05 pl@kraf perkhemahan
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OLEH:MOHD ZAIRI BIN HUSAIN,
PENSYARAH,JABATAN PJK,
IPG KAMPUS TEMENGGONG IBRAHIMJOHOR BAHRU
KRAFPERKHEMAHAN
PENDIDIKAN LUAR
Pengenalan
Merupakan kemahiran asas yang perlu
dipelajari untuk menghadapi cabaran alamsemulajadi dalam kegiatan luar.
Pengetahuan dalam kraf perkhemahanadalah penting dan digunakan apabilaindividu melakukan aktiviti perkhemahanatau pengembaraan.
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Rasional
Melatih diri untuk menjadi lebih mahir dan
berkeyakinan dalam menghadapi cabaran
alam semulajadi dan habitatnya.
Memupuk perasaan cinta terhadap alam
semulajadi dan mensyukuri ciptaanNya.
Mengamalkan nilai-nilai murni danmenghayati keindahan flora dan faunayang terdapat di muka bumi
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Objektif
Mengalakkan masyarakat untuk
mengaplikasi kemahiran dan teknik krafperkhemahan dalam kegiatan luar.
Memahami habitat dan alam semula jadidan mengetahui cara untuk hidup apabilaberada di dalam hutan.
Memberi kesedaran kepada masyarakattentang kepentingan menjaga alam sekitardengan cara yang sepatutnya.
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Jenis-jenis Kraf Perkhemahan
Fire craft
Ropes craft
Woodcraft
Tool craft
Khemah
Shelter (tempat berteduh)
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Fire craft
Api penting digunakan dalam kehidupan
seharian.
Selain itu, digunakan untuk membekalkancahaya, memanaskan suhu badan,
keselesaan, memasak dan sebagainya.
Api juga boleh merosakkan alam sekitarjika disalahgunakan iaitu tanah menjadihitam, merosakkan dahan dan akar pokok
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Membuat Unggun Api
Kaedah Fire Triangle bentuk huruf A.
Menggunakan 3 elemen iaitu:Haba, angindan bahan bakar
Bentukkan hurufA menggunakan rantingkayu dengan bukaan huruf A menghala arahangin
Letakkan rabuk/bahan mudah terbakar didalam huruf A dan nyalakan api.
Kipas secara perlahan dan letakkan lagibahan bakar untuk menyalakan.
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Membuat Unggun Api
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Bahan
Kertas tebal
Sarang telur
Surat khabar Lilin
Dahan /ranting kayu
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Jenis-jenis Kraf Api
Hunters Fire
Reflector Fire Star Fire
Teepee Fire
Log Cabin Fire
Council Fire
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Hunter's Fire
Selain daripada menjadi bahan bakar,kayu-kayu ini juga berfungsi sebagaitungku untuk memasak kerana ia disusunrapat.
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Reflector Fire
Fungsi utama api jenis ini ialah untukmenghalakan haba ke satuarah.Contoh:memanaskan badan. Boleh
digunakan untuk memanggang.
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Star Fire
Boleh menggunakan kayu yang pelbagaisaiz dan panjang.
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Teepee Fire
paling sesuai dan mudahdigunakan.Tetapi sukar untuk didirikankerana perlu susun dan seimbangkankayu.
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Log Cabin Fire
Senang dan mudah didirikan kerana ia sangatstabil,
apabila terbakar, api hanya membakar bahagian
dalam
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Council Fire
Dikenali sebagai Api piramid.
Sangat stabil,mudah membakar dansenang dinyalakan.
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Ropes craft
Kemahiran asas berkaitan ikatan dan
simpulan tali.
Ikatan tali perlu dipelajari untuk digunakan
dalam kehidupan seharian.
Dalam kraf tali, ia penting untuk membuatikatan pada pelbagai jenis kraf dalamaktiviti perkhemahan.
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Jenis-jenis Tali
Manila
Sisal
Jute
Cotton
Nilon
Polyester
Polypropylen
Polyethylene
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Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopperknots)
Overhand This is the simplest knot. Therefore
probably the most used. The knot isvery useful to support knots in yarns.The loose ends become a bit thicker.When this support makes the totalbend too bulky you have to look foranother bend. The overhand knot isnot strong, so it is not used insituations where you might expectgreat force. It also reduces thestrength of the rope or yarn by about50%. But as an "anti-slip-knot" itdoes not have to withstand a lot.
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The Double Overhandknot
The double overhand knot is beautiful, thickerthan the common overhand knot, but not anystronger. But use it with caution. The doubleoverhand knot is also called the bloodknotwhen it is used at the end of a whip. This knothas several ways of tying and in principle twoways of working up. Both ways of tying shownhere also show both results. The bloodknotshown in the middle is the preferred way ofworking up the second way of tying markedwith the crosses. The bloodknot is very hardto untie after it has been under stress. If youput an object through the cross-marked holethe knot will work up as the strangleknot. It isusefull to practice this way.
