness of extracted liquid from garlic, soya bean, tobacco and a combination of them for mild steel in air-saturated water at room temperature have been studied by means of electrochemical corrosion tests. The concentration of inhibitors studied was between 0.1 and 1.0 g/1.

The variations of corrosion potential, Ecorr, and corrosion current density, I corn wit/7 the test concentration were recorded. The results show that the extracted liquids have inhibiting properties on the accelerated corrosion of mild steel. It is significantly shown that the effectiveness of the combination>tobacco>garlic>soya bean in the inhibition of the corrosion of mild steel.

U h i v e r s i t i Kebangsaan Malaysia

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2.17 Ciri-ciri kakisan elektrokimia aloi rintang nikel jenis II di dalam air laut

Muhamad Daud, G. Venkateswaran dan K. S. Venkateswarlu

Ciri-ciri kakisan elektrokimia aloi rintang nikel jenis II di dalam air laut dengan kehadiran dan tanpa kehadiran FeS04 pada paras-paras oksigen terlarut yang berbeza dan nilai^nilai pH pada suhu bilik telah dikaji. Kehadiran dan ketiadaan ion Fe menunjukkan aloi ini mengalami kakisan grafitik. Tiada saling tindak elektrokimia dari spesis„besi terhidrolisis dengan aloi ini dikesan. Pada kepekatan tinggi ion Fe kelihatan hasil kakisan sebagai pelindung fizikal terhadap aloi asas yang bergantung kepada campuran oksida besi terhidrat dengan lapisan grafit. Air lauj bebas udara mengurangkan kakisan ke atas bahan ini. Penambahan ion Fe ke dalam air laut bebas udara tidak member! keuntungan yang ketara. Suatu perbandingan telah dijelaskan di antara tingkah laku bahan ini dengan aloi tembaga akibat kehadiran FeSCty di dalam air laut.

2.17 Some electrochemical corrosion characteristics of nickel-resistant alloy type II in sea water

if X Muhamad Daud, G. venkateswaran and K. S. venkateswarlu

The electrochemical corrosion characteristics of nickel-resistant alloy type II in sea water with and without FeSO^ dosing at different dissolved-oxygen levels and pH were investigated. In the presence or absence of added Fe ion, the alloy undergoes graphitic corrosion. No electrochemical interaction of hydrolysed iron<species with this alloy was noticed. At high concentrations of added Fe ion, there seems to be some physical protection rendered to the base alloy probably due to the mixing of hydrated iron oxide with the graphite layer making i t somewhat compact. Deaeration of sea water reduces the corrosion of this material. The addition of FeSO/f to deaerated sea water did not give a significant benefit, rt comparison has been drawn between the behaviour of this material and that of copper alloys in FeSO/f-dosed sea water.

2.18 Kesan sinaran gama dan neutron ke atas ketahanan keluli kalis karat di dalam air penyejuk kepertamaan

+ # Muhamad Daud, Abdul Razak Daud dan Ibrahim Ahmad

Keluli kalis karat digunakan dengan meluas sebagai komponen reaktor nuklear, seperti bahan struktur, paip kepertamaan dan penyalut bahan api nuklear. Ini adalah kerana bahan ini mempunyai ketahanan kakisan yang

water Chemistry Division, BfiRC, India

„ Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jabatan Isotop

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tinggi. Keluli ini juga akan digunakan da lam pembinaan kebuk pengaktifan argon-41 yang akan dipasang di dalam teras Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTF). Sebelum pembinaan kebuk tersebut, perlu dikaji terlebih dahulu sifat-si fat metalurg^. dan kakisan bahan ini.

Kajian menunpukan kepada kajian kadar dan tingkah laku kakisan bagi bahan yang terdedah kepada air penyejuk kepertamaan RTP di bawah pengaruhan sinaran gama dan neutron.'Penganalisaan hasil kakisan juga akan dilakukan setelah bahan contDh didedahkan kepada sinaran daripada punca gama dan neutron. Pengaruhan gas argon ke atas keluli kalis karat tidak akan dikaji kerana gas bersifat 997. kering. Dalam hal ini, penggantian ion argon dengan ion besi dianggap kecil dan boleh diabaikan. Projek ini telah bermula pada awal tahun 1987 dan dijangka tamat pada penghujung tahun 1989.

2.18 The effect of gamma and neutron irradiation an the corrosion resistance of stainless steel in primary cooling-water

$ + Muhamad Daud, Abdul Razak Daud and Ibrahim Ahmad

Stainless steel is widely used as nuclear reactor components such as structural components, piping and fuel cladding. This is due to the high corrosion resistance of stainless steel. This material Mill be used in the fabrication of an argon-41 activation can, which will be installed in the core of Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP). Before constructing that device, i t is necessary to investigate the metallurgical and corrosion properties of the material.

This work concerns the measurement of corrosion rate and corrosion behaviour of the material when exposed to the primary cooling-water of RTP under the effect of gamma and neutron irradiation. The analysis of corrosion product will also be carried out after irradiating with gamma and neutron sources. The influence of argon on the material will not be studied because the argon is expected to be 99X dry. In this respect, the replacement of argon ions with iron ions is considered small and may be neglected. This project was started in early 1987 and is expected to be completed towards the end of 1989.

2.19 Pembentukan alat-alat pengesan isian gas

Muhammad Jamal Md. Isa, S. Kanesan dan Abdul Ghaffar Ramli

Sistem vakum tinggi seperti yang disebutkan dalam laporan tahun lalu sekarang ini berfungsi dengan sepsnuhnya. Dengan yang demikian alat-alat kesan baleh divakum sehingga ketekanan 10 milibar sebelum diisi dengan gas-gas.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Isotope Department

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Sebuah a l a t pembilang Geiger - f lu l le r dan sebuah a l a t kesan perkadaran gas (pengesan sinar—X bertenaga rendah)_vang mana i s i a n gasnya sudah resap keluar t e l a h divakum ke tekanan 10 m i l i b a r dan d i i s i semula dengan campuran 907. gas argon dan 107. gas butan. .Ker ja-ker ja yang d i ja lankan k i n i melibatkan pengujian dan penentuan maklum-balas dan kebolehan alat— a l a t kesan tersebut . Usaha juga sedang d i ja lankan untuk membaik-pulih sebuah a l a t pengesan Geiger-Mul ler yang mana t ingkap mikanya sudah punah.

2.19 Fabrication of gas-filled detectors

Muhammad Jamal Md. Isa, S. Kanesan and Abdul Ghaffar Ramli

The high vacuum system mentioned in last year's report is now ful}X functional. Detectors can now be pumped down to a pressure of lO millibar before being filled with gases.

fk couple of depleted detectors, one Geiger-fluller and one proportionaL counter (for detection of soft X-rays) have been vacuumed to about lO millibar and refilled with a gas mixture of about 907. industrial argon and 10'/. butane. The present work involves the testing and determining the response and capabilities of the above gas detectors. Efforts are also being expended in trying to recover a damaged end-window (mica window) Geiger-Muller detector.

2.20 Pemisahan bahan ga l i an dan pengoptimuman keadaan punaran bagi pentarikhan runut pembelahan

Ng Inn Khuan, Gui Ah Auu , Md. Shahid Ayub dan Abd. Kadir Ishak

Masaiah berkaitan dengan 2 dos imet r i neutron dan pemalar penyusutan pembelahan spontan bagi U, ?lf , dalam ka j i an pentarikhan runut pembelahan boleh die lakkan mela lu i kaedah tentukuran Zeta te rus , d i mana penerbitan secara empir ik bagi pemalar tungga l , *. , membolehkan umur di tentukan melalu i persamaan

T = 1 lnil + *.D-$ £* pdl

di mana 7.3, = jumlah pemalar penyusutan bagi ps = ketumpatan runut spontan pt = ketumpatan runut teraruh p^ = ketumpatan runut teraruh bagi piawai dosimetri

Nilai •£ boleh ditentukan dari piawai umur melalui

Jabatan Reaktor

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Rajah 2.2Q.1 : Hablur apatit yang dipisahkan dari sampel batuan Gunung Ledang

Figure 2.2Q.1 : Apatite crystals separated from Bunung Ledang rock samples

Rajah 2.20.2 : Runut pembelahan yang diperolehi pada permukaan terpunar sampel zirkon dari Gunung Ledang

Fioure 2.2Q. 2 : Fission tracks obtained on the etched surface of zircon from Bunung Ledang

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Kaedah bandingan ini akan digunakan untuk analisis berkala bagi sampel geologi dan penggunaan lain. Pada peringkat ini, kajian ditumpukan kepada kaedah pemisahan galian, cara penyediaan sampel dan pengoptimuman keadaan punaran.

Zirkon, sphene dan apatit yang biasanya digunakan dalam kajian pentarikhan runut pembelahan harus dipisahkan dari sampel batuan. Batu igneus dan metamorfosis dari beberapa lokasi (termasuk Sunung Ledang dan Sungai Pergau) telah dihancurkan dengan penghancur rahang. Selepas diayak, bijirin di antara 90 urn dan 250 um ditahan dan dipisahkan dengan cara mendulang air dan'pemisahan cecair berat (Bromofom). Bahan galian feromagnet dikeluarkan dari sampel menggunakan magnet kekal, kemudian sampel dimasukkan ke dalam pemisah magnet isodinamik Frantz pada berbagai gabungan nilai arus, condong depan dan condong sisi. Sphene yang agak tulen telah diperalehi pada arus 1.0 ampere dengan condong depan 25 dan condong sisi 15 , tetapi apatit dan zirkon yang dipisahkan dengan metil iodida (s.g. = 3.32) selepas ini tidak begitu memuaskan. Teknik pemisahan ini akan diperbaiki untuk mendapatkan keputusan yang lebih baik. Rajah 2.20.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada bahan galian tulen yang diperolehi secara pungutan tangan pada peringkat akhir.

Punaran optimum adalah mustahak untuk memberi kestabilan ketumpatan runut yang tidak peka kepada perubahan kecil dalam keadaan punaran. Punaran yang berterusan ke atas zirkon, sphene dan apatit bagi berbagai sampel telah dijalankan untuk menentukan masa punaran minimum, di samping memberi pengalaman terhadap pengenalan bentuk runut yang dipunarkan dengan secukupnya. Runut terpunar yang terdapat di atas beberapa bahan galian adalah seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah 2.20.2.

Bijirin zirkcn yang ditulenkan diatur dalam bentuk matriks 5x5 dan dicagakkan ke atas teflon PFA nipis pada suhu 340 C manakala bijirin apatit dan sphene dicagakkan' ke atas damar poliester. Sampel ini kemudian dicanai dan digilap untuk mendedahkan permukaan dalam dengan geometri 4ic. Zirkon dipunarkan dalam campuran eutektik KOH:NaOH pada 240 C manakala apatit dalam 5N HNO3 dan sphene dalam campuran 1I-F:2H\P33HC1:6H^3, kedua-duanya pada suhu bilik. Selepas setiap jangkamasa yang sesuai, ketumpatan runut spontan bagi sampel dicerap dan dibilang di bawah mikroskop optik dengan pembesaran lOOOx. Ketumpatan runut diplotkan berlawan masa punaran. Rajah 2.20.3 menunjukkan perubahan ketumpatan runut dengan masa punaran untuk runut spontan atas permukaan dalam bagi setengah daripada sampel yang dikaji. Keputusan yang muktamad tidak dapat diperolehi bagi zirkon kerana kekurangan alat dan kemudahan punaran yang sesuai pada masa ini.

Kajian yang seterusnya akan dijalankan untuk menentukan pemalar Zeta (̂ ) bagi berbagai kaca piawai NBS dengan menggunakan piawai umur Fish Canyon Tuff di bawah keadaan penyinaran Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI. Dengan nilai Zeta yang tertubuh ini, maka kerja-kerja pentariknan ke atas sampel lain akan dijalankan pada masa hadapan. Sementara ini, suatu perisian komputer untuk ujian statistik ke atas taburan ketumpatan runut dan perkiraan umur pentarikhan runut pembelahan berdasarkan kaedah penolakan sedang dibangunkan.

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2.20 Mineral separation and optimization of etching conditions for fission-track dating

Ng Inn Khuan, Bui Ah Auu , Md. Shahid Ayub and Abd. Kadir Ishak

The problems associated with neutron dosimetry and spontaneous fission decay constant of U, \f, in fission—track dating could be eliminated with direct Zeta calibration method, where derivation of the single empirically determined constant, < , enables unknown ages to be evaluated based on the equation

T = l_ In tl + KD €, £ p J ? a, u ? pi r

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It is intended to adopt this comparison method for our routine analysis of geological samples and other applications. At this stage, studies are mainly on the methods of mineral separation, sample preparation and optimization of etching conditions.

Individual mineral grains of zircon, sphere and apatite normally used in fission-track dating studies need to be separated from whole rocks. Igneous and metamorphic rocks from different localities (including Bunung Ledang and Sungai Pergau) were crushed using a Jaw crusher. After sieving, grains of between 90 urn and 250 urn were retained, then treated with water panning and heavy liquid separation (Bromoform). Ferromagnetic minerals were separated out from the samples by means of a permanent hand-magnet. The samples were then run through a Frantz isodynarrdc magnetic separator at various combinations of current, forward slopes and side tilts. Fairly pure samples of sphene was obtained at 1.0 ampere with 25° forward slope and lb side t i l t . Apatite and zircon obtained after treatment with methyl iodide (s.g. = 3.32) were not very satisfactory. Further improvement is needed to refine this separation technique. Figure 2.20.1 shows some of the pure minerals obtained by hand-picking at the final stage.

Optimum etching is important as to give a stable track density that is insensitive to minor variation in etching conditions. Progressive etching for zircon, sphene and apatite for various samples have been carried out to determine the minimum acceptable etching time besides serving as a good exercise to gain experience on the recognition of tracks which are adequately etched» The etched tracks on some of the minerals are shown in figure 2.20.2.

Reactor Department

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Purified mineral grains of zircon were arranged in 5x5 matrix and mounted at 340°C an PFA teflon wafers, while grains of apatite and sphene were mounted on polyester resin. The samples were ground and polished to reveal 4 K geometry internal surface. Zircon was etched in a eutetic mixture of KOH:NaOH at 240°C while apatite was etched in 5N hPDj and sphene in a mixture of lhF:2HND^:3HCl :6H^J, both at room temperature. At each suitable interval, the spontaneous track densities for various samples were observed and counted under an optical microscope with lOOOX magnification. The track densities were plotted against etching time. Figure 2.20.3 shows the variation of track densities with etching time for spontaneous tracks on the internal surface of some of the samples under study. No conclusive results were obtained for zircon due to the lack of suitable etching wares and facilities at the moment.

Further work will be carried out to calibrate the Zeta constant ( f) for various NBS standard glasses with Fish Canyon Tuff age standard under the irradiation conditions of Reaktor TRIGA PUSPftTI. Ultimately, with this established Zeta values, dating of unknown samples will be carried out. In the meantime a computer programme is being developed for statistical check on track density distribution and also for the calculation of fission-track dating ages based on the subtraction method.

2.21 Tentukuran ketebalan filem lagam nipis melalui teknik laser dan kaedah Tolansky

Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid dan S. Kanesan

Pengesan sawar permukaan sesuai digunakan untuk spektroskopi nuklear bagi pengesanan zarah-zarah bercas seperti zarah alfa dan proton. Oleh kerana harga dagangan pengesan tersebut adalah mahal, kebanyakan pusat-pusat nuklear telah membuat keputusan untuk menghasilkannya sendiri. Pembentukan pengesan sawar pernukaan melibatkan penyalutan lapisan nipis ke atas sekeping siliken. Sebuah alat penyejat lapisan nipis Edwards telah diperolehi untuk tujuan ini. Sebelum fabrikasi dimulakan, tentukuran ketebalan filem lagam nipis yang disejatkan ke atas substratum yang sesuai adalah perlu.

Kajian ini melibatkan penentukuran ketebalan filem nipis aluminium yang disalut ke atas kaca sebagai fungsi parameter boleh ubah seperti berat dawai aluminium bergarispusat 0.1 mm dan jarak di antara fileman pemanas dengan kedudukan kaca yang disalut. Julat berat aluminium adalah di antara 4 mg dan 28 mg manakala jarak di antara filamen pemanas dengan kaca boleh diubah di antara 6.0 cm dan 12.0 cm.

Keputusan kajian ke atas parameter-parameter yang menentukan ketebalan filem diberikan dalam rajah 2.21.1. Rajah tersebut bertujuan untuk member! maklumat kepada pengguna alat penyejat lapisan nipis mengenai parameter yang akan menghasilkan ketebalan lapisan nipis yang diperlukan. Maklumat sedemikian adalah mustahak kerana penyejatan lapisan yang berbeza ketebalannya akan menghasilkan pengesan yang mempunyai ciri-ciri yang berlainan.

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Indeks biasan bagi lapisan aluminium n i p i s Refractive index for thin aluminium film

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Ketebalan lapisan nipis ini telah tentukan dengan berbagai kaetiah. Teknik laser telah digunakan di dalam .penentuan tersebut. Sebuah laser helium-nean yang memancarkan sinaran pada panjang gelombang 632.B nm telah membekalkan cahaya/pancaran monokromat yang digunakan sebagai punca cahaya dalam kajian gangguan dan hantaran. Oleh kerana filem logam mempunyai penyerapan yang tinggi, indeks biasannya merupakan kuantiti yang kompleks yang berbentuk n-ik, di mana n merupakan kampanen nyata sementara k adalah komponen khayalan yang berhubung dengan penyerapan cahaya/tenaga oleh filem tersebut. Dari graf indeks biasan (rajah 2.21.2) untuk logam aluminium sebagai fungsi panjang gelombong cahaya, pada 632.8 nanometer nilai indeks biasan adalah 1.14 - 6.45i. Dengan menggantikan komponen khayalan (yang juga dikenali sebagai pekali pemadaman) ke dalam persamaan hantaran, ketebalan filem nipis dapat ditentukan.

Kaedah lain yang juga digunakan dalam penentuan tersebut merupakan gangguan Young serta kaedah Tolansky.

Penqharqaan

Penghargaan ditujukan kepada Dr. Ramli Jaya, Jabatan Fizik UKM kerana telah membenarkan penggunaan laser helium-neon, dan Puan Nareini Haji Mokhtar, UTM kerana kebenaran penggunaan meter kuasa laser.

2.21 Calibration of thin metallic film thickness using laser techniques and the Tolansky method

Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid and S. Kanesan

Surface-barrier detectors are suitable in nuclear spectroscopy for the detection of charged particles, in particular, alpha particles and protons. As a result of their high commercial price, many nuclear centres have resorted to construct these devices on their own. Fabrication of surface-barrier detectors involves the evaporation of thin metallic films on silicon. An Edwards Coating Unit Mas purchased for this purpose. Before actual fabrication begins, a necessary pre-requisite would be in the form of thickness calibration of the metals which are evaporated onto suitable substrates.

This work involves the calibration of the thickness of thin aluminium film coated onto glass substrate, as a function of the variable parameters which include the weight of 0.1 mm diameter aluminium wires ranging from 4 mg - 23 mg and the distance the substrate is placed from the point of evaporation which was varied from 6.0 cm to 12.0 cm in steps of 1.5 cm.

The results of the study of the various parameters which alter/affect the film thickness are given in figure 2.21.1. This graph is aimed at providing on-the-spot information to the potential user of the coating unit regarding suitable parameters required for a particular thickness of film. This information is necessary since a difference in the metallic film thickness during the fabrication of the detectors will create a difference in the characteristics of the particular detector.

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The thickness of the thin film Mere measured using several methods as a means of comparison. Laser techniques Mere applied in these determinations. A helium-neon laser provided the •monochromatic light emitted at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The laser was used as the light source in both the interference and transmission studies. However as metal films are highly absorbing their refractive index assumes a complex quantity in the form of n-ik where n is the real part of the index and k is the imaginary part which is related to the absorption of energy by the film. From the graph of refractive index versus wavelength of light for aluminium (figure 2.21.2), at 632.8 nm the corresponding value for aluminium is 1.14 - 6.45L. By substituting this complex value (also known as the extinction coefficient of the metal) into the transmission and absorption equations the equivalent thickness of the thin film can be determined.

Another method incorporated into the above determination was the Young's interference and the Tolansky method.

fie know1edgemen t

The authors are very grateful to Dr. Ramli Jaya of the Physics Department, UKW for the use of the helium-neon laser and also to Rjan Noreini Haji Mokhtar, UTM for the use of the laser power meter.

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2.22 Penerbitan Rjblicatians

Penerbitan Jumal (Journal Rjblicatians)

J. G. Powles and Mohamad Deraman (1987). Geometrical corrections for slow-neutron scattering at low angles with large samples. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia 5, 1 pp 35-51.

Mohamad Deraman, W. Hein, W. Wagner and D. Juul Jensen (in press). Small-angle neutron scattering studies on copper—cobalt decomposition. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia.

Mat Rasol Awang, Muhamad Lebai Juri, Jamaliah Sharif, Norjanah Mohid, Kamaruddin Hashim and Mohamad Deraman (1987). The effect of gamma irradiation on empty oil-palm fruit-bunches - A preliminary study. Pertanika 10, 2 pp 165-169.

C. J. Howard, R. J. Hill and M. A. M. Sufi (in press). Quantitative phase analysis by Rietveld analysis of X-ray and neutron diffraction patterns. Chemistry in Australia. ,,

Mohd. Ali Sufi (in press). Neutron diffraction studies of super-cooled liquid heavy water. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia.

Abdul Bhaffar Ramli, Hasni Mohamad dan Meor Yusoff Sulaiman (1987). Analisis uranium dan thorium melalui teknik analisis neutron tertunda. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia 5, 1 pp 15-28.

Jamaliah Sharif and Zulkafli Ghazali (1987). Fluorimetric determination of uranium in monazites. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia 5, 1 pp 29-34.

Meor Yusof Meor Sulaiman (1987). Pemprosesan sisa kek thorium : Penyelesaian kepada masalah pembuangan sisa radioaktif kilang ARE. Warta Nuklear Malaysia, Disember 1987.

Muhamad Daud, G. venkateswaran and K. S. venkateswarlu (in press). Some electrochemical corrosion characteristics of Ni-resistant type-II alloy in sea water with different pre-treatment. British J. of Corrosion.

Muhamad Daud, Abdul Razak Daud and Zainal Abidin Sidi (in press). Studies on extraction products of plant materials as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in air-saturated water. British J. of Corrosion.

Mohd Harun (in press). Effect of minor alloying elements on radiation damage evolution in stainless steel, J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia.

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Kertas-kertas Persidanaan (Conference Papers)

Jamaliah Sharif dan Zulkafli Ghazali (1787). Penentuan uranium di dalam monazit dengan kaedah fluorimetri. Dim. Pros. Simposium Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Pertama, UKM, Bangi.

Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman (1987). Analisis uranium dalam sampel bijih menggunakan teknik pendarfosfor. Dim. Pros. Simposium Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Pertama, UKM, Bangi.

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah, Kamarudin Bahari dan Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman (1987). Penggunaan teknik pengaktifan neutron di dalam kajian kebersihan udara bekerja di lombong-lombong bijih timah di Malaysia. Dim. Pros. Simposium Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Pertama, UKM, Bangi.

Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashim, Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman and Abdul Ghaffar Ramli (1987). Delayed-neutron analysis, : Its application in the determination of uranium and thorium in the by-products of the tin-mining industry. Paper presented at Seminar Penggunaan Teknik-teknik Nuklear dalam Industri, Kuala Lumpur.

Laporan-laporan Palawan (Internal Reports)

Meor Yusof Meor Sulaiman. Projek kerjasama UTN-UTM-UKM : Pemprosesan sisa industri perlombongan untuk mendapatkan uranium, thorium dan unsur-unsur nadir tanah. PPA/CR/12.

Muhamad Daud. Corrosion behaviour of type 304 stainless steel, mild steel and aluminium in aqueous environment at room temperature. PPA/T/68.

Muhamad Daud. Effect of temperature and strain rate on tensile behaviour of high-temperature alloys. PPA/T/67.

Abdul Aziz Mohamed. Creep-rupture behaviour of type 304 stainless steel at elevated temperature. PPA/T/71.

Abdul Aziz Mohamed. Industrial mini-seminar, Basic and processing metallurgy in steel making - mechanical properties. PPA/T/64.

Abdul Ghaffar Ramli dan Hasni Mohamad. Buku panduan pengguna sistem 2.0 PAUS. PPA/C/25.1.

Mohd Harun. Effect of heat treatment on carbon steel pipe weldment. PPA/T/72.

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PROOTPM ISOTDP DAN SINflRflN DALAtt INDUSTRI

3.1 Pengenalan

Sebagaimana pada tahun-tahun yang lepas, kegiatan utama Program Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Industri (ISI) merangkumi aktiviti penyelidikan, menganjurkan kursus/latihan/seminar, menyediakan khidmat-khidmat analisis, ujian, nasihat dan kepakaran, dan menghadiri latihan/kursus/seminar/simposium/bengkel.

Aktiviti penyelidikan yang dijalankan oleh Program ISI mencakupi penggunaan teknik-teknik nuklear di sektor industri, termasuk bidang-bidang analisis pengaktifan neutron, teknologi penyurih, tolokan nuklear, pemprosesan menggunakan sinaran dan ujian tanpa musnah. Projek-projek penyelidikan yang dijalankan boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga jenis utama : projek UTN sendiri; projek kerjasama dengan agensi kerajaan, universiti dan industri tempatan; dan projek kerjasama dengan institusi luar negeri serta badan-badan antarabangsa. Beberapa laporan ringkas mengenai kajian-kajian tersebut diberikan selanjutnya dan laporan lengkap boleh didapati dari senarai penerbitan.

Dalam usaha UTN untuk mempergiat dan mempertingkatkan penggunaan teknik-teknik nuklear dalam bidang perindustrian, Program ISI telah menganjurkan beberapa kursus, antaranya ialah dalam bidang ujian tanpa musnah dan hidrolorji isotop asas. Pegawai-pegawai Program ISI juga terlibat dengan giat dalam penyeliaan mahasiswa tahun akhir dari beberapa institusi pengajian tinggi tempatan. Di samping itu, Program ISI juga telah terlibat secara langsung dalam memberikan latihan khas kepada beberapa siswazah menganggur. Pada tahun 1987 juga satu seminar kebangsaan (Penggunaan Teknik-teknik Nuklear dalam Bidang Perindustrian) dan satu seminar bergerak (Penggunaan Penyurih dan Punca Termetri dalam Industri Minyak/Gas/Kimia) dapat dilaksanakan dengan jayanya.

Sepanjang tahun 19B7, Program ISI telah mempertingkatkan. khidmat-khidmat analisis, nasihat dan kepakaran kepada UTN sendiri dan juga agensi-agensi luar seperti yang dinyatakan dalam laporan selanjutnya. Sebagai usaha untuk meningkatkan prestasi, kepakaran dan pengalaman kakitangan, beberapa Pegawai/kakitangan Program ISI telah dihantar untuk mengikuti kursus/Iatihan/seminar/simposium di dalam dan di luar negeri. Dalam tahun 1987, seramai 20 orang telah mengikuti latihan di dalam negeri manakala 10 orang telah mengikuti latihan di luar negeri. Latihan yang diikuti bercorak jangka pendek dan jangka panjang yang sesuai dengan keperluan semasa dan masa depan UTN.

Pada keseluruhannya semua aktiviti Program ISI bagi tahun 1987 berjalan dengan lancar. Di sini saya ingin mengambil kesempatan untuk merakamkan ucapan tahniah dan syabas kepada semua kakitangan Program ISI di atas usaha gigih, ketekunan dan dedikasi dalam menjayakan aktiviti-aktivitinya. Akhir sekali, ucapan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada semua kakitangan UTN yang telah member! kerjasama kepada Program ISI secara langsung ataupun tidak langsung dalam menjayakan aktiviti-aktivitinya.

