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1 $DdLKOSNdGKD dK deRPH KJ LPMOGDE1 cFMNPQPDd dPHd

3) - 1 [PMOGDE HdLMdPEGPH16) U 1"hGQQGDE

^) U 1 "NMDDGDE

i) ? 1 RRLKMNIPH dK MNdGjP LPMOGDE

a) - 1 kKl dK LPMO JMHdm

b) - , $C\]"1 0 n1 g !1 $C\]" [PMOGDE %KOSFP

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oKNSH KD LPMOGDE = ! 2

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[PMOGDE HdLMdPEGPH IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`PQpPO`DIqrkFsok#h"hGQQGDE MDO HNMDDGDE JKL $C\]" IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`PQpPO`HpKtCNl\I[N"RPPO LPMOGDE IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`PQpPO`C6uNvjSD_t%wDOPLHdMDOGDE SDhDKlD jKNMpSFMLe IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`PQpPO`x4C5FwO]ElNdGjP LPMOGDE HdLMdPEGPH IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`lMdNImjyzJu{h'J|j_HhGDE sSPHdGKDH lIGFP LPMOGDE IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`lMdNImjyk^pdN_|luuE$C\]" [PMOGDE %KOSFP IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`lMdNImjyQsx_]Qww4HK

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X ;lll 1NMQpLGOEPC"}\ 1KLElll 1GPFdH 1KLE

www.onestopenglish.comlll 1K|JKLOPDEFGHIdPHdGDE 1NKQIddR.``lll1PDEFGHIdPHdHdKLP1DPd`IddR .` lll 1SPJMR 1NKQ LPMOGDE LPMOJLMQ 1IdQlll 4GPFdHIPFRDKl4NKQ

lll1P|MQPDEFGHI1NKQ`$C\]"IddR .` lll 1FGDESMRLPHH 1NKQlll 1GPFdH 8 P|MQ 1DPd

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w$] 5

$DdLKOSNdGKD GDdK deRPH KJ LPMOGDEFOCUS ON THEORY

IPD eKS HdMLd M SDGjPLHGde NKSLHP2 eKS lGFF IMjP dIP HMQP RLKpFPQ MH PjPLe KdIPLHdSOPDd. IKl dK EPd dILKSEI dIP jMHd MQKSDd KJ LPMOGDE EGjPD JKL PMNI NKSLHP1 FFMNMOPQGN HdSOe LPsSGLPH M FKd KJ LPMOGDE1 ]IPLP GH DKd PDKSEI dGQP dK LPMO PjPLedIGDEFGDP pe FGDP1 KS DPPO dK pP MpFP dK LPMO PJJGNGPDdFe1 'KQRPdPDd LPMOPLH MOMRd dIPGL QKOPKJ LPMOGDE dK dIPGL LPMOGDE RSLRKHP1 ]IP lMe eKS LPMO HKQPdIGDE lGFF OPRPDO KD eKSL

RSLRKHP1 KS DPPO dK LPMO sSGNhFe dK JGDO LPFPjMDd HPNdGKDH2 dIPD LPMO NMLPJSFFe lIPD

eKS IMjP JKSDO lIMd eKS lMDd1 uPDPLMF PJJGNGPDd LPMOGDE HdLMdPEGPH HSNI MH D?F99@9GdKJGDO dIP pKKh KL NIMRdPL2 DI@JJ@9GdK EPd dIP EGHd MDO ?F;CE>P ;CF=@9G

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IPD eKS RGNh SR M pKKh JKL dIP JGLHd dGQP2 SHP dIP GDOP|2 dIP RLPJMNP2 dIP pFSLp(RSpFGHIPLH NKQQPDdH KD dIP NKjPL)2 dIP dMpFP KJ NKDdPDdH MDO EFMDNP dILKSEI Gd LMRGOFeGD KLOPL dK GOPDdGJe dIP LPFPjMDd HPNdGKDH1 \KKh Md dIP NIMRdPL dGdFPH1 $J dIP NIMRdPL HPPQHSHPJSF2 FKKh Md dIP IPMOGDEH MDO HSp8IPMOGDEH1 SGNhFe HSLjPe MDe SHPJSF NIMRdPLH peLPMOGDE dIP JGLHd JPl FGDPH KJ PMNI RMLMELMRI KL pe LPMOGDE dIP JGLHd MDO FMHd RMLMELMRIH1

IPD eKS dIGDh eKS IMjP GOPDdGJGPO LPFPjMDd HPNdGKDH2 HhGQ dILKSEI dIPQ2 LPMO dIPNKDNFSHGKD RPLIMRH2 dK pP HSLP dIPe MLP LPFPjMDd1

%MDe HdSOPDdH HdGFF LPFe KD RMGDHdMhGDEFe HFKl lKLO pe lKLO LPMOGDE1 $d HKKD pPNKQPHNFPML dK dIPQ2 IKlPjPL2 dIMd dIPe NMDDKd LPMO PjPLe lKLO GD dIP FGpLMLe1

KS lGFF DPPO dK RLMNdGNP.

wDOPLHdMDOGDE QPMDGDE. OPOSNGDE dIP QPMDGDE KJ SDJMQGFGML lKLOH MDO lKLO

ELKSRHZ LPFMdGKDH lGdIGD dIP HPDdPDNP`NKQRFP| HPDdPDNPHZ GQRFGNMdGKDH 8GDJKLQMdGKD DKd P|RFGNGdFe HdMdPO2 NKDNPRdSMF QPMDGDE2 P1E1 NKQRMLGHKD2 RSLRKHP2NMSHP2 PJJPNd1

wDOPLHdMDOGDE LPFMdGKDHIGRH GD dIP dP|d. 8 dP|d HdLSNdSLPZ dIP NKQQSDGNMdGjP jMFSP

KJ HPDdPDNPHZ LPFMdGKDH pPdlPPD dIP RMLdH KJ M dP|d dILKSEI FP|GNMF MDO ELMQQMdGNMFNKIPHGKD OPjGNPH MDO GDOGNMdKLH GD OGHNKSLHP1

wDOPLHdMDOGDE GQRKLdMDd RKGDdHZ OGHdGDESGHIGDE dIP QMGD GOPMH JLKQ HSRRKLdGDEOPdMGFZ LPNKEDGtGDE SDHSRRKLdPO NFMGQH MDO NFMGQH HSRRKLdPO pe PjGOPDNP 8 JMNdJLKQ KRGDGKDZ P|dLMNdGDE HMFGPDd RKGDdH dK HSQQMLGtPZ JKFFKlGDE MD MLESQPDdZLPMOGDE NLGdGNMFFe`PjMFSMdGDE dIP dP|d1

[PMOGDE PJJGNGPDdFe. HSLjPeGDE dIP dP|d2 NIMRdPL`MLdGNFP2 RMLMELMRIH2 HhGQQGDE JKL

EGHd`EPDPLMF GQRLPHHGKDZ HNMDDGDE dK FKNMdP HRPNGJGNMFFe LPsSGLPO GDJKLQMdGKDZLPMOGDE sSGNhFe1

KdP dMhGDE1

P QSHd MFHK SDOPLHdMDO dIMd dIP QPMDGDE KJ M dP|d GH DKd MD KpPNdGjP NKQQKOGde dIMdNMD pP dMhPD KSd KJ Gd FGhP RIeHGNMF GdPQH NMD pP dMhPD KSd KJ M pMHhPd1 LPMOGDE dIMdFPMOH dK SDOPLHdMDOGDE GH M B;

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GDJKLQMdGKD dIMd NMD pP sSMDdGdMdGjPFe MOOPO dK lIMd lP hDKl MFLPMOeZ Gd NMD MFHK FPMO dKM sSMFGdMdGjP LPHdLSNdSLGDE MDO LP8PjMFSMdGKD KJ lIMd lP hDKl1 $J lP MLP RLPRMLPO dKGQMEGDMdGjPFe JKFFKl dIP GDjGdMdGKD KJ M lLGdPL dK HPP dIGDEH JLKQ IGH KL IPL RKGDd KJ jGPldIMd QMe MOO DPl sSMFGdGPH dK KSL P|RPLGPDNP KJ dIP lKLFO1 ]IGH GH lIe LPMOGDE OKPH DKdKDFe lGOPD dIP IKLGtKD pSd NMD MFHK NIMDEP Gd MDO PDLGNI KSL MpGFGde dK SDOPLHdMDO dIP

RPKRFP MDO lKLFO MLKSDO SH1

,I@JJ@9GQ D?F99@9G F9= @9:C9D@LC ;CF=@9GzPRPDOGDE KD dIP RSLRKHP KJ dIPGL LPMOGDE2 LPMOPLH NIKKHP pPdlPPD PGdIPL KJ dILPPQKOPH KJ LPMOGDE. HhGQQGDE2 HNMDDGDE KL GDdPDHGjP LPMOGDE1

,I@JJ@9GQPMDH FKKhGDE JKL EPDPLMF MDO QMGD GOPMH MDO GQRKLdMDd RKGDdH GD M LPMOGDE1

,?F99@9GQPMDH FKKhGDE JKL HSRRKLdGDE RKGDdH MDO OPdMGFH2 RLKjGOPO GD pKOe RMLMELMRIH1$D KdIPL lKLOH2 JGDOGDE PFMpKLMdGKDH KL HPDdPDNPH GDNFSOGDE OPdMGFPO MDO HRPNGJGNGDJKLQMdGKD dIMd HSRRKLd MD GQRKLdMDd RKGDd KL M dKRGN HPDdPDNP GD M pKOe RMLMELMRI1

