'PRE S.\ H -\W:\ K GA 7,F,'!"I'E, \f -\Y ;~. 1005.

was wet 111111slipppry II/'cIUII<' a s\\'alll\'was cl\lIe(l, (II the end 1\f1'. Dauben,,"s

a keenly eonh'btctllllateh hy 2 goals I" ,;ii,

~ hc ilinienlt to singl!' out any of I II" pb,I'-~inl mention owing to I.he sO(ld,," IlIIIj

of the "rol1l](l, which l1lacl(~ it alllll''':... to kcpp '~)J]e's footing IIm;id(,s \\'ilichUk Enropcilll;;. w() fane,\', hiHlIy !:illIf,'it,d

, ;t o[ "wilill" which 1\'(' hop(' will he l't;-~M.silne b.y regular pl'actice, 111111judging h,"'. .I.111'1IIlilnC(~1\nl1 till' intercst shown in the

....ks as if foothall \\'0111<1hal'l. its ilevntees

. .. ...l't apart for IlllLtchcs.--

, 'lIt:sdH" the :,LlI iw;tHnl. a(, tilt: BHII fOOl-

" .. nlHtc':h took plill'c 11('1,\\('('n "the 1Iul;1\11and "till' I\all 1111'isihl., all(l Mighty"

hotlybeing

IJII;&lCh stan"d at .J.-t:) I'. ~I. and after I~, ,j ;::anIP, ('llIh~tl in a lll-a\\', JI(.ilhe,rside

'Ire,

'-1, \;sihlu" hacb. allll g',,"d 1\('''I'"r pbyed a:...i"l' )..(;11111',"l't"l1 "",'ing' \\111:>11nmtters

~... ~croll~., ,..' .wing l'el'n'''''lltetithlJ two t",UIU;;---

if"->\11 III'..incihle,-I.<:--:\h .l'eng, I" .\11 Nell <Cilptain), fell,

,to, Xanl. 1I((II~b((I'l"s:-ml:al)()(,. V, IL aeG. :\o!!i, i'ull {J(/!.i..s:--I'l1s(,,tlld I\:IIn 12;-

;'",.l:-H,i.I,et. '

if'"..,II1I\'i~ibl" allll \Iight.y tl'illll."~.$:--SHlle1I, Z, ,J, ?llon\(.in.,' 'I', Ah Seng

~1"~1.in\,C. .\h Heng,.J IIlon;.;. lfa{f-baci.'s:'---~'oall, U. .\njin, V, Chong Vah, Full-\b FO()lIg. I11H1L, linlpl1ng. Uoa/:--IJ.Egoh,

:.. KClldie kilHlly acl:ell ;os HefC!I'ee," ondllsh,n of the 111"1<:11till; "lnyil1cihl(~,,"t.,n.,inccl by tll(! "Invisible" tl'!\ln.

,1Ioerpel'llliltilq:; tlII'S(! teams will ngaill Illeetf':;UI pl'OX i 1111),

-[II\'ineibl,!s" I1pheld their Hallie on thi1:!311el tll1.il' 0ppollents did not !\.ppenl'eno.l)..(h. thollgh heing .. In\'isible". we

;hey (lid 'not appcar at all. It is to bei howen!1' t hnt the\' eOlll.l S!'(' Cl\Ch other

holl' (li(l they l;llInage to" paHs ". Vid" set' :~lIytltil1)..( after tlw elitert!\inlllent'?

."'tcr'$ accolillt of the I'l'p!:(,l'clings is very~A.~. U.'

'III!"C'IIIII.

-,I-,,uowing addition!; wem Iliadf! to the MuseumIIW:aduring Fchl.tmr,'" March nnel April:

Zoeu,()(;«'AI. COI,r.l>("I'Io:\S.

11.11.tI... Hajah Muda [P]

'l UBU I' [,1>]

a6ctiom; or l'iYl~r uwl SI~1IUsb II!!\'t! III~PII In't~s(lntcd to lhe~ Dr. Hos~ (1'out lh'jHU";- !"iYc.:rILntl 1\Kpil. hlkc, and by F.h.4iII., from Bintl11u. Amongst t,hem Kl'e H.number of species

eollE'ct,ion nnd some npparelltly new to scicnco.t-xpt.d nUtt'IY.IIPW Spt'e:i"N of Borllt'IUI fish hK\'C ;yet to be

TIlt' .'ol1:iij:!utl1cmt !"l'llt dowu by DI'. Ho~f' 'I'lim I~upit 1,,1\(' ,,,,,1H:'j~tIIg riVt'I' iuclUUt!<1l1lt: foJlowillg- SlU-cit.s ;-

()~tt~lI(:hjllt~ dttlLtUK(h.tnn,'hilujo( 1\1\lwjn IIl'IIHi1'llillr1HI~, l'pogOllI~II1'1'11"IH'uhllloidt.'sIln d.m.. fllKd"tns

~; :1,~~II.)"~\~' ~~I:~'~~~I~..'1 i'l

"01.111'1)\":; ptiracUsI'uIo>..:.! ',.1:; In\\"Ilk r.J,

...11 hils Sp.~ I )111Ig-Ha tlH'lIiutl:*( '1'\'ptf.),tenIH hexnplt"'llti'''Cr:\'ptu)lterl1~ mkl'optls {~I.Cl'yptopterll~ Sp."En~I'allli~ Iru,')nIlOl.hil" ('.II"CYllnf.{lo6sIUI SI',.Pl'istt,I('piN Sl'.

ilild IUI 111.1\11O\\'Il l't~l'c-itl.

F. .1. D. Cox l~~cJ.. .If IHlitlll1i ~U'lit Lilt! (f)IJowill~! :--.;\ 1111has I'>t'llllflf"ll~

)o:'l'lIIln rlll1culliusEIlf,.:"'lIlIliH Iu'e\'it't'p:-;ElIgT+tlllis )\aIllIlH,leusisgl,~rnllli~ COtllllll cmiulllis

IJI.lluIIU, J1..isli~~H;tl'ui,ll's~l'I":II'llrHOt.UR {lruLusPloto~us cUHiusffrit~llil1ru~ s"valn

'.lI!.{>I'j\}iUIi jlu'huu(~ltoI'iIIt'1I1U:. tilllll't.i.tll.tl'i

"'1':'JItIlIIl rll!ic:intil"()phiun'pIIllIIlK III.n.lux"11t'llIinllllpllIlH t:lllltol'iK.~JIIg'iI !melialuilli 1'.'1.('llIpt'u 1iII,,:J,

.\. E. l.la\n'c'lIc~ Esq., uf ~llIkHh, Sc'ut It slll'citllC'lI IIf. .\IILc'llIlIIl"iuN 1I1"1"11I1I1"1I1n5,

/".'U'r!I'i.The Ilorjlt~all il1:-icct fuulIa is (,xl'Ct~di1Ig'I,\' rich Hli(1 IlIiWY Ittlditi1m."I

to Ih.' t'ollt,(:tillil IIIL"I! llN'1I IIHuh.. AlIJulIg~t thl'bC HI'I' :

Allthct"~H j Itl III fl1,;(;11 H. Ii En~rett ENCJ.('hol'odYJ>us haalli H, H. A, Day ESII':\."laJh'UPI'S Ui(h'oll .J. H. .Brodie, ESIJ.Pl"isolllt'l"a s1'. O. JJrucct Escl..~'Halll'I)}1H~ 8}1. eollect~d.

,\ In!";,.:"('('flllt~ctioll IIf IIIO;;'lllIilol':i is Iwillg' HlllelC'. 'flll~.~ IlI'lon;.: to lilt'lit'lIf'I'U

*( :111(,.~. *Sl.q.~olll.\"ia .:vlatlsulliit . .-\1~tlCS .U l'IHIOt.,II'lIill . :\11>giLl'laiIlIlS. A(~dl'UIII,\hl III HI . ~\lIoplaelt~K.

'1'lu'.\ '\I~I'I' (:nllpc:tl.d from tile jUl11-'"h. Hlul fl'Oll1 homws. ~lIlHe h01lserUl'llts \\,,'1',. lU't'!(('1I1('tl hy HI'. HUl'kt'l\ I\1H1 ..UIIII' II.\' (I. LUIIg' E~f1. whoU1MI g"iI\I' nl1"iOlid 1"pidopkrn,

E'1'HNOGHAPHl('.\L COLJ,EC'f'ION.

~ Unll",i III',HI H. H, the Hnjah ~rlld.~ltltl('ll)r 1\.)"1111 IJUI'1 ,'ol1stl'nctet1 fOl' lll'il~ 011 1'lIpid~

IJIHH,\H Y.

i,P111'1II',11",

AIIIIIIIII l:t'11u1'Ll~t~illt'll MltfWtlll1(it'IIt!I'" hu';Ct.'tI\l'lIllI 4 p'll'h1,tit.I,1 (~fIIOlllhi"tl ~Jl1KOUIIlChicHRO Zool, Sf!~.it.s'

Vol. IV. Parts I 1111I111 : By ,')I;I:hall;':l'j:\0\ itHh's Zt)uIOKicUl', Vol. XI No. a .

1

1'cI.I.. .. Vol. XII. PIIJAllllnl!; uml MaJ:. of NRt. HiKtol'Y Vol. XV !\o~. ~(i 1111(1117(;eulogy vf N. \\'. Horll~o--C. Schmidt. DI".Harkfn. (PJMWWIIIII COlllp. /'001. Ih.l'YRrd Uollegt:-

Bal.l'lld,ia und Hcptilc:s fl'0111]i(Lhanuu)-~1'. Bal'lIout' lPjGt'olclJ.:,\ l't!flOl't HUl'uwnk nlltl H.,douF c1iMtl'il't.-

J, H. Scl'i\'eIH1I' 111w Author [P]SpoHn Z",dan;cII, ""I.I.l'n.'t 111. tBy I'''change]AnlHm\ l~eptU't, [!Kl1, Smithsonian IUBtitutn \Va~hil1gtoll [1))

'J'11f'f~olcl IUld Coni iUhU'!" of ~"I'nwlll\.

rN 1110 hop" thnt it mny prove o( illterest to,lllUII."of our leaders, we publish in full the followingReport' OIJ the Geology of 8lu!1.wak by Mr, J.,B.Scri\'elJor, Geologist, of the Federated Mal:!.y States"who recently visited Sarawak for the pmpose ofiJlYestigl~ting illto the occnrrence of golt1 and coal in\':!.dolJ~ Districts,

--

[I'd)

(n~o 1.00 U:A I. ,pEP AJt'l:j1IEN'I" ,I". J!I. S.,Ku.\LA.LuMl'tJR. 19th January, 1905.

A HEPOB.'I', ON 'fHE. GEOJ~OGY OF' 'fUEHESlDENCY OJ<' .SA!U,WAR, AND OJ!"'PHI': SADONG DIS'I'lUCT, BOHNEO.'\VI'fH SPECIAL l~EFER1~NCF~ '1'0' 'J'IIKOCCUHRENCE OF GOLD AND COAlJ.

8n:,-T h:we the honour to present my report onmv visit tn Sllrawak, whellce I returned on the 4th,o(Decembet' ult.

~. 'l.'he ,primary, object of my mission can beeXpla.inetl in u. few words. 'It has for some time

[I'd]

. ~ig'llit\cK fI~\\' to the eol1e~tion.

..

--

~--_.._._...THE SAltA WAK GAZg'l"l'E, MAY ;3, ID05.