Daud Mohamad, Ketua Program Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Industri

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ISOTOPE AND RADIATION fW fffff ^im PRQERAffC

3.1 Introduction

As in previous years, the main activities of the Isotope and Radiation in Industry (ISI) Programme embody research, organising courses/training/seminars, providing services which include analyses, tests, counselling and expertise and attending training courses/seminars/symposia/workshops.

In all, the research activities conducted by ISI encompass the uses of nuclear techniques in industry, such as neutron activation analysis, tracer and nuclear-gauging technology, radiation processing and non­destructive testing. These projects may be divided into 3 major types : UTN's own proj'ects; Joint/collaborative projects with other government agencies, local universities and the local industry; and joint/collaborative projects with foreign institutions and other international bodies. A short review of the proj'ects follows while a full report can be obtained from the list of publications.

In its effort to increase and widen the application of nuclear techniques in industry, ISI has organised several courses which include, among others, those on non-destructive testing and basic isotope hydrology. ISI's officers were actively involved in supervising final-year students from local institutions of higher learning. In addition, ISI was also directly involved in the training of several unemployed graduates. In 1987, ISI was able to organise, with great success, a national seminar on the uses of nuclear techniques in industry and a mobile seminar on the uses of sealed sources and tracers in the oil/gas/chemical industry.

Throughout 1987, ISI has indeed managed to increase its various services (analyses, consulting, expertise) to UTN itself and also to outside agencies as discussed in the ensuing reports. As a means to upgrade staff performance, know-how and experience, several officers and personnel from this Programme have been sent to courses, training stints, seminars and symposia held within and outside the nation. In 1987, a total of 20 staff members were given training courses locally and another lO were sent overseas. These training stints, by the way, comprise both short and long term programmes and are relevant to UTN's current and future needs.

By and large, everything was smooth for ISI thoughout 1987. I would like to take this occasion to express my heartfelt congratulations to all ISI personnel for their diligence, intensity and dedication in making ISI's activities a huge success. Last but not least, thanks also to all UTN staff who have given their co-operation, directly or indirectly, to make 1987 a truly wonderful year for all of us.

Daud Mohamad, Head, Isotope and Radiation in Industry Programme

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3.2 Deposition pattern of fresh sediment input from Sungai Kelang

Abdul Kadir Ishak, Zainudin Othman, Roslan Mohd. Ali, Daud Mohamad, Abdul Razak Hamzah and Mohd. Azhar Mazlan

Port Kelang is located Mi thin a complex of a tidal channel near the seaward front of Sungai Kelang delta. Previous studies have shown that fresh sediment brought down the river caused considerable siltation in Anchorage Reach and around the berths of the North Port. A radioactive tracer study was then proposed to determine where the river sediment settles on the bed in Anchorage Reach and to determine whether it could then be remobilized in the course of one tide into the North Kelang Straits, thereby exposing the berths to siltation from newly-arrived sediment.

The study was carried out in November 1987 where two releases of 500 g of prepared natural sediment labelled with fiu-198 were made. The first release took place at mid ebb of a spring tide while the second release took place at the end of the ebb, two weeks after the first release. In each release, about 8 Ci of Au-198 was employed and the labelled sediment of size 5 - 60JMTT was introduced 1 m below the water surface. The movement of the tracer was followed immediately after the release and subsequently followed for about one week using a water—tight bed radiation detection probe which was towed behind the survey boat.

Analysis af the bed radiation result is still under way. However, early impressions are that for the first 24 hours after each release the tracer imprint on the bed of Anchorage Reach is readily detectable. After two tidal cycles the imprint is largely erased as the tracer becomes widely dispersed and is detected only in isolated patches. It seems that on spring tides a proportion of the mud leaving Sungai Kelang on the late ebb does deposit temporarily along Anchorage Reach particularly at its seaward end. However, the settled mud is subsequently re-mobilized as velocities increase on the following flood tides. Thus the newly-arrived mud is repeatedly disturbed and effectively remains in suspension until the more persistent lower velocities attending neap tides allow the mud to settle, consolidate and possibly survive the higher bed shear that will turn on the next spring tide. The isoactiyity contour representing the distribution of fresh sediment from Sungai Kelang monitored on the 11th November, 1987 (3 days after release) is shown in figure 3.2.1.

Core samples taken in Anchorage Reach and around the wharves of the North Port showed some positive presence of gold both in front and behind the wharves of the northern end of the North Port. This clearly indicate that where the velocities around the wharves is very low, the mud settled permanently and hence caused siltation that is of concern to the Port authority.

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Figure 3.2.1 : Distribution of fresh sediment at Port Kelang monitored on 11 th November, 1987

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3.3 Grain-size analysis of Pot t Bintulu sediment

Abdul Kadir Ishak, Zainuddin Othman and Johari Abdul Latiff

Mi thin the framework of sediment-transport studies using radioactive tracers at major Malaysian ports, Fort Bintulu in Sarawak has been chosen as the second site for the radiotracer investigation. In Bintulu, the study is necessary as the port authority is looking for a new spoil ground closer to the port. The study would involve the injection of radioactive iridium glass in which its size matches the size of the natural sediment at the proposed site. The movement of the glass is then monitored. Thus, before the experiment is conducted, it is of primary importance to have a good knowledge of the particle-size distribution of the seabed sediment of the study area.

Eight sediment samples were obtained from the Port Bintulu Authority. These samples were collected from three different localities : within the berths, along the navigation channel, and undisturbed sediment from the left- and right-hand sides of the navigation channel. The size analysis of the sediment was carried out using wet sieving and sedimentation tube. The results indicate that the seabed materials have variable proportion of mud and sand. In the berth and along the navigation channel the sediment is very fine, having median particle diameter (D^Q) bsttmsen 1 and 3j-im and a D^Q of 15 — 70 jjm. However, the sample from the berth is coarser with D$o °"f 15 jjm and D?o 0 ,c 145 ym. The sample collected from the north of the navigation channel seems to be similar to the sample collected from the channel with a D$Q of 3 pm and a D<?Q of 67yim, whereas sediment from the south of the channel are much coarser with a D50 of 55

- 75 Jim and a D^Q of 100 - HO jjm.

In conclusion it can be said that the Fort Bintulu sediment comprises^ of clay, silt and fine sand. Their proportions vary from one locality to another. The sediment is very fine around the port area but becomes coarser towards the open sea particularly towards the south of the port. Based on these results, a glass tracer with a size range of 5 - 100 jim may be prepared for the study.

3.4 Dispersion behaviour of oxidation pond at Klang Hospital

Zainudin Othman, Man Zakaria wan Mohd. Tahir, Roslan Mohd. Mi and Daud Mohamad

A good understanding of the behavior of the waste-treatment pond is essential for proper waste management. In most practice, examination of the pond characteristics involve looking at the internal symptoms such as retention-time distribution and the dispersion behavior. In this study, a short-lived gamma emitting tracer, tecfnitium-99fn was used to permit in-situ observation of the dispersion of the tracer as it flows through the individual ponds. Technitium-99m is a gamma-ray emitter with a half-life of 6 hours. Its concentration can be monitored directly in the pond using submersible radiation monitors.

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EA

RT

S > z

WEIR

M j

1

BAFFLES

| ,

1

i

s" !

A

I INLET PIPE

301'

i i ' i i ' '

i i i i |OXIDATIC|N POND [2 !

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .

VALVE-—"

' I I > i i

! ! : OXIDATIO^ POND !l !

.iyi ! TRANSECT LINES

NJ ^3

Figure 3.4.1 : ft schematic view of the oxidation pond at Kelang Hospital

Glass Beaker

Glass Tubing

e^>s^^~ Plastic Tubing

- U gal plastic . . container ' LS(*°Pe

Peristaltic Pump

Pond

Inlet pipe •'•*£'-

" C v V \ * t " \ \ v CCC v"

Figure 3.4.2 : The isotope injection system used in the investigation

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POND 2 TRANSECT 1 13.05-13.34 LEGEND:

10 H 12

: • :

0 - 50 COUNTS

50 - 100

«D1 - 2 0 0

201 - 400 "

400 - BOO "

800 -1600

1600 -3200

3200 -6400

^ 6401 <

\ \

Figure 3.4.3 : Tracer dispersion in a cross-section of a transect line.

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Figure 3.4.4 : Isoactivity contour of pond #1 showing the flow characteristics and the presence of dead volumes

INLET I 4k J K L M N 0 P

Figure 3.4.5 : Isoactivity contour of pond #2 showing similar flow characteristics and presence of dead volumes

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The plant comprises two ponds, having the same volume of 5.3 megalitres (Ml) with an average flow rate of 0.5O4 Ml/day. The pond system, shown in figure 3.4.1, are both approximately 1.5 m deep. Pond # i provides primary treatment and #2 is for secondary treatment before final discharge into the Klang River.

For detailed monitoring of tracer dispersion in individual ponds, Tc-99m was injected by pumping into the inlets at a constant flow rate using a peristaltic pump over a period of 1 hour (figure 3.4.2). For each pond, 1O0 mtt of Tc-99m was diluted in 20 litres of water in a 25 litre plastic container and then pumped out into the inlet. After 20 litres of solution had been pumped out, an additional lO litres of water was pumped through to flush out the remaining tracer.

The distribution of Tc-99m in the pond was fallowed at 8 transects. Transect ropes were stretched across the ponds and each transect consists of 12 sections. Activity levels were measured using a Nal detector suspended from a flat-bottomed boat maneuvered carefully along the transect lines. Measurements were taken at lO cm depth increment at 12 equally spaced grid-paints along each transect. The water temperature was also recorded to study the occurence of thermal stratification and streaming phenomena existing in the pond.

A typical tracer dispersion in the cross-section of a transect is shown in figure 3.4.3. The plan view of the tracer distribution (isoactivity contour) for both ponds are shown in figures 3.4.4 and 3.4.5. The presence of dead volumes and flow characteristic of the pond system could be determined from these figures.

3.5 Retention-time distribution studies in Seri Serdang oxidation ponds

Anhar Suki , Roslan Mohd. Ali, Zainuddin Othman and Johari Yusof

Oxidation ponds are commonly being used nowadays as one of the methods for waste-water treatment of residential areas in Malaysia. They became popular because they are cheap and easy to construct and maintain. Even though their use has been quite extensive, data on their operation is limited. Available data are also rarely analysed and published* This report discusses the work done on the sewage-oxidation ponds of Seri Serdang residential area from September 1987 to February 1988 to determine the hydraulic retention characteristics such as retention-time distribution.

The plant consists of two systems, SSI and SS2, situated in parallel and having the same amount of total volume of 12,000 m (figure 3.5.1). The hydraulic retention time for both systems were designed at 7.7 days. The current retention time is 9.& days and this corresponds to an average volumetric flow rate of 1220 m /day.

Department of Environmental Sciences, UPM

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Tritiated water (300 mCi) was injected instantaneously into the influent at the inlet of the first pond using a bottle breaker. The response was determined by sampling at the outlets of the first and second ponds. Sampling was carried out using two automatic water samplers. The time interval between sampling was increased from 1 hour on the day of injection to 4 - 6 hours, hal f a day, 1 day and 2 days as the test progressed. The samples were then distilled with activated charcoal before assaying by liquid-scintillation counting.

Tritium has a half-life of 12.4 years and therefore its decay correction can be ignored in the retention-time calculation. Tritium is naturally available in the effluent with a base activity of lO counts/minute. The retention time for SSI is shown in figure 3.5.2. The retention time for the first pond was calculated to be 3.3 days while the two ponds in series gave a value of 5.6 days. The actual retention time is lower than the value obtained by flow measure/nsnts. The efficiency of the pond was also calculated and estimated to be only 5TA. This is due to sludge formation and accumulation as well as the ineffectiveness of certain sections of the pond due to dead zones and short-circuiting.

injection of tracer water pump

injection of tracer

Fond 1

--sampling point

Pond 2

discharge <

--sampling point

System SSI System SS2

Figure 3.5.1 : Diagram of the oxidation ponds at Seri Serdang

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3500

3000

2500

2000

- 1500

100O

500

T 1 r -

QPOND #1

+ POND #2

X X _L

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

TIME (Days after Injection)

Figure 3.5.2 : Tritium levels in the outlets of pond #1 and #2. The time given is the number of days after injection, whereby injection occurred at about midday on day O (16 Sept. 1987). The last measurement was done on 5 Oct. 1987.

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3.6 Kajian masa mastautin dalam tanur simen berputar

Md. Snahid Ayub, Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd. Tahir, Roslan Mohd. Ali, Zainuddin Othman, Daud Mohamad dan Joharx Mohd. Yusof

Kajian surihan radioaktif telah dijalankan di kilang simen APMC bertujuan untuk lebih memahami proses-proses fizikal dan menyiasat taburan masa mastautin bahan-bahan yang disalurkan atau dicampurkan. Masa mastautin optimum dan parameter-parameter lain berhubung dengan aliran di dalam tanur berputar dapat membantu jurutera loji dan penguasa untuk membuat keputusan. Perkara ini akan mempengaruhi mutu bahan keluaran dan ekonomi prosesnya.

Dalam pembuatan simen, syal dan batu kapur dicampur dan dikeringkan melalui suatu menara prapemanas yang terdiri daripada beberapa siklan, sebelum dimasukkan ke dalam tanur berputa. ituk proses pembakaran klinker. Percampuran selanjutnya berlaku di dalam tanur, di mana suhunya dikawal melebihi 1000 C. Klinker yang telah dibakar di dalam tanur disejukkan dengan cepat di dalam penyejuk bergerigi menggunakan udara, kemudian disalurkan ke silo klinker (rajah 3.6.1).

Penyiasatan mengenai kelakuan percampuran klinker di dalam tanur dapat ditentukan dengan mengkaji taburan masa mastautin. Masa mastautin, T, dapat diukur melalui

t = (L s i n B)/2Jt$lRn

di mana L ialah jumlah panjang tanur, 8 ialah sudut rehat bahan yang disalurkan, R ialah jejari dalam tanur, n ialah kelajuan putaran tanur dan 0 ialah cerun tanur. Walaupun purata masa mastautin dapat dirumuskan secara teori, ia terhad dan memerlukan pengalaman untuk membuat kesimpulan tentang aliran yang sebsnar. Sebaliknya, kaedah radioisotop bukan sahaja dapat menunjukkan purata masa mastautin, tetapi juga rebakan di sekitar purata masa mastautin yang dapat menggambarkan kelakuan sebenar sesuatu aliran di dalam sesuatu keadaan, samada mengalami percampuran tidak lengkap, percampuran ke belakang, aliran palam atau penurunan dan Iain-lain.

30 mCi penyurih telah disediakan dengan melarutkan kerajang emas taktersinar ke dalam akua regia. Larutan emas yang terhasil dituang perlahan-lahan ke atas gel silika yang telah dilumatkan (30 - 70 ;um) sambil dikacau dengan kuat. Emas tersebut dilekatkan di permukaan gel silika dengan rawatan haba pada suhu 400 C. Debu silika ini kemudian disinarkan dan dipindahkan ke dalam satu tiub kaca dan bersedia untuk suntikan. Penyurih dimasukkan ke dalam sistem menggunakan udara termampat menerusi satu lubang sebelum tanur berputar (rajah 3.6.2).

Pembilangan secara langsung telah dibuat selepas bahagian penyejuk menggunakan pengesan Nal 1.5" X 1" yang disejukkan dengan air. Pengesan tersebut disambungkan kepada penskala/meter kadar PSR8 dan dipasang pada jarak 0.5 m dari sabuk penyampai (rajah 3.6.3). 3 kg sampel klinker setiap satu telah dipungut bersela-sela pada tempat klinker dijatuhkan sebelum dihantar ke silo. Pengukuran dibuat menggunakan peralatan pengesan yang serupa dalam keadaan geometri yang sama.

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SHALE

X : Injection point

Y : Detection point

Z : Sampling point

FUEL STORAGE TANK

PREHSATER TOWER

KILN

/COOLER

87

y Lz-

Rajah 3.6.1 : Rajah skema presses tanur dalam pembuatan simen Figure 3.6.1 : Schematic diagram of the kiln process in cement making

1.0 steel pipe handle

—~ to air compressor

plastic tubing

I

,t>v.-'.̂ K̂ r e t

spring to handle radioactive tube

rubber stopper

1 ^ 3 ^

mixture of Au-198 in powdered form

glass wool

I--- wire rope

Rajah 3.6.2 : Balang penyurih radioisotop dan mekanisma penyuntikan Figure 3.6.2 : Radioisotope tracer container and the injection mechanism

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Purata mas* mastaut in , T, bahan k l i n k e r d i dalam tanur berputar boleh d i t e r b i t k a n daripada sambutan pengesan terhadap penyurih yang d isun t ikkan ke dalam s i s tem. I n i d iber ikan sebagai momen pertama k e l i l i n g o rd ina t kepekatan (atau kadar bi langan c ) ,

T * / c t t d t / / c t d t Jo •'o

dan ini dipinda untuk data yang mempunyai julat yang sama kepada

T = ^(Ti CiAti)/ ZjtCi AtA)

T juga dapat diperolehi secara graf dengan memplotkan kadar .bilangan sebagai fungsi masa. Dalam hal ini, T adalah koordinat masa pusat graviti plot tersebut. Pada dasarnya ini dapat dibandingkan dengan purata masa mastautin mengikut teori, T^n = V/Q, di mana V adalah jumlah isipadu klinker di dalam tanur, dan Q adalah kadar alir klinker.

Dalam kajian ini, T adalah kira-kira 60 minit, sejajar dengan jangkaan untuk tanur yang diselidikki. T dari kaedah pengukuran secara langsung adalah lebih tinggi ( 77 minit). Perbezaan ini mungkin disebabkan oleh penokokan pencemaran baki penyurih ke atas sabuk penyampai sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan oleh ekor yang lebih panjang bagi lengkung sambutan (rajah 3.6.4). Kajian ini juga menunjukkan bahawa masa terawal bagi klinker melewati tanur dan penyejuk adalah lebih kurang 25 minit.

3.6 Residence-time distribution study in cement rotary kiln

Md. Shahid Ayub, Man Zakaria Man Hand. Tahir, Roslan Mohd. flli, Zainuddin Othman, Daud Mohamad and Johari Mohd. Yusof

The radioactive tracer experiment was carried out at the APMC cement rotary kiln with the aim of getting a better understanding of the physical processes occurring in the system and checking on the residence-time distribution of the feed materials. Information on the optimum residence time and other parameters regarding the flow in the rotary kiln would assist plant engineers or manufacturers in decision making. This in turn would influence the quality of the final product and also the economy of the process.

In cement making, shale and limestone are mixed and dried in a preheater tower consisting of several cyclones before being fed into a rotary kiln for clinker burning process. Further mixing is said to be completed in the kiln and sustained at temperatures above 1000°C. The klinker burned in the kiln is cooled rapidly by air in a grate cooler then conveyed to the clinker silos (figure J.6.1).

Investigation on the mixing behaviour of the clinker in the kiln can be determined by studying the residence-time distribution. The residence time, T, of charge material in a rotary kiln can be measured by

T = (L sin B)/2nfan

where L is the total length of the kiln, 0 is the angle of repose of the

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Conveyor carrying samples

Rajah 3 .6 .3 : Susunatur pengesanan persampelan kl inker-pada sabuk penyampai

Figure 3.6.3 : The detection arrangement for clinker sampling on the conveyor belt

2)

i a

300;

280-

200 -

180-

S 100-

80

x PERSAMPELAN «LINKER «CLINKER SAMPLING) •PEN0E8ANAN TERU8 «DIRECT DETECTION}

* * x

X w^inr 80 100 180 200

NASA <TlHE) min 280 300

Rajah 3.6.4 : Keputusan yang diperolehi dalam kajian ini Figure 3.6.4 : The results obtained from this study

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charge material, R is the inner radius of the kiln, n is the rotational speed of the kiln, and <f> is the slope of the kiln. The mean residence time of the clinker can be computed by this formula but is subjected to some limitations and requires experience in drawing to conclusion about the actual flaw situation of the process. The radioisotope tachnique, on the other hand, not only indicates the mean rasidence time but also the spread of residence about the mean, which provides an overall picture of the actual flow behaviour under certain circumstances, either experiencing incomplete mixing, backmixing, plug flow or channelling, etc.

30 mCi of tracer was prepared by dissolving unirradiated gold foil in aqua regia. The gold solution was then steadily poured onto finely-crushed silica gel (30 - 70 pm) and vigorously stirred. This gold was affixed to the silica gel surfaces by heat treatment at 400°C. The tagged silica was then irradiated and transferred into a glass tube and is ready for injection. The tracer was introduced into the system by compressed air through an access point before the rotary kiln (figure 3.6.2).

Direct counting measurements were made after the cooler using a 1.5" X 1" water-cooled Nal detector fixed about 0.5 m away from the conveyor belt and connected to a PSRB scaler/ratemeter as shown in figure 3.6.3. 3 kg each of klinker samples were collected at staggered intervals from a dropping point before the clinker was conveyed to the storage silo. Measurements were done using a similar detection equipment under the same geometry.

The mean residence time, T, of the clinkers in the rotary kiln may be derived from the detector response of the injected tracer into the system. This is given by the first moment about the concentration (or count rate C) ordinate

T « J Ct t dt /fct dt

and is usually modified for equally-spaced data points as

T = Z^Ti Ci&t^/S^Ci Atj)

T can also be obtained graphically by plotting the count rate as a function of time. In this case, T is the time coordinate of the centre of gravity of the plot. Basically, this can be compared to the calculated theoretical mean residence time, Tth s Wn* where v" is the total volume of the clinkers in the kiln and Q is the flow rate of the clinkers.

In the experiment, T was found to be about 60 minutes, which is expected of the kiln under study. However, T obtained from direct counting is slightly higher ( 77 minutes). The difference may be due to the build up of residual contamination of the tracer on the conveyor belt, as indicated by the longer tail of the response curve (figure 3.6.4). The experiment also showed that the breakthrough time of the clinkers in the kiln and cooler is about 25 minutes.

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J . 7 Seepage investigation of bunded storage reservoir using environmental isotope — a preliminary study

Man Zakai-ia Man Mohd. Tahir and Daud Mohamad

The bunded storage reservoir (BSR) is operated by the Jabatan Bekalan Air, Dungun and is principally used for domestic water supply for Dungun District and its vicinity^ The BSR is a rock-filled reservoir, with a capacity of about 270,000 m (pumped from Sungai Paka). Seepage has been observed along the toe drain soon after commissioning of the reservoir, while only very little water was observed draining from the seepage chamber/drain, fin environmental isotope study was carried out to determine the source of seepage water observed along the drain.

water samples from BSR, Paka River, seepage water, seepage chamber and groundwater, Here collected in one sampling accession (September 1987) and analysed for- their stable isotope and chemical contents. The stable isotope contents are almost similar for the BSR, seepage chamber and seepage water samples but significantly different from that of groundwater and Paka River (figure 3.7.1). ft similar trendg is also observed for 0 vs electroconductivity (figure 3.7.2) and O vs CI plots (figure 3.7.3). The results indicated that the seepage Mater probably originated from the BSR. However, to confirm the above finding, a further experiment is proposed using seepage water and artificial or activable tracer.

3.8 Environmental isotope-hydrology study of Kuala Rompin Area, Pahang

Daud Mohamad, Man Zakaria Nan Mohd. Tahir, Mohd. Shahid ftyub, Roslan Mohd- ftli and Zainudin Othman

Underground, river and sea water samples from the area were collected with the aim of establishing information on the inter-connection between deep aquifer containing brackish water and the upper fresh water aquifer, their recharge mechanism and their origin. Information was also required on the possibility of sea water intrusion.

There is quite a definite separation between the shallow and deep aquifers (figures 3.B.1 and 3.8.2). The overall results indicate the occurrence of ti^o types of water. For the first type (i.e. deep wells), the recharge is from higher elevation and have been emplaced there for quite some time inhere more negative O values and low tritium (<2 T.U.) were observed. The second type (i.e. shallow neife) -is of local recharge where high tr-itium (>2 T.U.) and less negative O were observed. Due to the unconfinrxl nature of the shallow wells and their closeness to the sea, some of the wells are probably slightly affected by the sea especially for sampling wells closer to the sea and also for wells within the swampy area- The high electroconductivity content of the deep aquifer-is probably due to the dissolution of soil/rocks matrix, but definitely not due to the recent sea water intrusion as indicated by their less negative values of their stable isotope content.

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92 -

Kdantan precipitation isotope data S J

S180(%o) y / y /

-7 -6 -5 -U -3 / 4 / A

(4D=8*1^+13.a^X

y/ { 5 T t y//l^U--Z™Zm

(Paka river)

(gw) 7

•*• /^

• '• * 3 ' storage

9 (gw)

20

'10

0 1

-10

-20 ;D(%o)

-30

-CO

Figure 3.7.1 : The stable isotope content of the bunded storage reservoir (BSR) and its seepage compared to that of groundwater (gim) and Paka River

1 "2 o

00

-u

-5

-6

100 Electro Conductivity (jjmho)

200 300 400 500

Bunded storage

(Ftaka river)

«;:

5/6 Seepage

-7 I 8 ( 9 * )

600 700 T T

9 (gw)

Figure 3.7.2 : The electroconductivity versus O for the BSR and its seepage are also different from that of groundwater and Paka River

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93

Cf(ppm) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

seepage water

(gw) 9

seepage chamber Bunded storage

7 (river)

8 (gw)

-7

IB Figure 3.7.3 : Chloride ion content versus O of the bunded

storage reservoir (BSR), seepage water and seepage chamber are also different from that of groundwater and Paka River

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^ifl--3

to-eso.io •

to

• 2 0

•30

•to

50

•60

8.1 : The iD versus <SO data far the water samples shows clear distinction betiveen shallow and deep wells

s.°

Sungol i/n I L B * I I * )

Ronpln A

B'ldg* 3/H e

Ehdou Rivtr Sungoi flomptn Ut l ty l

• S*owalH iLcnvtidtl

S«wol#r

Ihighlidtl

0 5hollow will

0 0 * rp wtll

10

2 i ft similar trend as above can be seen far tritium vs 6o

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95

3.9 A preliminary study of the groudwater system of Perils

Md. Shahid Ayub, Daud Mohamad, Roslan Mohd. AH, Hand. Jahari Yusof and Johar Latif

This project is undertaken by UTN in co-operation with JKR Perl is, with the aim of assessing the water resources in the state of Perl is for immediate and long-term needs. The hydrological problems of major interest are as fallows :

i . The possibility of saline water intrusion into the Arau groundwater wells,

i i . The true pat/iway of Anak Chelong and Mata Aver resources. Hi. The source of Semadong ground water,

iv. The effect of excessive pumping on the environment at Arau and Semadong.

A reconnaisance team was despatched in June, 1987. Upon its recommendation, UTN will immediately undertake to solve problems (i) and (Hi). Problem (ii) could not be undertaken due to the present security condition, while UTN will not undertake problem (iv) but had advised JKR Perlis to consult the Geological Survey Department and other government agencies on this matter.

To substantiate JKR's immediate needs, the data from the Kedah/Perlis isotope—hydrology project were evaluated. This is summarized in figure 3.9.1. Figure 3.9^P is a plot of the chloride content versus time. From both plots, there is no indication of saline-water intrusion into the groundwater wells at Arau. Although no immediate problem is foreseen, monitoring of the ground water will be carried out on an annual basis. A deviation towards the sea-water mixing line (figure 3.9.1) and/or chloride content exceeding 250 mg/1 (figure 3.9.2) warrant proper action/planning for JKR Perlis because the results may be an indication of saline-nater intrusion.

Besides Arau, Semadong is being developed as the source of water supply for Perlis. Based on the structure and geology of the area, there is a general consensus that the ground water originates from the Chuping limestone formation to the east of Semadong. However, a recent geophysical survey done by a local university proved otherwise. Unfortunately, the geophysical method employed could not penetrate deep into the formation and left some doubt on the conclusion. Perhaps an environmental-isotope study may shed some light in this area.