.9:C9D@LC ;CF=@9G GH M QKOP KJ LPMOGDE GD lIGNI LPMOPLH JKNSH KD M JMGLFeNKQRLPIPDHGjP SDOPLHdMDOGDE KJ M EGjPD dP|d1

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SHPO

61 FKKh sSGNhFe dILKSEI M dP|d dKHPP lIMd Gd GH MpKSd pPJKLPOPNGOGDE dK LPMO Gd

HPP lIPdIPL M QMEMtGDPMLdGNFP lGFF pP lKLdILPMOGDE

HPP lIPdIPL MD MNMOPQGNMLdGNFP GH EKGDE dK pPLPFPjMDd JKL eKSL dMHh

^1 LPMO sSGNhFe dILKSEI M dP|d dKEMGD MD KjPLjGPl KJ GdHNKDdPDd

LPMO dILKSEI M DPlLPNGRP

LPMO M JLKDd8FGDP dP|dlIGNI GH LPFPjMDd pSd DKdNPDdLMF dK eKSL dMHh

i1 LPMO dILKSEI MD PMHe dP|dlIPLP Gd GH DKd GQRKLdMDd dKLPQPQpPL MFF dIMd eKSjPLPMO

LPMO M DKjPF LPMO M dP|dpKKh NIMRdPL

dK LPjGHP M HSpPNd dIMdeKS hDKl lPFF

a1 LPMO M dP|d dIKLKSEIFe dKSDOPLHdMDO MDO LPQPQpPLlIMd eKSjP LPMO

LPMO dIP GDHdLSNdGKDH JKLpKKhGDE MDO RMeGDE JKL MKSLDPe KD8FGDP

LPMO M JLKDd8FGDP dP|dlIKHP NKDdPDd GH NPDdLMFdK eKSL dMHh

Placement Test ( http://www.ielts-exam.net)

[PMO dIP RMHHMEP MDO MDHlPL dIP sSPHdGKDH1 wHP eKSL RLPOGNdGDE HhGFFH1 KdP dIP deRP KJ sSPHdGKDH.

S>P> TCF=N

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QPMD cFMNP KJ kPMjPD1 MdMF lMH dIP DMQP dIP cKLdSESPHP P|RFKLPLH EMjP dIGH LPEGKD lIPD dIPeMLLGjPO GD 5^vb1 d dIMd dGQP2 KDFe M JPl xSFS NFMDH KNNSRGPO dIP MLPM1 re dIP FMdP 5b44H2 dIP QMxSFSNFMD2 QPMDGDE cPKRFP KJ kPMjPD2 NKDHdGdSdPO M HGEDGJGNMDd DMdGKD1 ]KOMe dIP xSFS NFMD LPRLPHPDdH dIPFMLEPHd PdIDGN ELKSR GD "KSdI JLGNM2 lGdI Md FPMHd 55 QGFFGKD RPKRFP GD dIP hGDEOKQ1 ]IP xSFS RPKRFP

MLP hDKlD MLKSDO dIP lKLFO JKL dIPGL PFMpKLMdP EFMHH pPMOlKLh2 lIGNI dIPe lPML DKd KDFe GD dIPGLdLMOGdGKDMF NKHdSQPH pSd MH RMLd KJ dIPGL PjPLeOMe MRRMLPF1 $d GH RKHHGpFP dK FPMLD QSNI MpKSd dIP NSFdSLPKJ dIP xSFS NFMD dILKSEI dIPGL pPMOlKLh1

]IP EFMHH pPMO dLMOP GD dIP RLKjGDNP KJ #lMxSFS8MdMF GH pPFGPjPO dK pP M JMGLFe LPNPDd GDOSHdLe1 $D5_3^2 MD CDEFGHIQMD DMQPO kPDLe oLMDNGH oeDD pLKSEId EFMHH pPMOH dK dIP LPEGKD dK HPFF dK dIP JLGNMDRPKRFP1 ]IKSEI dIP rLGdGHI MLP DKd NKDHGOPLPO dIP JGLHd dK GDdLKOSNP EFMHH pPMOH2 dIPe lPLP M QMGDHKSLNP dILKSEI lIGNI dIP xSFS RPKRFP NKSFO MNNPHH dIP QPLNIMDOGHP dIPe DPPOPO1 uFMHH pPMOH IMOMFLPMOe pPPD QMDSJMNdSLPO pe dIP CEeRdGMDH NPDdSLGPH PMLFGPL MLKSDO dIP HMQP dGQP lIPD EFMHH lMHOGHNKjPLPO1 "KQP LPHPMLNI RKGDdH dK dIP GOPM dIMd CEeRdGMDH dLGPO dK JKKF "KSdI JLGNMDH lGdI EFMHH peRMHHGDE Gd KJJ MH PlPFH HGQGFML GD jMFSP dK EKFO KL GjKLe1 cIKPDGNGMD QMLGDPLH pLKSEId NMLEKPH KJ dIPHP

pPMOH dK JLGNM MFKDE lGdI KdIPL lMLPH1 rPJKLP dIP CSLKRPMDH MLLGjPO2 QMDe LMp dLMOPLH pLKSEId EFMHHpPMOH OKlD dK dIP HKSdIPLD NKSDdLGPH jGM NMQPFpMNh1 zSLGDE NKFKDGtMdGKD2 dIP CSLKRPMDH JMNGFGdMdPOMDO QKDKRKFGtPO dIP EFMHH pPMO QMLhPd2 MDO dIP xSFS DMdGKD pPNMQP PjPD QKLP NFKHPFe dGPO dK dIGH MLdJKLQ1

]IP xSFS RPKRFP lPLP DKd JKKFPO GDdK pPFGPjGDE dIMd EFMHH pPMOH lPLP RLPNGKSH HdKDPH pSd2 LMdIPL2 SHPOdIP pPMOH dK PHdMpFGHI NPLdMGD NKOPH MDO LGdSMFH GD dIPGL HKNGPde1 $D dIP JLGNMD dLMOGdGKD2 hGDEH lPLPhDKlD dK lPML pPMOPO LPEMFGM HK IPMje dIMd dIPe LPsSGLPO dIP IPFR KJ MddPDOMDdH dK EPd KSd KJ dIPGLdILKDPH1 xSFS pPMOlKLh GH GDjKFjPO GD PjPLe LPMFQ KJ HKNGPde2 JLKQ LPFGEGKD MDO RKFGdGNH dK JMQGFe MDOQMLLGMEP1 QKDE dIP xSFS lKQPD2 dIP NLMJd KJ pPMOlKLh GH SHPO MH MD POSNMdGKDMF dKKF MH lPFF MH MHKSLNP KJ LPNLPMdGKD MDO JMHIGKD1 cPLHKDMF MOKLDQPDd GdPQH GDNFSOP PlPFLe2 HhGLdH2 DPNhpMDOH2 MDO

MRLKDH1 rPHGOPH NFKdIGDE MDO MNNPHHKLGPH2 dIPLP MLP QMDe KdIPL pPMOPO KpPNdH GD dIP xSFS NSFdSLP2 HSNIMH pPMO8NKjPLPO EKSLOH2 lIGNI MLP NMLLGPO MLKSDO pe lKQPD lIK MLP IMjGDE JPLdGFGde RLKpFPQH1 %KHdGQRKLdMDdFe2 IKlPjPL2 xSFS pPMOlKLh GH M HKSLNP KJ NKQQSDGNMdGKD1 $D dIP xSFS dLMOGdGKD2 pPMOH MLP MRMLd KJ dIP FMDESMEP lGdI NPLdMGD lKLOH MDO HeQpKFH dIMd NMD pP PMHGFe LPMO1 JGDGHIPO RLKOSNd GHNKDHGOPLPO pe QMDe MLdGHdH MDO NKFFPNdKLH dK pP P|dLPQPFe RKPdGN1

]IP NKOP pPIGDO xSFS pPMOlKLh GH LPFMdGjPFe pMHGN MDO P|dLPQPFe LPHGHdMDd dK NIMDEP1 HGQRFP dLGMDEFPGH dIP EPKQPdLGN HIMRP SHPO GD MFQKHd MFF pPMOPO GdPQH1 dLGMDEFP lGdI dIP MRP| RKGDdGDE OKlDlMLOHGEDGJGPH MD SDQMLLGPO QMD2 lIGFP KDP lGdI dIP dGR RKGDdGDE SRlMLO GH lKLD pe MD SDQMLLGPO lKQMD1%MLLGPO lKQPD lPML GdPQH lGdI dlK dLGMDEFPH dIMd JKLQ M OGMQKDO HIMRP2 MDO QMLLGPO QPD HGEDGJedIPGL QMLGdMF HdMdSH lGdI dlK dLGMDEFPH dIMd JKLQ MD IKSLEFMHH HIMRP1 'KFKLH MLP MFHK HGEDGJGNMDd2 dIKSEI

