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    Total Parenteral Nutrition(TPN)

    Nuryanti, M.Sc, AptLaboratorium Farmasetika

    Jurusan Farmasi FKIK UNSOED

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    Cara penyiapan TPN Cara pemberian TPN Komponen TPN

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    Definisi

    Penyediaan semua nutrisi melalui selainsaluran pencernaan

    Penghantaran nutrisi secara intravena,misalnya melalui aliran darah. Nutrisi parenteral Tengah: sering disebut total

    parenteral nutrition (TPN); dihantarkan ke vena pusat Nutrisi parenteral perifer (PPN): dihantarkan ke dalam

    suatu vena perifer atau yang lebih kecil

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    Nutrien, dibutuhkan untuk:

    pertumbuhan sel fungsi seluler sintesis karbohidrat-lemak-protein kontraksi otot

    penyembuhan luka daya tahan tubuh/kekebalan integritas percernaan

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    BATASAN

    Ke dalam TPN (volume besar) tidak bolehditambahkan pengawet karena dapat menyebabkan

    terjadinya toksisitas akibat pemberian pengawetdalam jumlah besar. Syarat untuk semua TPN:

    Steril Bebas pirogen Bebas partikel partikulat Dikemas dalam kemasan dosis tunggal Bebas pengawet

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    Indikasi

    Mereka yang tidak makan: anorexia nervosa Mereka yang tidak bisa makan: stenosis

    esofagus, prolong ileus, Mereka yang tidak diizinkan untuk makan:

    gastrointestinal fistula, inflamasi penyakitusus, radiasi enteritis, chemotoxicity GI,

    pankreatitis

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    Indikasi

    Mereka yang tidak cukup makan: sindromusus pendek, burn, sepsis

    Mereka yang dapat mengatur apa yangmereka makan: kegagalan hati

    Lain-lain: gagal ginjal, operasi

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    Components of TPN

    TPN may include a combination of sugarand carbohydrates (for energy),proteins (for muscle strength), lipids(fat), electrolytes, and trace elements.

    A TPN solution may contain all or someof these substances, depending onclients condition.

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    Komponen TPN

    Nutr i tional content: TPN requires water(30 to 40 mL/kg/day), energy (30 to 60

    kcal/kg/day, depending on energyexpenditure), amino acids (1 to 2.0g/kg/day, depending on the degree of

    catabolism), essential fatty acids, vitamins,and minerals

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    Fluid . Fluid is an essential component of parenteralnutrition.

    Calories. Carbohydrate . Glucose is the main source Protein. This is delivered as a synthetic crystalline

    amino acid solution. Adverse effects of excess proteininclude a rise in urea and ammonia

    Intralipid. An oil-in-water emulsion derived fromegg phospholipid, soyabean and glycerol.

    Komponen TPN

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    Komponen TPN

    Minerals. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium,magnesium and phosphorus levels need to be

    closely monitored Trace Elements. Zinc, copper, manganese,selenium, fluorine and iodine are provided in anumber of commercial TPN preparations.

    Vitamins. The daily requirements for both waterand fat soluble vitamins can be provided in TPN

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    Parenteral Nutrition Vitamin Guidelines

    Vitamin FDAGuidelines*

    A IU 3300 IU

    D IU 200 IU

    E IU 10 IU

    K mcg 150 mcg

    Cmg

    200

    Folate mcg 600

    Niacin mg 40

    Vitamin FDAGuidelines*

    B2 mg 3.6

    B1 mg 6

    B6 mg 6

    B12 mg 5.0

    Biotin mcg 60

    B5 dexpanthenol mg

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    *Federal Register 66(77): April 20, 2000

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    Calculating Calories

    Carbohydrate :

    ml/24h TPN x % Dextrose x 3.4 kcal/g = kcal/kg100 x wt (kg)

    Fat : ml/24h 20% intralipid x 2 kcal/ml = kcal/kgwt (kg)

    Protein : g/kg protein x 4 kcal/g = kcal/kg

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    Balance of Calories

    Dextrose: 40% - 60% Amino Acids: 10%- 12% Lipids: 25 50% This is the ideal balance at the completion

    of the advance

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    Electrolytes (mEq/kg/day)