The first sampling campaign was carried out in October, 1987 and is shown in figure 3.9.3. Chemical analysis for major cations and anions have been completed and the resul t has been incorporated in figure 3.9.2. The stable isotopes (tritium and carbon-14) are being analysed. The field data indicate that the conductivity of the surface water is below 50

pmho, and most of the ground water lie between 200 - 6O0 jjmho, while the ground water at Arau lies between lOOO - 1200 jjmho and sea water is 23000 pmho. Although the Arau groundwater shows a higher conductivity, i t is too early to conclude that intrusion of saline water has taken place. The increase in conductivity may be due to several factors, one of which is the contribution from the limestone formation.

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to -5 -4 -3

iD=8.2«D+13.A (ALUR STAR METEORIC)

WATER LINE SEAWATER MIXING LINE

" / SMOW

AVEF.XGE VALUE

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

* 0

Figure 3.9,l_ : &D versus Ao data for the Kedah-Perlis area and the ftlur Star meteoric water line. Seawater mixing line is also shorn

300

Q. Q.

LU 200 -

O _l X u

100 -

J M 1986

M J S N J 1987

TIME

M M J S N ' J 1985

Figure 3.9.2 : Chloride content of the water samples varies little with time and is about ZOO ppm

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97

f v

X St 1

K i *

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u KANGAR

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- P 5

/ P J 2

AR>

THAILAND

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/ ^ «P17

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Tk ••• P3 WJ V. P2 .

P*")k

w •

_rf?£^PADANG BESAR

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<

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P25 P24 \ p,0 .;P23 V £!£i>P22 \ ^

P21 ' %/->irs-

ypis

-P25 J

j / / / / 1 J

!

1 I

^ ^ KEDAH

\ \ X ° ! 2 3 4 5 Km.

Figure 3.9.3 : Map of the Perl is area showing sampling points (PI - P2S) of the sampling campaign in October, 1987

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3.10 Fenentuan ciri-ciri pengganding ultrasanik berasaskan CMC

Mahd. Pauzi Ismail

Pengganding merupakan salah satu unsur yang penting di dalam pengesan ultrasanik. la digunakan bersama pemindaharuh ultrasanik untuk mengesan bahan kajian. Pengganding yang baik boleh menghantar sebanyak mungkin tenaga ultrasanik yang dipancarkan atau diferima oleh pemindaharuh ke da2am bahan yang hendak dikaji dan secara tak langsung ini meningkatkan kepskaan pengesanan kecacatan.

Kajian ini membentangkan kaedah penyediaan pengganding yang dibuat dari kandungan karboksimetil-selulos (CMC) dengan berbagai bahan kimia. Pengecilan ultrasonik dan galangan akoustik bagi pengganding diukur bagi berbagai kepekatan dan berbagai kandungan CMC dalam berbagai bahan kimia. Perbandingan di antara pengganding CMC dan pengganding lain yang telah lazim digunakan juga telah dilakukan.

3.10 Determination of the characteristics of CMC-based ultrasonic couplant

Mohd. Pauzi Ismail

A couplant is one of the most important elements in ultrasonic inspection. It is used to couple an ultrasonic transducer with the material to be inspected. A good couplant mil transmit most of the ultrasonic energy emitted or received by the transducer to the material under inspection and consequently Mill improve the sensitivity of flaw detection.

A method of preparing couplant made from carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) compounded with various chemicals is presented. The ultrasonic attenuation and acoustic impedance of the couplant prepared at various concentration and different composition were then measured and described. A comparison between this CMC-based couplant and other conventional couplants have also been made.

J. 11 The development of acoustic emission technique in hDT

Abdul Razak Hamzah, Abdul Aziz Mohamed, Abu Bakar Hassan and Hishamuddin Alham

Acoustic emission (AE) is unique among NDT techniques, because the signal obtained indicating deformation occurs in the material being inspected. Basically, AE is a stress wave that travels through a material due to stress acting upon a defect. In UTN, the four-channel AE 3014 system has been installed. It consists of sensors, pre-amplifier, amplifier, analyser and PAC 3000 computer. This system has been linked to a

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UTM

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99

universal testing machine (Zwick 1475) in order to simulate various types of deformations.

Since the AE method can be used far many applications ranging from basic materials study to monitoring the integrity of complex engineering structure, a lot of preliminary work had been undertaken prior to putting this method into practice. Several basic experiments have been done to understand the behaviour of the AE signals related with energy, count, amplitude and rise time. Experiments such as the effect of stress on AE using a manual stress inducer, energy loss in wave guides using a wave­guide Jig and characteristics of AE in various materials namely steel, copper and aluminium were done. The later work was aimed at identifying the site of a potential defect in deformed materials in 1 dimension.

J. 12 Development of neutron radiography at LfTN

Rosly Jaafar, Abdul Razak Rohany , Azali Muhamad, Mohd. Suhaimi Kassim and Abdul Ghaffar Ramli

The last development stage of the neutron-radiography facility at UTN (NuR 2) was the installation and commissioning of a permanent collimator and the determination of exposure parameters. The set up of the facility is shown in figure 3.12.1.

The new collimator housing was split into three parts as shown in figure 3.12.2. Aluminium was chosen because of its low absorption cross-section to neutrons. The thickness of the cylinders and shoulder was calculated by using actual loads to be put inside the collimator and the whole collimator was assumed to be supported only at the shoulder. The housing was so designed that it can be loaded into the reactor beam-port with or without the actual loads inside the collimator.

The front and back cylinders were fabricated from rolled plates and the shoulder was made from cast aluminium to reduce cost and welding Joints, as well as to increase rigidity. The two cylinders were then welded to the shoulder to form the housing. A disc with a hole at the center was then welded to the end of the front cylinder. The lead components were cast and machined to form the required shape whilst boroflex, a boron-loaded rubber compound was wrapped and glued to the external surface of a standard aluminium tube and a few hose clips were used to ensure that the boroflex does not come off.

The thermal-neutron flux and gamma dose-rate were measured at a distance of 2O0 cm from the outlet. Table 3.12.1 shows the thermal-neutron flux and neutron-to-gamma ratio while tables 3.12.2 and 3.12.3 show the characteristics of thermal-neutron beam and radiographic sensivitity measured respectively by a beam-purity indicator and ASTM sensitivity indicator. Table 3.12.4 shows the values of exposure required in kW-hour

Engineering Services Department, LfTN Reactor Department, UTN

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100

Figure 3.12.1 : Cut-away isometric view of NuR 2

LEAD FLEXI-BORON

BISMUTH

i

LEAD

p2J3

i ^ t t

FLEXI-BORON

Figure 3.12.2 : The construction of the neutron collimator inserted into beam port #3 for neutron radiography

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for different film and converters.

Direct exposure and transfer methods have been successfully studied. The images produced are comparable to that of other international institutions. The neutron radiography facility at UTN i s now available and ready to undertake routine service work.

Collimator type Length Inlet -perture L/D ratio Thermal-neutron flux (@ L/D -Gamma dose-rate Neutron/Gamma ratio

' 37J .

' Step divergent • 200 cm • 5.4 cm ! J 7 ~ 7 5 6 -2-1 ' 3.B X lO cm s r 60 R/hr • 2.3 X lO cm mR

Table 3.12.1 i Performance characteristics of NuR-2

Thermal-neutron content Epithermal-neutron content Scattered-neutron content Gamma content Pair-production content

75.6'/. 2.47. 1.B37.

-1.B37. 0.617.

Table 3.12.2 : Beam characteristics of NuR-2 measured by ftSTM Beam Purity Indicator using 25 um gadolinium foil w i t h Kodak SR film in a direct-exposure method

NUmber of visible gaps fill Number of visible holes through lead step Ml Number of visible holes through acrylic step 6.6

Table 3.12.3 : Radiographic sensitivity measured by AS7J1 Sensitivity Indicator

Converter

Gadolinium oxysulphide Gadolinium foil Dysprosium foil A f 426

Film

D4

KODAK-SR

D4

KCmK-SR

Exposure to obtain density 2 (kU-h)

65

290

170

83

Exposure time @ 5O0 kW for density 2 (min)

B

34

20

10

Table 3.12.4 : Exposure (kW-hr) required for proper image formation in NuR 2 using different films and converters

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3.13 Mood-polymer composites using gamma irradiation technique

Nik Ghazali Nik Salleh

Mood-polymer composite is made by impregnating a monomer in wood and subsequent polymerization either by using heat -catalyst or by irradiation. Considerable attention has been given to this new type of material especially one prepared by irradiation.

Methyl methacrylate as supplied by HORCK-Schuchardt Chemical Industries was used as the monomer throughout this investigation. The added inhibitor (lOO ppm hydroquinane) was removed prior to using the monomer.

Samples of rubberwood of selected size (2 cm X 2 cm X 8 cm) were prepared as follows. The samples were weighed and placed in an impregnation chamber. Vacuum was applied and maintained at 0.3 mbar for a time selected to produce the desired impregnation. The main function of evacuating the chamber was to draw air out of the wood and to force the monomer (methyl methacrylate) into the voids' of the pore structure. The monomer was introduced into the chamber until the samples were completely itnersed. The samples were then allowed to soak under atmospheric pressure for a 16 hours. The samples were removed, wrapped in aluminium foil to retard evaporation and weighed again. The impregnated wood was irradiated to 2 Mrads gamma until polymerization was complete.

Table 3.13.1 shows the percentage of soaking and polymer loading in the rubberwood. The result is a composite which is heavier and denser than the original wood. The process is supposed to improve the appearance, abrasion resistance, hardness, compressive strength, shear strength and static bending. Polymer loading increases between 64.OX to 77.4'/. in weight when treated with methyl methacrylate.

Sample No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

'/. Soaking

7o.06 75.66 77.24 Q1.90 72.06 6B.10 79.68 74.36

7. Polymer loading

64.69 71.52 73.41 77.40 68.11 64.06 77.02 71.96

Table 3.13.1 : Percentage soaking and polymer loading in rubberwood

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3.14 Polymerization of methyl methacrylate

Nik Ghazali Nik Salleh

The penetrating power of gamma radiation combined with its ability to initiate free-radical type polymerization enables one to effect polymerization of the monomer at a more or less uniform rate throughout specimens of various sizes and shapes. The utilization of gamma radiation also eliminates the need for chemical catalysts and overcomes problems associated with initiating and controlling the reaction with heat. The need to develop a variety of polymers for use in wood-polymer composites comes from an anticipation of possible future requirement for this material in diverse applications. The most generally useful polymer is polytmethyl methecrylate). Mood-polymer composites involving this polymer have already become established as a commercially attractive product and their properties are hell known.

Irradiation time (min)

30 40 50 60 70 BO 90

100 120 125 130 135 140 155 165

Absorbed dose (Mrad)

O.Z7 0.36 0.45 0.54 0.63 0.72 0.81 0.90 l.OB 1.13 1.17 1.22 1.26 1.40 1.49

'/. Conversion

6.02 B.7B

12.37 15.77 12.19 13.27 14.23 IB.BO 23.51 26.53 2B.3B 31.30 2B.71 38.17 49.39

Table 3.14.1 : Extent of polymerization of methyl methacrylate as a function of absorbed radiation. The dose rate in this experiment was 540 krad h

The monomer system nas evaluated by irradiating a lO ml aliquot in a sealed test tube. At least three samples were irradiated in this experiment using «a Bamma Chamber type 4000A. Ml samples were first dissolved in acetone and then reprecipitated from a large amount of ethanol and left for a few hours in order to coagulate polymers of low molecular weight. The polymer was collected, dried and weighed. The extent of polymerization was gravimetrically determined by continuously drying the precipitate at room temperature and weighing using a Mettler LP15B Infrared balance to constant weight. The polymerization extent is obtained from X conversion of polymer = b/a x 100%, where a is the initial weight of monomer and b is the weight of poly (methyl

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tnethacrylate).

The results of the extent of polymerization of methyl methacrylate) as a function absorbed radiation are given in table 3.14,1. /9fc longer irradiation times, very little conversion of the polymer occurs. This can be interpreted as'arising from the high concentration of growing chain such that a significant proportion of primary radicals react wit/7 them, rather than with the monomer to initiate further polymerization.

3.15 Impregnation of rubberwood

Nik Ehazali Nik Saileh

^hen the pores of wood are filled with a suitable monomer or unsaturated polyester which is subsequently polymerized, there results a material which, while retaining most of the desirable characteristics of wood, possesses many improved properties. The relationship between various factors of the nature of the polymer system, the processing conditions and the properties of the product need be considered. Such information are important in establishing the conditions for efficient and economic production and in designing new polymer systems for the preparation of products having certain desired characteristics.

ft CobaltSO source was used in this work. The dose rate at various fixed locations about the source were determined by ferrous sulphate dosimeter. Far a long irradiation time, cerric-cerrous dosimeter Mas used in this experiment. Methyl methacrylate as supplied by MERCK-Schuchardt Chemical Industries and one made from Japan was used as the monomer throughout this investigation. Experiments were made without removing the added stabilizer (0.0057. hydroquinone).

with an average density of 650 kg m was Rjbberwaod with an average density of 650 kg m w was used in this experiment. The wood samples were placed in a vacuum oven at SO C for 24 hours to remove any moisture/water. The size of samples used were 2 cm X 2 cm X 2 cm X 6 cm and out-parallel to the grain of wood. The samples were treated to the following impregnation condition :

Evacuation time Rjbbling monomer with nitrogen Evacuation pressure Impregnation time Irradiation dose

2 hours 2 hours 0.25 - 0.30 mBar varying at atmospheric pressure 2 Mrads

The polymer retention was calculated by the following equation

Polymer loading = w/v

where w is the weight of polymer and v is the weight of vacuum-dried wood. The percentage of soaking of methyl methacrylate and polymer loading of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the rubberwood is obtained. From this result, the average polymer loading at a selected time of impregnation can be taken. This is shown in table 3.15.1.

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The percentage polymer loading for 2.5 and 3 hours impregnation times are loner than for the other times. This may be in error. From calculations, the average of polymer loading in rubberwood are In the range of 60'/. to 70'A of Pftm). It is suggested, and from work reviewed in the literature, that swelling of the wood is essentia'l to permit the impregnant to penetrate the cell walls. Since methyl irtethacrylate and most other monomers do not swell wood, a swelling agent is supposed to be introduced first and then gradually be displaced by the diffusing monomer-.

Impregnation time (hr)

Average '/. loading

1.0 2.0

• 60.3 71.6

2.5

52.9

3.0 3.5 4.0

41.0 60.2 62.3

5.0 16.0

61.5 68.2

Table 3.15.1 : Percentage of soaking and polymer retention in rubberwood

3.16 Pengkopolimeran stirena-akrilcnitril

Hussin bin Mohd Nor

Dalam penyediaan rencam kayu-polimer, pemilihan sistem monomer untuk dipolimerkan di dalam kayu adalah sangat penting. Di antara faktor-faktor yang patut dipertimbangkan semasa pemilihan sistem monomer ialah harga monomer, dos yang diperlukan, haba pempolimeran, pengecutan isipadu semasa pempolimeran, keracunan, peruapan dan sifat-sifat polimer yang diperlukan. Dalam kerja ini, pengkopolimeran stirena-akrilanitril (STAN) secara penyinaran sedang dikaji. Stirena sendiri memerlukan dos sinaran yang agak tinggi (20 Mrad) untuk mempolimer sementara akrilonitri-1 pula mempolimer dengan mudah tetapi polimernya tidak larut dalam monomer dan mendak sebagai polimer berbentuk serbuk. Akan tetapi, sistem STAN mempolimer dengan mudah menghasilkan bahan plastik yang kuat.

Setiap monomer ditulenkan sebelum digunakan. Nisbah campuran STAN dimasukkan ke dalam bekas kaca dan ditutup dengan kepingan aluminium. Bekas mengandungi campuran STAN tersebut disinarkan pada dos yang tetapkan. Selepas penyinaran, campuran tersebut dimendakkan di dalam metanol yang berlebihan. Kopolimer yang terhasil dipungut, dikeringkan dalam ketuhar pengering vakum dan ditimbangkan untuk menentukan peratus penukaran.

Rajah 3.16.1 menunjukkan darjah pengkopolimsran STAN untuk dua nisbah yang berbeza pada berbagai dos. Campuran yang mengandungi 63"/. stirena memberi darjah pengkopolimeran yang tinggi. Ini mungkin disebabkan oleh pengumpulan akrilonitril dalam campuran monomer oleh kerana monomer akrilonitril memasukki kopolimer pada suatu kadar yang perlahan daripada monomer stirena.

Bagi tujuan perbandingan, haba juga telah digunakan untuk mempolimerkan nisbah campuran STAN (63/37) sama seperti dalam kes sinaran. Pengkopolimeran telah dilakukan pada suhu 60 C, SO C dan 90 C. Darjah

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x63X STIRENA <B3* STYRENE) + 72.5% STIRENA <72.5% STYRENE?

. 5 1 1.5 DOS GAMA (GAMMA DOSE) Mrad

Rajah 3.16.1 : Darjah pengkopolimeran STAN bagi dua kandungan s t i r ena yang ber la inan

Figure 3.16.1 : The degree of copalymerization af STAN far two different percentage of styrene

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pengkopolimeran bagi sistem tersebut adalah amat rendah. Bagi 3 Jam pengkopolimeran, peratus penukaran pada suhu 60 C, 80°C dan 90°C masing-masing adalah 0.1"/., 3.0"/. dan 6.3"/..

3.16 Copolymerisation of styrene-acrylonitrile

Hussin bin Mohd Nor

In the preparation of wood-polymer composites, the selection of a monomer system to be polymerised in the wood is of prime importance. Among the factors that should be considered in choosing a monomer system are price of monomer(s), dose requirement, heat of polymerisation, volume contraction in polymerisation, toxicity, volatility and the desired properties of polymers. In this work, radiation copolymerisation of styrene-acrylonitrile (STAN) was studied. Styrene itself requires comparatively large doses of radiation (20 Mrad) to polymerise whereas acrylonitrile polymerises readily but the polymer, being insoluble in the monomer, precipitates to give a powdery, discontinuous product. However, STAN polymerises readily to form a tough, continuous plastic.

The individual monomer was purified before use. Ratios of mixtures of STAN were placed in glass vessels and sealed with aluminium foil. The vessels were inserted into a radiation chamber and irradiated for the required doses. After irradiation, the mixtures were precipitated in excess methanol. The copolymer was collected, dried in a vacuum drying-oven and weighed to determine the percentage conversion.

Figure 3.16.1 shows the degree of copolymerisation of STAN for two different ratios at various doses. The mixture containing 63X styrene gave the higher degree of copolymerisation. This may be due to the accumulation of acrylonitrile in the feed since this monomer enters the copolymer at a rate slower than styrene.

For the purpose of comparison, heat was also used to copalymerise a similar ratio of the STAN mixture (63/37). The capalymerisatian was carried out at 60 C, BO C and 90 C. The degree of capolymerisation far the system is very much lower. For three hours copolymerisation, the percentage conversion at 60°C, B0°C and 90°C was 0.1'/., 3.0Y. and 6.3X respec ti vel y.

3.17 Rencam STAN-kayu getah

Hussin bin Mohd Nar

Sampel kayu getah yang digunakan dalam percubaan ini dibekalkan oleh FRIM. la dikeringkan sebelum diguna. Sampel tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam pengering untuk penyingkiran udara. Suatu campuran stirena-akrilonitril (STAN) 63/37 bebas oksigen dimasukkan ke dalam pengering dalam keadaan vakum untuk tujuan suntikan. Sampel 'kayu tersebut disuntik dengan campuran monomer tersebut bagi masa yang ditentukan dan dibalutkan

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0 1 2 3 4 5 NASA PENYUNTIKAN J (IMPREGNATION TINE hr>

Ra jah 3 . 1 7 . 1 : P e r a t u s muatan mancxner sebaga i f u n g s i masa p e n y u n t i k a n

Figure 3.17.1 : Percent monomer loading as a function of impregnation time

.5 1 1.0 2 DOS OAMA (GAMMA DOSE) Mrad

Ra jah 3 . 1 7 . 2 : P e r a t u s muatan p o l i m e r sebaga i f u n g s i dos s i n a r a n gama

Figure 3.17.2 : Percent polymer loading as a function of gamma dose

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dengan kepingan aluminium untuk disinarkan dengan punca Co-60 pada dos yang telah ditetapkan. Selepas penyinaran sampel tersebut, kepingan aluminium dibuka dan sampel dikeringkan di dalam ketuhar pengeringan vakum sehingga berat tetap dicapai.

Rajah 3.17.1 menunjukkan hubungan di antara muatan monomer dengan masa suntikan. Didapati bahawa masa suntikan selama 2 jam adalah mencukupi untuk memperolehi muatan monomer maksimum bagi sampel berukuran 2 sm x 2 sm x S sm. Rajah 3.17.2 menunjukkan kesan dos ke atas peratus muatan polimer untuk sistem yang dikaji. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa muatan polimer bertambah dengan pertambahan dos.

3.17 STAN-rubberhiaod composites

Hussin bin Mahd Nor

Rubberwood samples used in this experiment were supplied by FRIM and were dried prior to use. The samples were placed in a dessicator for evacuation. Oxygen-free 63/37 mixture of styrene-acrilonitrile (STAN) was introduced to the samples in vacuum for impregnation. The wood samples were impregnated with the monomer mixtures for the required time and wrapped in aluminium foil for irradiation of the samples with a Co-60 source at the required doses. After irradiation the samples were unwrapped and dried in a vacuum oven until a constant weight was attained.

Figure 3.17.1 shows the relationship between monomer loading with impregnation time. It was found that a two-hour impregnation time was sufficient to obtain maximum monomer loading for samples of size 2 cm X 2 cm X 8 cm. Figure 3.17.2 shows the effect of dose on the percentage of polymer loading far the system under study. The result shows that polymer loading increases with increasing dose.

3.18 Kajian terhadap satu skim pemisahan radiokimia untuk analisis pengaktifan neutron

* Mohd Suhaimi Hamzah dan K. Terunuma

Pemisahan radiokimia kadang-kadang tidak dapat dielakkan dalam kerja-kerja analisis pengaktifan neutron untuk tujuan mengurangkan gangguan spektrum di mana pemisahan secara individu atau kumpulan unsur-unsur boleh dilakukan selepas penyinaran. Dalam penyelidikan ini suatu siri skim pemisahan radiokimia telah dikaji untuk tujuan menganalisis unsur-unsur surihan dalam sampel batuan.

Sampel yang diaktifkan dihadhamkan dengan campuran asid I-J2SO4 dan HF. Pemisahan berkumpulan dilakukan dengan menggunakan satu turus Dowex 1X8

Dept. of Radioisotope, JAERI, Japan

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dan diikuti dengan proses penyarian pelarut menggunakan TBP. Bahagian-bahagian yang dipisahkan dibitung menggunakan pengesan gamma germanium hipertulen. Kaedah ini telah diuji menggunakan bahan rujukan piawai JB-1 dan didapati hasilnya memuaskan untuk unsur-unsur Fe, Co, Sc, Sm, Eu, Ce, Cr, Nd, Rb, La, Zn, Sr, Tb dan Yb.

3. IB Studies an a radiochemcial separation scheme for neutron activation analysis

$ Mohd, Suhaimi Hamzah and K. Terunuma

Radiochemical separation is sometimes compulsory for neutron activation analysis work in order to diminish background and eliminate spectral interferences in which individual or group separation of elements may be applied after irradiation. In this nark a series of radiochemical separation scheme has been studied for the analysis of trace elements in rock samples.

Activated sample is digested with the mixture of H2BO4 and ff. Group separation is performed on a Dowex 1XB column and followed by solvent extraction using TBP. The separated portions are counted using a hyperpure germanium detector. The procedure was evaluated by analysing standard reference material JG-1 and it was found that the results for Fe, Co, Sc, Sm, Eu, Ce, Cr, Nd, Rb, La, Zn, Sr, Tb and Yb were satisfactory.

3.19 Kajian unsur-unsur beracun dalam bahan makanan

Zaini Hamzah, Abdul Khalik Hj Wood, Mohd Suhaimi Hamzah dan Che Seman Mahmood

Beberapa jenis unsur yang dikaji termasuklah As, Sb, Hg, Se, Fe, Zn, Br, Cd dan Pb. Sampel-sampel yang telah dikaji terdiri daripada beras, sayur-sayuran seperti sawi, bayam dan kangkong, ikan kembung, ikan tenggiri, kerang, sotong dan udang. Sampel-sampel dipungut dari berbagai tempat di Semenanjung Malaysia.

Unsur-unsur As, Sb, Fe, Zn, Br, Hg dan Se telah ditentukan menggunakan teknik analisis pengaktifan neutron alatan. Cd dan Pb ditentukan melalui teknik analisis perlucutan voltametri. As, Hg dan Se juga ditentukan menggunakan teknik analisis pengaktifan neutron tetapi dengan pemisahan kimia di mana unsur-unsur tersebut dimendakkan dengan kaedah pemendakan tertentu.

Dept. of Radioisotope, JfiERI, Japan

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3.20 Perkhidmatan

3.20.1 Perkhidmatan Analisis

Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood, Zaini Hamzah, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah dan Che Seman Mahmood

Di sepanjang tahun 1987 hampir 3,000 sampel-sarnpel dari berbagai institusi telah dianalisis. Dari jumlah ini sebahagian besar adalah sampel-sampel yang berhubung dengan penyelidikan. Projek-projek penyelidikan yang dijalankan adalah projek-projek kerjasama di antara kumpulan ini dan institusi-institusi berkenaan. Di antara institusi berkenaan ialah Uhiversiti Malaya, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MARDI, Uhiversiti Sains Malaysia dan Makmal Penyiasatan Kajibumi (GSM). Sebahagian kecil daripada sampel-sampel berkenaan adalah dari sektor industri, iaitu, ICI (paints), Sabah Forest Industry, Celcure Chemicals dan SEH Co. Sdn. Bhd. Hampir 907. daripada teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah kaedah analisis pengaktifan neutron alatan. Hanya 5-107. sahaja analisis dilakukan melalui pemisahan radiokimia, di mana sebahagian besarnya adalah analisis kuprum dalam sampel-sampel biologi. Teknik spektrometri serapan atomik dan voltametri perlucutan anod hanya digunakan untuk menganalisis kurang daripada 17. daripada jumlah sampel-sampel berkenaan.

3.20.2 Perkhidmatan ui'ian tanpa musnah

Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak, Rosly Jaafar, Mohd. Pauzi Ismail, Azali Muhamad, Abd. Razak Hamzah dan Abd. Nassir Ibrahim

Pemeriksaan dan rundinqcara : Senarai perkhidmatan ujian tanpa musnah bagi tahun 1987 adalah seperti dalam jadual 3.20.1.

Ujian pengendali radioqrafi : Pada tahun 1987, keputusan bersama telah dibuat oleh pihak UTN dan LPTA berhubung dengan ujian pengendali radiografi. Persetujuan telah dibuat bahawa di dalam hal ini ujian teori akan dijalankan di LPTA sementara ujian amali akan dikendalikan oleh kumpulan NDT, UTN. Ujian-ujian dan bilangan peserta yang mengambil ujian adalah seperti dalam jadual 3.20.2.

3.21 Latihan

3.21.1 Skim Persijilan Kebangsaan NDT

Abd. Nassir Ibrahim

Skim Persijilan Kebangsaan NDT telah ditubuhkan di bawah Lembaga Latihan Perindustrian dan Persijilan Ketukangan Kebangsaan (L1PPKK) pada tahun 1986. Di bawah skim ini Badan Persijilan mempunyai dua tanggungjawab utama iaitu :

i. menyediakan Piawaian Ketukangan NDT

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Bil.

1. 2. 3. 4. S. b. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 2B. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

Bulan

Februari Februari Februari Mac Mac April April April April Jun

Jun Jun Jun Jun Julai Julai Julai Ogos Ogos Ogos Ogos Ogos Ogos Ogos September September September September September Oktober Oktober Oktober Oktober November November November November Disember Disember Disember Disember

Penerima

Lot Inspection Sdn. Bhd. Lot Inspection Sdn. Bhd. Lot Inspection Sdn. Bhd. Harom LPG Sdn. Bhd. STfflDBA Sdn. Bhd. MITE Sdn. Bhd. MITE Sdn. Bhd. PTI Sdn. Bhd. PSTP MITE Sdn. Bhd.