HFGEIdFe QKLP NKQRFGNMdPO HGDNP PMNI NKFKL NMD IMjP M DPEMdGjP MDO M RKHGdGjP QPMDGDE1 COSNMdPO pedIPGL KFOPL HGHdPLH2 eKSDE xSFS EGLFH sSGNhFe FPMLD IKl dK HPDO dIP MRRLKRLGMdP QPHHMEPH dK M NKSLdGDEQMFP1 "GQGFMLFe2 QMFPH FPMLD IKl dK GDdPLRLPd dIP QPHHMEPH MDO IKl dK lPML NPLdMGD pPMOH dIMd P|RLPHHdIPGL GDdPLPHd GD QMLLGMEP1

]IP NKOPH KJ dIP pPMOH MLP HK HdLKDE dIMd NSFdSLMF MDMFeHdH JPML dIMd dIP pPMOlKLh dLMOGdGKD NKSFORLPjPDd dIP xSFS RPKRFP JLKQ RLKELPHHGDE dPNIDKFKEGNMFFe MDO PNKDKQGNMFFe1 "KNGKPNKDKQGN OMdM

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HIKlH dIMd dIP QKLP M NSFdSLP LPHGHdH NIMDEP dIP QKLP LGHh dIPLP GH GD M jMFSP HeHdPQ JMFFGDE MRMLd1]IKSEI dLMOGdGKDMF pPMOlKLh HdGFF IKFOH M HPLGKSH RFMNP GD xSFS NSFdSLP2 dIP OPNKLMdGjP MLd JKLQ GH KJdPDQKOGJGPO JKL dKSLGHdH2 lGdI RKRSFML GdPQH HSNI MH dIP pPMOPO JPLdGFGde OKFF1

Matching

Questions 1-3Match each defnition in List A with the term it defnes in List B.

Write the correct letter A - Ein boxes 1 - 3on your answer sheet. There are moreterms than defnitions, so you will not use them all.

List A Defnitions

1 It means lace o! "ea#en.

2 It is the ortuguese name !orsouthern A!rica.3 It means eople o! "ea#en.

List B Terms

A hoenician

B hoenician

C Ama$ulu

D %xplorer

E &wa$ulu

Short-Answer Questions

Questions 4-Answer the 'uestions below.

Write !" M"#E T$A! T$#EE %"#DS!or each answer.Write your answers is boxes ()* on your answer sheet.

4Which country does the $ulu clan reside in+

&When did the ortuguese arri#e in &wa$ulu)atal+"ow many members o! the $ulu &ingdom are there+

True-'a(se-!ot )i*en Questions

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Questions +-11-o the !ollowing statements agree with the in!ormation gi#en in the passage+

In boxes )// on your answer sheet, write

T#,E i! the statement is true according to the passage'ALSE i! the statement contradicts the passage!"T ).E! i! there is no in!ormation about this in the passage

+The British were the frst people to sell glass beads in A!rica.

/"enry 0rances 0lynn made a lot o! money selling glass beads to the $ulupeople.

0The $ulu people belie#ed that glass beads were precious stones.

1The $ulu people use glass beads in many aspects o! their daily li#es.

11$ulu women belie#e that bead)co#ered gourds can help them ha#e babies.

Lae(ing a Diagram

Label the diagram below. 1hoose one or two words !rom the reading passage !oreach answer. Write your answers in boxes /2)/3 on your answer sheet.

w$] 3[PMOGDE HdLMdPEGPH

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FOCUS ON THEORY

'FKHPFe FGDhPO lGdI LPHPMLNIGDE GH dIP NKLP HhGFF KJ LPMOGDE. $d GH dILKSEI dIP lKLOH KJKdIPLH dIMd lP MLP GDdLKOSNPO dK DPl GOPMH MDO MLP MpFP dK LPJFPNd KD dIPQ1[PMOGDE Md SDGjPLHGde FPjPF GDjKFjPH M DSQpPL KJ MOOGdGKDMF HhGFFH2lIGNI MLP PHHPDdGMF dKNLGdGNMF MDMFeHGH.

hDKlFPOEP MNsSGHGdGKD2

NKQRLPIPDHGKD MDO dIP MpGFGde dK GDdPLRLPd M dP|d2

dIP MNsSGHGdGKD KJ DPl jKNMpSFMLe2

MLESQPDd OPjPFKRQPDd MDO jMFGOMdGKD2 MDO

GDJKLQMdGKD PjMFSMdGKD MDO HeDdIPHGH1

IPD eKS LPHPMLNI M dKRGN JKL MD PHHMe KL lKLh KD M FMLEP RLKPNd HSNI MH M dIPHGH2 eKSDPPO dK LPMO MDO NLGdGNMFFe PjMFSMdP M NKDHGOPLMpFP MQKSDd KJ QMdPLGMF1]IP JKFFKlGDE HPNdGKDH OGHNSHH dILPP MLPMH lIGNI lGFF PDMpFP eKS dK SDOPLdMhP eKSLLPMOGDE QKLP PJJPNdGjPFe. SHGDE LPMOGDE FGHdH2 RFMDDGDE LPMOGDE dGQP2 MDO MOKRdGDELPMOGDE HdLMdPEGPH1

UD@9G ;CF=@9G P@D:D CEEC?:@LCPA

[PMOGDE FGHdH MLP RLKjGOPO dK ESGOP eKS dK hPe FGdPLMdSLP KD RMLdGNSFML dKRGNH1 ]IPeSHSMFFe NKDdMGD M pLPMOdI KJ QMdPLGMF dIMd LPJFPNdH OGJJPLPDd MRRLKMNIPH MDO jGPlH1

KS MLP SHSMFFe P|RPNdPO dK LPMO MRRLK|GQMdPFe dILPP hPe dP|dH RPL dKRGN1 $d GH dIPLPJKLPGQRKLdMDd dK JGDO lIGNI dP|dH QMhP LPsSGLPO LPMOGDEH1 $d GH MFHK GQRKLdMDd dK OPdPLQGDPlIPdIPL KL DKd eKS DPPO dK LPMO MD PDdGLP dP|d1 KS NMD HdMLd pe LPjGPlGDE

dIP MpHdLMNdH KJ KSLDMF MLdGNFPH2

dIP RLPJMNP MDO GDdLKOSNdGKD KJ pKKhH2 MDO

IPMOGDEH MDO HSp8IPMOGDEH KJ MLdGNFP HPNdGKDH KL pKKh NIMRdPLH1

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]IGH HdPR lGFF IPFR eKS DKd KDFe NKDNPRdSMFGtP dIP dP|d2 pSd MFHK GOPDdGJe dIP deRP MDOMQKSDd KJ GDJKLQMdGKD eKS DPPO dK JKNSH KD1

VPF99@9G A; ;CF=@9G :@JC

[PMOGDE LPsSGLPH NKDNPDdLMdGKD MDO dGQP JKL LPJFPNdGKD1 H MD GQRKLdMDd HdPR GD dIPFPMLDGDE RLKNPHH2 eKS DPPO dK GOPDdGJe.

IKl QSNI eKS DPPO dK LPMO2

dIP NKQRFP|Gde KJ dIP dP|d2 MDO

IKl eKS LPMO Gd1

wDOPLHdMDOGDE dIPHP dILPP PFPQPDdH lGFF PDMpFP eKS dK QMR KSd dIP MQKSDd KJ LPMOGDEdGQP eKS DPPO dK GDNFSOP GD eKSL HdSOe RFMD1

]IGDh MpKSd.

dIP RSLRKHP KJ eKSL LPMOGDE (lIPdIPL Gd GH dK MNsSGLP JMNdH KL OGHNSHH GOPMH)2

lIPD eKS MLP dIP QKHd MFPLd (lIPdIPL GD dIP QKLDGDE2 MJdPLDKKD2 KL PjPDGDE)2

lIPdIPL eKS IMjP M sSGPd HRMNP MlMe JLKQ OGHdLMNdGKDH2 MDO

IKl QSNI dGQP eKS IMjP MFFKNMdPO dK LPMO1

KS lGFF KJdPD pP EGjPD M LPMOGDE ESGOP dIMd GH OGLPNdFe LPFPjMDd dK eKSL FPNdSLP RLKELMQ1[PMOGDE pPJKLP dIP FPNdSLP`NFMHH IPFRH eKS dK pPddPL SDOPLHdMDO dIP QMdPLGMF MDO

RMLdGNGRMdP GD OGHNSHHGKDH1

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Scanning ]IGH GH dIP MpGFGde dK FKNMdP JMNdH sSGNhFe MDO dK JGDO MDHlPLH dK HRPNGJGN

sSPHdGKDH1 oKL P|MQRFP2 eKS HNMD JKL GDJKLQMdGKD lIPD eKS dLe dK JGDO M RIKDPDSQpPL GD M OGLPNdKLe1 wHP HNMDDGDE lIPD eKS lMDd dK FKNMdP M HRPNGJGN RGPNP KJ