_. __u .__

taown to those interested in gold mining'IIiBated Malay States that certain goldSu-awak are being worked by Messrs. the_pany, Ltd., at a handsome profit, and

of tbe fact that the 01'8,a,s far as can bem!\nagers' returns, is lIO richer than

nised in the gold mines of Pahang andilan. '1'he first quarter of last year I

f.D preparing a preliminary report on theof the Federated Malay States; and soiy impressed was I with what I had seen.red advisable to ask the Govel'lllnent to

..y visiting Sarawak with a view t.o dis-Thy mines in the one country should bediscouraging condition while those in themaking big profits out of equally poor

~. A point that made me extremely curionsche Sarawak mines was that J. had heard

,..logical conditions were vcry similar to- ing in the Federated Malay 8tates.

.my say at once, is certltinly the case,UIe ore worked differs in impoJ:tr~nt pointsfound here, important in that they admit

, cheaper method of working rather thltllmark a type of stone entirely llifferellt

a.'!aatmay be expected in our gold Jield.~ondary object that I had in view wasiIlyself as to the n,ode of occurrence of

wak, in order to be able to gange morethe possibilities of payable coal existing

ted Malay States.er, I may say that the geologicrt\ data

ill Sarawak, apart frol11those directly con-. - the mineral deposIts, are of immense

'Q::ein my work in the Native States. 'I'his,IS a subject with wbich I shall den] more

"*'" annual report.[Cmain points, whicb I disregarded as IIOt

munediate moment, could not be decidecl.Y stay in Sarawak. As regards the more. - data in search of which I went, I am able

t.he results have exceeded my expecta-I am hopeful-though by no meansf being able to apply the knowledge Ito the advantage of tbe milling inclustry

A descriptiollof the minero.l depositsttvawak and my conclusions will bo fonnel

,bs /31onwards.

'\::b is my pleasant duty to reco1'<1mygratitude-mstance and hospitality received at the

Inlthe Gove1'llment of Samwak and Messrs.Company, Ltd. I wonid especil\lly men-

names of Mr. H. B. Crocker, Actingof Sadong, who conducted me over practi-

whole of his district. al1e1of Mr. J. S..od Bau, whose assifltallcc ill my geological

of great value..£a spite of the enormous SI7.('of the ishmcl,

r of BOl'l1eo is by no llleans a closed book,.almost entirely, to the efforls of the Dntch

: '.notably R. D. M. Verbeck and G. A. P.In Sarawak, the most valuable work

been the determination of fossil ren1ltin<;R. B. Newton1; but in the field geology

nothing has been done; 0. marked con-the energy with which the zoology of thehas been worked out by English scientists.

papers on Sarawak that I need mention

n. D. and R. Holland; on E:Ol1\eTcrtiary ForurncniCcrncollected. by Prol. Molellf?raal and \.he I"t. Mr. A. H.

~ their compnriRon with sImilar f01'1118from 8nmf\tl'R... )1ag. of Nat. His~. Ser. 7, Vol. iii. p. 245, 18UU. Also&. B..,on (\ Jurassic Lnmellibrn.llch and some other flRsodn.tec1

thf' Sarawnk Hive\" IJimestones of J1orJl(~o;with a sl{etchic Fauna of that rsland. Geol. Mag. p. 407, IBU7.

beyond those a.lreac1yq lIoted are by the late Mr.. A.H. Everett and Herr F. Groder1.

8. In order to give a.s clear o.n idea as possiblecf tbe geology of the districts I ha.ve visited it i~necessary first to rcview the lateHt conclusions thathave been arrivecl Itt by the Dutch geologists. Forthis purpose Prof. Molengraaf's "Geological Ex-plol'lttions in Centml Borneo, 18\)8-04," is IllOstvaluable, not only beca.use it embodies the mostrecent observations, but also beca-use the portion ofBorneo described is not far distant from Ulu Sl~ra.-wak ancl DIu Sadong, ltl\(1 may therefore be pre-slimed to be not reillotely connected geologicallywith the l~reas I have examined ~. An earlier workis Dr. Posewitz' "Geology of Borneo"." As Itdigest of the views of numerous geologists a.ndmining engineem this volume is extremely useful.

U. - In tbe summary of his observations in Cen-trrtl Bomeo, l\folengra[l,f first mentions certainArchman crystalline scbists.1. A doubt as to theirbeing Archooan is admitted by the :1\1thor, but thisview has been a.dopted on his maps.

10. ':I'he sediments cOllsidered by lvIoleng1'attf tobe the olde.,t ill Borneo are comprised iu his" oldslate fOl'l\latioIl5" characterised by "phyllitic clay-slate," altel'lH1.ting with beds of sandstone, grey-wacke, greyw.wke s]ate and quartzite. It is con-sidered to be the' o]dest formation ill Bomeoll,because it is more elisturhed, and hecause of thepetrological char:\cter. '1'he :\ge is unknown; butIt is probable that a portion of the same formationin Suma.tnt is Mesozoi0.

11. '1'he'''Danau formatio1l7," f;o-cltllcd becauseof its development ill the Great JJltke District, isplaced next in ItscenCling order. It consists ofvarious igneous rocks, qnart7,ite, chert., ja.sper,homstone, elay-slate, o.nd sandstone. HadioJariaarc ahun(hnt in the ja.sper and homstone, and ltrCoccasionally fonnel in the chert anel in tuffs. Dr.Hincle finds tha.t these radioltll ia dfnote, in [1.11pro-bability, a .Tumssic age8, but addl; that it is possiblethl1t they I~re IJower Cretaceous. In the hillydistrict of BoenglUl It few beds or very fiat lenses oflimestoneO appeal' interca.lated bet,ween the foldedbeds of the Danan formation.

12. '1'0 the Cretaceons10 belong cerLnill ]lIa.rl~,sandstones, greywacke o.nd arkose. Orbitolinil Con-caVil, :Llttn. chamcteristic of the Cenolllo,nialJ,determines the age of these beels. 011 the HivcrSeberoewang Molengraaf fonnd imperfect remainsof echinoderms, mnmonites, anel shells (1\Iollllsca '1).

13. Under the" Eogene fOrIlJationll" Mulen-graaf lIJentions certain bonlders of grit containingNummulites I1nd OrbitoidcR. ~t'hcse i\ll'. H. 13.Newton determines as Oligocene.12

14. Uneler the" 'J'crtiary Sandstone fOl:Juat,ion"is placed It serieR of salJds~one and 'lua.l't7.itic ;;and-stolJe with intercala.ted clatstone, coal, and clay-stone with fossils. In South Borneo (Hiu.lll Kiwaand Kanan) Verbeek bas descl'i bed '1'ertiary bedswhich he di-:ides into three stages, alpha, bcta, awlgamma, alpha being sltndstone with coal, beta marl,

, ~. ---_._--

~ Everett, A. H., Notes on the dist.ribl1tion oll1selulll1in-cml>~in Sal'l\wRk. Jour. Str. Brsuch R.oy. Asilltic Soc.. July,IBiS, p. lB; and Grodcr, F., DaB Alltin1OD1'orkommen inDistrikte Serll\vak !till Nord Borneo. Qllecksilbcl'\'or]<OlJ1mcnin Sal'l\wak. Verhl\uelJl1ugen del' kaiscrlich.liOniglichcn gen.logischen llcichsanstalt in Wieu, IHi6, Nos. II and ,I.

· Moleugrnal, G. A. F., GeologicalExplomtiollsin Cen!'r".!BOl'l1eo, with an appendix on Fossil Radiol..."i... 01 Cent",,1Borneo by Dr. G. ,J. Hinde. Londou, Keg...n P!I1111\ud Co.,1902.

o Poscwit7., '1'., Homeo: its Geology Itnd ]\fineml ReSOIlt'cnB.'l'l'Itllsll\tion b.y F. H. Hl\teh. Edwl\\'d Stnnford, Lo,,,lon, Jtm~.

~ 01" cit. p. 407. 5 01'. cit. p. 410· Optcit. p. 4HJ. 7 Op. cit. p. oil<!.

01'. cit. p. 50Appe!ldixi. · 01" cit. p. 410.'0 Op. cit. p. 421' 11 Op. eit. p. 4:!1I.12 n. H. N',wton ,\11<1R. Hollnnd, Ol!. cit. p. 2:;1.

!',,1.'

. j

.'

I

I

J

. "-'---'--'-'-~---'." ...--...

'l'Hg SARAWAK GAZET'l'E, MAY H, HI05.. , 4_._ 4...._._

1imestolle. III alpha lerd i1l1prelisiulisI:.od together with some other fOlisils,

,::arena Borneensis; beta is charneterizf!dPengaronensis; while gam1llll iK rich

and also contains corals, echill(ld(~I'IIIS,~:!:as,and gRsteropods.':e. 1I10st unfortl1llRtely, Molengl'aaf k,s

~I giving any petrological detail ill ili"W'COllllt of the igneous rock of Ceutral:I1<.,tso useful a guide as that of the sedi-

: RIH1moreover, the absence of these'<lIC <loubtful ahout the precise signi-

~l11e of the terlllS elllploy~d. In thet Jlts. gmni te lIll(l associated tonalite occllr.,. all<lmuscovite occur in A. modification

.Ie; and f~nlhdusitH, biotite, actinolite,u.d Illuscovite are fou\lll ill the schists

~C,'t with sedimentary stmta. Both the,..,.;1 tOlHtiih! IHe sOlnetillJeS gneissic.

~ 3re fOillid ill the 8emitau Hillli ; whileDistrict t\1l,l the Hoellgan Hilb; tour-lit£>, tonalite, 1L11gite tona.lite, and tour-'te are found. 'l'he agr' of the gmni-the toualites is unknol'. nIL:; a whole,

they are certainly youngpr tlmn thetion. .

he, gabbl'O alld lwrite, aro IIlentioned.".]..:>tileal1(l serpentine were found on the

JewnK nnd in the Hlttaug Lupin' districtjn!;t ()\'f~r thH Dutch border. '['hey are

"U.II thc DanlUI f,n'lIIation.,,<:iated with the 1)auau fOl'lllutioli are.'UCh all include(ll1nd(~1 the term diabase.

,,"111)"1')'I~Ul1porphyriw In'f~also InentiolieLl.'..bnic rocl,s are abuudaut ill Ceutml Bor-

figure largely in the ~'liiller i\Its. where'. .i 'l'ertiary age, and Ine RITIIngeLl along a

,fr:s..:ture corresponding to other lines of,,'hich govern the pn::;ellt relief of Cen-

,,}I. '['hey comprise amphibole andesite,file dacite, amphibole porphyrite, hyper-

_,~ite, cllsta,tite andt'site. augite [1,ndehite; rhyolitic pitcbstone, Llltcite obsidian,

",ite, Inica dacite and tuffs. Other vol-are the north slopes of the Schwanl'r

,~ _put of the basin of the RRiuba HiveI'.Q. :UTiving ill Knehing (Reptember 2Uth) [,-~ up the S:m~wak H.ivel: to the gold mines.,ed Ridi, where I obtftine<l a general ideu. of

1'eof the gold field. On the 12th October'. from Knching for Sadong, where I visited

ament COltl mines, and ItlSOwent up the,;Sadong, Sinltmjan and K1't1ng, with MI'.