MITE Sdn. Bhd. Harom LPG Sdn. Bhd.

AMJSHA Sdn. Bhd.

MITE Sdn. Bhd. ANUSHA Sdn. Bhd. STAROBA Sdn. Bhd. Harom LPG Sdn. Bhd. MITE Sdn. Bhd. PSTP PSTP PSPT PSPT MITE Sdn. Bhd. LLN, Port Klang PSTP PSTP PSTP MITE Sdn. Bhd. UTC Sdn. Bhd. PSTP Equator Eng. Sdn. Bhd. PSTP PSTP PSTP MITE Sdn. Bhd. PSTP PSTP PSTP PSTP

Bentuk perkhidmatan

radiografi radiografi radiografi radiografi rundingcara sewaan Gamma Projector sewaan Gamma Projector sewaan Gamma Projector rundingcara ultrasonik dan cecair penembus keselamatan sinaran radiografi latihan radiografi sewaan Gamma Projector latihan radiografi keselamatan sinaran sewaan Gamma Projector rundingcara radiografi keselamatan sinaran rundingcara rundingcara rundingcara rundingcara keselamatan sinaran sewaan Thickness Gauge rundingcara rundingcara rundingcara sewaan Gamma Projektor radiografi rundingcara ultrasonik rundingcara rundingcara rundingcara sewaan Thickness Gauge rundingcara rundingcara rundingcara rundingcara

Jadual 5.20.1 : Senarai perkhidmatan ujian tanpa musnah bagi tahun operasi 1987

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ii. merancang dan melaksanakan ujian ketukangan NDT.

Berhubung dengan piawaian ketukangan, Piawaian Rediografi paras I, II dan III telah pun diluluskan oleh pihak LLPPKK. Piawai ini kemudiannya telah dikemukakan di dalam mesyuaratPenyelaras Kebangsaan NDT yang diadakan di Dhaka, Bangladesh pada 30 Mac - 2 April, 1987.

Pada tahun 1987, Jawatankuasa (ad hoc) Piawaian Ketukangan NDT telah menyiapkan piawaian ketukangan ultrasanik untuk paras I, II dan III. Piawaian ini telah pun dikemukakan di Regional Workshop on Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel yang diadakan di UTN pada 12-16 Oktober, 1987. Dalam bulan November, 1987, piawaian ini telah diluluskan oleh pihak LLPPKK.

Badan Persijilan Kebangsaan juga telah mengendalikan sebanyak 4 peperiksaan seperti dalam Jadual 3.21.1.

Bulan

Februari Mac April Mei Jun Julai Ogos September Oktober November Disember

Jumlah

Bilangan calon

12 14 14 14 12 14 14 IB 18 39 39

208

Jadual 5.20.2 : Bilangan calon yang mendudukki ujian pengendali radiagrafi dalam tahun 1987

Jenis peperiksaan

Radiography level II Radiography level I Radiography level I Radiography level II

Pusat peperiksaan

SIRIM UTN UTN • UTN •

Tarikh Bilangan calon

10-12 Mac 13-15 Julai 2-6 November 16-20 November

12 14 16 16

Jadual 3.21.1 : Peperiksaan yang telah dikendalikan oleh Badan Persijilan Kebangsaan NDT

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3.21.2 Latihan Ujian Tanpa Musnah

Azali Muhamad

Kursus latihan ujian tanpa musnah (NDT) telah dimulakan pada tahun 1985 secara kerjasama di antara UTN dan SIRIM. Aktiviti ini telah dipergiatkan lagi da lam tahun 1986 setelah tertubuhnya Skim Persijilan Kebangsaan NDT. Dalam tahun 1987, kumpulan NDT, UTN dengan kerjasama SIRIM telah menyediakan 5 kursus di peringkat asas dan juga pertengahan (jadual 3.21.2). Teks yang digunakan adalah buku-buku yang dihasilkan oleh kakitangan NDT LTTN dan juga SIRIM. Buku-buku tersebut adalah s

i. NDT-Industrial Radiography : Classroom Training Handbook (Level I). ii. NDT-Safety aspects of Industrial Radiography : Classroom Training

Handbook for Basic Grade. iii. NDT-Industrial Radiography : Classroom Training Handbook (Level II). iv. NDT-Industrial Radiography - Supplementary Note (Code, Standard and

Specification) Level I I I . v. Ultrasonic Inspection - Basic Grade.

vi. Ultrasonic Inspection - Intermediate Grade.

Tajuk kursus

Radiografi Peringkat Asas Ultrascinik Peringkat Asas Radiografi Peringkat Asas Radiografi Peringkat Pertengahan Ultrasonik Peringkat Pertengahan

Tarikh

16-31 Mac 10-22 Ogos 1-15 Sep

21 Sep - 6 Okt 23 Nov - 5 Dis

Bilangan peserta

25 17 20 20 17

Jadual 3.21.2 : Kursus ujian tanpa musnah yang diadakan

3.21.3 Kursus asas isotop hidrolaqi

Kursus ini telah diadakan pada 29 Jun - 1 Julai, 1987 bertempat di Unit Tenaga Nuklear dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Objektif kursus adalah untuk :

i. memperkenalkan prinsip, metodologi, peralatan dan penggunaan teknik-teknik nuklear dalam bidang hidrologi, dan

ii. menggalakkan serta menjalinkan perhubungan kerjasama di kalcngan ahli-ahli hidrologi di berbagai agensi kerajaan yang bertanggung-jawab atas sumber-sumber air.

Seramai 28 peserta dari jabatan kerajaan telah menghadiri kursus ini. 11 kertas kerja/syarahan telah bentangkan.

AJK Pengelola terdiri daripada En. Daud Mohamad (UTN), En. Md. Shahid Ayub (UTN), Prof. Madya Dr. Ismail Mohd. Noor (UKM), En. Kamal Daril (JPK) dan En. Chan Gak Kok (JPT).

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3.22 Seminar

3.22.1 Seminar Kebangsaan Penggunaan Teknik-Teknik Nuklear dalam bidanq Industri

Tarikh : 1 7 - 1 ? November, 1787

Tempat : Holiday Inn on the Park, Kuala Lumpur

Objektif seminar adal.ah untuk :

i. mengadakan satu forum bagi membincangkan dan bertukar-tukar fikiran mengenai penggunaan teknik nuklear dalam bidang perindustrian dalam aspek-aspek teknik, perundangan, keselamatan, peralatan dan organisasi,

ii. menggalakkan peserta menjalin perhubungan dan kerjasama di antara para pengusaha dengan penyelidik sains dan teknik dalam berbagai bidang, dan

iii. meningkatkan kefahaman orang ramai, pihak industri dan agensi kerajaan mengenai faedah-faedah yang boleh diperolehi daripada teknologi nuklear.

Seramai 75 peserta dari jabatan kerajaan (39 orang) dan pihak swasta (36 orang) serta 7 peserta jemputan dari Agensi Tenaga Atom Antarabangsa (3 orang), Jepun (3 orang) dan Australia (1 orang) telah menghadiri seminar ini. Sebanyak 30 kertas kerja telah dibentangkan dan 3 kertas kerja disediakan hanya untuk edaran. Di samping itu sebanyak 10 poster juga telah dipamirkan di seminar ini.

AJK Teknik terdiri daripada En. Daud Mohamad (Pengerusi), Dr. Wan Manshol Wan Zin, En. Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak, En. Jaafar Abdullah, En. Md. Shahid Ayub, Dr. Zahrah Abd. Kadir, Dr. Zaini Hamzah dan En. Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd. Tahir (Setiausaha).

3.22.2 Seminar dan Pertunjukan mengenai Penggunaan Teknologi Penyurih dan Punca Termetri dalam Industri Minvak/Gas/Petrokimia/Kimia

Tarikh/Tempat: i. 22 November 1987/PETRONAS, Kerteh ii. 25 November 19S7/ESS0 Refinery, Port Dickson

iii. 26 November 1987/SHELL Refinery, Port Dickson

Objektif seminar/pertunjukan adalah untuk :

i. mengadakan satu forum untuk membincangkan keupayaan dan penggunaan teknologi penyurih dan punca termetri dalam kerja-kerja "trouble shooting" di industri minyak/gas/petrokimia/kimia,

ii. mengadakan pertunjukan teknik punca termetri dalam penyiasatan sifat turus penyulingan (distillation column scan),

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iii. meningkatkan kefahaman pihak industri mengenai faedah-faedah yang boleh didapati daripada teknologi ini.

Peserta : PETRONAS, Kerteh (35 peserta dari PGSB, PPSB dan PCSB di peringkat pengurusan dan teknik).

ESSO Refinery, Port Dickson (15 peserta dari ESSO di peringkat pengurusan dan teknik).

SHELL Refinery, Port Dickson (10 peserta dari Shell dan 10 peserta dari industri-industri kimia/petrokimia).

AJK Pengelola terdiri daripada En. Daud Mohamad, En. Jaafar Abdullah, En. Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd Tahir, En. Juhari Mohd. Yusof dan En. Mohd. Hassan Lanenor.

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5.23 Penerbitan Publications

Penerbitan Jumal (Journal Publications)

Md. Soot Hj. Ahmad, Tey Ngan Yen dan Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood (1987). Satu kajian analisis pengaktifan neutron secara instrumentasi ke atas tembakau rokok. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia 5, 2.

Azman Firdaus Shafii, Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood dan Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Yusof (1987). Logam berat di dalam emisi kilang kelapa sawit. Bui. Kimia 2, 3.

Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Yusof, Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood and Azman Firdaus Shafii (1987). Elemental composition of palm oil mill bailer flyash. Asian Environment, Jan. 19B7.

Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood, Abdul Wahabi Abdullah dan Mohd. Soot Hj. Ahmad (1987). Penentuan unsur-unsur dalam susu tepung, makanan bayi dan minuman ringan secara analisis pengaktifan neutron instrumentasi. J. Sains Nuklear Malaysia 5, 1.

Andrew Beeby, Dahlan Hj. Mahd. and John R. Sodean (1987). Photochiemistry and photophysics of glycolaldehyde in solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 857.

Mat Rasol Awang, Muhamad Lebai Juri, Jamaliah Sharif, Norjanah Mohid, Kamaruddin Hashim and Mohamad Deraman (1987). The effect of gamma irradiation on empty oil-palm fruit-bunches - A preliminary study. Pertanika 10, 2 pp 165-169.

Kertas-kertas Persidanqan (Conference Papers')

Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd. Tahir, Md. Shahid Ayub, Zainuddin Othman, Roslan Mohd. Ali and Daud Mohamad. Studies of mixing behaviour of cement rotary kiln and paper mixing chest using radioisotopes. Paper presented at Seminar Penggunaan Teknik-teknik Nuklear dalam Industri, Nov. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Daud Mohamad, Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd. Tahir, Roslan Mohd. Ali, Zainuddin Othman and Md. Shahid Ayub. Tracer application in hydrology and the environment, Malaysia. Paper presented at Int. Groundwater Conference, June 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Zainuddin Othman. Radioactivity and radiation. In. Proc. Short Course on the Use of Environmental and Artificial Isotopes in Hydrology, June-July 1967, Bangi.

Roslan Mohd. Ali. Tritium in environment. In. Proc. Short Course on the Use of Environmental and Artificial Isotopes in Hydrology, June-July 1987, Bangi.

Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd. Tahir. Flow gauging with radioisotope and leakage study. In. Proc. Short Course on the Use of Environmental and Artificial Isotopes in Hydrology, June-July 1987, Bangi.

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Daud Mohamad. Tracer application in hydrology - Case studies. In. Proc. Short Course on the Use of Environmental and Artificial Isotopes in Hydrology, June-July 1987, Bangi.

Daud Mohamad. Status of tracer applications in hydrology, Malaysia. In Proc. Regional (RCA) Workshop on Isotope Hydrology for Asia and the Pacific, June 1987, Beijing, China.

Daud Mohamad. Tracer application in hydrology, Malaysia - Future projects. In Proc. Regional (RCA) Workshop on Isotope Hydrology for Asia and the Pacific, June 1987, Beijing, China.

Daud Mohamad. Isotope hydrology studies in Malaysia. In Proc. Int. Symp. on the Use of Isotope Techniques» in Water Resource Development, March 1987, Vienna.

Daud Mohamad. Tracing applications in hydrology. In Proc. Basic Course on Water Resources Assessment, July 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Azali Muhamad. Status of NDT in Malaysia. Paper presented at Seminar NDT, June 1987, UTM, Kuala Lumpur.

Abd. Nassir Ibrahim. The application of NDT in Malaysian industries. Paper presented at Seminar NDT, June 1987, UTM, Kuala Lumpur.

Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak. Research and development in the field of NDT. Paper presented at Seminar NDT, June 19537, UTM, Kuala Lumpur.

Abd. Nassir Ibrahim. The status and prospects of NDT in Malaysia. Paper presented at Seminar NDT, Aug. 1987, USM, Penang.

Abd. Nassir Ibrahim. The scheme for qualification and certification of radiography. Paper presented at Seminar Penggunaan Teknik-teknik Nuklear dalam Industri, Nov. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Rosly Jaafar. Neutron radiography in Malaysia. Paper presented at Seminar Penggunaan Teknik-teknik Nuklear dalam Industri, Nov. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak. Non-destructive examination of non-metallic materials in Malaysia. Report presented at Workshop on Non-destructive Examination of Non-metallic Materials, Aug.-Sept. 1987, Tokyo, Japan.

Abd. Nassir Ibrahim. The status of NDT qualification and certification scheme in Malaysia. Report presented at 3rd NDT Co-ordinator Meeting, Mar.-Apr. 1987, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abd. Nassir Ibrahim. System of qualification and certification of NDT personnel and its related problems. Report presented at Regional Workshop (RCA/UNDP/IAEA) for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel, Oct. 1986, Kuala Lumpur.

Abd. Nassir Ibrahim. Introduction to NDT techniques. Presented at Seminar NDT for Ship Inspection, Feb. 19B7, TLDM, Lumut.

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Abd. Nassir Ibrahim. Radiation safety in industrial radiography. Presented at Seminar NDT for Ship Inspection, Feb. 1987, TLDM, Lumut.

Abd. Nassir Ibrahim. NDT for weld quality and reliability. Presented at Seminar NDT for Ship Inspection, Feb. 19B7, TLDM, Lumut.

Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak. NDT activities at UTN. Presented at Seminar NDT for Ship Inspection, Feb. 1987, TLDM, Lumut.

Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak. NDT for ship inspection. Presented at Seminar NDT far Ship Inspection, Feb. 1987, TLDM, Lumut.

Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak. The concept of quality, quality control and quality assurance and their relation with NDT. Presented at Seminar NDT for Ship Inspection, Feb. 1987, Tl_DM, Lumut.

Che Seman Mahmood, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah dan Sukiman Sarmani. Analisis emas dalam sampel biogeokimia dengan teknik pengaktifan neutron. Dim. Pros. Simp. Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Pertama, Sept. 1987, UKM, Bangi.

Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah dan Che Seman Mahmood. Analisis unsut—unsur nadir bumi di dalam batuan dengan kaedah analisis pengaktifan neutron. Dim. Pros. Simp. Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Pertama, Sept. 1987, UKM, Bangi.

Zaini Hamzah, Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood, Che Semitn Mahmood dan Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah. Kajian unsur-unsur toksik dalam bahan makanan di Malaysia. Dim. Pros. Simp. Kimia Analisis Kebangsaan Pertama, Sept. 1987, UKM, Bangi.

Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah, Che Seman Mahmood, Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood and Zaini Hamzah. Neutron activation analysis at Nuclear Energy Unit. Paper presented at Seminar Penggunaan Teknik-teknik Nuklear dalam Industri, Nov. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Yusof, Rahmalan Ahmad dan Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood. Background air particulate chemistry in Kuala Lumpur. Presented at Malaysian Chemical Congress, Oct. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Yusof, Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood and Azman Firdaus Shafii. Multi-elemental analysis of an industrial source emission by NAA : A case study of a palm oil mill plant. Paper presented at Seminar Penggunaan Teknik-teknik Nuklear dalam Industri, Nov. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Mohd. Soot Hj. Ahmad, Tey Ngan Yen dan Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood. Analisis pengaktifan neutron secara instrumentasi ke atas tembakau rokok dan abunya. Kertas dibentangkan di Seminar Penggunaan Teknik-teknik Nuklear dalam Industri, Nov. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Zaini Hamzah, Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood dan Daud Mohamad. Beberapa aspek penggunaan teknik NAA dalam geologi. Dibentangkan di Simp. Tahunan Geologi, April 1987, UKM, Bangi.

Zaini Hamzah. Carbon-14 : Origin and use in isotope hydrology. In. Proc. Short Course on the Use of Environmental and Artificial Isotopes in Hydrology, July 1987, Bangi.

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Dahlan H j . Mohd. The technology of u l t r a - v i o l e t curing i n sur face coatings w i t h specia l re ference t o the wood indust ry . Paper presented a t Seminar Penggunaan Tekn ik - tekn ik Nuklear dalam I n d u s t r i , Nov. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Dahlan H j . Mohd. The technology of surface coat ings by electron-beam w i t h spec ia l re ference to the wood industry- Paper presented a t Seminar Penggunaan Teknik - tekn ik Nuklear dalam i n d u s t r i , Nov. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Wan ftakhtar Wan Yusoff , Mat Rasol Awang dan S i t i Aminah Deraman. Kesan sinaran gama ke a tas bahan buangan i n d u s t r i minyak kelapa sawi t dalam proses fe rmentas i . Dibentangkan d i Simp. Mikrobio log i Malaysia k e - l O , Ogos 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Mat Rasol Awang et al. M ic rob io log ica l degradation o f palm press f i b r e and empty f r u i t bunch s t e r i l i z e d by gamma i r r a d i a t i o n . Paper presented a t Seminar Penggunaan Takn ik - tekn ik Nuklear dalam I n d u s t r i , Nov. 1987, Kuala Lumpur.

Laporan-laooran Palawan (Internal Reports)

Mohd. H i l m i Mahmocd. The formation and proper t ies o f segmented polyurethane elastomers. PPA/A/53.

Md. Shahid Ayub dan Daud Mohamad. Kaj ian h i d r o l o g i isotop untuk mengenalpasti sistem a l i r S n a i r d i Negeri P e r l i s . PPA./T/70.

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PROGRAM XSOTOP DAN SINARAN DALAM BIOLOGI DAN PERTANIAN

X SOTOF*^ >qA/Z7 /=? jt\Z> X AT X Oht X hi &XOI-OGY se\MZ> A&FtXCU L.lTtJfZ£ F*FtOGF*y\MME

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PROGRAM ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DALAM BIOLXM3I DAN PERTANIAN

4.1 PenoTnalan

Berbagai aktiviti telah dilaksanakan oleh Program Isotop dan Sinaran dalam Biologi dan Pertanian (ISBP) di sepanjang tahun 1987 selaras dengan objektif Program iaitu menggalakkan, menyelaraskan dan melaksanakan penyelidikan dan pembangunan dalam bidang biologi dan pertanian menggunakan teknik nuklear ke arah pembangunan sosio-ekonomi negara.

Aktiviti penyelidikan yang dilaksanakan dengan penglibatan berbagai institusi penyelidikan lain, universiti dan sektor swasta merangkumi 3 bidang pertanian iaitu penyinaran makanan, biakbaka mutasi dan kajian hubungan tanah-tanaman. Sepertimana dalam tahun-tahun lepas, projek-projek penyelidikan ini dirancang dengan rapi dan diawasi oleh 3 jawatankuasa yang telah dibentuk oleh UTN iaitu Jawatankuasa Kerja Penyinaran Makanan, Jawatankuasa Mutasi Aruhan dalam Biakbaka Tumbuhan dan Jawatankuasa Kerja Hubungan Tanah-Tanaman. Dalam bidang biologi, program ISBP melaksanakan projek penyelidikan cerakinan imun secara sinaran (RIA), kajian pemakanan udang menggunakan teknik penyurih dan khidmat pensterilan barangan perubatan dari aspek kawalan mutu mikrobiologi melalui sinaran. Di akhir tahun 1987, program ISBP dijemput menganggatai 2 lagi jawatankuasa kebangsaan yang baru dibentuk oleh UTN iaitu Jawatankuasa Kerja Penggunaan Teknik Nuklear dalam Penyelidikan Sains Haiwan dan Jawatankuasa Kerja Penggunaan Teknik Nuklear dalam Penyelidikan Sisa Baki Racun Perosak.

Program ISBP telah menawarkan latihan amali dalam bidang penyinaran makanan kepada 2 pelajar tahun akhir UPM, dan 2 pelajar Politeknik Sultan Ahmad Shah. Bengkel sehari telah diadakan bagi pembentangan dan perbincangan keputusan Projek Penyelidikan Bersama Penyinaran Beras (1983 - 1985). Mesyuarat ke-3 Program Serantau Penyinaran Makanan (RPFI) Fasa II juga telah dianjurkan di UTN. Perancangan Kursus Serantau kajian hubungan tanah-tanaman yang akan diadakan pada tahun 1989 telah dimulakan. Ahli-ahli program telah menghadiri beberapa persidangan/seminar/bengkel/kursus di dalam dan di luar negeri di mana beberapa kertas kerja telah dibentangkan.

Di samping khidmat penyinaran, khidmat nasihat terus diberikan bagi projek-projek bersama biakbaka mutasi, penyinaran makanan dan pensterilan barangan perubatan. Khidmat analisis isotop N-15 menggunakan spektrometri jisim dan radioisotop P-32 menggunakan pembilang kelipan cecair masih diteruskan. Di bawah program kerjasama UTN-ANSTO, kumpulan penyinaran makanan dan kumpulan pensterilan penyinaran telah menerima khidmat seorang pakar selama 2 minggu. Selain dari itu, pakar—pakar IAEA yang berada di Malaysia untuk meninjau program bantuan teknik dalam Penggunaan Teknik Nuklear dalam Pertanian telah sempat bersania ahli program ISBP.

Pada keseluruhannya projek—projek penyelidikan . telah berjalan lancar dengan perancangan yang rapi. Usaha gigih serta penuh dedikasi yang telah ditunjukkan oleh ahli-ahli program ISBP adalah sangat dihargai dan perlu diteruskan.

Dr. Ramli Dthman, Ketua Program Isotop dan Sinaran Dalam Biologi dan Pertanian

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ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE PROERAMME

4.1 Introduction

Various activities have been pursued by the Isotope and Radiation in Biology and Agriculture Programme (ISBP) in 1987 according to the Programme's objectives to promote, coordinate and conduct research and its development in the field of biology and agriculture using nuclear techniques towards enhancing the country's socio-economic development.

Research activities conducted in collaboration with other research institutions, universities and the private sector cover 3 agricultural areas namely food irradiation, mutation breeding and soil-plant relationship studies. As in previous years, the research projects have been properly planned and are monitored by 3 national committees farmed under UTN, i.e. Marking Committee on Food Irradiation, Committee on the Use of Induced Mutation in Plant Breeding and Working Committee on Soil-Plant Relationship Studies. In the field of biology, ISBP conducted research projects in radioimmunoassay (RIA), feeding studies in pram using tracer technique and microbiological aspect of radiation sterilization of medical products, fit the end of 1987, ISBP Mas invited to join 2 newly formed national committees under UTN namely Marking Committee on the Use of Nuclear Technique in Animal Science Research and Working Committee on the Use of Nuclear Technique in Pesticide Residue Research.

ISBP offered practical training in food irradiation to 2 final year students from UPM, and 2 students from Sultan Ahmad Shah Polytechnic. A one-day workshop was organised to present and discuss the findings of the Collaborated Research Project on Rice Irradiation (1983 - 1985). The 3rd Meeting of the Regional Programme of Food Irradiation (RPFI) Phase II was also organised at UTN. Planning for a regional course on soil-plant relationship studies which will be held in 1989 has been initiated. A number of ISBP members praticipated in various national or international conferences/seminars/workshops and courses where a number of working papers were presented. Consultancy service as well as irradiation service has been continuously provided for collaborative projects in mutation breeding, food irradiation and radiation sterilization of medical products. Analytical service for N-15 isotope using the mass spectrometer and P-32 radioisotope using liquid-scintillation counting have also been given.

Under UTN-ANSTO cooperation programme, the food irradiation and radiation sterilization groups received an expert service for 2 weeks. Besides this, IAEA experts on a mission to Malaysia for the evaluation of a technical assistance programme on the Use of Nuclear Technique 'in Agriculture managed to be with ISBP members.

Generally, research projects have been smoothly conducted with proper planning. Efforts with full dedication shown by members of ISBP are highly acknowledge and must go on.

Dr. Ramli Othman, Head, Isotope and Radiation in Biology and Agriculture Programme

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4.2 Biakbaka mutasi padi separuh kerdil

Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim, Rokiah Abas dan Asnah Hassan

Penyelidikan biakbaka mutasi padi yang dijalankan i n i bertujuan untuk mendapatkan mutan separuh kerd i l yang kemudiannya boleh digunakan sebagai sumber baka atau induk dalam biakbaka kacukan padi. Padi separuh kerd i l i n i mempunyai keupayaan untuk tahan dar i patah atau tumbang akibat hujan lebat atau d i t i up angin. Batangnya kuat, ruasnya pendek dan bu t i r -bu t i r buahnya banyak dan menunjukkan keupayaan hasil yang lebih dar i jen is padi t inggi kerana sifatnya yang bersambutan kepada pembajaan nitrogen.

Kebanyakan padi yang papular d i negara i n i dan negara la in mempunyai gen separuh kerd i l berasal dar i padi Cina, Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen (DGWG). I n i telah menimbulkan satu masalah besar ke arah kepelbagaian genetik yang sempit terhadap rintangan kepada penyakit-penyakit dan serangga.

Mengenalpasti masalah i n i , usaha untuk mengatasinya telah dipergiatkan untuk mendapatkan mutan separuh kerd i l menggunakan sinaran gama. Kajian dilakukan d i Stesen Penyelidikan Pertanian d i Bumbong Lima dan tapak pertanian UTN d i Dengkil. Setakat i n i kajian berada pada peringkat generasi M5.

4.2 Semi-dwarf mutants for rice improvement

Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim, Rokiah Abas and Asnah Hassan

The improvement of lodging resistance has contributed a considerable increase in the yield potential of rice. This rice is of short stature and the characteristics include thick, strong culms, short internodes and short straw. It has been shown that the semi-dwarfs yield more than the tall variety because of their increased responsiveness to nitrogen fertiliser. In addition to showing greater lodging resistance at higher nitrogen levels, the semi-dwarfs also show increased number of panicles per square area.

Some of the papular rice varieties in Malaysia have parents which are semi-dwarf, particularly parents with semi-dwarf gene from a Chinese line Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen (DGWG) thus resulting in a relatively narrow genetic diversity. The narrow genetic diversity may create a risk of genetic vulnerability towards pathogens, pests and other hazards. Some of the semi-dwarf varieties were reported to be susceptible to blast and brown plant hoppers.

Recognizing the potential risk, UTN has undertaken this project to induce semi-dwarf mutants by the use of gamma irradiation. The induced mutants can either be for direct use as improved crop or used as parents in cross-breeding programmes. Research activities are being carried out both at the Agricultural Research Station in Bumbong Lima and UTN experimental field in Dengkil and is now at the MS generation.

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4.3 Kajian nutasi aruhan koko (Theobroma cacao L)

Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim, Rokiah Abas dan Asnah Hassan

Kajian kepekaan sinaran terhadap keratan matatunas dan biji Theobroma cacao L yang dibekalkan aleh Ladang Sime Darby dan MARDI Teluk Intan telah dijalankan. Kajian dijalankan ke atas faktor-faktor biologi dan pengubahsuaian. Oi samping itu, generasi yang telah dibiakkan akan dianalisis untuk sifat-sifat yang berfaedah.