GDJKLQMdGKD GD M dP|d1

Skimming1 IPD eKS HhGQ2 eKS MLP LPMOGDE sSGNhFe pe HhGRRGDE OPdMGFH2 QGDKL

GOPMH2 MDO P|MQRFPH1 "hGQQGDE GH pPHd SHPO lIPD eKS MLP dLeGDE dK OPdPLQGDP GJdIP dP|d GH LPFPjMDd dK eKSL HdSOe MDO2 GJ HK2 lIGNI HPNdGKDH eKS DPPO dK LPMO QKLPNMLPJSFFe1 IGFP HhGQQGDE

o NMLPJSFFe LPMO dIP GDdLKOSNdGKD2 NKDNFSHGKD2 MDO MpHdLMNd (GJ dIPLP GH KDP)2

o FKKh Md IPMOGDEH MDO HSp8IPMOGDEH2

o FKKh Md OGMELMQH2 ELMRIH2 dMpFPH2 GQMEPH2 MDO

o LPMO dIP JGLHd MDO FMHd HPDdPDNPH KJ PMNI RMLMELMRI MDO HPNdGKDH lIGNI

RLPHPDd M HSQQMLe KL NKDNFSHGKD1

Reading in !ep"#IPD eKS IMjP GOPDdGJGPO HPNdGKDH eKS DPPO dK LPMO NFKHPFe2

eKS DPPO dK DKd KDFe SDOPLHdMDO dIP NKDdPDd pSd MFHK MHh sSPHdGKDH HSNI MH. IMdMHRPNd KJ dIP dKRGN GH dIGH lLGdGDE MOOLPHHGDEm zKPH dIP lLGdPL IMjP M RMLdGNSFML

RKGDd KJ jGPlm kKl OKPH dIP lLGdPL pSGFO dIMd RKHGdGKDm

Reflec"ing ]GQP dK LPJFPNd KD LPMO QMdPLGMF GH NLGdGNMF PHRPNGMFFe lIPD eKS MLP

NKDdLMHdGDE dIP GOPMH MDO KRGDGKDH KJ KdIPLH KL lIPD eKS MLP NKQRMLGDE eKSL KlDlGdI dIKHP KJ KdIPLH1

$O%N$ ON&%NE[PMOGDE HdLMdPEGPH IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`PQpPO`DIqrkFsok#h

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W4 HCF= :KC :@:PC F9= :KC XX:@:PCD4 /FIC D>;C A >9=C;D:F9= FPP :KC :C;JD4

Y4 HCF= :KC italics subtitles. 1KC?I :KC JCF9@9G J >B :KC JF@9 @=CF

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NIMFFPDEP1 Kl FKKh MEMGD Md dIP RFMNPH eKS QMLhPO GD dIP dP|d lIPLP eKS JPFd RPLHKDMFFeNIMFFPDEPO1 IMd RMddPLDH OK eKS HPPm

". #utlining and summarizing: Identifying the main ideas and restating them in your own

words.}SdFGDGDE MDO HSQQMLGtGDE MLP PHRPNGMFFe IPFRJSF HdLMdPEGPH JKL SDOPLHdMDOGDE dIP NKDdPDd MDOHdLSNdSLP KJ M LPMOGDE HPFPNdGKD1 IPLPMH KSdFGDGDE LPjPMFH dIP pMHGN HdLSNdSLP KJ dIP dP|d2HSQQMLGtGDE HeDKRHGtPH M HPFPNdGKDH QMGD MLESQPDd GD pLGPJ1 }SdFGDGDE QMe pP RMLd KJ dIPMDDKdMdGDE RLKNPHH2 KL Gd QMe pP OKDP HPRMLMdPFe (MH Gd GH GD dIGH NFMHH)1 ]IP hPe dK pKdI KSdFGDGDEMDO HSQQMLGtGDE GH pPGDE MpFP dK OGHdGDESGHI pPdlPPD dIP QMGD GOPMH MDO dIP HSRRKLdGDE GOPMHMDO P|MQRFPH1 ]IP QMGD GOPMH JKLQ dIP pMNhpKDP2 dIP HdLMDO dIMd IKFOH dIP jMLGKSH RMLdH MDORGPNPH KJ dIP dP|d dKEPdIPL1 }SdFGDGDE dIP QMGD GOPMH IPFRH eKS dK OGHNKjPL dIGH HdLSNdSLP1 IPDeKS QMhP MD KSdFGDP2 OKDd SHP dIP dP|dH P|MNd lKLOH1

"SQQMLGtGDE pPEGDH lGdI KSdFGDGDE2 pSd GDHdPMO KJ QPLPFe FGHdGDE dIP QMGD GOPMH2 M HSQQMLe

LPNKQRKHPH dIPQ dK JKLQ M DPl dP|d1 IPLPMH KSdFGDGDE OPRPDOH KD M NFKHP MDMFeHGH KJ PMNIRMLMELMRI2 HSQQMLGtGDE MFHK LPsSGLPH NLPMdGjP HeDdIPHGH1 cSddGDE GOPMH dKEPdIPL MEMGD 88 GD eKSLKlD lKLOH MDO GD M NKDOPDHPO JKLQ 88 HIKlH IKl LPMOGDE NLGdGNMFFe NMD FPMO dK OPPRPLSDOPLHdMDOGDE KJ MDe dP|d1

$. %valuating an argument:esting the logic of a text as well as its credibility and emotionalimpact.

FF lLGdPLH QMhP MHHPLdGKDH dIMd dIPe lMDd eKS dK MNNPRd MH dLSP1 H M NLGdGNMF LPMOPL2 eKS HIKSFODKd MNNPRd MDedIGDE KD JMNP jMFSP pSd dK LPNKEDGtP PjPLe MHHPLdGKD MH MD MLESQPDd dIMd QSHd pPNMLPJSFFe PjMFSMdPO1 D MLESQPDd IMH dlK PHHPDdGMF RMLdH. M NFMGQ MDO HSRRKLd1 ]IP NFMGQ MHHPLdHM NKDNFSHGKD 88 MD GOPM2 MD KRGDGKD2 M SOEQPDd2 KL M RKGDd KJ jGPl 88 dIMd dIP lLGdPL lMDdH eKS dK

MNNPRd1 ]IP HSRRKLd GDNFSOPH LPMHKDH (HIMLPO pPFGPJH2 MHHSQRdGKDH2 MDO jMFSPH) MDO PjGOPDNP(JMNdH2 P|MQRFPH2 HdMdGHdGNH2 MDO MSdIKLGdGPH) dIMd EGjP LPMOPLH dIP pMHGH JKL MNNPRdGDE dIPNKDNFSHGKD1 IPD eKS MHHPHH MD MLESQPDd2 eKS MLP NKDNPLDPO lGdI dIP RLKNPHH KJ LPMHKDGDE MHlPFF MH GdH dLSdIJSFDPHH (dIPHP MLP DKd dIP HMQP dIGDE)1 d dIP QKHd pMHGN FPjPF2 GD KLOPL JKL MDMLESQPDd dK pP MNNPRdMpFP2 dIP HSRRKLd QSHd pP MRRLKRLGMdP dK dIP NFMGQ MDO dIP HdMdPQPDdH QSHdpP NKDHGHdPDd lGdI KDP MDKdIPL1

&. Com'aring and contrasting related readings: Exploring likenesses and differencesbetween texts to understand them better.

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KSd dIP lMdPL GH LPFPMHPO1 H Gd PHNMRPH Gd EPDPLMdPH PFPNdLGNGde1 wDJKLdSDMdPFe2 dIP DSQpPL KJFKNMdGKDH lIPLP dGOMF pMLLMEPH NMD pP pSGFd GH FGQGdPO MDO dIPe NMD IMjP M NKDHGOPLMpFP GQRMNd KD dIPFKNMF QMLGDP PNKHeHdPQ1

`. ]IPHP JSPFH NKQP JLKQ M lGOP LMDEP KJ QMdPLGMFH JLKQ lKKO dK RFMDd lMHdP MDO lMHdP QMdPLGMFHJLKQ MDGQMFH1 oGLPlKKO GH M EKKO HKSLNP KJ PDPLEe pSd dIP lKKO OKPH IMjP dK pP NSd2 dLMDHRKLdPOMDO dLPPH LPRFMDdPO1 %PdIMDP EMH NMD pP RLKOSNPO JLKQ RFMDd MDO MDGQMF lMHdP QMdPLGMFH pSdRLKOSNdGKD LMdPH MLP HFKl1 rGK OGPHPF NMD pP RLKOSNPO GD HPjPLMF lMeH2 JKL P|MQRFP JLKQ QMGtP KLJLKQ dIP pe8RLKOSNdH KJ lIPMd RLKOSNdGKD1 ]IP RKdPDdGMF JKL pGKJSPF RLKOSNdGKD GH ELPMd1 d dIPQKQPDd2 IKlPjPL2 dIPLP MLP RLKpFPQH MLKSDO dIP GHHSP KJ HNMFMpGFGde MH NSLLPDd RLKOSNdGKD FPjPFHJMFF JML HIKLd KJ dIP FPjPFH LPsSGLPO dK HSpHdGdSdP JKHHGF JSPFH1

8. oKL dIPGL RKlPL HSRRFe2 GHKFMdPO JMLQH GD SHdLMFGM NMD NIKKHP pPdlPPD dLMOGdGKDMF OGPHPFEPDPLMdKLH KL HdMDO MFKDP HKFML RKlPL HeHdPQH SHGDE RIKdKjKFdMGN NPFFH1 FMLEP MQKSDd KJ NMRGdMF GHLPsSGLPO dK HPd SR M HKFML RKlPL HeHdPQ1 d dIP QKQPDd RIKdKjKFdMGN NPFFH MLP DKd jPLe PJJGNGPDd Md