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the Multifold-Overhand-knot
If you make more than two turns in the
overhand knot it will be fatter. (But hardlystronger.) In twined rope it is important to
work up the knot very carefully. (It will notonly look neater, it will prevent 'kinking'
which will weaken the rope even more!)
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Figure Eight
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This knot is larger, stronger and more easy to untie than theoverhand knot. It does not harm your rope as much as the
overhand knot does. So therefore sailors use this knot in most
cases. (! not for bend support, where the smaller overhand isused, or in rope, a permanent small stopper)
Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopperknots)
Figure EightDouble
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Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopperknots)
Double Overhand
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Joiner Knots
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The reef-knot is only useful in simple applications. Ashley says "it is a trueBinder Knot, for which it is admirable, but under no circumstances should it beused as a bend." It is easy tied and will not jam, so it is always easy to untie. Itis used to tie packages, and as a base for he shoe-bow. Sailors used it for
binding rolled sails or better reefed sails. And that is where it got its englishname from. Americans call it the square knot. Probably because it looks
square, or because it was much used on square-rigged-ships, but that is atotal guess of me.
Its relatives, the granny, the thief-knot and the what-knot all have theirpurposes, but not as a trustful knot.
Joiner Knots
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Joiner Knots
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Joiner Knots
The square Knot isused to join the twoends of the same ropeor bandage. ("Rightover left - left overright"). It is only usefulin simple applications.It is easy tied and willnot jam, so it is alwayseasy to untie. It is usedto tie packages, and asa base for he shoe-bow. Its relatives, thegranny, the thief-knotand the what-knot allhave their purposes,
but not as a trustfulknots.
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Joiner Knots
(The Sheet Bend)The sheet bend is one ofthe most important knotsfor joining two rope ends,especially if the ropes areof different sizes. Sailorsnamed it in the days ofsailing ships when they
would "bend" (tie) the"sheets"' (ropes in therigging of a ship). Beginwith a bight in the largerrope. Then weave the endof the smaller rope throughthe eye, around the bight,and back under itself.Snug it carefully beforeapplying any strain to theknot.
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Loop Knots
The Bowline Knot is one of the
most useful and one of thesimplest ways of putting a fixedloop in the end of a rope. It iseasy to tie and untie, it neverslips nor jams and has a highbreaking strength. If the loop isexpected to be heavily loaded,the bowline is, in fact, notsecure enough. There is a ruleof thumb which states that theloose end should be as long as12 times the circumference forthe sake of safety.
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Loop Knots
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Loop Knots
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Loop Knots
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End Securing Knots
The clove hitch is a veryimportant knot since alllashing projects start withthis knot. Without extrasupport, it isuntrustworthy in anysituation, except as acrossing knot. If you haveto use it, work it upproperly; pull length-wiseonly at both ends beforeyou load the working end.
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End Securing Knots
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End Securing Knots
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End Securing Knots
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tautline hitch
The tautline hitch is aremarkably useful knot.It is adjustable ANDtrustworthy. Anyonewho uses a tent shouldknow this knot. Placerope end around pole,make a turn below it,then bring rope upacross the standing partaround the pole andtuck through. It is thebest way to adjust yourlines to the tent-poles. Itis the most simple of theadjustable knot family.
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Half Hitches
Half Hitches is areliable and usefulknot for attachinga rope to a pole orboat mooring. Asits namesuggests, it is twohalf hitches, oneafter the other. Tofinish, push themtogether and snugthem by pulling onthe standing part.
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Lashing
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Lashing
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Lashing
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Lashing
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The Sheepshank knot
The Sheepshank knot is usedto shorten a rope that isfastened at both ends. Takeup the slack, then make anunderhand loop and slide it
over the blight and pull tight.Do the same to the other endto complete the knot. Thesheepshank is only atemporary knot as it stands.But it can be made morepermanent by adding asecond half hitch to each end.
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Eye Splice
To make an eye splice in three strandedrope, unlay the strands for a short distanceand bend the rope to form an eye of thedesired size, placing two end strands across
at right angle to the lay of the standing partof the rope and the other strand behind (A).Then take the centre strand under thenearest strand of the standing part (B). Takethe first end strand under the next strand,going where the second strand came out (C).Turn the rope over and tuck the third strandunder the remaining strand of the standingpart, going where the first strand comes out(D). There should now be an end strandprojecting from each space of the standingpart (E). This completes the first tuck. Tuckeach strand in turn over and under one,making three full tucks and two taper tucks.The taper tuck is made with the strandthinned down by scraping away some of thefibers. To complete the splice, roll itunderfoot, then stretch it and finally cut offsurplus end.
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Whipping a rope
The end of a rope should alwaysbe bound or whipped to prevent itfrom fraying or becomingunlade. Whippings are usuallymade with a strong twine and thelength of whip should beapproximately equal to thediameter of the rope on which it isused.
Following the above illustration,lay a loop along the rope and thenmaking a series of very tight turnsover the loop until the desiredlength of whip is obtained. Theworking end is finally brought upthrough the loop and pulled out ofsight by pulling on the oppositeend. Both ends are then trimmed.