4.3 Mutation—induction studies in cocoa (Theobroma cacao LJ

Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim, Rokiah Abas and flenah Hassan

Radiosensivity studies of Theobroma cacao L budtnoods and seeds supplied by Sime Darby Plantation and tlfiRDI Teluk Intan were carried out. Both biological and modifying factors were studied. Subsequently, the repropagated generations will be examined for useful traits.

4.4 Kajian mutasi aruhan ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta)

Rokiah Abas, Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim dan Asnah Ibrahim

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kefahaman mengenai kesan sinaran ke atas tanaman perambatan tampang (secara umum), dengan menggunakan contoh Manihot esculenta atau lebih dikenali sebagai ubi kayu.

Keputusan ujian generasi Mv^ menunjukkan bahawa 1007. batang ubi kayu yang telah diberi perlakuan 1 krad, 2 krad, 3 krad dan 4 krad, tumbuh subur setanding dengan individu-individu kawalan walaupun jumlah matatunas yang tumbuh dan ketinggian purata tanaman berkurang dengan pertambahan dos sinaran. Hanya 97. daripada batang ubi kayu yang telah disinarkan dengan dos 5 krad yang tumbuh sementara untuk perlakuan dengan 6 krad dan 7 krad tidak ada pertumbuhan langsung. Juga telah diperhatikan bahawa pertumbuhan matatunas batang-batang ubi kayu yang telah diberikan perlakuan 4 krad adalah lebih lambat daripada individu-individu lain yang menerima dos yang lebih rendah dan tunas-tunas dalam perlakuan 2 krad pula menunjukkan perulangan mutasi klarafil yang tertinggi berbanding dengan tunas lain. Oleh kerana perulangan mutasi klorofil merupakan satu daripada penunjuk keberkesanan mutagen dalam mengaruh mutasi, adalah dijangka bahawa pokok-pokok dari perlakuan 2 krad ini akan memperlihatkan kepelbagaian yang lebih pada generasi berikutnya.

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4.4 Mutation-inolictian studies in cassava (Manihot esculents)

Rokiah Abas, Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim and Asnah Hassan

The objective of this research is to understand the effect of irradiation on the growth of a vegetatively propagated plant (in general) using Manihot esculenta (cassava) as a sample variety.

Results based on Mv^ generation showed that 10O7. of the stem cuttings treated with 1 krad, 2 krad, 3 krad and A krad survived. However, the total number of growing buds and the asserage plant height for each treatment group varies inversely with exposure. Only 97. of the buds treated with S krad survived. No survivors were recorded with those treated with 6 krad and 7 krad. It was observed that the bud-growth at 4 krad were, slower than those which received lower doses. Plants from 2 krad group showed the highest chlorophyll mutation frequency. Since chlorophyll mutation frequency is one of the indicators of the effectiveness of a mutagen as mutation inducer, plants treated with 2 krad is expected to display more variation in the following generations.

4.5 Pembiakan kacang tanah (ftrachis hypooaea) yang mempunyai hasil dan pengikatan nitrogen yang tinggi menggunakan suntikan Rhizobia

Rusli Ibrahim, Ramli Othman, Rokiah Abas dan Asnah Hassan

Pengikatan nitrogen biologi dapat memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pertanian bagi tujuan peningkatan hasil kacang tanah di negara ini. Satu program penyelidikan pembiakbakaan kacang tanah (Arachis hypoqaea) yang mempunyai hasil dan sifat pengikatan nitrogen yang tinggi dengan menggunakan suntikan Rhizobia. telah dimulakan oleh Unit Tenaga Nuklear dengan usahasama Institut Penyelidikan Getah Malaysia (RRIM). Program penyelidikan ini dijalankan dengan beberapa objektif iaitu pembiakbakaan dan pemilihan varieti-varieti kacang tanah yang bermutu serta mempunyai keupayaan pengikatan nitrogen dan penghasilan yang tinggi. Keseluruhan program dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian utama. Bahagian pertama ialah aspek-aspek baikbaka varieti kacang tanah, di mana penapisan dijalankan di lapangan untuk mendapatkan seberapa banyak varieti yang mungkin didapati yang mempunyai keupayaan dari segi .penodulatan dan juga pengikatan nitrogen. Bahagian kedua pula melibatkan mikrobiologi simbiosis kekacang-Rhi zobium di mana kerja-kerja pembangunan dan pemilihan jenis-jenis Rhizobia yang sesuai dan berkesan dijalankan Dleh RRIM.

Bagi peringkat percubaan pertama, sejumlah 37 varieti kacang tanah tempatan dan dari luar telah ditapis di lapangan di bawah sekitaran paras N rendah dan tinggi (20 dan 100 kg N/ha). Proses suntikan dijalankan dan menggunakan satu campuran jenis Rhizobia yang berkesan. Analisis ke atas tindak balas varieti terhadap keupayaan pengikatan nitrogen biologi dan sifat-sifat lain telah dijalankan. Analisis varians dan pengumpulan Duncan telah dijalankan mengikut prosedur statistik piawai bagi membandingkan keupayaan varieti-varieti tersebut. Dari keputusan-keputusan yang diperolehi, didapati ada perbezaan yang ketara dalam

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t indak balas v a r i e t i - v a r i e t i terhadap sunt ikan dan perlakuan-perlakuan yang d i b e r i k a n .

Punca

Source

V a r i e t i , V V a r i e t i e s , V

Replikaan Replications

Perlakuan Treatments

V X perlakuan

d r j . kbsn.

deg. frdm.

36

2

1

36 V X treatments

Rala t {Error) 146

Nod/ tumbuhan

Nodules/ plant

3 7 3 . 9 *

1 6 . 1

3 4 8 . 4 *

1 4 9 . 4 *

3 . 9

Min Has i l kg/ha

kuasa dua Pod/

tumbuhan Mean square

Yield kg/ha

8656803.6*

904047 .8*

21138112.7*

2024917.4*

221120.8

Pads/ plant

8 9 . 6 *

* 2 4 . 1

4 8 6 . 0 *

* 4 9 . 2 *

4 . 1

Berat ker ing bhg. a t a s , g

Tops dry neight/plant, g

7 4 . 7 *

* 1 7 7 . 1 *

4 8 . 3

* 3 8 . 1 *

3 . 7

dan menunjukkan ketara masing-masing pada P < 0 .01 dan P < 0 .001 and indicate significance at P < O.Ol and P < O.OOl respectively

Jadual 4 . 5 . 1 : A n a l i s i s var ians bagi bl langan nod, h a s i l pod, bi langan pod dan berat ker ing bahagian a tas kacang tanah

Table 4.5.1 : Analysis of variance for nodules number, pod yield, pod number and tops dry weight in groundnut

4.5 Breeding for high-yielding and high nitrogen-fixation in groundnut (Arachis hvpooaea) using Rhizobia innoculation

Rusli Ibrahim, Ramli Othman, Rokiah Abas and Asnah Hassan

Biological nitrogen fixation can play an important role in agriculture to increase groundnut production in the country, A programme entitled breeding for high-yielding and high nitrogen-fixation in groundnut (Arachis hvpooaea) using Rhizobia innoculation was initiated by the Nuclear Energy Uhit (UTN) in collaboration with the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (PRIM). The above research programme was undertaken with the objectives to breed and select good quality groundnut varieties having a high potential in fixing nitrogen as well as being of high yield. The whole programme was divided into two major parts. The first part is the breeding aspects of groundnut varieties, whereby screening was done in the field to find out as many varieties as possible which have a potential in nodulation as well as nitrogen fixation. The second part involved the microbiological components of legume-Rhizobium symbiosis whereby developing and selecting suitable strains and effective Rhizobium strains was handled by the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia.

For the first stage of the experiment, a total of 37 local and introduced varieties were screened in the field under low N and high N conditions (20 and 100 kg N/ha). Innoculation process was done using a mixture of

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Varieti

Variety

ALABAMA ARGENTINE AZOZRO 20 C-421 C-NO 43-4 CANTON 1 CES 101 CES 102 CES 103 CES 2-25 EC-21054 FLORIGIANT GOLDEN 1

Nod/tumbuhan

Nodules/plant

8.7 3.5 1.7 3.0 0.0 O.O 6.8 5.0

14.3 7.3 3.5 4.3 7.9

KUALA BRANS 11.4 LOCAL M-10 MAT JAM MEDAN NC-7 NC ec RED ROBUT 33-1 STARR T. O-ENBAI TAINAN #9 TIFSPAN UPL-PN-2 V-13 VIRGINIA 47-5 47-16 55-437 57-422 59-127 69-101 73-30 79-2

7.5 4.8 15.6 3.4 3.8 11.2

efg 1-p op m—p P P f-1 h-o cd f-k 1-p j-o e-i de f-j h-o be 1-p k-o de

11.3 de 2.6 4.4 6.0 11.3 5.9 4.3 4.8 3.6 9.8 3.6 6.3 5.6 IB.3 4.1 8.0 42.0

nop i-o g-o de g-o j-o h-o l-o ef l-o f-m g-o b J-tD

e-h a

Purata hasil kg/ha

Mean yield kg/ha

2962 2821 2417 4162 1545 5476 2236 2826 2024 4140 1398 2347 4966 3069 2315 4412 7020 3589

g-k h-1 i-o def p-t b j-q h-1 m-s def rst i-o be ghi i-p cde a fgh

3676 efg 1498 3029 2498 758 2117 1936 3553 3882 4585 1722 2921 1457 1340 1666 2523 2490 2190 3441

q-t g-j i-n t 1-s m-s fgh def cd n~s g-k q-k st o-s i-m i-n k-r fgh

Pod/tumbuhan

Pods/plant

14.7 f-g 14.3 f-k 12.3 h-m 18.3 b-e 9.5 m-p 18.4 b-e 10.6 Inn 10.2 1-p 19.7 d-g 16.3 d-g 11.1 klm 7.2 n-q

20.7 be 13.3 g-1 12.5 h-m 15.5 e-h 25.4 a 13.4 g-1 9.1 m-p 6.7 pg 14.6 f-j 11.6 i-m 5.5 q 9.5 m-p 10.5 l-o 20.9 b 17.3 c-f 19.6 bed 10.5 l-o 11.6 i-m 9.2 m-p 7.1 opq 7.5 n-q 19.0 bed 9.6 m-p 11.1 klm 15.0 e-i

Berat kering bhg. atas/tumbuhan, g Tops dry weight per plant, g

7.61 lmn 5.78 pqr 3.01 r 9.34 i-o 9.56 h-o 10.21 g-1 9.60 h-o 7.09 1-q 6.40 opq 13.99 def 9.98 h-m 16.98 cd 13.62 ef 6.75 m-q 9.64 h-o 12.83 e-h 18.58 c 9.04 i-p

28.85 a 11.88 e-i 10.18 g-1 8.00 j-q 9.90 h-n 9.49 i-o 4.93 q-r 9.58 h-o 10.94 f-k 13.37 efg 6.61 n-q 7.70 k-q 14.91 de 10.19 g-1 11.36 f-i 23.42 b 11.29 f-j 10.85 f-k 7.20 1-q

Purata turus yang ditunjukkan oleh huruf sama tidak ketara pada P = 0.05 Column means indicated by the same letter are not significant at P = 0.05

Jadual 4.5.2 : Kesan suntikan Rhizobia ke atas beberapa sifat kacang tanah bagi perlakuan pembajaan 20 kg N/ha

Table 4.5.2 : Effects of Rhizobia innoculation on a number groundnut varieties treated at 20 kg N/ha of fertilizer

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V a r i e t i

Variety

ALABAMA ARGENTINE AZOZRO 2 0 C-421 C-NO 4 3 - 4 CANTON 1 CES 101 CES 102 CES 103 CES 2 - 2 5 EC-21054 FLORleiANT GOLDEN 1

Nod/tumtxihan

Nodules/plant

7.6 f -k 3 .8 lmn

18.6 c 3.5 mn 7.1 h-k 4.4 k-n 3.2 no B.4 f - i 5.5 i -n 4.5 j - n O.O 0 4.9 j - n 5.B i -n

KUALA BRANS 6 . 0 i - n LOCAL M-10 MAT JAM MEDAN NC-7 NC BC RED ROBUT 3 3 - 1 STARR T.O-eNSAI TMNfiN #9 TIFSPAN UPL-PN-2 V-13 VIRGINIA 47-5 47-16 55-437 57-422 59-127 69-101 73-30 77-2

7.5 f - j 7 .1 h-k 5.4 i -n 5.8 i -n

10.5 d-g 9.5 e-h

10.6 def 8.2 f - i 9.6 e-h

11.7 de 18.1 c 7.7 f - j 7.3 g-k 3.5 mn

12.7 de 11.8 de

7.5 f -k 13.6 d 8.3 f - i

69.0 a 7.5 f -k 6.B h-1

26.3 b

Purata hasil kg/ha

Mean yield kg/ha

3181 2856 2098 2253 2837 5568 2012 5141 3465 4538 1604 3032 3022 2392 3088

j k l k-o opq n-q k-o bed pq cde h-k e f g q r k-n k -n 1-q j - m

5242 cde 6505 4206 405B 1596 3322 4231 2180 2737 2791 3841 4921

a f g h g h i q r i j k f g h opq k -p k -p g - j de f

5B60 abc 3444 6133 2004

h-k b pq

5062 cde 3312 1195 3502 2334 4205

i j k r h-k m-q f g h

Pod/tumbuhan

Pods/plant

15.8 15.0 10.7

9 . 9 17.7 18.7

9 . 5 18.3 11.4 17.9 12.8

9 . 8 12.6 10.4 16.7 18.4 23.5 15.7 10.0 7 . 2

16.0

h-1 i - n opg pqr f - j e - h

m<r f - j j - m f - j 1-p pqi-i - p o - r g-k f - i abc h-m pqr r h-1

19.6 d-g 15.7 12.3 15.1 22.7 21.9 25.0 21.0 24.4 12.7 26.7 14.9 9 . 0

13.5 11.a IB.3

h-m m-q i - n bed b-e ab c - f abc 1-p a j - n qr k-o n-q f - j

Berat kering bhg. atas/tumbuhan, g Tops dry weight per plant, g

7.61 6.20

11.85 8.39

10.86 9.97 9.52

10.84 13.07 10.00 B.17

13.07 13.38 9.05 9.54

13.11

lmn i - n e - 1 i - n g-n h-n h-n g-n c - i h-n j - n c - i c -h h-n h-n c - i

17.32 abc 8.22

13.63 12.27

9.30 9.35

11.34 6.60

10.65 7.99

20.43 12.44 15.50

• 10.06 10.81 13.34 22.06 16.35 15.91 12.91 17.16

j - n c-h e - 1 h-n h-n f -m 0«! h-n k-n ab d-k c-g h-n g-n c - h a b-e b- f c - j bed

Purata turus yang ditunjukkan oleh huruf sama tidak ketara pada P = 0.05 Column means indicated by the same letter are not significant at P = O.OS

Jadual 4.5.3 : Kesan suntikan Rhizobia ke atas beberapa s i f a t kacang tanah bagi perlakuan pembajaan 100 kg N/ha

Table 4.5.3 : Effects of Rhizobia innoculatian on a number groundnut varieties treated at 10O kg N/ha of fertilizer

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Varieti

Variety

ALABAMA ARGENTItvE AZOZRO 20 C-421 C-NO 43-4 CANTON 1 CES 101 CES 102 CES 103 CES 2-25 EC-21054 FLORIGIANT GOLDEN 1 KUALA BRANG LCCAL M-10 MAT JAM MEDAN NC-7C NC 8C RED VARIETY ROBUT 33-1 STARR T. CHENGAI TAINAN #9 UPL-PN-2 V-13 VIRGINIA 47-5 47-16 55-437 57-422 59-127 69-101 73-30 79-2

Bil. hari kematangan

No. of days of maturity

85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95

• 85-95 100-110 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95

,100-110 100-110 85-95 100-110 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 "85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95 85-95

Berat 100 biji, g 100 seed weight, g

33.25 26.14 41.60 38.06 27.08 50.86 36.77 44.30 29.59 39.27 36.92 60.55 38.33 34.68 30.85 34.17 49.65 31.80 66.50 48.14 31.25 33.35 22.05 38.47 33.28 32.84 46.83 28.46 39.41 31.46 30.55 34.00 37.20 39.98 27.47 58.30

Sifat tumbuhan

Growth habit

ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT SPREAD ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT SPREAD SPREAD ERECT

bHHEAD ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT ERECT

Tindak balas kepada CLS Reaction to

CLS

HIGHLY SU5C. SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. HIGHLY SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. TOL. SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. MOD. TOL. SUSC. TOL. TOL. SUSC. MOD. TOL. HIGHLY SUSC. SUSC. TOL. SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. SUSC. TOL. HIGHLY SUSC. MOD. TOL. MOD. TOL. MOD. TOL. TOL. SUSC.

Jadua l 3 . 5 . 4 : B i l angan h a r i pematangan, b e r a t 100 b i j i , s i - f a t tumbuhan dan t i n d a k ba las kepada p e n y a k i t r i n t i k daun (CLS) b a g i kacang tanah yang d i s e l i d i k k i

Table 3.5.4 : Days of maturity, 100-seed weight, growth habit and reaction to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) of the groundnut varieties investigated

effective Rhizobium strains and varietal responses for potential biological nitrogen fixation and other characters were analysed. Analysis of variance and Duncan's grouping were performed according to the

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standard statistical procedure to compare the performance of the varieties. From the results obtained, i t is interesting to note that there are significant differences in the responses of varieties to innoculation and treatments.

4.6 Biakbaka mutasi aruhan kacang tanah

Rusli Ibrahim, Ramli Othman, Rokiah Abas dan Asnah Hassan

Objektif utama penggunaan biakbaka mutasi aruhan kacang tanah ialah untuk memperbaikki gen kekacang. Program pembiakbakaan ini dijalankan untuk memperbaikki mutu sifat-sifat agronomi kacang tanah dan untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran melalui penyesuaian kepada skim tanaman yang lebih maju dan juga untuk mengurangkan kerosakan tanaman. Dengan mengolah gen, lebih banyak mutan yang boleh meninggikan hasil akan didapati. Telah dibuktikan bahawa mutasi merupakan satu faktor yang boleh menambahkan kelainan gen. Varieti yang rintang penyakit terutama kepada penyakit rintik daun (Cercospora leaf spot) dan yang berhasil tinggi boleh didapati dengan mutasi aruban. Varieti ini boleh ditanam terus atau digunakan sebagai induk untuk program pembiakbakaan kacukan.

Populasi generasi M3 bagi varieti V13 dan Mat Jam telah dipilih untuk hasil yang tinggi dan rintangan penyakit rintik daun. Penganalisaan populasi generasi M3 dijalankan di bawah keadaan yang sama kecuali ianya ditanam pada baris-baris progeni dan jarak di antara baris dikekalkan kepada 12 inci dan 10 inci bagi jarak antara pokok. Sebelum dituai, setiap baris individu dinilai mengikut tindak balas terhadap penyakit rintik daun dan tindak balas ini digred mengikut keluasan rintik di atas daun. Hasil lengai untuk setiap baris diukur selepas tuaian dan sifat agronomi yang lain juga direkodkan. Data-data yang didapati menunjukkan bahawa varieti V13 dan Mat Jam berlainan sama sekali dalam tindak balas terhadap penyakit rintik daun dan pengeluaran hasil.

Lebih banyak kajian perlu dijalankan sebelum satu kesimpulan dapat dirumuskan. Bagaimanapun, keputusan ujian ini membantu dalam pemilihan mutan-mutan yang berpotensi bagi kajian selanjutnya di rumah hijau dan di ladang.

4.6 Induced mutation-breeding of groundnut

Rusli Ibrahim, Ramli Othman, Rokiah Abas and Asnah Hassan

The main objectives for the application of induced mutation—breeding in groundnut is the genetic improvement of the grain legume. The breeding programme is carried out in order to improve the quality of the groundnut agronomic traits and ultimately to increase production through adaptation to more advanced cropping schemes and reduction to crop loses. By genetic manipulation, more effective mutants could be produced with improved yields. It has been proven that mutation is a good tool for supplementing the genetic variation. Disease-resistant varieties especially to Cercosoora leaf spot and witn improved yield can be developed from

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induced mutation which can either be used for direct release or- used as parents in cross-breeding programmes.

M3 populations of V-13 and flat Jam were screened in the field far Cercosoara leaf-spot resistance and high yielding. Testing of M3 populations was carried under the same conditions with the exception that they were planted in progeny rows and spacing was maintained at 12 inches between rows and 10 inches between plants. Before harvesting, each individual line was evaluated for their response to Cercosoora leaf-spot disease and the reaction was graded according to the area of the spots on the leaves. Pod yield for each line was measured after harvesting and other agronomic characteristics were also recorded. The data obtained indicated that varieties V-13 and flat Jam differ considerably in their responses to Cercosoora leaf-spot disease and also in their yield performance.

Further confirmation is needed before a definite conclusion can be drawn. However, the results obtained would help us in selecting the potential mutant lines for further tests in the greenhouse and in the field.

4.7 Studies on plants as repellent against stored-grain Insects

Radziah Ariffin

The objective of this study is to evaluate the repellent activity of several plants against stored-grain insects. Three plant species (AndroDogon spp — lemon grass, Curcuma spp — turmeric and Capsicum SPO-chili) which are known to be immune to insect attack were tested for their repellent activity against adult rice weevil (Si tophi 1 us SOP). It was observed that in the first week of the experiment, all of the plant extracts exhibited repellent activity between class III (40-60'/. repellencej and class IV (61-BOX repellence) with the maximum being from chili. The repellent activity decreased in the subsequent weeks to class II and class III except for the extract of chilli which was s t i l l in class IV. Further research work is needed on the extract of chili even though compounds having class IV activity can be considered as insect repellent.

4.8 Upgrading the quality of dried cocoa beans by gamma irradiation

Radziah Ariffin and Foziah Ali

This semi-pilot scale project is a multi-institutional collaborative work (UTN, MARDI, UKM and UPM). The ma:in objective is to study the effect of gamma irradiation on various aspects including microbiological, entomological, nutritional and organoleptic qualities of dried cocoa beans. UTN is involved in dosimetry work and nutritional studies. Emphasis is given on the effect of gamma irradiation on the precursors of chocolate aroma (sugar, reducing sugar, and alkaloid compounds) and

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fatty-acid characteristics including peroxide value and iodine value (refer to Activities of the Research Division 1986). This project is currently in progress.

4.9 Pemanjangan masa penyimpanan cendawan tiram (Pleurotus sp.) menggunakan sinaran gama

% Narimah Yusof, Abd. Shukor Abd. Rahman , Salahbiah Abd. Majid, Latifah Pmin dan Nor'intan Mohd. Ali

Satu siri kaJian awalan telah dijalankan di sepanjang tahun 1987 ke atas parameter-parameter penyimpanan iaitu suhu, kelembapan bandingan (Rh) dan pembungkusan bagi menentukan keadaan optimum untuk penyimpanan cendawan tiram kelabu (Pleurotus sp.). Walaupun suhu rendah di sekitar 3 - 5 C boleh digunakan untuk menyimpan cendawan tiram selama lebih kurang 3 minggu, adalah dirasakan perlu cendawan ini dapat disimpan pada suhu yang lebih tinggi (>5 C) bagi mengurangkan kos penyimpanan yang tinggi yang akan ditanggung oleh penanam atau pengedar cendawan. Seterusnya sinaran gama telah dicadangkan untuk dikaji sekiranya ia dapat memanjangkan lagi masa penyimpanan di sekitaran optimum ini.

Dari kajian-kajian yang telah dijalankan, didapati bahawa cendawan tiram sebaik-baiknya disimpan pada suhu tidak melebihi 10 C dan paras kelembapan bandingan >907. sekiranya penyimpanan melebihi 15 hari diperlukan. Pembungkusan yang paling baik digunakan adalah kampit plastik polietilena (PE) bagi pengelolaan pukal dan kampit plastik PE bersama paring stirofom bagi jualan runcit. Sekiranya filem nipis digunakan, jenis PE adalah dicadangkan dan bukan polivinilklorida (PVC) bagi mengelakkan kejadian kekuningan pada warna cendawan.

Pendedahan kepada sinaran gama menunjukkan bahawa sinaran dapat memanjangkan masa penyimpanan cendawan dari 5 hari ke 14 hari sekiranya ia disimpan pada suhu 10 C dan Rh BO"/.. Tetapi kesan penyimpanan bagi masa penyimpanan ini tidak jelas apabila ia disimpan pada Rh 90'/.. Sinaran juga dapat mengurangkan/disinfek populasi kulat putih yang terdapat tumbuh pada sampel kawalan selepas 3 - 5 hari apabila dibungkus dengan filem nipis atau selepas 10 hari dalam kampit PE.

Kajian seterusnya dicadangkan untuk meneliti lebih Ianjut penggunaan sinaran gama bersama pembungkusan PE yang berlainan ketebalan dan juga yang berlubang bagi pemanjangan masa penyimpanan dan juga mengurangkan pemeluwapan Map air di dalam bungkusan.

Bahagian Teknologi Makanan, MARDI

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4.9 Extending of shelf life of oyster mushroom IPleurotus sp.) using gamma irradiation

Norimah Yusof, Abd. Shukor Abd. Rahman , Salahbiah Abd. MaJid, Latifah Amin and Nor'intan hohd. Ali

A series of preliminary studies has been carried out in 1987 on storage parameters which include temperature, relative humidity (Rh) and packaging in order to determine the optimum conditions for the storage of grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.). Although low temperature around 3 -

can be used to store the oyster mushroom for about 3 weeks i t is prefered if the mushroom can be kept at higher temperatures in order to reduce storage cost that has to be borne by mushroom growers and distributors. Work on radiation was then suggested to see whether i t could extend further the shelf life under the optimum conditions.

The studies ha\/e shown that oyster mushroom should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 10°C and at relative humidity >90'/. i f storage of more than 15 days is required. The most suitable packaging material is polyethylene (PE) plastic bag for bulk-handling and PE plastic bag together with styrofoam plate for the retail market. If thin film is to be used, PE type is recommended instead of FvC to avoid yellowing in mushroom.

Exposure to gamma rays showed that radiation could extend the shelf life of mushroom from 5 days to 14 days when stored at lCrC and Rh 80'/.. However, the effect on the shelf-life extension was not observed when mushroom was kept at Rh >90X. Radiation could also reduce the white mold population which started to grow in the controls J - 5 days after packaging with thin film or after 10 days in PE bags.

Further work is suggested to determine the effect of radiation in combination with PE packaging of different thicknesses and of perforated type for shelf-life extension as well as for reducing the condensation of water vapour in the packaging.

4.10 Perencatan percambahan halia basah menggunakan penyinaran gama

Norimah Yusof, Nasir Azuddin , Latifah Amin, Salahbiah Abd. Majid, Sopiah Jusoh dan Zainab Harun

Keputusan dari kajian awalan ke atas penyinaran halia basah ( l ihat Ak t i v i t i -ak t i v i t i Bahagian Penyelidikan 1986, ms 239) menunjukkan bahawa sinaran gama dapat merencat percambahan halia dari satu var iet i tempatan (variet i 'Lowland') tanpa memberi kesan-kesan buruk ke atas s i fa t -s i fa t f is io logi dan kimia. Kajian yang serupa telah dijalankan dalam tahun 1987 ke atas variet i 'Highland' ia i tu var iet i halia yang ditanam kebanyakannya untuk tujuan eksport.

Food Technology Division, MARDI Jabatan Sains Makanan, UPM

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Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa sinaran pada dos serendah-rendahnya 25 Gy dapat rnerencat percambahan halia basah dan halia boleh disimpan selama 5 bulan pada sekitaran ambien dengan pengudaraan yang baik. Kajian Ianjut akan dijalankan ke atas varieti 'Highland' ini untuk mengkaji kesan sinaran bersama dengan 'waxing' ke atas pemanjangan masa penyimpanan halia basah dalam keadaan ambien. Kesan sinaran ke atas kamponen perasa halia basah akan juga diselidikki.