    Infant andToddler

    Children Adolescents

    Na 2-4 2-4 2-3K 1-3 1-3 1-2

    Ca 1-2 0.5-1 0.25-0.5

    Mg 0.25-0.5 0.25-0.5 0.25-0.5

    Phos(mMol)

    1-1.5 0.5-1 0.5-0.75

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    3:1

    Means all 3 main ingredients are in one bag Amino acids Fat emulsion Dextrose

    Will not do in neonatal AAs Decreases Ca/phos compatability Cannot see if the Ca/Phos precipitates

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    3:1

    AA % must be at least 2% Must be standard AA Ca + Mg must be < 20 mEq/L

    Cracks the fat emulsion

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    Parenteral base solutions

    Karbohidrat Tersedia dalam konsentrasi 5 70%

    D30, D50 and D70 used for manual mixing Asam amino

    Available in 3, 3.5, 5, 7, 8.5, 10, 15, 20% solutions 8.5% and 10% generally used for manual mixing

    Lemak 10% emulsions = 1.1 kcal/ml 20% emulsions = 2 kcal/ml 30% emulsions = 3 kcal/ml (used only in mixing TNA, not

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    Other requirements

    Fluid 30 to 50 ml/kg (1.5 to 3 L/day) Sterile water is added to PN admixture to meet

    fluid requirements Electrolytes

    Use acetate or chloride forms to managemetabolic acidosis or alkalosis

    Vitamins: multivitamin formulations Trace elements

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    PN Solution Components a

    Central Peripheral---Solutions--- Solutions

    Lipid- Dextrose- based based

    Dextrose 14.5% 35.0%

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    Initiation of PN: Formulation

    Generally energy and protein needs can be

    met in adults by day 2 or 3 In neonates and peds, time to reach full

    support relates inversely to age, may be 3-

    5 days

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    Initiation of PN: formulation

    As protein associated with few metabolic side effects,maximum amount of protein can be given on the firstday, up to 60-70 grams/liter

    Maximum carbohydrate given first day 150-200g/day or a 15-20% final dextrose concentration

    In patients with glucose intolerance, 100-150 gdextrose or 10-15% glucose concentration may begiven initially

    ASPEN Nutrition Support Practice Manual 2005; p. 98-99

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    0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Ketika akan menggunakan TPN, konfirmasikanlabel tas TPN dengan bentuk order yang asli

    Larutan dapat dimodifikasi berdasarkan hasillaboratorium, gangguan yang dialami,hypermetabolism, atau faktor lain.

    Lipid: emulsi lipid yang tersedia secara komersialsering ditambahkan untuk memasok asam lemak

    esensial dan trigliserida; 20 sampai 30% dari totalkalori biasanya diberikan sebagai lipid.

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    Pemberian TPN

    Sebelum TPN diberikan, lihat larutan yang masihtertutup.

    Ini harus jelas dan bebas dari bahan mengambang.Remas tas dengan lembut atau amati wadahlarutan untuk memastikan tidak ada kebocoran.

    Jangan menggunakan solusi jika sudah berubah

    warna, jika mengandung partikel, atau jikakantong atau wadah bocor.

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    Pemberian TPN

    Karena larutan TPN kebanyakan terkonsentrasi dandapat menyebabkan trombosis vena perifer, maka

    biasanya diperlukan kateter vena sentral. Larutannya dimulai perlahan-lahan pada 50%

    dihitung dari kebutuhan biasanya untuk 24 jam pertama

    Insulin: Jumlah insulin reguler yang diberikan(ditambahkan secara langsung ke larutan TPN)tergantung pada tingkat glukosa darah

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    Two-in-One PN

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    PN Compounding Machines:Automix

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    PN Compounding Machines:

    Micromix

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    Document in Chart

    Type of feeding formula and tube Method (bolus, drip, pump) Rate and water flush Intake energy and protein

    Tolerance, complications, andcorrective actions Patient education

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    Thanks !!

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