add math selangor 4

7/27/2019 Add Math Selangor 4

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pg. 1

PART 1

a) Write a history on logarithm.

History of Logarithms

From Napier to Euler

The method of logarithms was publicly

propounded byJohn Napierin 1614, in a

book titled Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis

Descriptio(Description of the Wonderful

Rule of Logarithms).Joost

Brgiindependently invented logarithms

but published six years after Napier.

Johannes Kepler, who used logarithm

tables extensively to compile

his Ephemeris and therefore dedicated it

to Napier, remarked:

...the accent in calculation led Justus

Byrgius [Joost Brgi] on the way to these

very logarithms many years before

Napier's system appeared; but ...instead of rearing up his child for the public benefit he

deserted it in the birth.

Johannes Kepler, Rudolphine Tables (1627)

By repeated subtractions Napier calculated (1 107)L forL ranging from 1 to 100. The

result forL=100 is approximately0.99999 = 1 105. Napier then calculated the

products of these numbers with 107(1 105)L forL from 1 to 50, and did similarly

with0.9998 (1 105)20 and 0.9 0.99520. These computations, which occupied 20

years, allowed him to give, for any numberNfrom 5 to 10 million, the numberL that

solves the equation

Napier first called L an "artificial number", but later introduced the word "logarithm"to

mean a number that indicates a ratio: (logos) meaning proportion,

and (arithmos) meaning number. In modern notation, the relation to natural

logarithms is

T
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_B%C3%BCrgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_B%C3%BCrgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_B%C3%BCrgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_B%C3%BCrgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Keplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Keplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Napier.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Napier.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Napier.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Napier.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Keplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_B%C3%BCrgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_B%C3%BCrgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napier


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pg. 2

where the very close approximation corresponds to the observation that

The invention was quickly and widely met with acclaim. The works

ofBonaventura Cavalieri(Italy),Edmund Wingate(France), Xue Fengzuo(China), andJohannes Kepler's Chilias logarithmorum (Germany) helped spread

the concept further.

In 1647Grgoire de Saint-Vincentrelated logarithms to the quadrature of the

hyperbola, by pointing out that the area f(t) under the hyperbola fromx=

1 tox= tsatisfies

The natural logarithm was first described byNicholas Mercatorin his

work Logarithmotechnia published in 1668, although the mathematics teacher JohnSpeidell had already in 1619 compiled a table on the natural logarithm. Around

1730,Leonhard Eulerdefined the exponential function and the natural logarithm by

Euler also showed that the two functions are inverse to one another.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventura_Cavalierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventura_Cavalierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventura_Cavalierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Wingatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Wingatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Wingatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Keplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Keplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Keplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Saint-Vincenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Saint-Vincenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Saint-Vincenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Mercatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Mercatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Mercatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Eulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Eulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Eulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Mercatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Saint-Vincenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Keplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Wingatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventura_Cavalieri


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pg. 4

maximum of the likelihood function occurs at the same parameter-value as a maximum of the

logarithm of the likelihood (the "log likelihood"), because the logarithm is an increasing

function. The log-likelihood is easier to maximize, especially for the multiplied likelihoods

forindependentrandom variables.

Benford's lawdescribes the occurrence of digits in manydata sets, such as heights of buildings.According to Benford's law, the probability that the first decimal-digit of an item in the data

sample is d(from 1 to 9) equals log10(d+ 1) log10(d), regardless of the unit of measurement.

Thus, about 30% of the data can be expected to have 1 as first digit, 18% start with 2, etc.

Auditors examine deviations from Benford's law to detect fraudulent accounting.

2. Fractals

The Sierpinski triangle (at the right) is constructed by repeatedly replacingequilateral

trianglesby three smaller ones.