NKDjPLdGDE HKFML RKlPL dK PFPNdLGNGde1 $d dMhPH i8a ePMLH JKL HSNI M HeHdPQ dK pPNKQP NKHd8PJJGNGPDd1$J dIPHP NPFFH NKSFO pP QMOP QKLP PJJGNGPDd P|RPLdH IMjP NMFNSFMdPO dIMd ^ KJ dIP PMLdIH OPHPLdMLPMH NKSFO HSRRFe MFF KJ dIP lKLFOH PDPLEe DPPOH1

a. oKL dIP FMHd 544 ePMLH2 dIP QMGD NKDNPRd GD PFPNdLGNGde EPDPLMdGKD IMH pPPD dK dIGDh pGE MDO pSGFOFMLEP RKlPL HdMdGKDH1 Kl lP MLP pPEGDDGDE dK HPP M DPl dLPDO2 HQMFF HNMFP FKNMF EPDPLMdGKD KJRKlPL SHGDE LPDPlMpFP pGK JSPFH1 $D dIP OPjPFKRGDE lKLFO lIPLP JSDOH MLP HNMLNP P|RPLdH RLPOGNdQGNLK EPDPLMdGKD GH dIP lMe JKLlMLO1 GdI dGQP dIPHP HPRMLMdP QGNLK EPDPLMdKLH NMp pP KGDPO SR dKJKLQ M FMLEPL RKlPL ELGO1

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31 %KHd NIGFOLPD MOKRdPO GD LPNPDd ePMLH GD dIP w" NKQP JLKQ~~161 ~~ GH dIP CSLKRPMD NKSDdLe lGdI QKHd GDdPL8NKSDdLe MOKRdGKDH2 MpKSd 2444 M ePML1^1 ]IPLP lPLP KDFe ~ GDdPL8NKSDdLe MOKRdGKDH GD dIP w# FMHd ePML1i1 $D dIP 5vb4H QMDe NIGFOLPD lPLP MOKRdPO JLKQ ~11 MDO ~~

a1 $D dIP 5vv4H QMDe NIGFOLPD lPLP MOKRdPO JLKQ KLRIMDMEPH GD~11 MDO ~~b1 ]IP dLMOGdGKDMF HdLSNdSLP KJ dIP JMQGFe GH NIMDEGDE JMHd GD ~11 MDO ~~_1 OKRdGKD~~ LPRKLd dIPe LPNPGjP QKLP PDsSGLPH lIPDPjPL M JMQKSH RPLHKD MOKRdH M NIGFO1

O

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NIGFOFPHH RPKRFP2 QMDe JMQGFGPH IMjP pGKFKEGNMF NIGFOLPD MDO NIKKHP dK MOKRd MH lPFF1

Kd HSLRLGHGDEFe2 dIP QMHH QPOGM MFHK RFMeH M LKFP GD dIP GDNLPMHPO GDdPLPHd GD GDdPLDMdGKDMF

MOKRdGKDH1 CjPLe dGQP M kKFFelKKO NPFPpLGde2 M HSRPLQKOPF KL M RKR HdML MOKRdH M NIGFO2 MEPDNGPHLPRKLd M 3i GDNLPMHP GD PDsSGLPH JLKQ RPKRFP FKKhGDE dK MOKRd1

w$] 6"hGQQGDE

FOCUS ON THEORY

,I@JJ@9G GH M QKOP KJ JMHd LPMOGDE lIGNI GH SHPO dK EPd M LMRGO EPDPLMFGQRLPHHGKD KJ lIMd M dP|d GH MpKSd1 $D dIGH QKOP KJ LPMOGDE2 GJ dIP dP|d eKS MLP LPMOGDE GH

M DKD8JGNdGKDMF dP|d2 eKS QMe JGLHd FKKh Md GdH dMpFP KJ NKDdPDdH2 dIP HSQQMLe2 MDO HSpPNdGDOP|1 KS QMe DP|d FPMJ dILKSEI dIP dP|d MDO JKNSH MddPDdGKD KD HSpdGdFPH2 IPMOFGDPH2NKDdPDd hPelKLOH2 KL RLKQGDPDd dP|d JPMdSLPH (RMHHMEPH RLGDdPO GD pKFO deRP2 KL NKFKSL2 KLlGdI GFFSHdLMdGKDH)1 LGdPLH KJdPD SHP HSNI JPMdSLPH dK IGEIFGEId lIMd dIPe lMDd dK HMe1

34

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$J2 IKlPjPL2 dIP dP|d lIGNI eKS lMDd dK EPd M JGLHd GQRLPHHGKD KJ GH M JGNdGKDMF dP|d2eKS QMe OPNGOP dK JGLHd LPMO dIP KRPDGDE HNPDP MDO dIP pPEGDDGDE KL PDOGDE KJ NIMRdPLH1"hGQQGDE IPFRH eKS OPNGOP GJ eKS FGhP M pKKh2 GdH NIMLMNdPLH MDO HdKLe2 GdH dKRGNH MDOHdeFP KJ lLGdGDE1 $d QMe KL QMe DKd pP JKFFKlPO pe HKQP QKLP GDdPDHGjP LPMOGDE1

"hGQQGDE GH >DCE>PGD dILPP OGJJPLPDd HGdSMdGKDH1

cLP8LPMOGDE 8"hGQQGDE GH QKLP dIKLKSEI dIMD HGQRFP RLPjGPlGDE MDO NMD EGjP M QKLP

MNNSLMdP RGNdSLP KJ dP|d dK pP LPMO FMdPL1

[PjGPlGDE 8"hGQQGDE GH SHPJSF JKL LPjGPlGDE dP|d MFLPMOe LPMO1

[PMOGDE 8"hGQQGDE GH QKHd KJdPD SHPO JKL sSGNhFe LPMOGDE QMdPLGMF dIMd2 JKL MDe

DSQpPL KJ LPMHKDH2 OKPH DKd DPPO QKLP OPdMGFPO MddPDdGKD1

,:CBDGD HhGQQGDE MD MLdGNFP (dP|d)

[PMO dIP dGdFP 8 Gd GH dIP HIKLdPHd RKHHGpFP HSQQMLe KJ dIP NKDdPDd1

[PMO dIP GDdLKOSNdGKD KL FPMO8GD RMLMELMRI1

[PMO dIP JGLHd RMLMELMRI NKQRFPdPFe1

$J dIPLP MLP HSpIPMOGDEH2 LPMO PMNI KDP2 FKKhGDE JKL LPFMdGKDHIGRH MQKDE dIPQ1

[PMO dIP JGLHd HPDdPDNP KJ PMNI LPQMGDGDE RMLMELMRI1

M1 ]IP QMGD GOPM KJ QKHd RMLMELMRIH MRRPMLH GD dIP JGLHd HPDdPDNP1

p1 $J dIP MSdIKLH RMddPLD GH dK pPEGD lGdI M sSPHdGKD KL P|MQRFP2 eKS QMe JGDO dIP FMHd

HPDdPDNP QKLP jMFSMpFP1

M

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$O%N$ ON&%NE"hGQQGDE MDO HNMDDGDE JKL $C\]" IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`PQpPO`HpKtCNl\I[N

FOCUS ON RE'!%N$ "hGQQGDE JKL EGHd

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KSd HSNI deRPH MH dIP KjPL8P|NGdMpFP2 QPFMDNIKFe2 JLGEGO2 HMLNMHdGN2 NeDGNMF2 JLSHdLMdPO2 MDO KjPL8pPMLGDE .$ lKSFO HMe dKK2 dIMd Gd P|NFSOPH MFF KJ OSFF KL RSLPFe DPEMdGjP RPLHKDMFGde1 $ HdGFF HdGNh dK lIMd $ HMGO GDQe PMLFGPL pKKh. dIMd HNIKKF NIGFOLPD RLKpMpFe HSJJPL QKLP JLKQ pKLPH dIMD JLKQ pLSdPH1

Secondly- i" is no" merely desira,le ,u" essen"ial for a "eac#er "o #a(e a genuine capaci"y for sympa"#y/ in "#e li"eral meaning of "#a" word0 a capaci"y "o "une in "o "#e minds and feelings of o"#er people-especially- since mos" "eac#ers are sc#ool "eac#ers- "o "#e minds and feelings of c#ildren1 'FKHPFeLPFMdPO lGdI dIGH GH dIP NMRMNGde dK pP dKFPLMDd 8 DKd2 GDOPPO2 KJ lIMd GH lLKDE2 pSd KJ dIP JLMGFde MDOGQQMdSLGde KJ ISQMD DMdSLP lIGNI GDOSNP RPKRFP2 MDO MEMGD PHRPNGMFFe NIGFOLPD2 dK QMhP QGHdMhPH1

T#irdly- % #old i" essen"ial for a "eac#er "o ,e ,o"# in"ellec"ually and morally #ones"1 ]IGH OKPH DKdQPMD pPGDE M RFMHdPL HMGDd1 $d QPMDH dIMd IP lGFF pP MlMLP KJ IGH GDdPFFPNdSMF HdLPDEdIH2 MDO FGQGdMdGKDH2MDO lGFF IMjP dIKSEId MpKSd MDO OPNGOPO SRKD dIP QKLMF RLGDNGRFPH pe lIGNI IGH FGJP HIMFF pP ESGOPO1]IPLP GH DK NKDdLMOGNdGKD GD Qe EKGDE KD dK HMe dIMd M dPMNIPL HIKSFO pP M pGd KJ MD MNdKL1 ]IMd GH RMLd KJdIP dPNIDGsSP KJ dPMNIGDE2 lIGNI OPQMDOH dIMd PjPLe DKl MDO dIPD M dPMNIPL HIKSFO pP MpFP dK RSd KD MD