4.10 Spriout inhibition in fresh ginger using gamma irradiation

Norimah Yusof, Nasir Azuddin , Latifah Amin, Salabiah Abd. tiajid, Sopiah Jusoh and Zainab Harun

Results from a preliminary study on the irradiation of fresh ginger (refer to Activities of the Research Division 1986, p 239) showed that gamma irradiation could inhibit sprouting in ginger of a local variety ('Lowland' variety) without causing any detrimental effects on the physiological and chemical properties. A similar experiment was set up in 1987 on 'Highland' variety which is cultivated mainly for export.

The study indicated that radiation at doses as low as 25 Gy could inhibit sprouting in fresh ginger and the ginger could be kept up to 5 months under ambient conditions with good ventilation. Further work will be conducted using the 'Highland' variety to study the effect of radiation when combined with waxing on shelf-life extension under ambient conditions. Effects of radiation on flavour components in fresh ginger will also be investigated.

4.11 Kesan sinaran gama dan pemprosesan ke atas mutu sos cili

Norimah Yusof, Latifah Pmin, Muhamad Lebai Juri, Shaifuddin Mungit , Salahbiah Abd. Majid dan Sopiah Jusoh

Cili kering iaitu bahan ramuan utama bagi pembuatan sos cili biasanya mempunyai beban mikrobiologi yang tinggi. Satu kajian ringkas telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan sinaran gama dan pemanasan dalam pemprosesan sos ke atas beban mikrobiologi di dalam cili kering dan juga setelah diprases menjadi sos. Perbezaan dari segi tahap warna kemerahan (nilai-a) dan sifat organoleptik bagi sos cili yang diperbuat daripada cili kering tersinar dan kawalan dikaji.

Kajian menunjukkan bahawa sinaran gama pada dos 5 kGy telah dapat mengurangkan kandungan mikrob dalam cili kering sebanyak 2 kitaran logaritma. Seterusnya setelah diproses menjadi sos, paras kandungan mikrob adalah sama seperti di dalam kawalan. Bilangan bakteria adalah di

# Dept. of Food Science, UPM Juliana Enterprise, Bangi

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sekitar 1.5 x 10 koloni/gram sos sedangkan populasi kulat tidak dikesan langsung. Di sepanjang tempoh penyimpanan selama 8 bulan tidak ada penambahan populasi bakteria yang ketara sedangkan sedikit pertumbuhan kulat telah dapat dikesan di akhir masa penyimpanan.

Kajian ke atas tahap wama kemerahan sos menggunakan Hunter lab Calorimeter menunjukkan bahawa nilai-a dalam sampel kawalan menurun selepas empat bulan penyimpanan sedangkan tidak ada perubahan warna bagi sos yang diperbuat daripada cili kering tersinar. Kajian organoleptik pula telah menunjukkan banawa 16 daripada 1? ahli panel perasa telah dapat mengesan sos yang diperbuat daripada cili kering tersinar. 43.75?. daripada mereka telah berlandaskan sifat warna dan rasa perisa.

Kajian rengkas ini mencadangkan bahawa peringkat pemanasan dalam pemprosesan sos cili adalah memadai untuk disinfeksi mikrob dalam cili kering memandangkan tahap pencemaran di dalam sampel tersebut tidak terlalu tinggi. Kesan ke atas warna kemerahan dan sifat organoleptik sos cili yang dilaporkan di sini perlu dikaji dengan lebih terperinci sekiranya sinaran akan digunakan untuk tujuan nyahkecemaran cili kering.

4.11 Effects of gamma radiation and processing on the quality of chili sauce

$ Norimah Yusof, Latifah Amin, Muhamad Lebai Juri, Shaifuddin Mungit , Salahbiah Abd. Majid and Sopiah Jusoh

Dried chili, the main ingredient in manufacturing chili sauce, normally has a high microbiological load. A brief study was carried out to determine the effects of gamma irradiation and heating in the sauce processing on the microbial load in the dried chili as well as after being processed. Differences in the degree of redness (a-value) and organoleptic properties of chili sauce made from irradiated and unirradiated dried chili were also studied.

The study showed that gamma irradiation at a dose of 5 kGy reduced the microbial content in the dried chili by 2 log cycles. After processing, the level of microbial content in the sauce was almost similar to the control. The bacterial count was around 1.5 x 1CT colonies/g of sauce while fungal population wan not detected. There was no increase in bacterial population throughout the storage period of 8 months but some fungal growth was detected at the end of the storage time.

Studies on the degree of redness of chili sauce as measured by a Hunter lab Colorimeter showed that the redness (a-value) in the control was reduced after 4 months of storage but no changes in colour occurred for the sauce made from irradiated dried chili. The organoleptic study showed that 16 out of 19 members of a taste panel were able to identify the sauce made from irradiated samples. 43.75'/. of the panelists based their judgement on colour and flavour.

Juliana Enterprise, Bangi

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This brief study suggests that the heating stage in the processing of chili sauce is adequate to disinfect microbials in the dried chili in which the degree of contamination was considered not high. The effect of irradiation on the degree of redness and the organoleptic properties of chili sauce as presented here requires further investigation if radiation is to be considered for decontamination of dried chili in the future.

4.12 Kajian ekaroni kemudahan Co-60

Muhamad Lebai Juri dan Fatimah Mohd. Arshad

Penggunaan sinaran gama bagi pensterilan bahan-bahan perubatan berleluasa di seluruh dunia tetapi penggunaan kaedah ini untuk pengawetan bahan-bahan makanan adalah terhad. Memandangkan UTN akan mendirikan kemudahan Co-60 dan kerajaan Malaysia sedang menyiapkan deraf pengawalan bahan-bahan makanan tersinar samada dari sumber tempatan atau import, satu kajian telah dilakukan untuk melihat secara abjektif kemungkinan ekonomi kemudahan penyinaran di peringkat dagangan. Scenario yang telah diambilkira adalah pengendalian kemudahan-kemudahan tujuan tunggal, dua tujuan dan berbilang tujuan. Bahan-bahan yang disinar adalah bahan-bahan perubatan dan komoditi-komoditi pertanian seperti lada dan koko kering. Penunjuk kewangan yang digunakan adalah nilai bersih masakini (NPV), kadar kepulangan dalaman (IRR), jangkamasa pembayaran balik (PBP) dan nisbah kebaikan-harga (B/C).

Kos-kos modal dan kendalian bagi kemudahan-kemudahan yang disebutkan ditunjukkan dalam jadual 4.12.1. Perkara yang paling menonjol adalah kos untuk membiayai sumber Co-60 dan pengisian semula tahunan Co-60. Kadar-kadarnya meningkat selari dengan kadar celusan. Kajian pulangan kewangan (jadual 4.12.2) menunjukkan pengendalian kemudahan berbilang tujuan adalah yang paling menguntungkan. Uhjuran dalam jadual 4.12.3 menunjukkan peratus bahan-bahan perubatan dan komoditi-komoditi pertanian yang disinarkan bagi tahun pertama dan tahun kelima belas bagi tiap-tiap kemudahan. Analisis kepekaan juga telah dilakukan dan kesimpulannya adalah seperti berikut :

i. Pulangan kewangan meningkat sekiranya kadar faedah pinjaman menurun (rajah 4.12.1 dan 4.12.2).

ii. Pulangan kewangan meningkat sekiranya kos penyinaran yang dikenakan kepada pengguna dinaikkan (rajah 4.12.3 dan 4.12.4).

iii. Kos purata penyinaran/kg akan menurun sekiranya kadar celusan ditingkatkan bagi kemudahan tujuan tunggal manakala tidak ada perubahan ketara bagi kemudahan-kemudahan lain (rajah 4.12.5)

iv. Kos penyinaran di Malaysia adalah 2-3 kali lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan negara-negara asing sekiranya ada permintaan bagi bahan-bahan tersebut.

Fakulti Ekonomi Sumber dan Perniagaan Tani, UPM

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a is

i 5 10

• 0000 JOB <hr) «9000 Jo- <hr)

0 10 20 30 40 DO NILAI BERSIH KASAKINI <NET PRESENT VALUE}

Rajah 4.12.1 : Kesart perubahan kadar faedah ke atas n i l a i bersih masakini

Figure 4.12.1 : The effect of changes in interest rate on the net present value

20

6 "

2 io

• BQQO Jam (hrO * 8000 Jam <hr>

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 7 NIS8AH KEBAIKAN-HAROA (BENEFIT-COST RATIO)

Rajah 4.12.2 : Kesan perubahan kadar faedah ke atas nisbah kebaikan-harga

Figure 4.12.2 : The effect of changes in interest rate on the benefit-cost ratio

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Kemudahan

Facilites

Celusan tahun pertama (MT) 1st year throughput (MT)

Kos Modal (Capital cost)

Bangunan dan p e r i s a i Building and shielding Peny ina r & pemasangan Irradiator & installation Punca s i n a r a n Radiation source K o n t i g e n s i d l l . Contigency etc.

Subjumlah (Sub-total)

Tujuan t u n g g a l Single purpose

450

1,460,000

1,300,000

498,047

162,702

3 ,420 ,949

Kos pengenda l ian ( tahun kedua) Operating cost (2nd year)

Tenaga buruh Labour Penyenggaraan Maintenance Kegunaan Utilities Bekalan p e j a b a t Office supply Gant ian Co-60 Co-60 replenishment Sewaan kontena Container rental Kos perkapa lan Shipping cost K o n t i n g e n s i d l l . Ccntigency etc.

Subjumlah (Sub-total)

69 ,200

10,150

70 ,000

5 ,040

62 ,256

5 ,000

5 ,000

11,332

237,978

Dua t u j u a n

Dual purpose

5,450

1,460,000

1,300,000

1,471,922

211,596

4 ,443 ,518

69 ,200

10,150

70 ,000

5,040

188,990

5 ,000

5 ,000

17,419

365,799

B e r b i l a n g t u j u a n Mul t i -purpose

14,450

1 ,460,000

1,300,000

3 ,179 ,501

296,975

6 ,236 ,476

69 ,200

10,150

70 ,000

5,040

397,433

5 ,000

5 ,000

28 ,091

589,919

Jadua l 4 . 1 2 . 1 : Anggaran kos b a g i kemudahan Co-60 bag i l a i n a n ce l usan Table 4.12.1 : Estimated cost of cobalt-60 facilities of different

throughput sizes

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.46r

.1

T "

• PBP CX10J »IRR • B/C CXI 07 xNPV CXI 00 >

139

S 10 15 20 X PENINGKATAN CAS PENYINARAN CX INC. IN IRRAD. CHARGE)

Rajah 4.12.3 : Kaitan peningkatan cas penyinaran dengan PBP, IRR, B/C dan M=V pada 10'/. kos modal kemudahan berb i lang tujuan yang dikendal ikan pada 6000 jam Relation between irradiation charge and PBP, IRR, B/C and NPV at lOX cost of a multi-purpose facility operated at 6000 hours •4B«

Figure 4.12.3

§

9PBP CX10> A IRR • B/C CX10> zNPV CX100)

5 10 15 20 X PENINGKATAN CAS PENYINARAN CX INC. IN IRRAD. CHARGE)

Rajah 4.12.4

Figure 4.12.4

Kaitan d i antara cas penyinaran dengan PBP, IRR, B/C dan M=V pada 10V. kos modal kemudahan berbi lang tujuan yang dikendal ikan pada 8000 jam Relation between irradiation charge and PBP, IRR, B/C and NPV at 107. capital cost of a multi-purpose facility operated at 8000 hours

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Jenis kemudahan Type of faciliti

Tujuan tunggal Single purpose Dua tujuan Dual purpose Berbi lang tu juan Multi-purpose

es

M=V

5.64

9.40

18.83

Masa penggunaan (jam) Utilisation

6000

IRR PBP * ,000,000

0.22 6.7S

0.27 4.6B

0.31 4.12

B/C

1.75

1.9

2.56

time (hr)

NFV

7.00

11.22

21.54

8000

IRR PBP * ,000,000

0.25 6.13

0.32 4.02

0.38 3.32

B/C

2.05

2.52

3.45

Jadual 4.12.2 : Ringkasan n i l a i bers ih masakini (NFV), kadar kepulangan dalaman (IRR), jangkamasa pembayaran ba l i k (PBP) dan nisbah kebaikan-harga (B/C) pada 10*/. kos modal bagi la inan celusan pada 6000 jam dan BOOO jam kendalian

Table 4.12.2 : Summary of net present value (NFV), internal rate of return (IRR), pay-back period (PBP) and benefit-cost ratio (B/C) at 107. of the capital cost for facilities w i t h var ious throughput sizes at 6000 hr and 8000 hr of operation

4.12 Economics of a Go-60 facility

Muhamad Lebai Juri and Fatimah Mohd. Arshad

Bamma irradiation has been utilised worldwide for the sterilisation of medical products. The use of radioisotopes for the preservation of food and agricultural commidities, however is still limited to a few countries. The primary aim of the study is to assess objectively the economic feasibility of a gamma facility in Malaysia firstly because the government intended to set up a multipurpose facility at UTN in a not too distant future and secondly because of the likelihood of the Ministry of Health imposing regulations for irradiated food from local and imported sources. The scenarios that were looked at include the installation of and operation of a single, dual or multi—purpose facilities. The products that were irradiated include medical products, pepper and cocoa beans. The parameters that were employed to assess the economic feasibility of these facilities were net present value (NFV), internal rate of return (IRR), pay-back period (PBP) and benefit-cost ratio (B/C).

The capital and operational costs are shown in table 4.12.1. The main costs in the capital and operation are for financing the cost of the Co-60 source and annual replenishment which increases in parallel with the throughput of the facilities. The study suggests that installing and operating a multi-purpose facility gives the best possible financial

Faculty of Resource Economic and Agribusiness, UPfi

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2

1.8

1.8

1.4

S 1.2 u

1 UI o < UJ >

< .8

.6

.4

.2

§ 0

mBOQO jam <hr) TUNGGAL (SINGLE) * 8000 Jam <hr) TUNGGAL (SINGLE) a 6000 Jam <hr> OUA (DUAL) x8000 jam (hr) DUA (DUAL) xBOOO Jam (hr) BERBILANG (MULTI) +8000 Jam (hr) BERBILANG (MULTI)

a 9- -a - a -g-1

j _ _1_ _L J . **$**^*

JL.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 CELUSAN (THROUGHPUT) X1000 MT/ANNUM

18

Rajah 4.12.5

Figure 4.12.5

Kos purata penyinaran seuni t sebagai fungs i celusan bagi kemudahan tujuan tunggal , dua tu juan dan berbi lang tu juan yang dikendal ikan pada 6000 jam dan 8000 jam Average cost of irradiation per unit as a function of throughput for a single, dual and multi-purpose facility operated at 6000 hours and 80O0 hours

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Jenis kemudahan Type of Facility

Tujuan tunggal Single purpose

Dua tujuan Dual purpose

Berbilang tujuan Multi-purpose

tahun

Jumlah celusan Total

pertama (1st year)

Campuran (MT)

Product Throughput (MT)

450

5,450

14,450

Hasil 7.

hasil

mix

jumlah Product % of total

Hasil perubatan Medical product

Hasil perubatan Medical product Lada hitarn Pepper

Hasil perubatan tledical product Lada hitam Pepper Biji koko Cocoa beans

lOO

8.26

91.76

3.11

34.60

62.28

tahun

Jumlah celusan Total

ke-15 (15th year)

Campuran

cm-)

Throughput

6,O00

10,000

17,600

hasil

Product mix (MT) Hasil 7. jumlah

Product X of

Hasil perubatan Medical product

Hasil perubatan Medical product Lada hitam Pepper

Hasil perubatan Medical product Lada hitam Pepper Biji koko Cocoa beans

total

100

50

50

20.45

28.41

51.14

Jadual 4.12.3 : Celusan- dan campuran has i l bagi tahun pertama dan tahun kelima belas bagi kemudahan-kemudahan tujuan tunggal , dua tujuan dan berbi lang tu juan pada celusan maksimum

Table 4.12.3 : The throughput and product mix for the first year and fifteenth year for the single, dual and multi-purpose facilities at maximum throughput

return (table 4.12.2). Table 4.12.3 shows the projected figures of medical products and agricultural commodities that would be treated in the first and the 15th year at which the plant would be written off. Sensitivity analysis performed indicate the following :

i . The financial return increases if there is a reduction in the capital cost (figure 4.12.1 and 4.12.2).

i i . The financial return increases cancamittantly with the cost of irradiation charged to consumers (figures 4.12.3 and 4.12.4).

Hi. The unit cost declines as throughput increases in a single-purpose facility. No such phenomenon is seen in dual- or multi-purpose facilities (figures 4.12.5).

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iv. The cost of irradiation in Malaysia is 2 to 3 times loner compared to other parts of the world provided there is enough demand for irradiated products.

4.13 Taburan mikro-organisma dalam rempah-rempah dan nyah keconaran mereka menggunakan sinaran gama

Muhamad Lebai J u r i . H i t osh i I t o , H i rosh i Watanabe dan Nayouki Tamura

Taburan mikro-organisma dalam 15 j e n i s sampel rempah-rempah t e r p i l i h dan kesan-kesan penyinaran terhadapnya t e l a h d i k a j i . Jumlah besar bak te r ia aerobik dalam lada h i tam, lada p u t i h , kuny i t serbuk, rosemary dan basil adalah dalam s e k i t a r 3 X 10 hingga 5 X 10 / g . Bi langan ko l i fom dalam 8 j e n i s rempah adalah l e b i h kurang 2 X 10 hingga 2 X 10 / g . Mikro-oganisma aerobik te rpen t ing dalam rempah-rempah tersebut t e r d i r i daripada B. oumilus dan B^ s u b t i l i s . Bilangan k u l a t dalam 10 sampel yang d i a n a l i s i s berk isar d i antara 10 hingga 2 X 10 / g . Kumpulan-kumpulan ku la t yang t e l a h d i kena lpas t i i a l a h Qj_ g laucus, Aj. r e s t r i c t u s . A. f l a v u s . A. •fumigatus. A. n ioer dan P e n i c i l l i u m . Lingkaran k e t i d a k a k t i f a n penyinaran menunjukkan dos pens te r i lan rempah d i s e k i t a r 1.2 - 1.5 Mrad, manakala 1.0 Mrad pe r l u bagi mengurangkan jumlah bak te r ia d i bawah paras 10 /g. Kol i fom boleh dibunuh keseluruhannya dalam J u l a t d i antara 0.4 - 1.0 Mrad. Dalam ka j i an penyimpanan pada suhu 30 - 35 C, kelembapan melebih i 847. dan disimpan dalam bungkusan p o l i e t i l e n a selama 1-2 bu lan, menunjukkan peningkatan k u l a t melebih i 10 /g yang d i d a p a t i dalam beberapa j e n i s rempah manakala rempah-rempah yang t e r s i n a r sebanyak 0.4 Mrad adalah bebas d a r i serangan k u l a t .

4.13 Distribution of micro-organisms in spices and their decontamination using gamma radiation

Muhamad Lebai Juri^ Hitoshi I to , Hiroshi Watanabe and Nayouki Tamura

The distribution of micro-organisms in 15 samples of selected spices and the effects of irradiation on them were studied. The total aerobic bacteria in black peppetz, white pepper, tumeric, rosemary and basil were determined to be 3 X lv to 5 X 10 /g. Conforms Mere also determined in 8 samples to be between 2 X 1CT to 2 X lu/g. The main aerobic spore-formers were identified as Bacillus oumilus and B. subtil is. Molds were determined in 10 samples to be between lcf to 2 X lO /g which consisted mainly of the ft^ glaucus, ft. restrictus, ft. flavus. ft. fumigatus. ft. nioer groups and PeniciIlium, ft study of the inactivatian of micro­organisms in spices showed that gamma-irradiation doses of 1.2 to 1.5 Mrad were required to reduce the total aerobic bacteria to below a detectable level while doses of below l.O Mrad were required to decrease

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

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the spore-forming bacteria to below lO /g, the Japanese hygenic standard. Coliforms were eliminated with 0.4 to l.O Mrad irradiation. In the storage study, at a humidity level higher than 84%, 30 - 35^C, and storage in polyethylene bags, mold counts increased more than lO /g in many kinds of powdered spices during 1 to 2 months of storage, while those subjected to 0.4 Mrad irradiation were free from molds.

4.14 Kajian potensi pengeluaran aflatoksin oleh Aspergillus flavus dalam lada hitam yang tersinar dengan ctos rendah

Muhamad Lebai Juri, Foziah Ali, Sopiah Jusoh, Zainab Harun dan Choong Chiyu Ming

Kajian awal dalam penyimpanan lada hitam menunjukkan mikro-organisma perosak semasa simpanan panjang lada hitam dalam gudang terdiri daripada kulat seperti spesis Aspergillus dan PeniciIlium. Di antara spesis Aspergillus. A. flavus adalah terpenting dan di samping menyebabkan kerosakan, ia juga mengeluarkan toksin merbahaya. Dalam kajian di makmal A. flavus yang terpisah berpotensi mengeluarkan aflatoksin apabila dieramkan dalam media beras tiruan yang telah dimasak, dan agar. Kadar aflatoksin yang dihasilkan adalah lebih kurang 315 ug/30 g media. Sehingga ini tidak ada kajian di Malaysia yang dilakukan ke atas potensi kulat—kulat toksigen dalam bijiran atau lada hitam mengeluarkan aflatoksin apabila terkena sinaran dos rendah. Bagaimanapun, kajian terdahulu oleh pekerja asing menyarankan bahawa sinaran dos rendah boleh merangsang pengeluaran aflatoksin oleh Aj. flavus. Pada masa ini satu kajian sedang dijalankan mengenai kesan-kesan sinaran dos rendah, kadar kelembapan dan suhu terhadap potensi pengeluaran aflatoksin dalam lada hitam yang tercemar secara semulajadi dan dicemar secara perlakuan.

4.14 Assessment of the potential production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus in black pepper when subjected to low-dose radiation

."luhamad Lebai Juri, Fqziah Ali, Sopiah Jusoh, Zainab Harun and Choong Chiyu Ming

Preliminary study on the prolonged storage of black pepper showed the main species of fungi infecting pepper are Aspergillus so. and Penicillium. The most significant species of Aspergillus is A;_ flavus, which, apart from causing spoilage also produces harmful mycotoxin. The isolated A. flavus were cultured in synthetic media in the laboratory and has the potential of producing aflatoxin at a level of 315 ug/30 g media. Thus far there has not been a study in Malaysia on the effect of low-dose irradiation on the potential production of aflataxin in pepper. However various opponents of food irradiation claimed that low-dose irradiation may cause enhanced production of aflatoxin by A. flavus. A study is now being carried out on the potential production of aflataxin both in artificially and naturally-infected pepper.

Politeknik Sultan Ahmad Shah

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4.15 Penilaian status air di dalam daun menggunakan teknik tolokan beta

Asiah Ahmad, Khairuddin A. Rahim, Jaafar Abdullah dan Juhari Mohd. Yusof

Bebuah tolok beta (rajah 4.15.1) telah dihasilkan dengan jayanya di UTN dan bersedia untuk diuji di makmal dan juga di lapangan. Peringkat pertama percubaan ini ialah untuk melakukan tentukuran kandungan air bandingan der>gan faktor pembilangan yang diperolehi dari tolok beta.

Bahan biologi yang digunakan di sini adalah pucuk benih getah pada peringkat tapak semaian. Tiga helai pucuk yang bersamaan umur telah dipilih dan dibawa ke makmal. Dua ceper bergarispusat 2 cm dibuat dari setiap pucuk dengan mengambil perhatian agar tidak terkena urat tengah daun. Ceper-ceper daun itu kemudian ditenggelamkan ke dalam air di dalam piring petri selama empat jam untuk mencapai tahap segah. Kemudian setiap ceper daun tersebut dilap kering, ditimbang dan seterusnya diletak di antara sumber sinaran dan alat pengesan dan nilai bacaan, I, diambil. Bacaan tanpa ceper daun, IQ, telah ditentukan terlebih dahulu. Prosidur menimbang dan mengambil nilai bacaan ini diteruskan sepanjang ceper daun tersebut kering di udara sehingga takat kering mereka dicapai.

Nilai kandungan air bandingan diperolehi melalui perkiraan (berat segar— berat kering)/(berat segah — berat kering). Nilai kandungan air bandingan adalah 1 pada keadaan daun segah dan 0 pada keadaan kering dan nilai Jn(IQ/I)„ di plot untuk mendapatkan lengkung tentukuran (rajah 4.15.2). Nilai r adalah 0.9604. Uhtuk keterangan teori yang lebih Ianjut sila lihat Aktiviti-aktiviti Bahagian Penyelidikan 1984.

Daun dari berlainan spesis atau dari spesis yang sama tetapi berlainan unsur fisiologi akan memberikan lengkung tentukuran yang berbeza. Apabila ujian dijalankan di lapangan, adalah penting untuk menggunakan lengkung yang sesuai untuk menilai status air di dalam tanaman pada waktu itu.

4.15 Assessment of leaf nater status using the beta-gauging technique

Asiah Ahmad, Khairuddin A. Rahim, Jaafar Abdullah and Juhari Mohd. Yusof

A beta-gauge (figure 4.15.1) has been successfully fabricated at UTN and Mas ready to be tested in laboratory and field experiments. The first stage of the experiment is to make a calibration of the relative Mater content of a leaf Mith its corresponding count factor.

The biological materials in this Mork Mere young shoots of a rubber seedling at a nursery stage. Three shoots of the same age Mere chosen and brought to the laboratory. TMO discs of 2 cm diameter Mere punched out from each half of the leaf, carefully avoiding the midrib. The leaf discs Mere placed in petri dishes and immersed in distilled Mater for four hours so as to attain a fully turgid condition. After that duration each disc was gently blotted dry and weighed. It Mas then placed in a holder between the source and the detector and the readings, I, taken. The readings Mithout the samples on, I0, Mere determined earlier. The

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LENGAN PENGUNCI_ U X X N 6 SLEEVE

BEKAS PENGESAN_ DETECTOR HOUSN3

ACI SHAFT

^

PEMEOANG PUNCA_ SOURCE HOLDER

w SKRU PELARAS AOJUSTNG SCREW

TANGAN ATAS " T O P ARM

PEKCQANS "HANOLE

TANGAN 8AWAH " BOTTOM ARM

Rajah 4.15.1 : Rekabentuk talok beta yang digunakan untuk pengukuran air dalam daun

Figure 4.15.1 : The design of the beta gauge used for the measurement of moisture in leaves

1.2?

o

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1 1.2 KANOUNOAN AIR BANDINGAN <RELATIVE WATER CONTENT)

Rajah 4 . 1 5 . 2 : Lengkung t e n t u k u r a n b a g i t o l o k be ta un tuk pucuk ben ih ge tah

Figure 4.15.2 : Calibration curve of the beta gauge for young shoots of rubber seedlings

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procedure of weighing and count reading Mere periodically repeated Mhile the discs Mere air dried until their dry weights Mere reached.

The relative Mater content is calculated from (fresh weight — dry Meight)/(turgid weight — dry Meight). The relative Mater content is 1, in a turgid leaf and equals 0 i n a fully dried leaf, and In (If/I) curve Mas made (figure 4.15.2). The r value Mas found to be 0.9604. For detailed theoretical treatise refer to the Activities of the Research Division 1984.

Leaves of different plant species or of the same species but of different physiological age Mill give different sets of calibration curves. It is essential when carrying out tests in the field that the appropriate calibration curves are used in order to assess the Mater status of the plant at that time.

