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SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN TUNKU ABDUL

RAHMAN NIBONG TEBAL

Jalan Bukit Panchor,

14300 Nibong Tebal.

Seberang Perai Selatan,

Pulau Pinang.

PROJECT WORK FOR ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2010

PROJECT WORK 1

SCHOOL : SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN TUNKU ABDUL

RAHMAN

CLASS : 5 USM

TEACHER : PN. ZUWARIYAH BINTI ABDUL WAHAB

NAME : LIM YEE THING

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I/C : 930619 07 5358

TABLE OF CONTENT

No Title Page Number1 Introduction 32 Acknowledgement 43 History 54 Objective 65 Task specification 7-126 Further exploration 13-177 Conclusion 188 Reflection 19

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INTRODUCTION

Math is the real world, its everywhere.

I get this sentence from the famous American Series NUMB3RS.

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change.

Mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and

establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen

axioms and definitions. We use mathematics to solve simple

mathematic equation and compare the price of product in our daily

life. In fact, mathematics knowledge has been applied in various

fields such as astronomy, business, computing, architecture and the

list goes on. In the NUMB3RS, famous American Series, it shows that

mathematics can be used to predict criminal activities.

Furthermore, mathematics is also being used in the construction

of buildings. With mathematics, we can determine the height of

building, the stability of the building against wind resistance or

earthquake, and the shape of the building which is the most ideal

and unique. Besides, we can calculate the cost needed to construct

a building. Mathematics also helps us to save up cost of

construction by determining the shape of the building which built.

An architect must have this knowledge in order to predict and build

the building exactly the cost that is required to spend.

We can eventually do many things that are beyond our

imagination if we further explore the great mystery of mathematics.

Therefore I am very sure that I will certainly attain and learn

something which benefits me in daily life.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank sincerely to my parents for

providing me everything that is required to complete this project.For instance, they give me money to buy anything related to this

project work, their advice, and facilities such as computers, books,

and reference material. My parents greatly supported and

encouraged me in order to build my confidence to do this task so

that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Furthermore, I would like to say thank you to my teacher, Pn.

Zuwariyah, for guiding me throughout this project. She taught us

patiently to do the project, without any complaint. Even when I met

some hardship and difficulties, she taught me patiently until I got

what she mean and what must I do. She tried and did not give up

teaching me until I finished the project successfully.

In addition, my friends also helped me a lot while doing this task.

Although this project is individual project, we discussed and

cooperated to get more information about this project in order to

understand more and make the project more perfect. Our

cooperation does really help each of us a lot in completing this task.

Lastly, those who helped me in this project indirectly, I would

really want to appreciate all of you. Thank you.

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HISTORY

The product rule and chain rule, the notion of higher

derivatives, Taylor series, and analytical functions were introducedby Isaac Newton in an idiosyncratic notation which he used to solve

problems of mathematical physics. In his publications, Newton

rephrased his ideas to suit the mathematical idiom of the time,

replacing calculations with infinitesimals by equivalent geometrical

arguments which were considered beyond reproach. He used the

methods of calculus to solve the problem of planetary motion, the

shape of the surface of a rotating fluid, the oblate ness of the earth,

the motion of a weight sliding on a cycloid, and many other

problems discussed in his Principia Mathematics. In other work, he

developed series expansions for functions, including fractional and

irrational powers, and it was clear that he understood the principles

of the Taylor series.

These ideas were systematized into a true calculus of

infinitesimals by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was originally

accused of plagiarism by Newton. He is now regarded as an

independent inventor of and contributor to calculus. His contribution

was to provide a clear set of rules for manipulating infinitesimal

quantities, allowing the computation of second and higher

derivatives, and providing the product rule and chain rule, in their

differential and integral forms. Unlike Newton, Leibniz provided were

the laws of differentiation and integration, second and higher

derivatives, and the notion of an approximating polynomial series.

By Newtons time, the fundamental theorem of calculus was known.

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OBJECTIVE

The aims of carrying out this project work are:

1. To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances

effective learning.

2. To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to

solve problems.

3. To promote effective mathematical communication.

4. To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical

ideas precisely.

5. To develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

6. To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving

in a way that increases students interest and confidence.

7. To improve thinking skills.

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TASK SPECIFICATION

The diagram below shows the gate of an art gallery. A concrete

structure is built at the upper part of the gate and the words ARTGALLERY is written on it. The top of the concrete structure is flat

whereas the bottom is parabolic in shape. The concrete structure is

supported by two vertical pillars at both ends.

The distance between the two pillars is 4 metres and the height of

the pillar is 5 metres. The height of the concrete structure is 1

metre. The shortest distance from point A of the concrete structure

to point B, that is the highest point on the parabolic shape, is 0.5

metres.

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PROBLEM SOLVING

(a)The parabolic shape of the concrete structure can be representedby various functions depending on the point of reference. Based

on different points of reference, obtain at least three different

functions which can be used to represent the curve of this

concrete structure.

For function 1:

Maximum point (0,4.5) and pass through point (2,4)

b=0, c=4.5

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Substitute (2,4) into (1)

For function 2:

Since (0, ) is the maximum point of the equation,

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Substitute point (2, 0) into equation 2,

Function 2:

For function 3:

Maximum point (2,4.5) and pass through point (0,4)

b=2, c=4.5

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Substitute (0,4) into (3)

(b)The front surface of this concrete structure will be painted before

the words ART GALEERY is written on it. Find the area to be

painted.

Using Function 1,

Area of shaded region

= Area of painted region

= Area of rectangle Area of curve from origin

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= (4 x 1) -

= 4 -

= 4 -

= 4 -

= 4 -

= 4 - 1

= 2

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FURTHER EXPLORATION

(a)You are given four different shapes of concrete structure as

shown in the diagrams below. All the structures have the same

thickness of 40 cm and are symmetrical.

STRUCTURE 1 STRUCTURE 2

STRUCTURE 3 STRUCTURE 4

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(i) Given that the cost to construct 1 cubic metre of concrete is

RM840.00, determine which structure will cost the minimum to

construct.

Structure 1Ignoring the pillars,

Area = 2

Volume = 2 x 0.4

=1

Cost needed =1 x RM840

=RM896.00

Structure 2

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Ignoring the pillars,

Area = 4(0.5)+ 2( )(2)(0.5)

= 3

Volume = 3 x 0.4

=1.2

Cost needed =1.2 x RM840

=RM1008.00

Structure 3Ignoring the pillars,

Area = 4(0.5)+ 1.5(0.5)

= 2.75

Volume = 2.75 x 0.4

=1.1

Cost needed =1.1 x RM840

=RM924.00

Structure 4Ignoring the pillars,

Area =