Logarithms occur in definitions of thedimensionoffractals. Fractals are geometric objects that

areself-similar: small parts reproduce, at least roughly, the entire global structure. TheSierpinski

triangle(pictured) can be covered by three copies of itself, each having sides half the original

length. This makes theHausdorff dimensionof this structure log(3)/log(2) 1.58. Another

logarithm-based notion of dimension is obtained bycounting the number of boxesneeded to

cover the fractal in question.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-counting_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-counting_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-counting_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sierpinski_dimension.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-counting_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability)


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pg. 5

PART 2

The volume, V, in cm3, of a solid sphere and its diameter, D, in cm, are related by the

equation , where m and n are constants.

Find the value of m and n by conducting the activities below.

I. Choose 6 different spheres with diameters between 1cm to 8cm. The diameterof the 6 spheres using a pair of vernier calipers.

II. Find the volume of each sphere using water displacement method.III. Tabulate the values of diameter, D, in cm and its corresponding volume, V, cm3.


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pg. 6

Find the volume of sphere using water displacement method.

A method of finding the volume of a sphere with minimal calculations is to use the WaterDisplacement Method:

1. Fill a beaker or graduated cylinder with enough water to completely immerse thesphere in.

2. Record the baseline initial measurement3. Drop the sphere in4. Record final measurement5. Subtract the initial volume from the final volume ~ this is the volume of the

sphere!

Value of diameter,D and Volume

Diameter,D ( Volume, V (

D1 = 1.0 V1= 0.5

D2 =2.8 V2= 11.5

D3 =4.0 V3= 34.0

D4 =5.2 V4= 74.0

D5 =6.6 V5= 151.0

D6 =7.8 V6= 250.0


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pg. 7

Diameter,D ( Volume, V (

D1 = 1.0 V1= 0.5

D2 =2.8 V2= 11.5

D3 =4.0 V3= 34.0

D4 =5.2 V4= 74.0D5 =6.6 V5= 151.0

D6 =7.8 V6= 250.0

We can solve by simultaneous method

Substitute the values in the equation

We obtain,

----------(1)

----------(2)

-----------(3)Substitute (3) into (2)

D2 = 2.8 V2= 11.5

D5 =6.6 V5= 151.0


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pg. 8

-----------(4)

Substitute (4) into (3)

Therefore, and


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pg. 9

PART 3

3(A)

D v

1.0 0.5

2.8 11.5

4.0 34.0

5.2 74.0

6.6 151.0

7.8 250.0

y = 0.505x3.025

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Volume,V

Diameter, D


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pg. 10

3(B)

y = 3.025x - 0.2967

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

logV

Diameter, D

log D log V

0 -0.30103

0.447158 1.060698

0.60206 1.531479

0.716003 1.869232

0.819544 2.178977

0.892095 2.39794


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pg. 11

3c) From the graph, find

1. The value of m and of n, thus express V in terms of D.

(nearest whole number)

y = 3.025x - 0.2967

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

logV

Diameter, D

log D log V

0 -0.30103

0.447158 1.060698

0.60206 1.531479

0.716003 1.869232

0.819544 2.178977

0.892095 2.39794


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pg. 12

2. Volume of the sphere when diameter is 5cm

Since graph is logV against logD, we need to transfer, D=5cm int0

logD=log5=0.6989

We get

3. The radius of the sphere when the volume is

Change to logv=log180=2.25,

From the graph, we get

y = 3.025x - 0.2967

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

logV

Diameter, D


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pg. 13

FURTHER EXPLORATION

a) -------(1)

------------(2)

(1)=(2)

D

-------------------cancel on both sides

b) Another method to find value of is using Monte Carlo simulation or

Archimedes method of Exhaustion


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pg. 14

REFLECTION

Symbols used in this project using Microsoft word equation insert tool really help me so

much here are some of the symbol I use.

I really learn how to use Microsoft excel and word to do graph, insert equation and a lot

more.

y = 0.505x3.025

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 2 4 6 8 10

Vo

lume,V

Diameter, D

y = 3.025x - 0.2967

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

logV

Diameter, D


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pg 15

add math selangor 4

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