MNd 8 dK PDFGjPD M FPHHKD2 NKLLPNd M JMSFd2 KL MlMLO RLMGHP1 'IGFOLPD2 PHRPNGMFFe eKSDE NIGFOLPD2 FGjP GD MlKLFO dIMd GH LMdIPL FMLEPL dIMD FGJP1' "eac#er mus" remain men"ally aler"kP lGFF DKd EPd GDdK dIP RLKJPHHGKD GJ KJ FKl GDdPFFGEPDNP2 pSd Gd GHMFF dKK PMHe2 PjPD JKL RPKRFP KJ MpKjP8MjPLMEP GDdPFFGEPDNP2 dK HdMEDMdP GDdPFFPNdSMFFe 8 MDO dIMd QPMDH dKOPdPLGKLMdP GDdPFFPNdSMFFe1 dPMNIPL QSHd pP sSGNh dK MOMRd IGQHPFJ dK MDe HGdSMdGKD2 IKlPjPLGQRLKpMpFP MDO MpFP dK GQRLKjGHP2 GJ DPNPHHMLe Md FPHH dIMD M QKQPDdH DKdGNP1 (kPLP $ HIKSFO HdLPHH dIMd$ SHP IP MDO IGH dILKSEIKSd dIP pKKh HGQRFe MH M QMddPL KJ NKDjPDdGKD MDO NKDjPDGPDNP1)

On "#e o"#er #and- a "eac#er mus" ,e capa,le of infini"e pa"ience ]IGH2 $ QMe HMe2 GH FMLEPFe M QMddPL KJHPFJ8OGHNGRFGDP MDO HPFJ8dLMGDGDEZ lP MLP DKDP KJ SH pKLD FGhP dIMd1 kP QSHd pP RLPdde LPHGFGPDdZ dPMNIGDEQMhPH ELPMd OPQMDOH KD DPLjKSH PDPLEe1 DO IP HIKSFO pP MpFP dK dMhP GD IGH HdLGOP dIP GDDSQPLMpFP

RPdde GLLGdMdGKDH MDe MOSFd OPMFGDE lGdI NIGFOLPD IMH dK PDOSLP1

Finally- % "#ink a "eac#er s#ould #a(e "#e kind of mind w#ic# always wan"s "o go on learning ]PMNIGDEGH M Kp Md lIGNI KDP lGFF DPjPL pP RPLJPNdZ dIPLP GH MFlMeH HKQPdIGDE QKLP dK FPMLD MpKSd Gd1 ]IPLP MLPdILPP RLGDNGRMF KpPNdH KJ HdSOe. dIP HSpPNd2 KL HSpPNdH2 lIGNI dIP dPMNIPL GH dPMNIGDEZ dIP QPdIKOH pelIGNI dIPe NMD pPHd pP dMSEId dK dIP RMLdGNSFML RSRGFH GD dIP NFMHHPH IP GH dPMNIGDEZ MDO 8 pe JML dIP QKHdGQRKLdMDd 8 dIP NIGFOLPD2 eKSDE RPKRFP2 KL MOSFdH dK lIKQ dIPe MLP dK pP dMSEId1 ]IP dlK NMLOGDMFRLGDNGRFPH KJ rLGdGHI POSNMdGKD dKOMe MLP dIMd POSNMdGKD GH POSNMdGKD KJ dIP lIKFP RPLHKD2 MDO dIMd Gd GHpPHd MNsSGLPO dILKSEI JSFF MDO MNdGjP NK8KRPLMdGKD pPdlPPD dlK RPLHKDH2 dIP dPMNIPL MDO dIP FPMLDPL1

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31 IK OGHNKjPLPO dIPQm

61 IMd MLP dIP JKSL NIMLMNdPLGHdGNH KJ q8LMeHm

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$D NKQQKD lGdI KdIPL PFPNdLKQMEDPdGN LMOGMdGKDH2 q8LMeH P|IGpGd RMLdGNFP8FGhP MHRPNdH MH lPFF MHlMjP8FGhP MHRPNdH1 ]IP LPMOPL lGFF LPNMFF dIMd dIP 'KQRdKD PJJPNd2 lIGNI GH KDP KJ dIP QKHd NKDjGDNGDEOPQKDHdLMdGKDH KJ dIP P|GHdPDNP KJ sSMDdM2 lMH KLGEGDMFFe KpHPLjPO lGdI PFPNdLKQMEDPdGN LMOGMdGKD GDdIP q8LMe LPEGKD KJ lMjPFPDEdIH1

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H>DD@FRHSRRFGPH KJ EMH MDO KGF QMhP [SHHGM M JKLQGOMpFP IeOLKNMLpKD RKlPL1 %KHNKl QMe DKl pP MNKDHSQPL RMLMOGHP pSd dIP LPHd KJ dIP NKSDdLe FMEH JML pPIGDO GD dPLQH KJ PNKDKQGN ELKldI1 ]IPNKSDdLeH FPEMF MDO RKFGdGNMF GDJLMHdLSNdSLPH DPPO dK OPjPFKR MDO pP LPGDJKLNPO1 ]IP NKSDdLe GH dKKOPRPDOPDd KD KGF HSRRFGPH MDO DPPOH dK OGjPLHGJe GDdK KdIPL HPNdKLH2 PHRPNGMFFe $]1 \Kl FPjPFH KJ

RKRSFMdGKD ELKldI MDO M RKKL IPMFdINMLP GDJLMHdLSNdSLP RKHP MDKdIPL dILPMd dK dIP NKSDdLeHOPjPFKRQPDd1

.9=@FRFMHd ePML $DJKHeH2 dIP HSNNPHHJSF rMDEMFKLP8pMHPO $] NKQRMDe2 LPNPGjPO _44 MRRFGNMdGKDH JKL 544GDdPLDHIGRH JKL DKD8$DOGMD DMdGKDMFH1 ]IP NKQRMDe LPNPGjPO M dKdMF KJ 5 QGFFGKD Kp MRRFGNMdGKDH JLKQsSMFGJGPO $DOGMD ELMOSMdPH1 ]IP $DOGMD POSNMdGKD HeHdPQ IMH RLPRMLPO dIP NKSDdLe lPFF JKL GdH ELKldI GDdIP $] HPNdKL1 uLMOSMdPH DK FKDEPL DPPO dK FPMjP $DOGM dK OPjPFKR M NMLPPL1 oMGdI MDO LPFGEGKD MLPGQRKLdMDd GD $DOGM lGFF PNKDKQGN ELKldI MDO GDNLPMHPO lPMFdI FPMO dK M OPNFGDP GD LPFGEGKSH pPFGPJ MHIMH IMRRPDPO GD PHdPLD CSLKRPm ]IP LSLMF RKKL MLP LMRGOFe pPGDE FPJd pPIGDO pe SLpMD ELKldI2 dIPEKjPLDQPDd DPPO dK MOOLPHH dIGH GHHSP1 zLKSEId GD dIP DKLdI KJ dIP NKSDdLe GH MD GDNLPMHGDE RLKpFPQ dIMdQMe dILPMdPD JKKO HSRRFGPH1

1K@9FRb4 KJ dIP NFKdIPH pKSEId GD dIP w" MLP DKl QMOP GD 'IGDM1 'KDHSQPL PFPNdLKDGNH2 dIP NMLGDOSHdLe2 dIP NML NKQRKDPDd GDOSHdLe MFF MLP OPjPFKRGDE LMRGOFe1 %SFdGDMdGKDMFH MLP DKl KRPDGDELPHPMLNI JMNGFGdGPH GD 'IGDM1 %GFFGKDH KJ 'IGDPHP RPKRFP IMjP pPPD RSFFPO KSd KJ RKjPLde KjPL dIP FMHd 54ePMLH1 ]IP GQRMNd KJ dIP NKSDdLeH LPNPDd PNKDKQGN ELKldI KD dIP PDjGLKDQPDd IMH pPPD jPLe IGEI1]IPLP GH M LGHh KJ OLKSEId GD dIP DKLdI KJ dIP NKSDdLe lIGNI QMe dILPMdPD HSRRFGPH KJ lIPMd MDO KdIPLELMGDH1 ]IP RKFGdGNMF HGdSMdGKD LPQMGDH SDNPLdMGD1 kKl lGFF dIP 'KQQSDGHd cMLde MOMRd dK dIP OPQMDOHKJ dIP ELKlGDE MJJFSPDd QGOOFP NFMHHPHm

w$] ^"NMDDGDEFOCUS ON THEORY

,?F99@9G GH M QKOP KJ JMHd LPMOGDE lIGNI eKS SHP GJ eKS HdMLd lGdI M RLPOPJGDPO HPd KJhPelKLOH MDO lMDd dK JGDO KSd GJ M EGjPD dP|d RLKjGOPH GDJKLQMdGKD KD dIPQ1 KS FPMJdILKSEI dIP dP|d MDO HPMLNI JKL RMHHMEPH lIGNI NKDdMGD eKSL hPelKLOH1 $J eKS IGd KD

RMEPH lIGNI NKDdMGD eKSL hPelKLO KL HPQMDdGNMFFe LPFMdPO lKLOH2 Gd JLPsSPDdFe GH SHPJSFdK DKdP dIP RMEP DSQpPLH JKL FMdPL GDdPDHGjP LPMOGDE KL JKL QMhGDE MpHdLMNdH1

"NMDDGDE NMD pP NIMFFPDEGDE pPNMSHP lP dPDO dK LPMO dIP lIKFP dP|d MDO lMHdP dGQP1%GDO dIPHP dlK RGPNPH KJ MOjGNP.