4.16 Pengambilan baja n i t rogen o leh tanaman kelapa sawit nuda yang d i b e r i pengairan tambahan dan yang hanya menerima hujan

Asiah Ahmad, Khairuddin Abd. Rahim and Mok Chak Kim

A i r d iper lukan untufc iumbuhan tanaman kelapa sawit muda d i ladang. Kandungan a i r yang mencukupi d i dalam tanah adalah penting bagi menyerap bahan-bahan nutr ien termasuk n i t rogen d a r i tanah dan ba ja . Ka j ian-ka j ian ke atas tanaman l a i n menunjukkan bahawa pengairan meningkatkan pengambilan n i t rogen d a r i baja ni t rogen o leh tanaman. Bagaimanapun data bagi kelapa sawit masih belum d idapa t i . Oleh i t u penekanan harus d iber ikan kepada sa l i ng t indak d i antara baja n i t rogen dan kelembapan tanah bagi tanaman i n i .

Kaj ian d i ja lankan untuk membandingkan keberkesanan pengambilan n i t rogen d a r i sumbei—sumber baja n i t rogen dagangan (amonium s u l f a t , b i j i r i n urea bersaiz 2 .1 mm dan 4.B mm) oleh tanaman kelapa sawit muda yang d i b e r i . pengairan dan yang hanya menerima hujan menggunakan teknik penyurih n i t rogen-15. Baja ber label yang digunakan adalah amonium s u l f a t yang d i l abe l dengan 10V. atom lebihan n i t rogen-15. Penentukuran tanah d i lapangan dan pengawasan kelembapan tanah di lakukan t i g a k a l i seminggu dengan menggunakan kuar neutron model CPN 503. Jumlah a i r yang diper lukan untuk menyiram se t i ap tanaman kelapa sawi t tersebut di tentukan berdasarkan kepada kadar s e j a t - t r a n s p i r a s i (4 mm/hari) tanaman kelapa sawit berumur 3 bulan d i ladang. Kajian i n i d i ja lankan selama 6 bulan untuk me l i pu t i musim hujan dan ker ing . Seluruh tanaman tersebut akan dicabut pada persampelan t e r a k h i r dan dipisahkan kepada bahagian-bahagian yang ber la inan dan kemudian berat ker ing , jumlah kandungan n i t rogen dan ni t rogen-15 d i tentukan.

Lengkung tentukuran yang mengambilkira bacaan daripada kesemua kedalaman tanah (15, 45 dan 75 sm) semasa musim hujan menghasilkan peka l i sekaitan 0.529 ( ra jah 4 .16 .1 ) . Kandungan kelembapan tanah yang t i n g g i te lah d idapat i dan i n i disebabkan o leh jumlah hujan yang banyak pada masa i t u (292 - 297 nrci/bulan). Kaj ian i n i d i lan ju tkan sehingga ke musim ker ing .

U n i v e r s i t i Pertanian Malaysia

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 KANDUNGAN KELEMBAPAN (MOISTURE CONTENT) XV/V

Rajah 4.16.1 : Data tentukuran bagi tujuan pengukuran kelembapan tanah

Figure 4.16.1 : Calibration data for the measurement of soil moisture

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4.16 Utilization of nitrogen fertilizer- sources by immature oil palm under irrigated and rain-fed conditions

* Asiah Ahmad, Khairuddin Abd. Rahim and Mok Chak Kim

Mater is essential for the growth of immature oil palm in the field. The presence of adequate water in the soil is also important far the palm to absorb nutrients including nitrogen from the soil and fertilizer. Work on various crops have shown that the response to nitrogen fertilizers is greater with irrigation. However, such data is not available for oil palm and therefore greater consideration should be given to fertilizer and soil moisture interactions for this crop.

Research was conducted to compare the efficiency of the uptake of nitrogen from commercial nitrogen sources (sulphate of ammonia, granular urea of 2.1 mm and 4.B mm sizes) by immature oil palm under rain-fed and irrigated conditions using nitrogen-15 tracer technqiue. The labelled fertilizer used was sulphate of ammonia labelled with lOY. atom excess nitrogen-15. The field calibration of the soil and monitoring of soil moisture were done three times a week using neutron probe model £7W 503. The amount of water required to irrigate each palm was determined based on the evapo-transpiration rate for the palm at this age (4 mm/day) in conjunction with the rainfall data. The experiment was carried out for a period of 6 months in order to cover the rainy and dry seasons. The palms will be destructively sampled during the final harvest and separated into different parts for dry weight determination, total nitrogen and nitrogen-15 analyses.

The calibration curve, taking into account all readings from all soil depths (15, 45 and 75 cm) during the rainy seasons, gave a correlation coefficient of 0.529 (figure 4.16.1). The high moisture content observed is due to the high rainfall during that period (total of 292 - 297 mm/month). The experiment will proceed until the dry season.

4.17 Penilaian baja urea berbutir yang dirawat dengan formaldehyde buatan Malaysia bagi Nicotiana tabacum L. menggunakan kaedah isotop N-15

# # # K. C. Tham , W. Azman , K. Harun dan Bajur i Kadmin

Kesan baja-baja dagangan bernitrogen sepe r t i amonium n i t r a t , baja urea be rbu t i r saiz k e c i l (2.0 - 2.8 mm g a r i s pusat) (SGU) dan baja urea be rbu t i r saiz besar (6 - 8 mm gar i s pusat) (LGU) bagi tanaman tembakau diperbandingkan dengan kesan pengairan secara t r a d i s i ( s i r i tanah Rusi la) dan pengairan biasa ( s i r i tanah.Bhu Tapai, bagi tanah pas i r l au t ) menggunakan kaedah penyurih iso top N.

TanamaQ yang menerima urea berbu t i r menunjukkan kandungan "/. kelebihan atom N yang rendah bermakna keberkesanan yang t i n g g i j i k a dibandingkan

U h i v e r s i t i Pertanian Malaysia MPfiDI

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dengan tanaman yang menerima amonium n i t r a t . Baja-baja dagangan berni t rogen yang d i u j i t idak menunjukkan kesan yang ketara bagi has i l j i r i m ker ing ( jadual 4 .17 .1 ) .

Dar i segi keberkesanan mengikut rujukan piawai u n i t baja TM, L6U menghasilkan 1.3 - 1.4 k a l i dan SGU menghasilkan 1.2 k a l i l eb ih kewujudan N dalam tanaman daripada amonium n i t r a t d i dalam kedua-dua kaedah pengurusan. Kesan-kesan yang ketara (P = 0.05) hanya di tunjukkan d i dalam pengairan t r a d i s i ( jadual 4 .17 .2 ) . Penggunaan baja-baja dagangan bern i t rogen, j i k a d iukur pada bahagian atas tanaman adalah pal ing t i n g g i (477. - 487.) dengan LGU dan pal ing rendah dengan amonium n i t r a t (397. -417.) d i bawah kedua-dua cara pengurusan air ( jadual 4 .17 .2 ) .

Kesemua baja dagangan bemi t rogen yang d i u j i t idak menunjukkan kesan yang ketara kepada indeks tanaman, indeks gred atau 7. non-descript ke atas tembakau yang te lah di rawat d i Rantau Abang ( jadual 4 .17 .3 ) .

Perlakuan Treatment " NH4N03

SGU LGU C.V.

1985

A

1271a 1294a 1348a 9.2

Bachok

B

0. 0 0. 6

47a 45a 42a 6

1986

A

767a 831a B20a 4.9

B

0. 0. 0. 6.

86a 76a 73a 5

Rantau Abang

1986

A

927a 961a 890a 10.2

B

0.58a 0.53a 0.53a 9.6

Purata yang mempunyai huru-f sama t idak ketara perbezaan (P = 0.05) Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05)

Jadual 4.17.1 : Kesan baja-baja berni trogen terhadap has i l j i r i m ker ing (g/6 tumbuhan) ( turus A) dan lebihan 7. atom N-15 ( turus B) d i bahagian atas tanaman

Table 4.17.1 : Effects of nitrogen sources on dry matter yield (g/6 plants) (column A) and atom 7. excess N-15 (column B) on the top part of the plants

4.17 Evaluation of Malaysian-made formaldehyde-treated granular urea for Nicotiona tabacum L. by a new field procedure using N-15 isotope technique

% & $ K. C. Tham , W. flzman , K. Harun , and Bajuri Kadmin

The responses to different commercial nitrogen fertilizer sources (i.e. ammonium nitrate, small sized farmaldenyde-treated granular urea of 2.0 -2.8 mm diameter {SGU} and large sized farmaldenyde-treated granular urea of 6 - 8 mm diameter (LGU}) by tobacco were compared under traditional

* HfiRDI

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supplemented-irrigatian (Rusila soil series) and regular irrigated (Rhu Tapai soil series, conditions on marine sand) using a N isotope labelling technique.

Treatments receiving granular urea has lower 7. N atom excess indicating a higher efficiency, than the treatment receiving ammonium nitrate. None of the commercial N fertilizer sources tested have any significant effect on the dry matter yield (table 4.17.1).

In terms of efficiency expressed in equivalent standard N fertilizer units, LEU supplied 1.3 - 1.4 times and SGU supplied 1.2 times more plant available N than did ammonium nitrate under both management conditions. The effects were however significant (P = 0.05) only under traditional irrigation (table 4.17.2). Utilization of commercial N fertilizer sources as measured in the plant tops was highest (477. - 487.) with LCD and lowest with ammonium nitrate (397. - 417.) under both irrigation management conditions (table 4.17.2).

None of the commercial N fertilizer sources have any significant effect on the crop index, grade index or the 7. non-descript on the flue-cured tobacco at Rantau Abang.

Perlakuan Treatment

NH4NO3 S6U LGU C.V.

C

74a B7b 100b 33.4a

1985

Bachok

D

38. 41. 47. 17

5a 5a la 4

C

68a 83b 89b 12.4

L986

D

41. 47 47. 6

3a 2b 8b .9

Rantau

C

101a 121a 126a 18.3

Abang

1986

D

54. 62 60. 12

3a 7a 5a .8

Purata yang mempunyai huruf sama t idak ketara perbezaan (P = 0.05) Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05)

Jadual 4.17.2 : Kesan baja-baja berni trogen terhadap keberkesanan. Tunis C i a l a h kewujudan N dalam u n i t piawai N-15 (kg/ha) manakala turus D i a l ah V. penggunaan N

Table 4.17.2 1 Effects of nitrogen sources on efficiency. Column C is the available N in units of standard N-15 (kg/ha) while column D is the 7. N utilization

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Perlakuan Indeks gred bersih Indeks tumbuhan Treatment Net grade index Crap index '/. nan-descript

NH4NO3 IB.4a 285a 25a SGU IB.7a 31Ba 24a LGU 21.08a 275a 28a

Purata yang mempunyai huruf sama tidak ketara perbezaan (P = 0.05) Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05)

Jadual 4.17.3 : Kesan baja-baja bemitrogen terhadap hasil dan mutu tembakau yang ditanam pada tanah siri Rhu Tapai

Table 4.17.3 : Effect of nitrogen sources on the yield and quality of tobacco grown on a Rhu Tapai series soil

4.IB Perbandingan pengambilan nitrogen dari baja-baja urea dan amonium sulfat oleh jagung manis yang diperairkan dan ditanam pada tanah siri Bungor

Nashriyah Mat

Jagung merupakan salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi dan dirancangkan untuk penanaman besai—besaran terutamanya di kawasan sawah padi yang terbiar. Oleh kerana perbelanjaan penanamannya tinggi di Malaysia, keperluan utama sekarang adalah untuk mengurangkan perbelanjaan tersebut supaya penanaman jagung setempat lebih digemari dan dapat mengurangkan importnya. Penggunaan baja urea akan dapat menjimatkan perbelanjaan sebanyak 40"/. jika dibandingkan dengan amonium sulfat (dari segi harga bagi setiap tan nitrogen). Ujikaji ini bertujuan untuk mengukur keberkesanan baja urea tersebut pada jagung manis, dengan menggunakan teknik terus isotop N-15. Peruapan gas ammonia dari baja urea telah diminimumkan dengan meletakkan baja di dalam alur-alur bertutup selari dengan setiap barisan jagung.

Baja-baja berlabel yang digunakan (0.8 g berat setiap baja) telah dilabelkan sebanyak IX lebihan atom . N-15. Pencernaan basah telah dilakukan kepada bahagian-bahagian tumbuhan diikuti dengan penyulingan Kjeldahl separuh mikro dan titratan untuk menentukan jumlah nitrogen. Analisis N-15 telah dijalankan menurut kaedah Dumas dengan menggunakan spektrometer jisim SIBA VB-12.

Purata hasil jirim kering dari jagung manis Thai supersweet (yang berumur 70 hari) ialah 2.5 tan dari plot-plot urea dan 2.4 tan dari plot-plat amonium sulfat. Didapati bahawa hasil jirim kering (jadual 4.18.1), hasil jumlah nitrogen (jadual 4.18.2), hasil nitrogen dari baja (jadual 4.18.3) dan penggunaan nitrogen dari baja (jadual 4.18.4) adalah lebih tinggi pada perlakuan urea tetapi tidak ketara (P>0.05). Bukti dari ujikaji ini adalah bersamaan dengan kesimpulan dari program kerjasama IAEA (Technical Reports series No. 121, 1970). Oleh itu keberkesanan kedua-dua baja urea dan amonium sulfat adalah setanding pada tanah siri Bungor apabila diletakkan secara menjalur.

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Selain dari harga bagi setiap tan N yang lebih murah, harga runcit urea (kebanyakannya dihasilkan di Bintulu) juga adalah lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan amonium sulfat (yang di impart) pada masa ini. Kedua-dua faktor ini menjimatkan perbelanjaan ke atas baja urea di mana untuk membaja satu hektar jagung manis dengan kadar 100 kg N/hektar hanya memerlukan lebih kurang M*77.10. Untuk perbandingan, perbelanjaan untuk baja amanium sulfat adalah lebih kurang M*18B.6B untuk jumlah N yang sama. Pekebun-pekebun kecil yang membaja dengan urea akan dapat menjimatkan sebanyak lebih kurang M*111.60, iaitu mencukupi untuk pembajaan nitrogen untuk penanaman kali kedua.

Per lakuan Treatment

u rea fMH4S04

Buah Cobs

8 5 1 . 1 797 .0

J i r i m k e r i n g (Dry matter), kg /ha Daun h i j a u Daun k e r i n g Batang

Green leaves Dry leaves Stalk

651 .8 180 .1 566.5 196.0

706 .3 738 .4

Bunga Flowers

115.5 102.3

JUMLAH TOTAL

2504.8 2400.2

Jadual 4.18.1 : Hasil jirim kering jagung manis Table 4.18.1 .- Dry-matter yield of sweetcom

Hasil nitrogen (nitrogen yield), kg/ha Perlakuan Buah Daun hijau Daun kering Batang Bunga JUMLAH Treatment Cobs Green leaves Dry leaves Stalk Flowers TOTAL

urea 10.63 7.38 1.52 5.85 1.35 26.73 NH4SO4 9.60 6.89 1.32 5.03 1.15 23.99

Jadual 4.18.2 : Hasil jumlah nitrogen jagung manis Table 4.18.2 : Total nitrogen yield of sweetcom

Per lakuan Treatment

u rea NH4SO4

H a s i l Buah Cobs

3 .74 3 .33

n i t r o g e n d a r i Daun h i j a u

Green leaves

2 . 5 6 2 . 4 6

b a j a (Nitrogen fertilizer yield), kg /ha Daun k e r i n g Batang Bunga JUMLAH Dry leaves Stalk Flowers TOTAL

0 .39 0 .37

1.95 1.92

0 .45 9 .09 0 .44 8 . 5 1

Jadual 4.18.3 : Hasil nitrogen dari baja bagi jagung manis Table 4.IB.3 : Nitrogen fertilizer yield of sweetcorn

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Per lakuan H a s i l n i t r o g e n 7. penggunaan Jumlah N yang d a r i b a j a d i a m b i l (kg)

Treatment nitrogen '/. utilisation Amount of N fertilizer yield taken up (kg)

u rea 9 . 0 9 + 2 . 4 9 9 .09 9 . 0 9 NH4SQ4 8 . 5 1 + 4 . 9 1 8 . 5 1 8 . 5 1

Jadua l 4 . I S . 4 : Penggunaan n i t r o g e n d a r i b a j a o l e h jagung manis Table 4.18.4 : Nitrogen fertilizer utilisation of sweetcom

4.IB Comparison of Nitrogen uptake from urea and ammonium sulphate fertilizers by irrigated sweetcorn an Bungor Soil series

Nashriyah flat

Maize is currently considered as one of the crops of immediate potential and is aimed for large-scale cultivation, for example, on idle rice fields. There is, however, the immediate need to reduce production cost in order to promote local cultivation and to reduce the import of maize. By applying urea instead of ammonium sulphate fertilizer, the production cost in terms of per ton N can be reduced to 40X. By taking into consideration the minimisation of ammonia volatilization, this research was conducted to compare the efficiency of nitrogen uptake from urea wit/7 that of ammonium sulphate by atoe*=tcorn using the direct N-15 isotopic technique.

The labelled fertilizers used (0.8 g each) were labelled with N-15 to 1/i atom excess. Met digestion of plant parts was followed by semi-micro Kjeldahl distillation and titration for total N determination. The analysis far N-15 was carried out by using the Dumas method on S1RA vG-12 mass spectrometer.

fin average of 2.5 tons and 2.4 tons of dry matter yields per hectare of Thai suoerstvegfr variety of sweetcorn harvested 70 days after planting, were obtained for urea and ammonium sulphate treatments respectively. It was found that the dry matter yield (table 4.1B.1), total nitrogen yield (table 4.18.2) and nitrogen fertilizer yield (table 4.18.3) and nitrogen utilisation (table 4.18.4) from the urea treatment was higher than that of ammonium sulphate, although the difference is not significant (P>0.05). The evidence from this experiment is in line with the conclusion from IAEA co-ordinated programme (Technical reports series No. 121, 1970). Therefore, on Bungor soil the effectiveness of ammonium sulphate and urea* as fertilizer sources of nitrogen for sweetcom when applied in bands was found to be similar.

Apart from the cost per ton N, the retail price of urea (most of which is locally produced in Bintulu) is also cheaper than the imported ammonium sulphate, both being used as straight fertilizers. These combined factors then contribute to a low cost of urea fertilizers which comes to about M$77.10 for 100 kg nitrogen of urea origin needed to fertilize a hectare of sweetcarn. As a comparison, the cost for the same amount of nitrogen

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from the imported ammonium sulphate fertilizer is about $188.68 per hectare. To farmers and smallholders this Mill mean that by using ure^ as their alternative nitrogen fertilizer, the production cost of daily irrigated sweetcarn on Bungor soil can be reduced by about M$U1.60. In other words the saving is enough for nitrogen fertilization for a second planting.

4.19 Kesan aktiviti perladangan ke atas ekologi dan alam sekitar di stesen pertanian Unit Tenaga Nuklear

Nashriyah Mat, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah, Khairuddin A. Rahim dan Rakmi Abdul Rahman

Kajian terhadap kesan dari pembajaan ke atas sumber-sumber air pemukaan dan perigi telah dijalankan semasa musim kering (Ogos 1987). Parameter— parameter •fizik-kimia yang diukur adalah seperti dalam jadual 4.19.1 (air permukaan) dan jadual 4.19.2 (air perigi).

Nilai pH pada air pernnukaan di hulu dan hilir anak sungai adalah rendah disebabkan oleh keasidan tanah-taneh yakni kurang dari pH 5.1. Di hilir anak sungai, nilai oksigen terlarut yang rendah menandakan lebih pencemaran, tetapi suhu air yang tinggi merupakan punca yang menyebabkannya walaupun pepejal terlarut didapati tinggi. Jumlah pepejal adalah lebih tinggi di hilir disebabkan oleh pepejal terampai yang berkemungkinan berasal dari hakisan tanah oleh air dan juga disebabkan oleh pepejal terampai meruap yang dijangka berasal dari penghuraian tumbuh-tumbuhan. Paras NO3-N adalah lebih rendah di hilir walaupun penggunaan baja (N:P:K:Mg) adalah berlebihan yang disalurkan terutamanya melalui longkang rumah hijau yang terletak di tempat yang lebih tinggi. Nitrogen ini berkemungkinan diambil oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan yang tumbuh di dalam dan juga di sekeliling anak sungai. Walaupun begitu paras PO4-P, K, Ca dan Mg adalah lebih tinggi disebabkan oleh masukan dari baja dan kapur. Paras Na pula hampir bersamaan. Paras arsenik adalah lebih rendah di hilir iaitu masih di bawah paras merbahaya untuk digunakan sebagai air minuman menurut syor Kriterium Mutu Air Malaysia. Tetapi, oleh kerana paras kation besi melebihi paras yang disyorkan, air permukaan ini tidak sesuai untuk diminum. Paras besi yang tinggi dijangka berpunca dari pengacauan tanah—taneh. Namun untuk kegunaan pengairan, air permukaan samada dari hulu mahupun hilir adalah sesuai.

Kesan pencairan telah diketepikan di dalam siri kajian kali ini memandangkan separuh kadar aliran masuk air yang diukur. Walaupun demikian, kesan ini_dijangka wujud sepertimana yang terlihat pada nisbah anion klorida (CI ) yang rendah di hilir walaupun pengairan di sini adalah meluas.

Di dalam air perigi, paras oksigen terlarut adalah lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan air permukaan, menandakan kurang pencemaran oleh kerana kekurangan jumlah pepejal yang ketara. Fakta ini diperkukuhkan

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Kimia dan Proses, UKM

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Parameter

Parameter

Hujan, mm Rainfall

Kadar a l i r , 1/s Flan rate

Suhu, °C Temperature

PH Kekonduksian, pmho/cm

Conductivity Oksigen t e r l a r u t ,

Dissolved oxygen mg/1

Jumlah pepejal, mg/1 Total solid

Pepejal t e r l a r u t , Dissolved solid

Pepejal terampai, Suspended solid

mg/1

mg/1

Pepejal meruap terampai, Volatile suspended soli

N0~3-N, mg/1 Orthophosphate-P, K + mg/1 N a ^ mg/1 Ca 2 + , mg/1

f * V . <«3'±+ Fe_+ & Fe , mg/1 A l ^ , mg/ i + As & As , ug/1 C l~ , mg/1

mg/1

Air sungai Hulu

{Stream water) H i l i r

Upstream Downstream

0 mm pada 23/8/87 ion

2 . B

24.3

3 . 6 14.0

6.90

29.30

9.BO

10.40

mg/1 10.40 d

1.91 0.18 0.368 0.950 0.106 0.760 0.O11 2.380 0.121

19.320 0.84

11.2

25.4

3 . 6 16.5

5.24

47.30

11.55

15.60

13.00

1.63 0.30 0.518 1.055 0.770 0.868 0.019 3.040 0.156 6.660 0.98

Nisbah h i l i r / h u l u Downstream/upstream ratio

Z5/B/87 was 0 mm)

4 . 0

1 .0

1 .0 1 . 2

0 . 8

1 .6

1 .2

1 .5

1 .3

0 . 9 1 . 6 1 .4 1 . 1 7 . 3 1 . 1 1 .7 1 . 3 1 .3 0 . 3 1 .2

Jadual 4.19.1 : Parameter fizik-kimia air mengalir di permukaan di stesen pertanian UTN dalam bulan Ogos 1987

Table 4.19.1 : The physico-chemical parameters of flowing surface water at UTN's agricultural station in August 1997

lagi bilamana pepejal terampai juga rendah disebabkan oleh penurasan melalui tanah. Tetapi pepejal terlarut dan kekonduksian adalah lebih tinggi berpunca dari lebih banyak garam-garam seperti Ca , klorida dan kalium yang terlarut. Paras NO3-N dan PO4-P adalah lebih tinggi dalam air perigi jika dibandingkan dengan larian (air) permukaan di hilir tetapi tidak ketara. Ini mungkin disebabkan oleh pengambilan oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan (oleh kerana terdapat sebatang pokok besar berhampiran perigi berkenaan) walaupun wujud luluh larut zat pemakanan di sekitar kawasan ini (dilihat pada paras klorida yang tinggi dan ketara) yang terbit dari penanaman meluas kacang tanah dan tanaman tahunan (jagung, tebu dan cili). Di permukaan, paras pepejal terampai meruap adalah lebih tinggi disebabkan oleh masukan dari penghuraian daun-daun dan lain-lain bahagian

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tumbuhan l a l u berkemungkinan meninggikan pula paras Na dan Mg d i dalam air permukaan. A i r p e r i g i i n i mengandungi paras arsenik yang leb ih rendah j i k a dibandingkan dengan paras yang disyorkan o leh Kr i te r ium Mutu A i r Malaysia akan t e tap i d idapat i kurang sesuai untuk kegunaan sebagai a i r minuman o leh kerana paras pH yang amat rendah dan kandungan besi yang melewati paras selamat yang disyorkan. A i r d a r i pe r i g i berkenaan adalah l eb ih sesuai untuk kegunaan pengairan.

Pengharqaan

Terima kasih diucapkan kepada Ketua Kumpulan Hubungan Tanah—Tanaman dan I a i n - l a i n pegawai, j u ru tekn i k , pembantu makmal dan buruh d i atas segala kerjasama yang te lah d iber ikan dalam ka j ian i n i .

4.19 The impact of agricultural practices an the ecology and environment at Nuclear Energy Unit's agricultural station

Nashriyah Mat, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah, Khairuddin A. Rahim and Rakmi Abdul Rahman

The impact of fertilization was studied on surface and well water during a dry season (August 1987). The physico-chemical parameters measured are shown in table 4.19.1 (surface water) and table 4.19.2 (well water).

The pH of both upstream and downstream water was low due to the acidic property of soils having pH less than 5.1. A lower dissolved oxygen content downstream indicated more pollution but a higher water temperature should be the cause even though the dissolved solid content was higher. Total solid content was higher downstream due to suspended solids presumably from soil erosion, and also due to volatile suspended solids presumably from plant decomposition. The level of NOj-N was lower downstream despite the excessive use of fertilizer (N:P:K:Mg) which was released mostly from the drain of a shade-house located on higher ground. This type of nitrogen is possibly taken up by plants growing in and around the stream. Nevertheless PO/f- K, Ca and Mg were higher due to input by fertilization and liming. The level of Na was almost similar. Arsenic was lower downstream and was within the recommended Malaysian Mater Duality Criteria for domestic water supply but the level of iron was above this recommendation, due presumably to soil stirring. Nevertheless far irrigation purposes, surface water from both upstream and downstream are suitable.

The dilution efffect was excluded from this later study due to the partial inflow measured. Nevertheless i t was present as indicated by a low ratio of chloride downstream despite excessive irrigation.

In well water, the dissolved oxygen content was higher than in surface water, indicating less pollution which was due to less total solid content. This fact was further confirmed by a lower suspended solid content caused by ground filtration. Nevertheless dissolved solid content

Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, UKM

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Parameter Parameter

Hujan, mm Rainfall

Kadar a l i r , 1/s Flow rate

Suhu, °C Temperature

PH

l a r i a n permukaan surface runoff

adalah 169.44 mm daIan

Kekanduksian, umha/cm Conductivity

Oksigen t e r l a r u t , Dissolved oxygen

mg/1

Jumlah pepe ja l , mg/1 Total solid

Pepejal t e r l a r u t , Dissolved solid

Pepejal terampai, Suspended solid

mg/1

mg/1

Pepejal meruap terampai,

was

mg/1 Volatile suspended solid

ND5-N, mg/1 Orthophosphate-P, K + mg/1 Nau, mg/1 Ca^+, mg/1

Fe 3 + & Fe , mg/1 A l , mg/1 As & As , ug/1 C I , mg/1

mg/1

169.44 mm in 11.2

25.4

3 . 6 16.5

5.24

47.30

11.55

15.60

13.00

1.63 0.30 0.518 1.055 0.770 0.868 0.019 3.040 0.156 6.660 0.98

a i r telaga well water

u j i a n - t t-test

1 bulan Ogos, 1987 August, 1987

t idak berkenaan not relevant

27.0

3 . 5 27.0

5.82

23.23

18.90

2.60

0.00

1.97 0.37 1.922 0.766 2.296 0.556 0.016 0.160 0.319 0.360 2.50

• -

P<0.04

* P<0.0001

P<0.002

P<0.03

P<0.0001

P<0.05

P<0.01

* *

P<0.0003 P<0.05 P<0.0001 P<0.0002

* P<0.0001

* P<0.03 P<0.0001

* menunjukkan tidak ketara (# indicates not significant)

Jadual 4.19.2 : Parameter fizik-kimia air telaga berbanding dengan air larian permukaan (di hilir) disampel semasa musim kering. Air tanah daripada telaga sedalam 5 m disampel selepas satu minggu setelah membersihkan telaga dan mengepam air keluar sehingga hampir kering. Di antara masa ini, sejumlah 11.26 mm hujan telah dirakamkan.