On November :1th I went to Santubong~ counect, as far as possible, the geologie:d!)f the eonl and goJ(l districts; Itlld OIlNo-

,14&.hI went again to the gold mines, wnere-~,.ftinnti1 the'27th, thus cOlllpleting rny work.Tile rocks entering into the structure of tbe

Ine limestone, sometimes with chert, nlarl,.uh thin sandstolle bl~llds, and thick salld-

,Ih grit l\IId eonglomerate, which are closelywith the shale. 111tIle coal distriet of

shale, sandstone, grit a11l1conglomerate[;. _hile ill Ulu Sadong, slmle, salH1stono and

I:.e are agttill met witll. In the coa.l fieldrocks occur; fwd lip the Sin;unjall and

ni,"ers in Sadong they were ,dso met with.Limestolle occurs in Upper Sa.rawak as the8\ extremity of It long line of limestone ont-

'Ccstel1l1ingthroughout the whole of Ha.ro.\vak.',;ual1y, at allY rate, two well ma.rke<l types of

may be recognised in this district. One ofti chamcterized by the abundance of calcite

.. large fusiforlll gasteropoLl, unfortunatelyto collect, owillg to the compact nature of

Ii, and, it is feftred, impossible to identify

100"._.0___'.'. ...~..____..._____

geuerically. 'rhis type may be either pale blue-greyOl'pale-hrown in colotH'. It is very clearly exposedon the Sarawak Hiver between Bidi Rid Bau, and11.1sllIWill.'the Club at the latter place. A micro-Kcopi.. ('xMninu.tion of specimens fr01l1the SRrawakltin.1.' proves the presence vf fommenifera, some re-f...;ahle to the JlfiliolidaJ, others rC'sembling Textula-ria, and also strllctures referable to conds andsponges. '.L'he other type is characterised by thepreponderance of corals l\nd bryozoa over othel'forllls ; ana, as far as I can gather, it was from thislimestone that the specimens of Hetel'opol'l/, Stylina,and the sponge Corynella were eollected by Mr. A.H. Everett; specimens which led Mr. Newton toascribe !L M,esozoic age to the rock.2 :Mr. N ewtollrdso Lleseribes in the SI~ll1epaper:! It limellibranch,which, the author thinlo;, probably came fW11I theUpper 8arawilk limestone likewise. 'J'his is Alec-ll'IJonia amol', D'Orb, 1\species restricted, in Bumpe,to the Middle Oolite. On the combined evi(lence ofthis shell and the other fossils Mr. N ewtoll refers

all tlw IipecilI1erJsof limestone to the i\1iddle Oolite:!'This second type, therefore, will be referred to intltis report as the Middle Oolite limestone.

'2iJ. 'J'he distribution of the fossils in the MiddleOolite limestone is by no lIJeans uniform. Locl\llythey are so abundant as to constitute uearly thewhole llH1.IiSof the rock. In other places they occurspOl'IH1ieally,or along certain lines only.

24. 'l.'his lVJiddle Oolite limestone is abl1JH1antin

the vicinity of Bltu, Bidi and Jambnsan, :londI1.lsointhe Samwak Hive\' above Bau penlmlen. It variesin colou\', but a deep hlue is common. '['he micro-scope i:;hews that it is crowded with Illinute org:lon-isms, funong which may be recognized calcareollsalgae 1111<1fontlllenifem. At SlI San Shien I found!t Ilulnber of echinoid spines rcs!!lnbling eloselythose of Cidan:s glalldifel'((.

26. At Hettoo, in Ulu Sadong, I collected lillle-stone specimens of 1\ pale-brown colour, and likemost of the Upper Sarawak limestone, veined withcalcite. Rections prepared from one of !'hese speci-mens i:;hew that the rock is largely made np of snH\1loolitic grains. Obscnre microscopic organisms arepresent, but, a.lthough in the field I saw fossils thatmight be either crinoid sterns 01'echinoid spines, itmust be confessed thl~t the palaeontological evidencefor correlating this limestone with that oC UpperSarawak might be stronger.

2(i. I. have said tha~ provisionally two types oflimestone can be recognize(1. It is possible tht\tthe limestone with chert forllls a third disti 1ct type,marldllg a cel'tain horizon; but as )'et I have noproof of it; indeed, at Bau, it seems to be doselyassociated with the Middle Oolite limestone.

'27. '['he ehert, which is almlogol1s to the flint ofthe English clndk, occurs in two forms: at Didi,where it is well exposed in the big cave in Mt. 1(1\-pm, as beds of detached nodules; at Ban as con-tinl10us deposits reaching two inches or more inthickness. '1'be Bidi ehert contains some rf1.diolariaalld foramenifera; that at Bau is a m!\..ssof orgftll-iSIJJS,amongst which 1\ foramenifer resembling Tex-tularia is the best preservcd. HRdiolaria and spongespicules .ue probl\bly represel1ted by calcite replace-ments.

-., ~._~ , ".-"-

, 01" cit. p. 441. " Geo\. Mug. p. 4Hi, 1897. "I" 41<1.,i 01" cit. p. 4]5.

.__ " .._ n

THE SAltA 'oNAi\. ,GAL::;E'l"l'E, MAY H, HI05.

!\ are elosel)' Itssocin.tec1 wi tlJ 1.110rpper Rn.rawak, in fa.ct I eoncludedr:asses into the other imperc:eptibly.

I\io of argillaceous matter varies COII-: I1l1lcss a shaley snucture i>istrongly

WIly by the resistance of I.hi;; com-,~'gble residnc to weathering thai; tIle

cingllished fl'OlII the other in the field.! exposed in ~everal loc:alities, hut

bere at Su San Hhien, IHtrt of thethe weathercd roc), sheil's allllll-

~i)s. At'rai Parit, also 011 the ]hu~y of marl has been tlLken fmnl n

''''"1!'5t this tlelJl'is Honw I't"naills "I' ;1111-£.-Ulltl.

'")11 the 'J'lLi PiI.rit lIJ:nl Pl'ores (.f) bc)'Jrganisllls, sOllie of which, pl'Ohahly

'f! heeu repln.cerl hy I)lULl'tl.. TIll: ~11..~k conttLins rccogniy.:\.ble elLlCal'('olls

ifem, coml lLlIll sponge structlll'CfL11near the Han penlm.lall sl)(,\\'s Vi-

:"/01111ria.

iru..aon1illtHY ruck tlm1. IllUst h.: 111011-':. a coarse eale:\J.'colls eOIlI-(JOI\Il'I'ltt(~ ox.

:~Oll of an anticlillc UII d)(' ril-(ill h:Lllk'.\ Hiver hl1tween B:tll alH1 Bicli. It i~"colour, alld the IIlatrix appc:!.l';, to he

us. I SttW one or two IlIa$fWSof corn.].,Juhmt pebhles are of dlel't :tllt! SlLIII!-

me dn.rk pebh)c~ ,.,freI'H~scP wit,h aei,!.'1f'I"2Ul\rkahle compollellt of this cOlIl-(lo-

~er, is eOIL!. ill roul1,lerl (>l'hhll's "oat,e,l~l'1th c:Llcito.

; the linwstollo is intillHLl.ely assoeia.tl',1d,~. it is also illJp'Js~ihle to dra\o\' :1 lilll'Blarls alld cCl'tain overlyillg slIlLl,' 'Llld

11'11<1agn.in. it is'ilnpnssibil', .011the a:,ail-"" and II'IH'II dllt\ :tlln\\'''.IH~e hn.s 1.1'1'11

'~-..I :tltel'at,ioll. tn sPp:l.ratc' iIlI' [1Pl'(~I'~::f" alld sltll(1s10l,C fl'f)nl thai. or :\1:\.l.an).:,

. ,,\ :-iadullg.

t-,'pel' Sn.l'n.wak tIlt) most stl'ikillg: fe:Ltlll:etlw pl'cscnee nf nLlliolal'ia, he:LUtifnll.\'

.in ..hale incll1sions in the iglleolls rod ILt~1<->U,B:tll, and in the ill,lnmte,l shale at

with tho SILIIW)'t>ek. ~nw. Imd tll"sl'~ fmglllcnt aml the i/ltlumto,l 1'111I.10:doll'~

.. w co'ntaill 1'l1l1ioltLI.'ia,I should hav,~ bee:!'nit tlmt they might possihly he silieificd

.le of till! I'esnl t of :L lIIicl'Llseopic COIII-. tJ.e two rocks, anrl ill spite of lilY inter.<!! the section exposed elOf;(~ by. Hut at

, n there is :Llarge exposure of slmh) ill;$t1l1dl1. septal'ia,1I nodule, which, 011 Leiug

es nlso to he full of mrliflhritL. Fnrther,prepared frolll altered sl!:Lle collected at-I Imve fOllnd r1istinct I'elllains of radio-

'~,p same fOl'II1, and n\llHerO\1S snlwl'ical

'-'~:\l't7. which I believe to he casts nf thc8111S.

ales al'e well exposerl at Hidi, especiall.\' in,"'I1g Mines, IIcal' one of which, No. tI., J

"'\Ce of fossil vegetatioll. At Ball L fOllllds in the shales beyonll those lIoted, but

"ng, where the sal1dstolle is largely Ile-I fOlllld 0.similal' trace of vugetatiulJ, Onbetween Bl1.un.nd Busan plant l'eIlHI.ins,insandv and well-ileii.ned seams, can bl'lseenions: III a pepper gl1.rden Ileal' Bllsall I

outcrop of salldstolle very rich in the sanwIt hetween Pua){ Itlld Ja1l1hl1~l\lI J fOllnd IL

or sH,ndstone o.lso contlLinill~ them. All!'1tremaillS reselllble those Itt Sadollg.1------

;till~ thi~ I h.Wf) !leanl fr()I)I Mr. P"wll.\ I.h"t I~hcd("()nl ha,..; IH-O'!IJf0l1l1(1with tht'. goltl nrl' :l.t,GI'P.Yt~

- ---------

:,14. 011 till! H,tmwH.k HiveI' hd\\"~':11 Bidi :1.\1(1BlIsall there i1\'e seveml sections or sh:de and slwd-stone: and at low tj(1e. all tlll~ \\'ay to Kuchingshales are visi ble at intervals Oil ei ther hank.

H5, 'i'he nH)lIntaiu mass, !\Iat:tn.~. consists, illgreat parl at ILI1'yrate, of Hlmle, s:mdst.onc, anll n.

little conglonHJratn. At one spot r saw IL thill smLIHof fossil wnoll. 'rhe SCl'1eshigh up dw lIlolllltainhas heen ll.lt.pl'cd 1,0 sOllie I'"tl'ut hy igneous intru-sions.

:Hi. Oil 1I1I~ tmd: froll! I\.lwlling to L'cndillg.ngaill, Lsaw vngutable remains in shalo.

H7. 'J.'h.~isul:tte,l SantubolJg Muuntain, like i\1a-t.n,lIg, i;; IIlIltIe up of slnde. san,htoill', and eonglo-I/Icrat.e, with SOIJlO ignl101ls rocks. So also n.re thuhills 1.111the sOllt,h side of tIll! ](lIal". when~ thel'l~ tn'()';(HlIe very g()()(1 :>ectiow; of intcllsely hal'd pllr!,luIlll(trtr.it,e with s('colllliLI'Y hiotite. "I'pl'es(~nting the:shale anll sandstoue altered by dynaillie IIIeta III01.'-phisJU allt! iglleoll~ illt\'1lsions. ltivl'l' sectious, Le-tweell 8alltuuoug and i\latallg slHm' the cOl1l1trythere also to he (',oJuposec1 of siluil.n I'()('ks. At H~LlJ-tubollg 1 obt:tilled c\'itlelH:e of fos,.,il \'j'g(:tatioll ill

the sIIILI(~at Lhe he1Ldof tIll: 1\llIeh Co.':-, wnter sup-ply; whiln at two poillts I fOlllltl Inrgl' pi,,':es orfossil \\'ood ill ':OtLIse l'onglo,onl'lLLt'.