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$J eKS HdMLd LPMOGDE JLKQ FPJd dK LGEId eKS MLP EKGDE dK HNMD jPLe HFKlFe1 $D JMNd2 lIMdIMRRPDH GH dIMd eKS HdMLd dK HhGQ dIP dP|d MDO LPMO Gd JKL QPMDGDE LMdIPL dIMD SHdHNMDDGDE JKL GDOGjGOSMF lKLOH1 ]IGH IMRRPDH pPNMSHP eKSL pLMGD lMDdH dK RLKNPHH dIPGDJKLQMdGKD NKQGDE dK Gd1

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]K dPHd dIGH JSLdIPL dIP HdSOPDdH lPLP MHhPO IKl lPFF dIPe lPLP RLPRMLPO GD HRPNGJGN HhGFFH NPDdLMF dKOPELPP FPjPF IGHdKLe HdSOe1 ]IP MDHlPLH LPjPMF dIMd dIP HdSOPDdH JPFd QKHd NKDJGOPDd Md dMhGDE DKdPH JLKQFPNdSLPH MDO KLEMDGtGDE dIPGL DKdPH1 ]IPe lPLP FPMHd MpFP dK EGjP MD KLMF RLPHPDdMdGKD MDO dIPLP lMH DKELPMd NKDJGOPDNP GD NKDdLGpSdGDE dK HPQGDMLH2 hDKlGDE IKl QSNI dK LPMO2 SHGDE RLGQMLe HKSLNPH MDO

HPMLNIGDE JKL dP|dH1 CjPD LPMOGDE MDO dMhGDE DKdPH JLKQ M pKKh lPLP KJdPD RLKpFPQMdGN1 {SHd a RPL NPDdKJ dIP HMQRFP HMGO dIPe JPFd NKQRPdPDd Md lLGdGDE PHHMeH2 dIP HdMRFP FPjPF MHHPHHQPDd MNdGjGde1

]IP RPLHKDMF GDJFSPDNP KJ dIP dPMNIPL lMH RMLMQKSDd1 $D JMNd GDOGjGOSMF dPMNIPLH lPLP dIP NPDdLP KJHdSOPDdH FPMLDGDE Md FPjPF lGdI HKQP _a RPL NPDd KJ LPHRKDOPDdH LPRKLdGDE dIMd dIPGL dPMNIPLH IMO pPPDQKLP GDJFSPDdGMF GD dIPGL OPjPFKRQPDd MH IGHdKLGMDH dIMD dIP HdSOPDdH KlD LPMOGDE MDO dIGDhGDE1

]IP GOPMF dPMNIPL dSLDPO KSd dK pP HKQPKDP lIK lMH PDdISHGMHdGN MpKSd dIP HSpPNdZ M EKKO NFPMLNKQQSDGNMdKL lIK PDNKSLMEPO OGHNSHHGKD1 ]IP GOPMF dPMNIPL lMH MpFP dK OPjPFKR HdSOPDdH GDjKFjPQPDdMDO GDOPRPDOPDNP1 kP KL HIP lMH MRRLKMNIMpFP MDO lGFFGDE dK IPFR1 ]IP pMO dPMNIPL2 MNNKLOGDE dK dIPHSLjPe2 OGNdMdPH DKdPH MDO MFFKlH DK LKKQ JKL OGHNSHHGKD1 kP KL HIP QMhPH HdSOPDdH FPMLD HdLGDEH KJ

JMNdHZ MRRPMLH SDGDdPLPHdPO GD dIP HSpPNd MDO JMGFH dK FGHdPD dK KdIPL RKGDdH KJ jGPl1

K QMddPL IKl RKKL dIP HdSOPDdH SOEPO dIPGL RLPRMLPODPHH JKL OPELPP8FPjPF HdSOe2 IKlPjPL2 dIPLP lMH MJMGLFe lGOPHRLPMO KRdGQGHQ dIMd dIP P|RPLGPDNP lKSFO NIMDEP dIPQ HGEDGJGNMDdFe2 RMLdGNSFMLFe GD dPLQHKJ dIPGL KRPD QGDOPODPHH MDO MpGFGde dK NKRP lGdI RPKRFP1

rSd Gd lMH NFPML2 zL rKKdI HMGO2 dIMd dIP GQRKLdMDNP MddMNIPO pe QMDe OPRMLdQPDdH dK dIGLO8ePMLdPMNIGDE NKSFO pP QGHRFMNPO1 PLe KJdPD dSdKLH LPEMLO dIP dIGLO ePML MH dIP NLSNGMF dGQP2 MFFKlGDERKHdELMOSMdPH dK OK M FKd KJ dIP PMLFGPL dPMNIGDE1 rSd $ MQ NKQGDE dK dIP NKDNFSHGKD dIMd dIP JGLHd ePML MdSDGjPLHGde GH dIP NLGdGNMF RKGDd KJ GDdPLjPDdGKD1

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69P@9C DCF;?KCD E:>;C P@9IC= :< C?

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]IPHP LPHSFdH IMjP M NPLdMGD GDdSGdGjP MRRPMF1 $ ESPHH GD dIP OPjPFKRPO lKLFO2 eKS IMjP M FKd QKLPdK HPMLNI JKL GD dIP JSdSLP GD dPLQH KJ dIP NSFdSLMF P|RPLGPDNPH MjMGFMpFP 8 HSNI MH SRNKQGDE QKjGPLPFPMHPH1

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DKD8HRPNGMFGHdH pPNMSHP dIP HIPPL MQKSDd KJ lMdPL RLPHHGDE OKlD KD dIPQ QPMDH dIMd dIP EMHPH OK DKdPHNMRP GDdK dIP MdQKHRIPLP1 ]IKSEI2 KNNMHGKDMFFe dIPe OK PLSRd HK QMHHGjPFe dIMd DPl GHFMDOH MLPJKLQPO MpKjP dIP FPjPF KJ dIP KNPMD1 \GhPlGHP2 HSpEFMNGMF jKFNMDKPH dIMd JKLQ pPDPMdI dIP GNPNMRPHNMRP EPDPLMF DKdGNP SDdGF dIP GNPNMR QPFdH MDO dMpFP dKR QKSDdMGDH MRRPML1 "dLMdKjKFNMDKPH2 NKDP2

HIGPFO MDO QSO jKFNMDKPH MLP HGQRFe jKFNMDKPH NFMHHGJGPO pe pPGDE JKLQPO KJ OGJJPLPDd QMdPLGMFH MDOJKLQGDE OGJJPLPDd HIMRPH1

FOCUS ON %E&TS

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RLPOGNdGKDH1 PMLFe MFF dIP JMNdKLH dIMd NKDdLGpSdP dK eKSdI NLGQP88HGDEFP8RMLPDd IKSHPIKFOH2 NIGFOMpSHP2 OPdPLGKLMdGDE GDDPL8NGde HNIKKFH88MLP EPddGDE lKLHP1 d dIP HMQP dGQP2 EKjPLDQPDd GHpPNKQGDE FPHH2 DKd QKLP2 GDdPLPHdPO GD HRPDOGDE QKDPe dK IPFR pLPMh dIP NeNFP KJ RKjPLde MDO

NLGQP1 FF KJ lIGNI IMH FPO {KID {1 zG$SFGK {L12 M RLKJPHHKL KJ RKFGdGNH MDO RSpFGN MJJMGLH Md cLGDNPdKD2dK lMLD MpKSd M DPl EPDPLMdGKD KJ HSRPLRLPOMdKLH2 eKSDEHdPLH lIK MLP NKQGDE KJ MEP GD MNdSMFMDO QKLMF RKjPLde2 lGdIKSd dIP pPDPJGd KJ RMLPDdH2 dPMNIPLH2 NKMNIPH MDO NFPLEe dK dPMNI dIPQLGEId KL lLKDE MDO HIKl dIPQ SDNKDOGdGKDMF FKjP1

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HCF=@9G r;9FP F;:@?PCD

%MDe HdSOPDdH JGDO LPMOGDE KSLDMF MLdGNFPH QKLP OGJJGNSFd dIMD dP|d pKKhH MDO MLP

OMSDdPO pe dIP JMNd dIMd KSLDMF MLdGNFPH MLP lLGddPD pe NSLLPDd P|RPLdH GD dIPGL JGPFO KJHdSOe MDO HKQPdGQPH dIPGL KlD FPNdSLPLH1

$d GH SHPJSF dK MOKRd M dlK8JKFO MRRLKMNI dK LPMOGDE MD MLdGNFP.