Table 4.19.2 : The physico-chemical parameters of well water compared with surface water runoff (downstream) sampled during dry a season. The ground water from 5 m deep well was sampled a week after cleaning the disused well and pumping out the water to near dryness. In between this period a total 11.26 mm of rain was recorded.

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and conductivity were higher due to more dissolved salts e.g. Ca , chloride and potassium. The ND3-N and PD4-P were higher in well water than the surface runoff (downstream) out not significantly so. This could be caused by plant uptake (because there is one big tree growing near this well) even though nutrient leaching was shown in this area (indicated by a significantly higher level of chloride) due to extensive cultivation of groundnut and annual crops (maize, sugar cane and chilli). The volatile suspended solid content was higher on the surface due to input from decomposition of leaves etc. which possibly resulted in higher Na and Mg in surface water, well water was significantly low in arsenic which made i t recommendable for domestic consumption, but it has a very Jow pH and an iron content which was slightly higher than the recommended l"lalaysian water Quality Criteria for domestic consumption. This well water was found to be more suitable for irrigation purposes.

Ac know 1 edgewen t

Acknowledgements are due to the Head of the Soil-Plant Realtionship Broup as well as other officers, technicians, laboratory assistants and general workers for all the cooperation given in this work.

4.20 Kaj ian a k t i v i t i akar pokok jambu batu (psidium guajava. 1) menggunakan rad io iso top P-32

Ahamad Sahal i Mard i , Ba ju r i Kadmin dan Khairuddin A. Rahim

Kaj ian i n i adalah lan ju tan d a r i tahun 1986. Kajian i n i d i ja lankan ke atas pokok jamtu batu berumur 2 tahun, pada musim basah d i tapak percubaan pertanian UTN, Bangi , Selangar. Sejumlah 1.8 mCi P-32/pokok dan 80 mg P dalam bantuk KH2PO4 sebagai pembawa d i sun t i k ke dalam tanah sedalam 10 sm pada jarak 50 sm dan 100 sm dar i pangkal pokok dan d is i ram d i permukaan (30 sm lebar) pada ja rak 100 sm. Dua belas pokok t e l ah diperlakukan dan selepas 4 minggu persampelan pucuk, bunga dan daun d i lakukan. Empat pokok te lah disampel secara keseluruhan dan diasingkan bahagian—bahagian untuk penganalisaan keakt i fan P-32 dan peratus kandungan P.

Persampelan se t iap daun ke—4 menunjukkan kewujudan a k t i v i t i P—32 yang l eb i h malar. P—32 yang d isun t i k pada ja rak lOO sm d a r i pangkal pokok sedalam IO sm memberikan bacaan yang t i n g g i berbanding dengan yang l a i n . Dengan i t u , bagi pokok jambu batu berumur 2 tahun, akar a k t i f n y a banyak berada pada ja rak leb ih kurang 100 sm k e l i l i n g pokok.

4.20 Root activity studies of guava plants (psidium qua Java. 1) using P-32 radioisotope

Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Bajuri Kadmin and Khairuddin ft. Rahim

This work is a continuation from 1986. This study was conducted during a wet season on guava plants of 2 years old at the LfTN agriculture experimental plot, Bangi, Selangar. 1.8 mCi P-32/tree and 80 mg P carrier

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in the form of KH2FD4 was injected at 10 cm depth, 50 cm and lOO cm from the tree base and lOO cm on the soil surface (50 cm band), ft total of 12 trees Mere treated and after 4 weeks, shoots, flowers and leaves were sampled. Four plants were destructively sampled and separated into different plant parts for the analysis of the P—32 and 7SP content.

The sampling of every 4th leaf gave a more consistent P-32 counts. P-32 applied at lOO cm away from the base of the tree at lO cm depth gave better counts and are significantly different. Therefore, for 2—year old guava tree the active roots are in abundance at about 100 cm around the tree.

a) S e t i a p daun k e - 4 (Every 4th leaf)

Ja rak s u n t i k a n , sm Injection distance,cm

50 100

Permukaan t anah ( S o i l surface)

b i l a n g a n / m i n i t s e t i a p 5 counts/minute

1

155 121 165

2

145 278 116

per Q sampel

5 g sample 3

127 201

V I

4

140 222 148

P u r a t a Mean

141 .8 ab 2 0 5 . 5 a 130 .0 b

c . v . = 26 .80

b) Pucuk, bunga dan daun (Shoots, flowers and leaves)

Ja rak s u n t i k a n , sm Injection distance,cm

50 1O0

Permukaan tanah (Soil surface)

b i l a n g a n / m i n i t s e t i a p counts/minute per 5 g

pucuk shoots

185 .5 257 .8 152.5

bunga flowers

144.8 172.0 146.8

5 g sampel sample

daun leaves

141.8 205.5 13O.0

P u r a t a Mean

157 .4 b 218 .4 a 1 4 3 . 1 b

c . v . = 14 .70 Pu ra ta yang mempunyai h u r u f sama menunjukkan t i d a k k e t a r a (P = 0 .05 ) Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05)

Jadua l 4 . 2 0 . 1 : Keputusan pembi langan k e a k t i f a n P-32 dalam k a j i a n i n i Table 4.20.1 : Results of P~32 activity in this investigation

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Bahagian tanaman Plants parts

Pucuk (Shoots) Bunga (F lowers ) S e t i a p daun ke-4 (Every 4th leaf) S e l e b i h daun (Remaining leaf) Cabang h i j a u (Green branches) Cabang perang (Brown branches) Batang (Stem) Pangkal batang (Stem base) Akar s i s i (Lateral roots) Rambut aka r (Root hairs)

kepekatan P ( P concentration), "/. Kawalan Control

O.B5 1.24 0 . 6 3

0 .4B

0 . 5 5

0 . 4 0

0 .1B 0 . 1 5

0 . 2 8

0 . 1 5

50 sm 50 cm

1.11 1.06 0 .64

0 .79

0 .53

0 . 3 1

0 . 2 1 0.1B

0 .45

0 .19

10O sm lOO cm

1.16 1.24 0 .58

1.65

0 .57

0 .37

0 .18 0 .19

0 .27

0 .18

Permukaan tanah Soil surface

1.32 1.17 0 .79

0 .78

0 . 5 1

0 .25

0 . 2 1 0 . 1 6

0 .26

0 .25

P u r a t a Mean

1.11 1.18 0 .66

0 .93

0 .54

0 . 3 1

0 . 1 9 0 .17

0 .32

0 . 1 9

+ 0 .195 + O.0B5 + O.091

+ 0 .504

+ O.026

+ 0 .066

+ 0 .017 + 0 .01B

+ O.0B7

+ 0 .042

Jadual 4.20.2 s Peratus kepekatan P dalam berlainan bahagian jambu batu dua tahun

Table 4.2Q.2 : Percent P concentration in different plant parts of 2 year old guava

4.21 Kajian tempat perletakan baja bagi kelapa sawit matang menggunakan teknik radioisotop

Zaharah Abdul Rahman , Sharifuddin H.A. Hamic! , Ahamad Sahali Mardi dan Mohd. Hussin Mat Saat

Kajian dijalankan untuk menilai pengambilan nutrien oleh kelapa sawit matang apabila ia dibubuh pada jarak berbeza dari pangkal pokok. RadiDisotop P-32 digunakan dalam kajian, kerana kaedah ini sangat peka dan P-32 boleh diukur deraan tepat menggunakan alat pembilang kelipan cecair.

Kajian tempat pembubuhan baja dilakukan seperti berikut. Kelapa sawit berumur 10 tahun ditanam pada tanah siri Munchang (Tropeptic Haplarthox) dan sejumlah 6 mCi P-32 dalam 10 mg P pembawa dibubuh. Pembubuhan ini dilakukan pada jarak 1 m dari pangkal dan 25 sm lebar keliling pokok. Parit berukuran 30 sm lebar dan 65 sm dalam dibina berdekatan dengan pokok yang dibubuh isotap untuk menilai kedapatan akar di bawah permukaan tanah.

Lhiversiti Pertanian Malaysia

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Bil. tanaman Palm No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Tempat perletakan (Place of application)

Bui a tan (Circle)

3350 60 638 53 73 58 -

63 95 -55 75 -

81 54 86 -------------

47 64 61 ---—

Laluan pelepah {Frond path)

675 548 1366 371 493 32 -

159 681 242 245 66 134 317 158 194 458 199 -

141 183 254 -

561 68

285 559 144 74 45 76 192 135 42 288 245

Jadual 4.21.1 : Pembilangan P-32 dalam daun yang mula-mula terbuka Table 4.21.1 : P-32 counts in first fully opened leaves

Kajian pembubuhan baja di tengah barisan pula dilakukan pada pokok yang sama, menggunakan 6 mCi P-32 dalam 10 mg P pembawa. Cecair P-32 dibubuh pada 1.8 m panjang di antara dua pokok kelapa sawit. Persampelan pelepah yang pertama terbuka pada pokQk-pokok sekitar kawasan kajian termasuk pokok yang berada di sebelah parit yang dibina dilakukan untuk mengetahui jumlah keaktifan P-32.

Pokok kelapa sawit matang (10 tahun) didapati dapat menyerap P-32 dari tanah pada jarak 36 m dari tempat pembubuhan isotop. Perkara ini

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menunjukkan bahawa taburan akarnya berada di seluruh kawasan tersebut. Pokok yang berada di sebelah parit juga masih dapat menyerap P-32, dan ini memberi gambaran bahawa akar di bawah permukaan tanah pun aktif dalam penyerapan nutrien. Kajian ini dapat. membuktikan bahawa bagi kawasan kelapa sawit matang, baja boleh ditabur di serata kawasan seperti pembajaan dari udara menggunakan kapal terbang.

Perlakuan dalam kajian pembajaan di ladang bagi kelapa sawit matang seharusnya dipisahkan oleh parit lebih dalam daripada 65 sm. Ini adalah kerana taburan akarnya sangat meluas dan akamya di bawah permukaan tanah masih dapat menyerap nutrien.

4.21 Fertilizer emplacement studies in mature oil palm using a radioisotope technique

Zaharah Abdul Rahman , Shsrifuddin H.A. Hamid , Anamad Sahali Mardi and Hand. Hussin Mat Saat

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the uptake of nutrient by mature oil palm when applied at different distances away from the base of the palm. Phosphorus-32 radioisotope has been used in this study since this is a very sensitive method and this isotope can be measured accurately using a liquid scintillation counter.

Fertilizer band placement studies were carried out as follows. Ten-year old palm grown on an inland soil of Munchong series (Tropeptic Haplorthox) was applied with 6 mCi P-32 contained in lO mg P as carrier. This was applied in a fertilizer band 25 cm wide 1 m away from the base of the palm, A trench measuring 65 cm deep and 30 cm wide was made on two sides of the palm to evaluate the presence of subsurface roots.

Another experiment was conducted on ten-year old palms to evaluate fertilizer placement between two adjacent rows. This was done using 6 mCi P—32 and 10 mg P as carrier. The P-32 solution was applied in a 1.8 meter band between two adjacent palms. P-32 activity was determined in petioles of palms surrounding the treated area and palms separated from the treated area by the trench.

Mature oil palm (10 years old) was found to be able to absorb P-32 applied to the soil from as far 36 m away from the point of application, thus proving that their roots are well distributed throughout the area. Palms separated by a 65 cm deep trench were still able to absorb some of the P-32, indicating that subsurface roots are also active in absorbing nutrients. Thus this experiment proves that fertilizers can be applied to mature oil palm by broad casting all over the area e.g. by aerial application.

Treatments used in fertilizer trials of mature oil palm have to be separated in the field by trenches deeper than 65 cm, due to the extensive distribution of active roots and that subsurface roots still absorb some nutrients.

Uhiversiti Pertanian Malaysia

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4.22 Perbandingan sumber P yang berbeza ke atas acacia mangium

# +•

Man Rasidah W.A. Kadir . Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Zaharah Abdul Rahman dan Razley Mohd. Nordin

Tujuan kajian ini ialah untuk membandingkan jumlah P yang tersedia ada dari beberapa baja fosfat batuan dan superfosfat pada pokok acacia mangium dan pada masa yang sama mengukur kesan sisa baja tersebut setelah 2 tahun. Kajian dijalankan di Ladang Hutan Kompensatori, Hutan Simpan Setul, Negeri Sembilan.

Anak benih berumur 6 bulan yang mana saiz dan kesuburannya hampir sama telah dipilih dari Tapak Semaian Setul dan diubahtanam ke ladang dengan jarak 3 m x 3.7 m. Pembubuhan baja dilakukan selepas 2 minggu pengubahan. Baja diletakkan pada 4 lubang 25 sm 'dari pangkal pokok pada kedalaman 10 son. Fosforus-32 dan pembawa, disuntik ke tanah pada 4 lubang lain di keliling pokok pada jarak yang sama.

Bagi perlakuan 1 hingga 5, persampelan setiap daun ke-4 dilakukan dan berat kering direkodkan. Analisis kewujudan keaktifan P-32 dan 7. kandungan P ditentukan. Bagi perlakuan 6 dan 7 pula, 2 pokok bagi setiap perlakuan disampel secara keseluruhan dan bahagian-bahagian tanaman diasingkan untuk penganalisaan 7. kandungan P.

Apabila tanaman mengambil P dari sumber baja, bacaan keaktifan tertentunya rendah dan ini menunjukkan bahawa P dari baja TSP dan JRP telah digunakan oleh tanaman. Walau bagaimanapun baja JRP mengeluarkan terlalu sedikit P dan ini boleh diabaikan. Dengan itu dalam tempoh 2 bulan awalan ini hanya P dari baja TSP sahaja yang tersedia ada kerana ia adalah baja yang mudah terlarut. Uhtuk perlakuan-perlakuan lain menggunakan CIRP dan MRP, segala P yang diambil oleh pokok adalah yang tersedia ada dalam tanah.

Perlakuan Treatments

Kawalan (Cantral) CIRP sahaja

Perbezaan (Diff.)

Batang Stem

16.BO 17.25

0.45

Cabang h i j a u Green branch

2.65 2.95

0.30

Daun Leaf

23.65 30.10

6.45

Akar Root

6.70 6.30

-0 .40

Jumlah Total

49.80 56.60

6.80

Jadual 4.22.1 ; Berat jirim kering tanaman (purata dari 2 pengukuran) Table A.22.1 : Dry matter weight of the plant (mean of 2 mesurements)

Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia tt Uhiversiti Pertanian Malaysia Bahagian Perancangan, UTN

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Per lakuan Treatments

Kawalan (Control) CIRP

Perbezaan (Diff.)

Kepekatan P (P Concentration), "/. Batang

Stem

0 . 3 2 0 . 3 2

0

Cabang h i j a u Green branch

0 .35 0 .49

0 .14

Daun Leaf

0 .53 0 . 5 5

-O .03

Akar Root

0 .34 0 .36

0 .02

Jumlah Total

1.59 1.72

0 .13

Jadua l 4 . 2 2 . 2 : Kepekatan P dalam tumbuhan ( p u r a t a d a r i 2 pengukuran) Table 4.22.2 : P concentration in the plant (mean of 2 measurements)

Pera lakuan Treatments

CIRP MRP JRP TSP

P d i p e r o l e h i d a r i p a d a b a j a , 7. P derived from fertilizer, 7.

- 3 2 . 2 - 2 2 . 7

17 .3 84 .7

Kecekapan, 7. Efficiency, 7.

- v e - v e 0 .004 0 .034

Jadua l 4 . 2 2 . 3 : Kecekapan dan pengambi lan f o s f o r u s da r i pada b a j a Table 4.22.3 : Efficiency and phosphorus derived from fertilizer

4.22 Comparison of different P sources for acacia mangium

$ + Wan Rasidah W.A. Kadir ., Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Zaharah Abdul Rahman and Razley Mohd. Nordin

The objectives of this study were to compare the available amount of P in various rock phosphate and triple superphosphate to acacia mangium and at the same time to measure the residual effect of these fertilizers 2 years after application. This study was carried-out at the Compensatory Forest Plantation in Setul Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan.

Six-month old seedlings with more or less uniform size and vigour were chosen from Setul Nursery and transplanted at 3 m by 3.7 m distance. Fertilizer application was done two weeks after transplanting at 4 different application spots around the tree at a distance of 25 cm from the tree trunk and at 10 cm depth. Carrier-free P—32 was applied at 4 other spots.

For treatments 1 to 5, every fourth leaf were sampled and the dry matter

Forest Research Institute of Malaysia „ Universiti Pertanian Malaysia

Planning Division, UTN

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was recorded. These samples were subjected to total P and P-32 analysis. For treatments 6 and 7, two trees from each treatment were destructively sampled, the plant parts were separated and analysed for total P content.

When plants take up P from fertilizer, the specific activity will decrease, thus giving the indication that P from TSP and JRP have been utilised by the plants. However, JRP releases only a minute amount of P and the figure could therefore be neglected. Thus, for the first period of 2 months after fertilizer application, only P from TSP have been released due to its high solubility. For treatments with CIRP and MRP, all the P taken-up by the plants were derived from the soil.

4.23 Nitrogen utilization by young oil palms fertilized with urea and ammonium sulphate

$ *+ % Zaharah A. Rahman , Hand. Hashim Tajuddin , JBharifuddin H.A. Hamid , Ahamad Sahali Mardi and Razley Nond. Nordin

This study aims at presenting the quantitative amount of nitrogen utilized by young oil palms when fertilized with granular urea produced by the Asean Bintulu Fertilizer Company versus ordinary ammonium sulphate.

Sixteen one-year old oil palm seedlings were planted in the field on a Serdang series soil (Typic Paleudult) at a distance of 9 m apart. Two weeks after planting, the palms were pruned to have only 8 fronds per palm. Treatments were then applied. Ml palms were applied with 10 g N as urea labelled with 10.03"/. atom excess N-15, dissolved in water and watered evenly 20 cm around the base of each palm. Lhlabelled fertilizer to be tested were then broad-casted evenly onto this surface. The fertilizers tested were ammonium sulphate and granular urea 5.0 mm and 2.1 mm diameter. Four palms were used for each treatment, leaving 4 palms fertilized with A / - i5 labelled urea only. After three months, all the palms were destructively sampled and were separated into spear, pinnae, rachis, petiole, bole, stem and roots.

Young oil palms were able to take up to about 70 7. of the total nitrogen increase from the fertilizer—applied nitrogen, during the first three months of their growth after field planting. Ammonium sulphate was found to be the most efficient fertilizer where about 10'/. of the applied fertilizer was utilized as compared to only 87. and £>7. utilization when supplied as urea 5.0 mm and urea 2.1 mm diameter respectively. For the two urea sizes used, urea 5.0 mm diameter seemed to have a slight advantage over the smaller size (2.1 mm) granules.

Lhiversiti Pertanian Malaysia # Oil Palm Research Station, Banting

Planning Division, UTN

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Treatments

Initial N-15 only Awn. sulphate Urea 5.0 mm Urea 2.1 mm

Dry matter, g

425.55 a 529.52 a 577.26 a 525.43 a 514.61 a

N concentration, '/. Pinnae

1.31 a 2.22 b 2.62 c 2.47 be 2.24 b

Rachis

0.38 a 0.51 ab 0.67 b 0.62 b 0.64 b

Table 4.23.1 ; Dry matter freight and 7. nitrogen in the palms. Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05.

Treatments

Ini tial N-15 only flmm. sulphate Urea 5.0 mm Urea 2.1 mm

Total N, g Pinnae + Spear

2.32 a 3.93 b 5.33 c 4.40 be 4.09 b

Rachis + Petiole '

0.38 a 0.92 b 1.61 c 1.24 be 1.33 c

Stem + Bole

l.OO a 1.22 1.64 a 1.50 a 1.40 a

Total

3.70 a 5.97 ab 9.59 c 7.14 be 6.82 b

Table 4.23.2 : Nitrogen content of oil palms. Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.O5.

Plant parts Spear Pinnae Rachis Petiole Bole Stem Root 7. N-15 atom excess 2.2B4 1.366 1.157 1.273 2.072 1.438 1.261

Table 4.23.3 : N-15 distribution in young oil palm

Treatments

Amm. sulphate Urea 5.0 mm Urea 2.1 mm N-15 only

Corrected atom 7. N-15 excess

1.556 1.101 1.423 3.983

N derived from fertilizer 7.

60.93 72.36 64.27

Q

3.174 2.488 1.845

Table 4.23.4 : Atom 7. N-15 excess and nitrogen in the palms derived from fertilizer

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4.24 Penapisan fosfat batuan ke atas jagung (zea mays. 1) dan padi (orvza sativaT 1)

Ahamad Sahali flardi, Bajuri Kadmin dan Khairuddin A. Rahim

Kajian menggunakan pasu ini dijalankan dalam rumah hijau di tapak percubaan pertanian UTN. Tujuannya adalah untuk membandingkan keberkesanan beberapa sumber baja fosfat pada tanah Siri Bungor ke atas jagung dan padi. Sejumlah 0.05 mCi P-32/pasu dan 5 mg P dalam bentuk KH2PO4 sebagai pembawa digaul dengan tanah. Sebanyak 36 pasu digunakan, iaitu 6 perlakuan dengan 6 pengreplikaan. Selepas 2 bulan, persampelan dilakukan dan analisis kewujudan keaktifan P-32 serta peratus kandungan P ditentukan.

Dari kedua-dua percubaan didapati baja TSP memberi '/. keberkesanan yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan baja fosfat batuan dan diamonium fosfat. Untuk tanaman padi tiada perbezaan bererti didapati di antara baja fosfat batuan (Morrocco, Jordan dan CIRP) tetapi bagi jagung pula CIRP memberi 7. keberkesanan yang tinggi sedikit daripada MRP dan JRP. Bagi baja DAP (187. N, 46"/. P2O5)» '/• keberkesananriya kurang daripada TSP tetapi lebih tinggi daripada baja-baja fosfat batuan.

Kesimpulannya ialah bahawa baja TSP adalah baik digunakan untuk tanaman jangka pendek kerana P cepat tersedia untuk diambil oleh tanaman. Bagi baja fosfat batuan tempoh kajian selama 2 bulan tidak mencukupi untuk memberi keputusan yang meyakinkan.

Per lakuan Treatments

S u p e r f o s f a t b e r t i g a a n Triple superphosphate Baja batuan Morrocco Morroccan RP Baja batuan Jordan Jordanian RP CIRP Diammonium phosphate

F o s f a t d i p e r o l e h i da r i pada Phosphat derived from

7B.34

63 .35

57 .25

63 .24 87 .12

b a j a , 7. fertilizer, '/.

Kecekapan, 7. Efficiency, 7.

41.87 a

6 .84 c

6 .87 c

8 .25 c 22 .03 b

Purata yang mempunyai huruf sama adalah tidak ketara berlainan (P = 0.05) Mean with the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05)

Jadual 4.24.1 : keputusan kecekapan dan fosfat yang diperolehi dari baja untuk jagung

Table 4.24.1 : Efficiency and P derived from fertilizers for maize

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Per lakuan F o s f a t d i p e r o l e h i d a r i p a d a b a j a , '/. Treatments Phosphat derived from fertilizer, '/.

S u p e r f o s f a t b e r t i g a a n Triple superphosphate Ba ja batuan Morrocco Morroccan RP Ba ja batuan Jordan Jordanian HP CIRP Diammonium phosphate

89 .22

94 .39

90 .62

B9.01 93 .33

Kecekapan, '/. Efficiency, 'A

5B.50 a

20 .08 b

18 .41 b

18.77 b 35 .74 b

P u r a t a yang mempunyai h u r u f sama ada lan t i d a k k e t a r a b e r l a i n a n (P = 0 .05) Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.O5)

Jadua l 4 . 2 4 . 2 : keputusan kecekapan dan f o s f a t yang d i p e r o l e h i d a r i b a j a untuk pad i

Table 4.24.2 : Efficiency and P derived from fertilizers for rice

4.24 Screening of rock phosphate on maize (zea mays. 1) and rice (orvza sativa. 1)

Ahamad Sahali Mardi, Bajuri Kadmin and Khairuddin A. Rahim

This study was conducted on a pot-trial basis in the greenhouse at UTN experimental agricultural plot. The objective is to compare the efficiency of different sources of phosphate fertilizers on Bungor series soil on maize and rice. 0.05 mCi P-32/pot and 5 mg P carrier in the form of KH^0/f was mixed with the soil. A total of 36 pots were used, being 6 treatments with 6 replications. After 2 months the plants were sampled for analysis of the presence of P-32 and '/. P content.

In both experiments, TSP gave higher X fertilizer efficiency compared with rock phosphate and diammonium phosphate. In the case of rice, there is no significant difference between the rock phosphate fertilizer (Morroccan, Jordanian and CIRP) but in the case of maize, CIRP gave a slightly higher efficiency than rFP and JRP. For DAP (1BX N, 467. P2O5), the '/. fertilizer efficiency is less than that of TSP but is higher than that of rock phosphate fertilizers.

I t can be concluded that TSP is the best fertilizer for annual crops because P is readily available for plant needs. The 2 month period of the experiment was too short to obtain convincing results on the rock phosphate fertilizers.

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4.25 Evaluation of different rock phosphate as P sources for oil-palm seedlings

Foong Sang Foo and Ahamad Sahali Mardi

A pot experiment in a greenhouse was conducted to compare the efficiencies of Christmas Island rock—phosphate (CIRP), Moroccan rock-phosphate (MRP) and Jordanian rock-phosphate (JRP) with the more soluble Triple Superphosphate (TSP) as P sources for oil-palm seedlings.

uniform oil-palm seedlings of 3 months old from the same progeny Mere selected for the experiment. The soil used was Telemong series (fine sandy loam). The total activity of P-32 used at the time of application was 1 mCi per pot (1 seedling/pot). The carrier P Mas 5 mg P/pot in the form of KH^O^. The carrier P was added to 800 ml of distilled water before mixing with 7 kg of air-dried soil in the pot. The test fertilizer at 3260 mg P was applied to the planting hole before transplanting the seedling. The standard treatment was applied with the P-32 and P carrier only. A control treatment (without P carrier and test fertiliser) was used to check the background count. A randomized complete block design with 6 replications was used for the experiment. Basal fertilizers were applied to all -the treatments as required. The seedlings were watered twice a day at 100 ml/watering using a watering can. Sampling was carried out at 114 days after P-32 application. The plant was divided into leaf, stem and root and analysed for dry matter, P concentration and activity count. P yield, specific activity, YJP derived from fertilizer, P fertilizer yield and fertilizer efficiency were subsequently computed for the various treatments.

In terms of fertilizer efficiency (as '/. of fertilizer utilization) TSP (7.67'/.) was superior to all the tested rock phosphate. Amongst the rock phosphates, MRP (4.307.) and JRP (3.647.) were better than CIRP (2.917.) though not statistically significant. Total dry weight (g/plant) was also higher for MRP (19.7g), TSP (lB.2g) and JRP (17.5g) as compared with CIRP (15.2g). Results also indicated that the majority of P was stared in leaf and stem as compared with root .in oil-palm seedlings.

Treatments Dry weight, g Fertilizer utilization, 7.

Triple superphosphate 18.2 a 7.67 a Morroccan RP 19.7 a 4.30 b Jordanian RP 17.5 a 3.64 b Christmas Island RP 15.2 a 2.91 b

Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P = O.05)

Table 4.25.1 : Total dry weight (g/plant) and fertilizer efficiency