:!K. IIJ tlte Sa,long distl'i.:L (.1"'1'1' is all '~IIOI'lUOUK

deve)0L>IIWIJt of ,.,h:de alld Hltll,l,.,tOIll<. C"llglollleI'ILI;e,hown\'ur. :O.PI"~;HS to he hilt pood.\' I'I'I"'f~seIlLecl. Alit.tle was f')l111l1 at Ow coal JniIJl'~.

;'I\J. '1'111: hill ill which the ~a,lolll-( ,"'al semll~ isbeing \\'orkl~,l is l'olujiosed of .\'eJlol\' 01' white saud-StOIIt~. IOf)sely eeillel:tetl, with the .:oll~lollIl'mte jns!;IIlI.'lItio!ll"l. :111,1gJ't.y shale with ahlllld,tlli !,In.lIt re-uJaius,llI.t, it is 1.0 he regretted. ill a slIl1il<i()lltly goo(l,.,tatl' 1)1' "l'usl'l'I':Ltion 1'01' i,lelltifieati"lI. SOllie or thes:tIH1sto:il' also ,:olltains plant 1'I'IIl:tiIlS.

.10. I ip th~. Saclong riv(:I', :Ibo\',. ({(.dollg. the eoalIlII'aSIlI',: ...hall: alld Siliidstolll: :11'1'1111'\ \\ il,h ill several

scd-ioll,.,: alld 1111 1I. gravel hanl, 11t':l1' 'I':tI)(~kallg IfOllnd a qllalltity of f;oft shall' \'t'I',I'ri,'h ill planll'!:lIln.illi:, ;\t'l'al>':)\:tllg also s:llld"'\"IH' ;IIHI Rlm)e

:L1't' e'\1)(J~e(1. Htill higlwr III' stl'l'alii. hetweell'l'ahekallg and Hettoo, fnrtlwl' I<X\lm;II1't~S nf shaleaud sIU111RtOlJt>.with occasional traec,., of fl)SRil

vegel;a.liOIl in either. OCClll'; \I'hil,' IlI'n.I'I:1' I tettoo 0110lil'st. pn.Sf<es It IUIlIJ}wr or islet,., rOl'lIlt'd 01 cO:l,rse

conglollwmte. allcl1'llell, ill the >illwll stl'U;LIIJ cOluingfrou) tilt, Dyal, village, eUCOIIlJtl'rs a. IIlass of lime-stone. Iwir1elltlv an . extellsil.1n of 11)(' hig' IilllCstollr)hill on tll(~ Idf;lmnk. Between Ihis linll'slolle fl.n,1

the U.vak village shale II.IHl s:lllds!OI\(' are n.gaillexposed. III the shale I SltW SOli 1(' ohselll'(' casts of()l'ganl~lJIs.

41. The igneolls rocks of U1'1":1' a,IIll LowerS:tl'lLwak lIIay he broadly grolll'od IlIld(:1' two heads,whose IlIutll:d I'ClfLtiolls it lilts b"('11 illlpo:>slhie to:nrin' at with ecnainty. VlIlIel' 1.1,,:lil'~t. hea.d areIllllIlCl'OnS dykes, aud perhai)H sills, lIearly a1waysC()ntaillil1~ porphyritic cl'yst~ls, \"hile 1111(101'thesecond are mllci, larger mass!"s of m'eJl aJld fi IIngrained holocrystallie rocks seell a.t :->ijnnj'tng (OIl<)fir tl", hill!'; n.t Halltllhong), i\of:LtH.llg.alld I\,t 'I'lL FawSimko a snmll hill :ullong the !'('PI"'I' gnnlell 11<:1\1'Busau.

-12. f t is l)()sRible that there 111:1..'I", lava HawsItIJlong the Upper Hamwak igneolls roeh referableto t;hose descn bed by Molengmatr \s!',' a.bove). Per-sonally, howe\'pL'. I have seell no cOII\'in(,ing evi,lencoof tlwil' OCCllrl'IHlce; but, without sl'eilll-( t.he exposuresill the 'id.l. 110 olle could distillgllish het.ween thedyl,e rocks ftlld certaill andesites alill dacites. 'l'hatthey were originally cOllnectecl with aurleRitic JaVltfiOWRt,lmt existed a.t a higher ICl'd it/lIl ha YO beellannulled away, is extl'emely pl'obaLII'.- ':ju.,,' ~~('or1.(r-;eu.JJI, higher up tlic'Tilil: 1~ 10 lOW11'-. n.

- -- ---

'l'HE SARA\VAK GAZET'fE! MAY H, 1905. 102_._n _ ~ u o._

dyke rocl\8 mry only slightly IIlIwllg!oJJd it lUay ue that their most mill' ked

that betweell II.glassy and II.CI',\">;t/l,lIilledue to weathering. On the otlll'l" hllllll

J dyke rock Illay owe its origin r,lI !lIOn,lIg 011 the edge of t.he i!ltrnderl \11;1t('ria i.

"F ofthe most pInt those clyke rocl\s \\"IIii a.\~ hase are so much deCOllJpOsecl that iI j,..;. ! that the Ilature of the fcrl'Olllaglicsil~11

~n bc recognized with ecrtainty. ;bulgillg,, fnmJ the composition of thu m;sociated

i:. k.e rock, they were i II all probability hom-...",'1 hyperstllClH!. '1'}1Oglassy typc is very

; !l(lntits of an accuratc cletcl'1l1inatillll of~tllent minerals. Goml exn!llples oc:cur I~tHuli; 'raiton; betwean Ban alld .1a.ibol1g;

~.t to Ban on the Bnsan path. fll all thes~(hp roek is hillcl, 11l1clhas tlte appmll'!lJlce

..s, 'lil', I'orl'hyritic crystals of a c.:!ear felspal'r.1allt. al1l1 freque!ltly a lllll'k Inilleml Cllll be

111a h:\l'('\ specimell. Un(ler the microscope_(lm:188 is seen to IJe an isotropic dass, full

Ie douhly refmcting I1Jicropiths' u.n~l c(l:mlly'-'f)'stals of !lmgl1etite. 'i'he fcbpal' is II

il' with high extinction IIlIglcs; while the.. lesian8 ll1'e hypersthelle ;Ilid hOl'1lblende ind lwiSill s, fll the BUl1kok rock hiotite GCCt11'S

.\11 interestillg J'ock OeClirs nel1\' GUl10ng

L rli. It is Idl1lOst white for the nlUst part,,;.ajIlS dark strcnks of IIlnterial. lmrclcl' thall~4 ..I' tll!' )'()('k. \\"llieh giv" it II p('clilial''''oCt' UII \\'(mtheJ'illg, 'l.'It() C'xposllres, ill d(~lIs(~

. ...n, IlOt v"l'y sntisfactoJ'Y, all(l I call1lot 1m. ..Is exact IIILtl11'e;but judgillg from the slides.u t\\'o specimens, which shew ill one a fillc

. ~I);;aic, witll .\'ellow gaJ'net, wollastonite, and!~.ite associate(l alollg ('<H-Lainlines, al1d in

a quartz alnl felspaJ' lll",;aie with plagioclasests, wollastol1ite, ILnd perhaps scal'olite, T

that it Illarks tbe junctiml het\\'C!ell all"Hek IUll1 all illlpllrC! limestolle.

1'he igneous rocks at 1IIatiUlg, cOlllprised ill1(1group. IIl'e, judging fr01I1 their petl'ologielll

'ristics, ill aJl probltbility bugt'J' IIIIISS!1t..ted with rne1is such as those just (lcscrih(~ll.the specimens col1ected it IlIigbt be ItssUlllc(1

Ibcl'C llJ'e two distinct types at Matang,..~he1\l~ gabbl'O (l1orite) luu1 (flltlrtz diorite; but1:5reasol1 to believe that both have consolidatec1die same JllagllHL, sinee some slides she\\' IIwith cIml'ltcteristics interl1lediatl! betwecn the

_\t SijelljlLng quartz (liorite, precisely the~ that ILtl\[tLtltl1g,is found; aUf1there arc also

. liS containing hypersthene. A.(:areful search, resnlt in the hypel'sthclw gahbro hcinl,(,..erell_ 'i'he specimens from 'l'a I.'a\\"Rlmk Itre

diurite slightly weathered.'l'he quartz dioritC' contain" hiotite. green

1.own hOl'llblenclu, II bltlgioclase felHLHlrwithextillctjon angles, :~lIela little ()llartz, The

hene gabbro cOlltains fL silllilar plagioclaseIrregular massefl of the rhombic PYJ'Oxelle.

011 Matang 1 collected spfcimens of It very:1fine gmilleu rock <:losely IIs50ciatml with the

diorite anelhypersthene gabbro, which proved,asemble the dykes of Upper Samwl1.k, Olle

ell, however, has the grullnd III(U;~cOl11posedtdspar lathes shewillg Itow strnctnre. At Slwtu-

I found on the beach, on the south siele of the. boulderl:! of coarse grainell ophitic diabase in

all the pyroxene has IIBell l\ltel'lJd to feLted. amphibole.

\Vith rcgard to tho llOJIlOnclatlll'c uf theHa.rawa.l<dyke rocks, it entirely uepellds 011

a.nangement of the igneous rocl,8 is followed.myself, I 11.111inclined to think of them as

-- ------

" ._-..---

I "hypersthene porphyrites" .(the term "porphyrite"! having no referellce to nge or alteration) I becauseI this describes the relations of the rocks ill the field;: 11\11I alii perfectl) relLd)' to admit thn.t 1\[1'. Howo,

tlw ~fll1l1lger of Hidi, has quite as goou groullds for'uullillg IhemluJdesites. Authorities of equI\1 weight(:lIlIlcj I": quoted for either nOlllelwlntnre; ILI1dill theI"i"',i .1£ this fact T think it is hest to leave the rockst() be called whatever lIIay appeal' 1110<;tsuitable toin(li vidnal opinions.