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Slippery Hitch
Very useful becauseof the ease withwhich it can be
released inemergency. It holdssecurely for so long
as there is a strainon the standing end.
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Boat Knot
This is a method of
securing a rope toa thole pin or other
small piece ofwood on a boat. It
is quickly released.
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Double Boat Knot
A bight is simplypassed throughthe ring and amarlin spike orother roundpiece of wood isput between thebight or the rope.Withdrawal ofthe spike quicklyreleases the
knot.50
Slippery Hitch
Very usefulbecause of theease withwhich it can be
released inemergency. Itholds securelyfor so long asthere is astrain on thestanding end.
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Rolling Hitch
To fasten a rope to a spar. This is a very
secure fastening.
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.Halliard Hitch
For fastening a rope to a spar. The sketch
shows the hitch open. When pulled taut,and the hitches closed, it makes a veryneat and secure fastening.
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Blackwall Hitch
A quick way to secure a rope to a hook.
The strain on the standing end will holdthe rope secure to the hook.
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Noose Hitch
This is a quick and easy method of
securing a rope to a spar or beam. Ifdesired, the rope can be made more
secure by means of the overhand knotshown in Fig
zaireey 55
Cat's Paw Hitch
For securing a rope to a hook or a spar. It
is most useful because it is so easily tied.
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Lark's Head
This is an easymethod of securinga rope to a ring or
hook. If desired tomake more secure,it can be stoppered,as shown, with anoverhand or thumbknot.
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Double Lark's Head
The bight
is firstmade. The
endspassed
through it.This knotis very
secure.
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Triple Lark's Head
The apparentlycomplicated knot iseasily made bytaking the bight ofthe rope throughthe ring, the endsare passed throughthe bight and upthrough the ring,then down throughits own bight. Likethe double lark'shead, this knot isabsolutely secure.
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Sailor's Backhand Knot
Used to secure a
rope to a ring or hook.This is very similar to
the rolling hitch andsailor's backhandknot (alternative
variation).
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Sailor's Knot
Simply two halfhitches round thestanding end of therope.
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Wood craft
Dalam perkhemahan, individu perlumempelajari cara untuk membina krafkayu atau disebut sebagai gajet
Gajet penting dalam aktiviti luar danmempunyai pelbagai fungsi iaitu:
Memudahkan pengurusan tempat ataukawasan perkhemahan.
Menjadikan aktiviti perkhemahan lebihtersusun dan teratur.
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Jenis-jenis wood craft
Ampai kain
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Meja dan kerusi
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Tangga
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Katil
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Mendirikan Khemah:
Menentukan arah cahaya matahari terbit danterbenam.
Berlawanan dengan arah tiupan angin.
Tempat yang selamat dan sesuai seperti tanah rata,lapang, teduh dan selesa.
Elakkan mendirikan khemah di bawah pokok yangreput, tua dan mudah tumbang,berumput tebal dandipenuhi lalang supaya mengelakan serangga ataubinatang berbisa.
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Jenis-jenis khemah
Khemah terdapat dalam pelbagai bentuk, saizdan kegunaan iaitu:
- Rigde tent
- Frame tent
- Dome tent
- Bell tent
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Ridge tent
Mempunyai tiangyang melintang disepanjang
bumbung. Diperbuat daripada
material nylon yangringan supayamudah dibawa dandilipat
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Dome tent
Berbentuk gelembung dan menggunakan materialyang sesuai dan fleksibel.
Ringan, mudah dibawa dan sesuai digunakanuntuk perkhemahan seperti di sekolah dansebagainya.
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Frame tent
Khemah jenis besar yang biasa digunakanuntuk perkhemahan keluarga.
Rangka khemah akan dipasang dahuludan kanvas dipasang kemudian.
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Bell tent
Mempunyai satu tiang tinggi di puncakkhemah.
Khemah jenis ini sudah jarang digunakan dandigantikan dengan khemah jenis DOME.
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Shelter
Shelter sukar untuk dibina dan
memerlukan kemahiran yang tinggi Boleh melindungi daripada
serangga,panas, hujan, angin, salji dansuhu sejuk.
Boleh menyembunyikan diri daripada
musuh bahaya
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Jenis-jenis Shelter
Phonco-Lean-To
Mudah dan cepat dibina.
Diikat pada dua batang pokok
Shelter tertutup pada satu bahagian sahaja
Pastikan shelter tidak menghala arah angin
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Phonco Tent
Mudah dibina.
Diikat diantara dua pokok
Shelter tertutup pada dua bahagian,kiri dan kanan.
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One man Shelter
Mudah dibina dan terhalang dari rintangan angin.
Saiz yang kecil menjadikan ia lebih sejuk dannyaman.
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Rujukan
http://www.inquiry.net/outdoor/skills/b-p/wb/
http://www.campcraftwildernessskills.com/
http://tions.net/CA256EA900408BD5/vwWWW/
http://www.bushcraftnorthwest.com/articles/
http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/
http://ga-op349-royalrangers.netfirms.com/
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