!iO. Igneous l'O~liS were found in the Sadongdistrict :Lt J'llIlllll anel Propok, un the gimunjallHivm', I\nc1 on Olll1ong Mcrhau. ..Tlll1ging [ro!l1 theirCOll1positioll gold 111!\)'IICCIll'in any of these localities,!unl the 1'ropok l'Ouks present other poiuts of interest.'1'he first of tllO specil1lens c:011ected there is n linegmillccl diabase"~ idclItical with a rock foul1d !LtPllnda. Anotll"I' is 1\ cORrseJ'diabase with colollr-less augite; whil(~ a t,lIiI'll , unfortllllntely IlOt seeu illsitu, is mfemble to the variolitic <liabases describeclby ~le8srfl. C()It~ IIIIc1Grcgory.l 1 hope to give afllller (ll-'scription of these roclis elsewhere.

iiJ.. Olle I'l'Ublcnl ill Bnmwak of great illlpOl'tallee[1'0111a }>l\I'ely scielltific poiut of view I Imtl to It~al'eIIlIsoh-ell. IIILllIelv, the l'eln.ti ve horizolls of the!\rgillaceous alld ~relll\c~o\1S rocks in Upper Sarawak,!Lt 1\11\tang, lit. Salltllbong' !Llltl ill the Sndollg <listriet.Ro fltl' 8S call be judged from the strike and petl'o-logicnl feltt1l1'es, I couhl see 110reason for seplll'atingthe heels expnsed in the Hadonl,( coal miues fromthose at Snnt\1bollg ILn<1Matallg, but the only ren.lIyn:linhle (~\'id(;)lce ill the ease of loen.lities sitllatcclltts\1eh a distanc:e fro!l1 olle another-nhollt fifty IIlilcs

t,hnt of IIrgllllic rell tai liS, il:! illsufliciellt. 'rherl'ert.iary liulestoue of V erbcek. funnel nssociatedwith the cOld IlIcasures elsewhere, is here ILbsent, asfar as is kUOWII, th~: plaut I'IJlllllillS are uudetcrllliu-ahle. alld 110specimells of Nllmlllulites or Orbitvidesha\'e heen fouuo in 11I1Yof the rocks in question.011 tbe other lmnd the radioltLril\ founel in the alteredflha1e at S!Lutnhllllg l:il11110t bn distillgnisherl fr01l1tlh~se il1 the Upper Samwllk rocks, all Df which benra grcater resemblallce to Cl'l/osl'hvc/'a thal1 to :LIIYoth~,r gel1ufl; but II correlatiol1 uf mcks so fal' apart,althollgh pctt'ologieally similar, ou tIll' el'idel1cc ofolle clnestiOlHlble gelll1s of a dass witll Sl) widea l'al1ge ill tillJe e0l1h1 han11y he helel to he sOlllHl.The RllIllc bellring pllLllt I'cmllil1s at Salltlloollg audil1 Uppet' Samwak is closely Hssociatc(1 with theshale with 1'Ildiolarin~. It will be rememhere:l thatl\lolen~nll\f's Dn.nan fOl'1Ilation, which is nch inmdiolarin, including abundant examples of CCIII).~-1'1/(Jera, is stated by Dr. Hinde to be probably,Jurassic, or possibly Lower Cretaceous. [11 Upper.SILl'lLWllk1\'[1'. Newton hn.s referred the Limestonespecilllens to the l\lic101e Oolite, 'l'he limestonebeds ullderlie both the marl :l11eltIll! shale Ilnd sanel-stolle.

5'1. ']'he physicltl feMmes of the gola field ofUppel' Ha\'(lwak heal' a strong reS~l11blance to thoseof the limestollc districts of the Federated MalayHttttBS, T,iHlestune hills rise abruptly from thevalley of the Sitrawak river, and further, we getsiJllilar low rolling shnle ILnd sandstone hills. Asregards geologicaf features, I am not ill a positionto say yet whether we have rocks of .1ul'Ilssic age or\lot, unless the Rhmtie be t,aken as the lowest pa.rtof the .Jura.ssic: but it is now ~ert:tin that in part ofUlu Pahang t,he limestone is below the l\lyophoriasllndstone. If due allown.nce is made loi' t.hedift'erence i\l degree of metamorphism. the petro-

, Cole, G. A. ,J.,l\nd J. W. Grcgol')', on thc y,U'iolitic Hocks.of Mont Ge,,,,,'l'c, Qnart. JonI'. Geol. Soc., xlvi, limO, p. 2U5,I\nd Grexol',I",.J. W., on the Vilriolitic Diabasc of tho l<'ichLel./{obil'ge,QUI\\'t.JOIII'.,Oeo!. Soc., xlvii.. IH91,p. .15.

· It iHpossible that the mdioll\l'hll'ep,'esf!nt the l'eUlUlUltofthe limestone lanna still stru/{gling agt\iust the I\lto'l'ml con.ditiOtl~.

J

..

'rHE SAHAWAK GA~Err'l'I~, MAY 3, 1905.." -.-----n_.' .,______.________...

'ties ill either country are very RLriking.yet found allY igneous rocks identical

of Sarawak, but the "grecnstoneR"~.u cloi>ely, EUJd ali>u Lalw LIlt) i>11I1lE:r,',le

~ as the dykes in thc Upper Hm'awal,

-::ominating feature of the Upper Sara-~,~ is the valley of the 8araWltk Hiver,

close to the Dutch border, flowR N. E.~ \Y. side of the big limestone hills of

whose S. Eo boundary Illay be sE1idtoRange, composed, I am il1fonned, ofconglomerate. '1'0 the N. VV. of theis another long range of hillfl, the

, " aiso, I am told, composed of snndstonel1>"'rnte. 'I'hc N .B.-S.vV. trend ofthe HowCap southern hnlf of the BUl1go Hange,t t.hese hillR are il1timately cOlJltected

tion of the \'alley. The 11or th C)1']1,~l1go HH.nge turns eastwan].

, ;c tbe excep1.ioll of the '1'egora mercury~',e country in Upper Sarawltk that 1,_ bounded by the HivcrR SCH'aWltkand_ thanks to the assistance ftfforded mc,'I"awle, Howe, Geikie, and others, 1 wai>

vaillable data concerning the st.ructure.;' which, it iR to be regrctted, canlJot

,i e in a simple din.gram. AR it iR I:JUrto explailJ as shortly as pcssible.

mncstone 11J:St,I alii indehtecl to :r-.rr.ihewing 111e mallY exposnreR lJear Bidi

~ding conltl be plaillly secn. The'eel me to distingnisb betwp.en bedding

,..III other lin]estonc sectionR, not .alwaysr. From ~7 exposures, Jargl') alld

'iug the sections 011the Sn.rawak Hi vel',':tr-t tbe limestone hedR have beell sub-

,T55-eientpressure to canRC them to henndulating ftnticlinefl aud sYllclincR,

IjIIttr~tlein dip, but occasionally, as at Bau,. nclinatioll. 'rhe dip referred to is 80°.d10e Sl1rawl1k Hiver sections it. is IJO°.

iuclill:1.tion is between '.'w0am! 80". ],]Hi\'er the ttntielinal folds are hen.uti-

..tIel it is seen tbere (;IJf1.tthe gasleropocl:ii$;\Iways below a coral lilnestone, whieh

present be referred to Mr. Newton's'/ie. }<'mther, one of these) river sectionsibe calcareous conglomerate mentioued

iunnecliatelv Etbovethe r.liddle OoliteUMl below we~thercd Rhales whieh may

I)' been calcareons. In other sectiousmarl can be seen apparently eOllform-

above the limestone. 'l'he nHLjority of-Dns taken give a stl'i!\e of N.li;.-t>.vV.

,_.howe\'er, Sa.m Tziam, Bau. a general,'V.-S.E. can be seen over an tHea oft

sbale alJd sandstone :Lre luuell nlore,!:at) the limestone, as shewn by the steep-, dips. 'l'he strike, however, iR generally

, or n.pproaehing that direction.-ng, however, is not the only disturbanceob~erva.ble in Upper Sarawak. There

I evidence of faultiug in the strike of theTaiton, close under till) perpemlicular

cliffs; and in the Ja.ibong valley, where it&om the bedding of the limestonc hills

n.nd sandstone in the valley has beenIn both these cases the line of 'Iis-

~ut north A.ndsouth. and the (lown-bave been over 300 It:igneous dykes cut both the limestone

a.nd s!1.ndstone. '1.'here are not sum-s to deduce any general direction for

:rotUecertainly trend N.R-S.'\\'. l\Iore-

--- -----

over, two hiBs compaRed of dyke rock have a generaltrend in that direction.

:J8. At Mataug and Hautu bong the dips in shaleand Randstone :ue nlncb more rcgnlrtr tilltn in UpperSarawak, ItIJd, but for one well marked !ille ltt H:I,n-tllbong, not so greatly inclined. AlolIg this linethe shale A.ndsl1nclstolle are cOllvcrted into a compactpurple ballele<l (lllA.l't7.itc with biotite, and trendvery regularly N .K-S.'\V. On the SalltnhongMonlltaill 1 Sl1W[1 gooll example of a dyke, Rimi]arto those in Upper Sara.wlLk, tl'elJding N.-S.

5\). One 1I10re point concerning the Rtrnctnre o[the country I Jnust Illclltion hefore leaving thesubject, namely, the pussibility of their being auullconfol'luity between the limestone 111111the shale,which, J fOIllItI, waRheld to be the casehy gcutle-meu living in Upper Hamwak. rutting asil1e then1[1.rIRfor the ]>reRcut. two nmsolls were addnce<l forconsidel'illg tlmt an uIH:onfoJ:]uity exists. The lirstWits tlHtt uuderneath the more or lesR weathereilshales the Rllrface of tile limestone is carved iutopinnaeleR. This means t.lmt the pinnacles wereformed before the shalt~R were deposited. Now, themoverneutfl that have (listurbecl the shales musthave :dTccted t.he older linJestone also, :uIIl all thepiunaeles I saw were vtH.ticl1.l. It iR, 1 think, muc:bIUOl'e relLsonable to suppose that the pilll\aclcs wereformed not only after tbe clepositiou of the Rlmlc, butafter tbey Imd been so den udell aR OIl]Y to Ica\'e tt

thill \\'eatbcn:d cap, than Losuppose that having beenfonned before the deposItion of t,Ii() sbnle, they baveeRcapell being move(l out of the vertic::tl. '1'0 supposethat they were origin:tlly tiltecl ill every direction andhave beell pushed into their present positioll .wouldlIe illlpossibk. 'rhe utileI' reason WIL;;tb.Lt the simleRIHe nJOrc disturbed j;hall the limestonc. 'l'his I donot deny; bnt I alJl obliged to ra,ise ltn ohjcction 'tothe illlplied il1ea that olle causc mni;L I'I'ol1uee theSltJlW I'e!;ult ullder Iliff,'rent conditions. The wostrational expl:tuatioll of the diiTcrencI' in llips illthe liuleHtone alld in tho Rhale appears to Ille to hethat the elLJ:th JUOVeJllellLS affectcllroeks that Wl~l'elIot of tlw saule eOl1sif;t.nUC\', an,l furtlH'l' that thesupel'ineulubent maRs of sh;de [111L1other rocks, IlOwmuch of which hILsb()ell denwled aw:w we C[tnllottell,oxerted IL suflicient vertical I'I'()s~ure on thelinle3!<me to partially counteract thn stronger lateralpreRsurc.

liO. '1'hero is, !wwever, a possible reason forsuspeeting a.l1 lllll,:ollforwity in the fact that I'ecog-lIisahlo marls (10 not Edways :tppeal' between theIillJeRt0uc :1.Ild the Rhale, notably ltt Kl'okong, Bidi.Conlclit be provecl that origiually the warl j'ol'lucdawell defined hOl'i7.on over the whole of tlw UpperSarawal, liu]()stoJle, theu the Rell'WJl<:eof sll1tlo OlllillleRtone would Jlecessarily reg uire:1n uncunformityas all explanation. But t.hese orlgilll1.1 conditionRcannot ho !1Sf.Hlllled Oil the evidence to lJn.lId ; aut1moreover, when olle tltl,es into cOlIsjllenttioll theextl'CWC d ifticulty, if IIOt illlpoRsi bility, of diRti nguish-iug between weathered shale and some weltthel'edllHtl'I, allll the illiprob:tbility of the depoRitioll ofcalcareous lIla.tter decreltsiug at an equal mte allrlf;illluituneously over so large an 1LJ.'eIL[1,:,;thltt rqwr-sented by the lilncstone ilistriet of Upper Sn.~'aw[1,1\.I think that. tbeir presence pointR nlO)'() to a gradualpa~sage frr,HlIlimestone to shale than tJ all UllCOIl-fOl'lJlity. But tbe most valuable evidellee in f;Uprortof an ullcollfol'lliity is thc extraorclillary calcareollsconglomerate in the Hl1rn.wak l{iver. .It conton.inscoal, salHlstonc, a.nd ebert, wbieh JJlllst all hiwebeen dori ved fl'om rocks older tllltll the Rhale,sandstone, and conglomerate of Upper Hara,,;ak,unless a portion of tbe series haR thinllecl Ollt to.nothillg in this particular spot, which wotdc1 mealithat while Micldle Oolite limcstolle was beit1~

deposited ill olle pl:1ee, sandstone alltl coal wcr'e

"i",.)

J

__h ..._....____..._THE SAHAWAK GAZETTE, MAY 3, HJ05.

ionned ill another. The chert is idell ti:u I.bat in the limestone. I do not attempt to

hcre the significance of this calcareous COII-te; it, together with othcr datil i h.\.I'c,place me ill 11.position Inore dimclI It thllll

. which Molengrnaf foulld himself ill Clllllle<:-..ith the Bogene boulders of Centrul Bon;"". I

~£INEnAL DEl'OHI'l'S.COAL.

Tile coal seam being workecl at Haclong varieK'-rnhh' ill thiclmess; Imt lltlll told tlwt~' !)" is.\~-Sth~ average. Its genoml strike IS 'I';.-\\'.,:' '(I is 1 in 4 or 1ao sonthwanl Oil the Ilorth sille

, bill, bnt it hecolllcs tiattl,)r Oil the south. rtb)' se\'tmd small fanlls, two o!'which were seen

, ..~, 11, both trending N.\Y.-S.K and throwillg~:111 for a mattcr of t.WO 01' tl,ree fnet. Onf .lIlIe plan the following falllls an, nll\rke,l:~.X.W.-S.S.K, Inuie \\'.S.\\'.,' throw ~' !i"; (:J)"-:00", hadillg'250o, throw 2'; C.)) 'vV.N.W.-T-;.S.K,

'" R.S.\V., throw:J' (i"; (-I):\.'\V..H,K, IUHling. tbrow (\'. The JllawLgcr is ai' Lhe opillioll

. . crc limy be a fold eallsillg tile :;,).LIII to l1ip!'" ..l~('pl'y on the east... 'rhe nlass of the cual \\'orkecl is Ol'liill'lry

bitnm;no\1f; coal, light ill weight IIIHI easily:,.<1:<1. ] II sOllle pans it cOllbtins a cOllsidemble

Jt of calcite. '],he nssociatt'd shRle cOllttLills

.. C,",ill sllIall (IURlltities locally; hut; I (lid lIot see\t'Jlbilll~rable amount. ill th(~ coa\. [S,l\\' s(~\'el'itl

d) rr"g\l\ents of a d,!()l' 1>ro\\'n coa\.'I'he SIL,lollg coal is largely used 011 tho gold

.,.. J{ Upper fhu-awllk Both there 'alld Oil theI1I1(:Sthemselv,~s I ha\'e heal'll ILgood report of

: hmns well alld does not leave Illuch ash.-Illy object,ions to it raised \\'ere that it gives IL

". ,.moke and hreaks \1p so Sillall in the tires tlmt" ,r.s have to be specially Il1T:llIgccl.

But for the r,;light IIJillcmlizl1.tion by pyrites,;j;,;otlealld smH1SL)JJ0 Ilssociated with the conI sllt~1\'

~i:.i!...;1ISof al t.erati 01I.GOLI).

'l'llC gold deposits of Upper Hamwal, lllaY IH~in three g1"U\1pS, those at Bftll, thm;e~ at

1IIlIHl Bidi, and those at .1nlllbusan.The gol(l worl,ings ILtDau are scatterml over

<t' ;trelL of low-I ing lallel, ovcrlool,ed hy Ban!"t"ilJ, iL fille eXII.lIlpl(' of a limestone hill. At%.me of nlY visit the nlost illlportant worl, WILS.",:.o1one at 'I,'ai Pari t /llJd iIJ IL big open work

Lhe mili, the latter locality giving a very good./11of are in situ, '1'0 ilescribe in detail this ore

"~J be both long and t('(lious; allO 1 doubt very: whether the dl!scriptiull wou Id gi \'e a gooduf ti,e rmdit.y. 'l'lw deposit. may be s\1lJl1lled

11'.." few words by saying that it is a dark hreccial1.,o,entinga mass of shale, salldstone, and lillie-

" all jumbled np to,[(ether in ILn extraordinaryr, celliented by siliet~'JlIs nlatter, and further

:ted by dyke roek which ilia)' be brecci!\,ted 11.lso.trend of the deposit is N.R-S.'\V. On the S.K

IOU1\try is a dellse pale grey limestone; on the N.;.be €\'idence is not \"ery clear on account of the

Ilposed condition of the ground, hut from WhlLt" l think the countr,)' is probably limestone ILiso.the south-west end of the open cut, where most

was being dOlle, are Inasses of dark coloured~ with huge float bonlclers of limestone and of~h o!'e. 'l'he limestolle is distinctly w!\,ter worn~me elistllnce frolJl the ~lJ1'face. 'J\o the S. E. of

, opell cut another pamJlel hody of are has beend. At ,!'ai Parit masses of very tough black

in, with a siliceous Cell\ellt, are worl,ed, ILildalsot mottled, and deep red and yellow, surface clltYs-+ ~--

',. See MOlenl:l'lu.!.op. cit. pp. 423.425,lIne!this report,[lh 14, gil"ill!-(Yerucck's stages,

101

alill soil, in which are float boulders of the brecciaal\o the limestone, the latter generally crowded withthe Mill.lIe Oolite fossils, Hecent undergl'oundopt-'l'ILLillllShave proved tbe existence of the open.WOI'k01'1'!\'nd the are rmming parallel to it at a depthof \1:1ft, from surface. .

(i7, ,:Iose to the openwork, and trending atri,:l.i angles to it so as to form the stem of a '1', isU rey's Ridge, where a lot of stone has been won1'roln the surface. Hen]gar was abullllant. No workwas being ilolle whell I saw it, Imd as far as I coul<lgllthm' only float boulders of the saille black breccia,wcre t.11,en.

fiR. At Ham 'rzinlll a horizolltal bed of breccia insitn was worked fo!' some time in limestone country;and 1 saw mlLsses of black lIlud beillg tllken ant of abig crevice with limestone 011 the foot, and dykerock (JlI the hRllging wall.

GD. :\t Su Sail Hhien there have heell extensiveworl,ings. SOlfle of these l1.ppeared to be similar tothe 'J.'ai Parit operations, the saUlc brecciated stonebeing pre<;ent; but two of them require special notice.'l'he first is dose to the l\hna.ger's how;e ;1,ndcOlJsistsof It large working fnee 011the side of It small hill.At the base of the seetion 011the lIoL'th is ~l darklimestone followerl by the decomposed marls witheasts of orgfLlJisms. Above this marl is a f'Lult tren-ding lIeally N .-8. ILlidhading E.. willch appears tocut off the 1l1~l.rlfrom II dellse black shale, the lowerpart of whieh, howewer, nH1Y possibly representdecalcifie(l tmnsition beels from llIari to shale. '!'heo\'(~cnts through the centre of this blnck shl1.le. Itis of the usual brecciated type where exposed in theopen. Auove the Sllld~ aud apparently parallel tothe hedding a sill of the typical igneolls rock oceurs,l1.bout; ]5 ft. in thickness. Above this agaillweathereli shale is seell extellding upwI1rds to thesurfaee. A level was put into the hill on tIle southside of the face following the iullctioll of the shalealill sill; and it was here that the speeilllens of shalewi th radiolaria were found.

70. The other 8u San Shien working consists ofILseries of pits fm1l1which all extraordInary pyriticore has heell tl1.l(Cn. Himilar ore ha:; been found atanotlwr locality all the Ban ground,

71. are hilS been found at nnmerous other places011the Ball area, uut since it call all he plac;ed ullderolle of the types describerl there is 110IIf~edto lIoticeit further.

7'2. At '.l'aiton SOllieore IllLsliltely beelJ llisc;over-ed which, while tl'ltversing limestone countrv itself,also contains a hll'g~ percentl1.ge of el1lcltreous. matterwith ealcite crystals-, and is Hallb!Cl by masses oflarj.!er crystals, 'rhe mass of the (JI'~ is black orgrey, Illld the crystals of white calcite set in it pro-duce .L very fine effect. Mud, clrLy, and soil havebeen workeli for some time at 'l'aiton ; also, I 11.111informed, a black ureccia of the. ordinary type.

7:-1. Close to 'l'aiton, at Bl1.tu Inche oeman, 11.bhwk breech, is being worked ill a hll'ge limestonecrevice trending N,N.'\V,-S,S,E,The are containsa cOllsidemble' quantity of rcalgn.l'. Dyke rockoc;cnrs at Tl1iton.

74. At Bidi all the workings lie on !\,nalTOWbeltof country trending N. K-S. IvV"which, however,is not necessarily the directiotJ of the Ore bodiesthemselves.

75. 'fhe solid ore from all the Bidi workings is 11ll1inemlized dark breccia. 'rhe principal work isheing ca.rried on in the Bunlwk mine, I1nd 11t Kro-kong, some way to the N. E, of the settlCluent.

70. At Bunkok It trinch has been cut R-\V.across the are, giving a good section of the ground.On the east ilj II mass of limestone; then blackmineralized shale for 15 ft" aud then the are, On

I the west is more limestone with clay between the-

-.THE SAn.-\.\VAK GAZETTE, ;\trAY 3, 1905.

Aoles. At Bunkok !tlso there is It mass of <lytiCwhich I~ppen.rsto be part of I~UK-\V. intrusion.

'ii, 1'he "Beyond Bunlwk" deposit is remark-. for being extremoly rich iu l~r8euic I~<;realgar. the native metal. "rhe j uUCtiOllof the ore witbtimestoue can be very clearly secn here. It is

ed by the occurrence of pinl, calcite traversedRDo.lIveim of ore. Mr. Howe informed me thatflepth the <lark ore died out Itnd glwe place t,o a I. veiu of the pink calcite containing a little ILr-,~ and gold. Mr. Howe ILlso informcd me tlmt

ore certainly extend" along the flu1'face in eitheriou. but is \lot worth working.

_ At Krolwng all the bh\Ck hreccil\ appears to; brdly mineralized at all; but that this is not

case really is shewn by the high assays obtaine<l., all the workings that I saw It thin cap of weather-

~ale overlies the limestone. Most of the orecd has beeu from float boulders an<l elaybetween the limestone pinnacles. '

',~. The most remarkable thing about Kl'Okong I

~t as yet no dyke rock has beeu discovered.it is either hidden in jungle, or is a short "my

inr the smCace. I do not hesitate to think is ex-Iy probable. It is Curther worth noting that

1Ild Chinese workings have been found Itt 1\1'0-. this almost certainly being cllle to tllp. fltctthere is no visible g,)I(1.

ji('. In all the cases so Cl\rquoted tlw blaek brec-CIOusistsof fragments of either i>hale or ~ilicitiea

and sandstone, sometimes also )ilI\estonc,ted by silica, and sometimes calcite.

At Jalllbusall a elifferellt type of ore occurs.country is limestone, but the stone has quite 0.ot appearance. Instead of the compact blackbreccia there is 110IIln.Sf!of calcite containingangular pieces of pale brown lilllestollc, Itnd

n-ed hy ballel~ of siliceous UHtttCl',prohl\bly dc-from solutioll. Visible gold occms splLrsely

these bands. Apl\rt from the limestone c1ILrk, IJlIovingthe appel\rallce of brecciated frn.g-

also occur. but they are most probably frag-of the siliceous bands broken up after their

tioll by subsequent ll10vements in thr. loeleOne body oC ore at Ja,mbusl\lI has beell

at a depth of 120 ft. ; alld judging Crom Ull-und opero.tions it would appellI' that it has the

of a curved sheet.

lie. I have collected several notes on the assay~rIof various types oCore over the Upper Dal'l1.wak

field. but the best idea of the ILIl10untof gold'buted over the country can be gained Crom the'ng returns. 1'hus at Ba.u, for the firflt 11I~lfof.the average a.ssay was 5. 2 d wt. per ton; whileNovember. 1898, to 31st Jnly. 1904. 448,319bave been treated at the same mine, giving

oz. fine gold, whioh figures give an averageof :J.88 dwt. of fine gold extracted pel' ton.! AttIle ore is slightly higher grade.

'l'hrough the courtesy of Mr. \V. H. Hamiltonable to give the following analyses of Bidi stone.yield of gold is above the average. 'rhe highutages of a.rsenic give great trouhle in working;

i\ is Itlso interesting to note the small amount.phur.

nese figuresare givenwith the permissiol1of Mr. Po.wle..--- --- -- - - ---

------------H4. Mr../. S. Geilde killdly gave me the follow-

ing analysis of It s!~ll1pleoC the pyritic ore at Su 81mShiel], Bau. Antimony happened to hI; !tb~cnt inthis sample, but it is known to occm' in thc ore.l~rolll assays it is £oUlHl thn.t gold \'l\rieR frolll 15dwt.-l t O~. This Slt11!pllJ cOlltains 1.2oz. silver pCI:tOil.

S.:\1-;.).'e.CII.Pb./'/1.

;,11.7f):!O.:J2'!.7.H(j

.(),l-uo

),U2

Co.~i 0.,Oxygell and

loss

.:10

.H4

f.J]

!1!UiJ

H!i. '.I'he 0111Ilwl'cury JIIine at Tcgorll.. where cill-lIo.bar WitS wOl'kell 11)' the 1I01'IIeo COIllpn.IIY forseveral years with good rCfmlts, iR 0.11 ext:rcmclyinteresting phee, bllt 1 call not stop here t,) describeit a.t length. '.I.'ho country is highly tilte(] "hale :Llldsandstolle. ::-.iodvl,e rock is 1\110\\'11. 'rile ore if; I.tblo.ck shlLie ILnll ~(I,lIdstone breccia. :\[r. 1'ItIv1eill-forll1lJll me that no tmce of gold was evcr I'011lidthere; ItlflOthat It Rill1ilar brccci" was fOIlIH1,tlittleto tlw south at Glt(ling, but coutainillg rea.lgltl' in-J;teac1 of cinuabar. Cinnabar, howover, was founelI~S"eyes" ill a (lyke roe!<hard by. At .tnother 10-ca.lity in the lIeighbollrhood, every ],Janning of allu-villm gave both gold i~lIel cinnahar. 1tl1n~ also thecinnahar was fonna ill situ in (lykes. CiJlJmbar, thesame gentlelllan tola lI1e, has ncver heen seen atBau. hut lilts beeu found llear BURall [Lull at I'lw.l<.Barytes WItSmentioned n.s occlll'ring n.tTeg-ora. Animportallt poillt concernillg 'regora iR the fact thatthe strings of cinnabar in thfl breccia wel'l")COllsta,lIt-Iy Cound to be Caultec1,while Mr. H. n. Evel'l~tl;in-formed me that in elepth the whole hrcecia had thea.ppea1'lLnceof heing cut off by ft fault.

e(j. 'rhe following list of minerals fOllna iu UpperHamwak IIIftVbe of interest. I have no Ilollbt tha.twere olle abje to devote sutlicient time to the subjectthe number could be increased hy scveml spccies.

Gold, II'c<)n.nd oL\",rwi"c I BillllllCilllitc (loydrol1s I\uti-Silvo,- I JIIOlIl\tC 01 lCfldlI'rollstite· JIImcsollite("II)phidcofCinnn.I>I\L' Itntimou,\' nlullcn.u)Cfllolllel " Galcnl\N "ti,'c n.rscnic Certlssitc 'Heall(Oor BlellllcOl'pinu.mt Pyrites nnd irnn oxidc1-;Mispielwl Co.lcop.\'L'ile and <lecoll1po-Nnti\'f! !Ultill1on.\, ~ition procluct"Stiunilc Mn.ln.chite·SlLr~,wn.kitc' (1111\."ue 1\11. A7.l1ritc "

lilllon.y chlori(le; 1111. Mflll::(l\ncsc oxi,le"ecrtl\ill) Bn.rytes In

Sonl\rmouitc Vil\molH1, 011 the S. E. ofActinlony o('hre~" llllllJ.{OBangeVn.lentinite ·

'1'0 thc "uove )jot 111lL.\,now hc "dde,l the illll'nl'l> coal fonnun.t Grey's Ridge, Ban.

I This percentl\:;:e of As. is low £01'"Dc)'onl] Bnnkok" orc,· :F.h'creU, A. R., op. cit. p. }9.3 Frenzcl, A.. Mincrn.logische~ ltU~ ,10111ost-itHli"chen Al'O)hi.

pelllIin. Mitth. "on 'l'schcrlltl\.k, lA77. Ill..1 r. 0 Frenzc), A., op. cil.· E,'erctt. A. H., op. cit. p. 23. Jp. 21.10 Qlloled h~' Mr. Pllwlc.

rfHE SAnA WAK G:\7,ET"J'E. l\TAY 3, 1905. ]06,

~I"CYminemllil(e cotton wool if; I:c.asinn:dlv the. fact thnt no dyi(e rock has yet been found atin the gold field, 'l'he only spec nen 1. saw KI'OI«)ng or 'l'egol'll., for failure to find it does not

i;:;.the Knching Museum, T am to d it is pl'O- 1l1e,1~1Iit is not there 01"neal" at hand, and it 18not., a "Rriety of stibnite, possi bit- to arrive at IIn accurate estimate of the

The easie~t (ncthol! of O!;t"iiii..~ ,. ";';::1-11

cxtl'!:IIW distance at which a breccia may be affectedive idea of the orp, worked in Upper ~;lm\\':lk hy 1',III:llmtions from igneo:1s masses, Further,

~\Jd helow the mill, eithel' at Jlau 1'1' Hilli, ! SI'pill!.' I,hat goldnp to 1 dwt, per ton is ofteu fonlld

t. watch the tJ'ueks cOluilllf ill 1'1'0111tlll' ..;,ti..IIS I ill 1,"(' dyke rock, mill tlmt cinnfJ,h:~r has been foun(l. and I am incJined to d~ubt whether, apa.1. In the 'dyke rock Rt <Jadillg, I believe, all thelbe evidence of the mill, the fOl'ln of trllclis, strength of evidellce adduced in other countries,

ti..JeChillese coolies, ltl1YOIW would COIIII(,I:I r.lw tlw.t the gold alld cinnabar, and may be the othert.s \\'ith gold minin'g. One set of trucks IIlincrals, were derived fro III the dyke rock, with

_ ladell with loose yellow soil; IUIOtllc<I'with which they were entu.lIgled at the time of irruptioll.,j;<"~1CsoillHixcc1 with hllllJ!H of tlJ(~ .lark !)J'()ccia, III fact, the folding, the irruption of the c1ykes, ItlHl,~. which at I~casual glallce docs IIOt pl'escut ItlJ)' the faultiug, IInd the minemlization of the breccia,

. ,r. of partieular iuwrest.. Another string of nmy be ta.ken to be results of the same movementst.. arrives fnJl of mottled elay, sitch as occurs ilt tl)(~ em'th's crust. '1'hat the nction which took

nly on the sllrfaee of tIle ;tr,~iJlf1.c(,,,uH rlll:](S place in the faltlts during the minerali::ation of theFCIlemtcd Malay ::itate>:;; all()thl~r Jill::; Inore breccia was of a vigorous uatl1l'tJ is, I thillk, shewn

:s ll1ixed with Ilark mllll, which, to lJIl<otc,tIle to he probable by the small veinlets of ore tra\'ersing.,t!;C1'of Bi(li, haH the "collsistellcy or tmin-oiL" the limestone, and possibly also by the fine state of

~~ fire follo\\'0.1 by nlOl'!) trllcks J'lllIging elivision of the golll, I will not stop to discnss the'~ ill la\'O'c bloeks IlIIIl other::; wlJicll :I.'/pcar to f01'ln in which the minerals anived, 'l'here is l~bnll-beell Hned by the coolies with I~ny rubhish dltnt literfttn\'() on the gellesis of orc c1cposits, but ithappelled to hI, hall(ly, l~\'ell if r "'~ takes eaullot he trtJaten satisf1tctnrily cxcept at great

'tiles of thf' ol'e ont of tllP trllck:-; as they pasH lellgth,eX8mil,Ies them with a lmlltl len:=;, signH of !J2, vVith regal'll to the ,;tate of the golll in the.

fGlrzatJon wlllr;uely he Ilu.;covered, m:e, Ilowevel', I will mentioll onc interesting inci-.. lLwillg hean infol'llled that all till' soft Hllil, el(.~III; 1.1mt occlll'rec1 whil!J [ WI\H f~t BI~lI, One

.alld nllld, conmins gold, it does not: semn UIl- mornililf I~Chinaman brouO'ht ill from Slml '['Zjl~11\- a;,able to expect n, cyallitlatio/J phn! ~. It' ,::l:~- some blaek IlIIHl contnil1ing specks of visihle gold,,"t; but OIlC'S astolJislllnclit at the ImtllJ'U nf the A portion (if the sample WI~~panned in cleftn WI\tcr,.. not allowl~d to ;limillish when It 10;101.\1111LIHtL bnt, to the surprise of evmyone, uot e\'cn It colourOIJreCCil~is subjecte(l to tl~c salnl~ I." .,t il'.,'llt. In of gollll'elJ)llillcl1. Anltssay Hhcwcd the llIud to bei.llC best result,s .arc o!JtallJed bv fdlll.''' dH' Yllts I'UlJllillg high, and at first it \vas thonght there Illust

"', A Inlxtnre of ni'~ccra l~l~d the S?ft.. nHttel'mls I ha,ve been some undetectetl oil 011 tlw water. How-u1cr with a httle lune. 1 he breccIa IS lIot even ever, 1t \\'1~Sellscovereel Jf~ter tll1\t each of the specks ,

-,d dowll to t!w consistenc,\' of sand;, ii, is put waH I'c!dly 1\ spongy llIass of gold. in an extremely ,tbe \'ats at Bldl as roatlilldld, thl~t IS, ~-Illeh fiue ~hlte of division, so fine that the individlJ(~l ,Is; while at Ihu it is reducell to hldf inch particles had not bE-en J:trge enoug'll to overcomc

~~)Cnts, the snrf:\ce tension of the watl~I', '[ ,~1lIinclined to

It is hopell thM tite pyritic ore of :-ill ::-)an think tlmt these spongy n1f~sses werc the skeletonswill he \\'orkel1 in the llef\r future by a ';!lwl- of slllall but highly alll'ifm'olls pyrit,es I:r,vstrds which

process, 'l'lw arsenical ores at Bidi itrC IIO\\' lHtil become oxidizetl, .~, experimented on, with a "il:w to findil1~ the na, Although ill the l11lLnlll~r of worliing BILIIand

method of extraetlJ)g tI,Je gl~ld. Jt IS 11>1,1'(11)'Bidi I:;tand unique in the I<:ast, yet there I~I'Uothernry to SI~Y that the IlIgh per('.l)ntage at this glJltl OCCIll'l'enCCS ill the MaI1~'y "\rcl.ipeln.gn which

ile poison iH a :ieriolls, c1tuwback. , wseillble those ill Upper Sal.'f\Wllk. "'01' litemture"... Now Itfter SUllllllll1g up !tll the, eVIdence 011 this subject I. fun indebted to ~II', C, G. \Vlun-e: ued in the various workings ill Upper Sr.r"',wak, ford 1,ock, 111,)' welco!ne cOlllpallic'lI dlll'iug part of

~e no doubt that the dark hreecm IS :', f:tult- IllY visit to 81\l'!twf1.k, who lu\s kinllly lent Ille Mr,"a, ~'esulting fl'Ol11,a system of .faults extellc1!ng 'l'ruscott's paper 011 the occlll'rence and miuing ofa wide arel\, and In all probabIlity of t1.lesanlc "old in the Dutch East ludies l,

as the ~llU!tS seen at ~'aitol~ Hill .Taibong: 'I'his 1'hus, for instance, at BedjalJg TJehong, in 8l\1l1atm,"breccIa III fact, d,enved fl'!?111the shales IUlcl the gold, which is enclosed in a rep.£, is very finelyably 11.1a1'1savel'l'y1I1~ the Illne~t()lll\, nlOl'ks a divid(.)c1, has a black shale brect:ia associated, and~ of disturbance ~lllCh lletel'nuned the p,rcsent is ill cOllntry called "porphyrite or alterell i1.tltlesite."

. ~CI\I ,featmes of Upper Samwak by so Lhl~lI~ It is worked by co 111bined arnldgmnation and cya-raultnlg the rocks as to place, ltt Bau l~nc1BInI, nidation. Sinlih\I' ore occurs in silllilar country at

"!It.E-,S,\V, tract of shale. between l,uud lllnestone 1,eh011O' Roeht, 11el\r Hedjang TJebollg, ana the Sltmc&, an arl'ftngetl1ellt wlneh detel'1lIUlel! tl-:l<cOllrse pl'oces; is employed, In south-east Borneo patches,~ su~'hce dl'ftl11age over ~he softer sbalr.. thereby of alluvial gohl are mentioned, deriveLl from 1\ rock

"ng It to, be Ilenl~lleci q~l1cldy,and leavIng steep which is pJ:Obably altered andesite, \Vriting of tbelone chffs on eltlil!r side. rhe ore at ,To.l11bll- gola in North Celebes, Mr, '1'mscott says; "Speak-

Dlay be reren'ed to. the Sal,lle, s.ystelll of t,aults, ing genel'l~lly, then, the whole known OCCU\'l'ence of,absence of t~le darl( breccia ~)elng expl~,lna.ble gold in North Celebes is l~Ssecolldary deposition or

tbe assumptIOn that at the tUlle of ~heforlUa- impregnation followillg fnwtures which occur chieflyof the, faults the shale was at a hl,~l1"'L'level in an altered andesite or porphyrite rock."

relatIve to the pl'eseut land surface, thlln ( " '. ,, h , 'rt f'" It . ' t '(1 t 'l' e<71 " a Tnllst ,)4, It 18 ulterestll1g to lIote also that :MI', rrlls-,'II' ele, .l1e ,\U s IIIIOt, a ",,.,'L 1

'b I f t

'f

.fI b f I t ' 1 t tl tl e 11' 0 ' ' 1'''' h Ilt

cott l escrl es t Je onna 1011° all Iron matte romus yea a er (a e litll 1 J, ,cc '" v , I C I b I '

} J hI I t t I I t '

I'

e(1 ( I tIle eVI' 11.11are at Soema ata, e e es, w lIC 1 appl'Oac les t emuc 1 a 'er Call110 >e Ie e1'l1l n , J I ,- , , , , .It may be rcmarked, howevcr, that po,;,;ibly' PYl'ltlCera at Su Sail 8111en,Bl\u,

'. represent the last e/Teets of the Hall1Cearth

I

' , - :-mel'lts which "Rve rise to the hrecciu., ' 111111II1Ko 1I.1!1eb~e<1.to MI'. Lock 101' a CII,ttl!lg cOllcel'lJlIlg

, n , , . . , the mcl'cul'Y lJJlIlC III Utah, whcl'c an ore 8111111111'to thnt of~l. '1'I,le IllInerahzed brecc1[\, IS l!}t~m,ately . con- Upper So.mwI\k is wOl'kcd hy .1 similar pmeess-Eng. alld Mill,

:ed wIth the dyke rock I say thlS m spite of Jour.,2i1rc1Dec.,189\).

J

."

---

~1":1

i- --- -'rIlE SAHAWAK GAZE'l"rE, ~L\Y 3, 1905.

;.. for the slight differencein the illtrudedl'IiIItksand in the degree of metn.morphism,

1 in which the Paha.ng and Negri Sem-',_. deposits occur n.gree closely with that of

,,'ak in petrological features. \Ve haveboth light and dark, in either awa; I1na

tbem 0. series of shales and sandstone.however, a difference in age betweenricts, the limestone being Carboniferous.and Jurassic, in part n.t le!\st, in Upper

Tbe only fossils found in the sn.nnstoliBpoint to SoRhretic age, while those oC

tr.nwa.k cannot be older than the Mid(lle, "'itb regard to the age of our gold deposits,

!t~hing known so far to pro"e tlH\t their:.;0 be ascribed to a period distinct from

orhich the Upper Sarawak fault-breccias)fore th!\1l this I do not wish to say until

data concerning the mutual relationsRI1imentR.ry rocks or the Archipelago

Ie, however. it is possible to point to.;!arities, there is no doubt that the ore

: Ic1Unow in the :Federn.ted II'Iaiay Stl\tes'81c.siderably from the Sarawak ore, both in

of the matrix and in the coarser COIl-;~ gold. As to the probability of finding

working ore as this finely mineralized6recciR. in the States, I do not cln.im to

",., deny 01' assert it; but T CR.n 1m)' tlmt 1.co established reasoll militR.til1g against

ity of its occurrence. As I said n.t theent of this report, I 1\11Ihopeful but not

and it is lilY intentioll to see whether nlY, justified by searching perf-otlally Corel'i-:.;.e existence of such vn.luablc StOIlI!. I ao

'~ ~~ ~.'.'i!lb8 c1~j~ct~d by S'J!11e d!~~t the-2'"Siamese would imve beoll sme to filld it

_ but I would point out that in t\amwl\k.,qe workings were confine« to those out-.l1ft visible gold occurred. I~or the rest,

c:,,,uiiling ore, they left it I\lone, not being~ any gold in it. So, I maintain, there

, a:r.mlerous deposits oCsimi]ar cyaniding oreulltouched by anyone; n.nd 1 would

.. that white miners might easily pass byising materio.l as unworthy of sl\lllpling.

!!ere is oue more point I would mentionto the Upper Sarawal, fault-breccias-

luuation I\nd the possibility of worl,ing,jqJt.b. Now, there cn.n be littl!:! doubt tlH\t

fault fissures extend far beyond the 120one I~tleast has been I?roved (J am busan.)t.hl~t similar fOllnatlOns occur high uptone hills (the average height of the

perhaps 600 ft.), and we must admit that',. equal chance of their being encountered

t.he valley. \Vhether the fissures will:["\Id ore in depth, however, depends, I~ t.he distributIOn of the dyke rock; and

tbat actually contiguous, the stone in the'8IIIeC1not n~ce.~sarily be .~uri.~ero.us, fo!' o!le

~" l'et'leuuy e\teu lUbI.l11UU,",IUU U1 ~J.Jt:iin the parent igneous rock or in the

';:ADot.berthing to be taken iuto considerationSarawa.k lodes is that the preseut ore has;ya.ffected by surface enrichment, Rnd that.rove unprofitR.ble to work it below that

the ditl1culties of deep working in a~untry have already beeu experienced I\tJa.lUbusau. \-Vith regard to the con-

er the sha.le breccia in depth, that depends'_ t.be amount of movement, that took pll\cefiaa)~. The masses of breccin. must beixopinch out in accoruance with the generalhure lodes, hut more shl\le breccia, or a

, breccia, nH\Y with equal ren.son he ex-

----

pected below where the WI\lIs or the I'II,nlt('."metogether. It is even possible tlmt more shale beds'occur below the limestone.

98. It remains but to mention the quest,ion of thepossibility of paYl\hlp con.loccurring in the FeueratedMalay States, and I will confine myself to the follow-iug generR.l stn,tement. In Bomeo the cO!d occursin I'Ockswhich, wherever ade<]lH\lchiologicld evidencehas beel! found, have been determilled n.s 'fertiary.No 'l'ertiary roc],s lHe yr.t known in the Federn.tedJ.\:!I\},\YHtates, Moreover. at Sltdollg, whew I sawthe coal 11l00\RIU'CS,the slmle 1\11«salldstone ItrcI\hi,olutely 11Imlterct1 1\1111hn.vl: only 1\slight dip;while jlH'Iging 1'1'011Ithe alllOunt oCIlyn!\lnicI1JlIWtlt-morphislll that ]m8 been ilJdlw,)t! over mOBtof theFedemted M!\II\Y StlLtes, I alii inclined to t10nbtwhether any considemhle coni deposit could 1!I\Vesurvived as 1\ c:01lJmerr.ilt]ItSSI!t,unlm;s I\S grl1phit;e.

'1'0

)!lwe, etc...JOHN H. HClaVI';NC>H.

(;eoln{Ji,~t,F. M. S.

'j'lte Uesidfmt-Genel'lll,[t'edel'llleclMalay 8l(/lc,~,

--Notice.

THE ~tWretflry to the Santwak H,lwes regretsto inforlll thm;c gentlemen who subseribed forBorneo grimn~ for HIO:,) that he is 1IIHtule toprocU1'C' the sallie as owing to the prolonge(lIll'ought in tllA North \Vh(~rAt,llf~pOlliAS firebred the herds have all been taken into theinterior in search of past1ll'e, awl that slwhpOllies as nrc \\'itbin r('.~\chare 1;0poor fromtbe sallie eanse that thE:Y wonld he flllit,eIIseles!:: fOl'mc:ing plll'poses.

,TOHN K .-\. (,1,;WH;,lIolI til'ltl'!)8ccrefctl'!},

, Saramal.: Ba.ce,~.

.t~llJ'iI.

ON another page will he found ILIl interest-ing report on the Geology of 81tl'itWak by Mr.,r. B. Serivenor 01 the FederatrHl :\1abtV Stn,tesGeological Department. "

---ON tlw ~lHl the p. H. ](akfL retlll'lwll fl'()11l

13aml1l. She urought no E11I'opean pa!>snllgers.---ON the arll the s. s. Alice [jr)/'m,il/e sailetl

fur Tii; Ii~)(ln;;.. ---

ON the 4th the p. s. Xaka was (lespateheu.to Singapore to be docked. Mr. Se1'\'ice wentover to superintend her doeking and waRaccompanied hy Mrs. Service.

The sallie (lay the s. s. ]il/chillY sftilcd forSingapore, with passengers-ilIr. O. F. Hicketts,1\11'.,J. H. BalJingal, Mr. Chan Kee Soon, andMrs. Gregg Il,nd children.

Mr. Hieketts has gone )WllWon H IlIon\;hsfurlough. fl'hel'e was a small crowI1 on hoanl tosee him ofTana wish him a !;oocl time.