uPd M sSGNh KjPLjGPl

[PMO dIP FXD:;F?:lIGNI NKDdMGDH M HSQQMLe KJ dIP MLdGNFP MDO HIKSFO NKDdMGD

dIP LMdGKDMFP JKL dIP HdSOe MH lPFF MH dIP QMGD LPHSFdH MDO MD GDdPLRLPdMdGKD KJdIP LPHSFdH1

[PMO dIP D>JJF;AMDO ?D@

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oGFQ RLKOSNPLH MLP SHSMFFe GD Gd JKL dIP QKDPe2 lIMdPjPL dIPe QGEId HMe MpKSd lMDdGDE dK RLKOSNP

ELPMd MLd KL PDdPLdMGDQPDd1 rSd lIPD {PJJ "hKFF2 JKSDOPL KJ cMLdGNGRMDd cLKOSNdGKDH2 HMeH IP lMDdH IGHJGFQH dK NIMDEP dIP lKLFO2 eKS HKQPIKl pPFGPjP IGQ1 JdPL MFF2 IP OKPHDd P|MNdFe DPPO dIP QKDPe1

"hKFF2 dKEPdIPL lGdI M SDGjPLHGde NKFFPMESP2 JKSDOPO PrMe2 MDO NKDHPsSPDdFe GH DKl M pGFFGKDMGLP1IPD IP FPJd PrMe GD 3444 IP dSLDPO IGH HGEIdH dK RIGFMDdILKRGN RLKPNdH1 kP IMO FKDE IMLpKSLPO MOLPMQ dK lLGdP HdKLGPH lIGNI lKSFO NIMDEP dIP lKLFO2 pSd dIPD LPMFGHPO IP NKSFO SHP IGH lPMFdI dK IGLPlLGdPLH1 DO lIMd pPddPL lMe dK EPd dIKHP HdKLGPH KSd dK dIP RSpFGN dIMD dK QMhP dIPQ GDdK JGFQHm

cMLdGNGRMDd cLKOSNdGKDH NMQP GDdK pPGDE GD 344^2 MDO DKl IMH GdH JGLHd pMdNI KJ HSNNPHHJSF JGFQHSDOPL GdH pPFd1 "eLGMDM2 HdMLLGDE uPKLEP 'FKKDPe MH MD QPLGNMD HRe2 FKKhH Md IKl QPLGNMHOPRPDOPDNP KD %GOOFP CMHdPLD KGF LPHSFdH GD EFKpMF jGKFPDNP1 DKdIPL uPKLEP 'FKKDPe JGFQ2

uKKODGEId2 MDO uKKO \SNh2 lIGNI dIP MNdKL MFHK OGLPNdPO MDO NK8lLKdP2 GH M OLMQM MpKSd "PDMdKL{KHPRI %N'MLdIe MDO IGH MddPQRdH dK NPDHKL QPLGNMD dPFPjGHGKD DPlH1 $D 344b D $DNKDjPDGPDd ]LSdI2dIP JGFQ RLPHPDdPO pe F uKLP MpKSd dIP NFGQMdP NLGHGH2 lKD NMOPQe lMLOH JKL rPHd zKNSQPDdMLeoPMdSLP MDO }LGEGDMF "KDE1

]IP JGLHd JGFQ dK NKQP KSd2 KLdI 'KSDdLe2 lMH FPHH HSNNPHHJSF Md dIP pK| KJJGNP dIMD dIP 'FKKDPeJGFQH2 pSd HdGFF NLGdGNMFFe MNNFMGQPO1 "dMLLGDE 'IMLFGtP ]IPLKD2 Gd dPFFH dIP HdKLe KJ M lKQMD lKLhGDE MH MQGDPL2 MDO dIP HP|SMF IMLMHHQPDd HIP MDO IPL JPQMFP NKFFPMESPH JMNP1

kKFFelKKO IMH HPPD M HRMdP KJ RKFGdGNMF JGFQH2 HSNI MH %SDGNI2 ]IP 'KDHdMDd uMLOPDPL MDOrFKKO zGMQKDOH2 MDO Gd NKSFO pP HMGO dIMd cMLdGNGRMDd GH SQRGDE KD dIP pMDOlMEKD1 KpKOe PFHP2

IKlPjPL2 GH OKGDE lIMd "hKFF GH OKGDE1 cMLdGNGRMDd lKLhH GD RMLdDPLHIGR lGdI MNdGjGHd ELKSRH MDOKLEMDGHPH M HRPNGJGN NMQRMGED dK dGP GD lGdI PMNI JGFQ1 $dH NKQQSDGde lPpHGdP (RMLdGNGRMdP1DPd) IPFRHRPKRFP EPd GDjKFjPO pe dMhGDE RMLd GD ELKSR pFKEH MH lPFF MH dIP NMQRMGEDH1

oKL KLdI 'KSDdLe dIP NKQRMDe IMH HPd SR M NMQRMGED dK PDO HP|SMF IMLMHHQPDd MDO OKQPHdGNjGKFPDNP2 MDO dIP lPpHGdP IMH OKlDFKMOMpFP GDJKLQMdGKD hGdH1 uKKODGEId2 MDO uKKO \SNh GH dGPO GDlGdI M NMQRMGED dK RLKQKdP pPddPL LPRKLdGDE KJ dIP DPlH2 lIGNI PDNKSLMEPH RPKRFP dK lLGdP GD lGdIDPlH HdKLGPH JLKQ dIPGL DPGEIpKSLIKKOH1 "eLGMDMH NMQRMGED GH }GF 'IMDEP2 lIGNI MGQH dK LPOSNPOPRPDOPDNP KD KGF pe GDJKLQGDE RPKRFP MpKSd lMeH dIPe NMD QMhP M OGJJPLPDNP MH GDOGjGOSMFH1

LP dIPHP NMQRMGEDH IMjGDE MDe PJJPNdm $dH dKK PMLFe dK HMe2 pSd GJ dIP DSQpPL KJ RPKRFP jGHGdGDE

dIP lPpHGdP GH MDedIGDE dK EK KD dIPD dIP QPHHMEP GH EPddGDE MNLKHH dIMd RPKRFP NMD RMLdGNGRMdP MDO JGFQHNMD pP M jPIGNFP JKL HKNGMF NIMDEP1

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1 ]K FPMLD dIP GDHdLSQPDd eKS NMD MddPDO M "NIKKF KJ cGRGDE2 MFdIKSEI QMDe JMGF dK JGDGHI dIP NKSLHP1"PjPLMF NKSDdLGPH MFHK IMjP RGRGDE NKQRPdGdGKDH lIGNI HKLd dIP pPHd JLKQ dIP QPOGKNLP1 PLe KJdPD dIPdLMOGdGKD KJ RFMeGDE LSDH GD dIP JMQGFe1 wHSMFFe2 dSDPH MLP FPMLDPO pe GQGdMdGDE M QKLP P|RPLGPDNPORFMePL MH dIP QSHGN GH DKd lLGddPD OKlD1

`$D "NKdFMDO2 RGRGDE IMH JKL M FKDE dGQP pPPD NFKHPFe MHHKNGMdPO lGdI dIP QGFGdMLe dLMOGdGKD2 RGRPLHpPGDE GDdPELMdPO GDdK LPEGQPDdH KJ dIP rLGdGHI LQe1 ]IP pMERGRP RLKOSNPH M jPLe pGE HKSDO lIGNI GHKJdPD MNNKQRMDGPO pe OLSQH1 $D oLMDNP2 dIP rLPdKD RGRP KL pGDGKS2 GH NKQQKD Md RLKNPHHGKDH MDO MdJPHdKS8DKt KL DGEId JPMHdH2 MDO GH MFHK RFMePO lGdI OLSQH1

8]IP $LGHI jPLHGKD2 dIP SGFFPMD RGRPH2 GH DMQPO MJdPL dIP uMPFGN lKLO JKL PFpKl2 pPNMSHP dIPe IMjP MHQMFF pPFFKlH lIGNI GH RSQRPO pe dIP PFpKl dK RLKjGOP dIP MGL1 ]IPe IMjP M sSGPdPL MDO HlPPdPL HKSDOMDO NMD RLKOSNP NIKLOH2 NKQpGDMdGKDH KJ DKdPH2 MH lPFF1 ]IPe lPLP KLGEGDMFFe RFMePO SDMNNKQRMDGPO MdOMDNPH2 JMGLH2 KL JKKdpMFF QMdNIPH1

a GdI dIP LPjGjMF GD JKFh QSHGN JLKQ 5va4H KDlMLOH MDO dIP LGHP KJ dIP HRKDdMDPKSH HPHHGKD GD RSpH2dIP RGRPH pPEMD dK pP RFMePO dKEPdIPL lGdI M JGOOFP2 lIGHdFP2 ESGdML MDO pKOLD2 M IMDO8IPFO OLSQ1

H JKFh QSHGN JSHPO lGdI LKNh MDO RKR GD dIP5vb4H MDO _4H2 dIP pMERGRPH JKSDO M RFMNP GD pMDOH HSNIMH [SDLGE MDO 'MRPLNMGFFGP GD "NKdFMDO KL "PdGQM \PEGK GD cKLdSEMF2 MDO IMjP pPPD NIMQRGKDPO pejGLdSKHKH HSNI MH 'MLFKH SPt GD uMFGNGM2 KL #MdILeD ]GNhPFF JLKQ KLdISQpPLFMDO GD CDEFMDO1 %KLPLPNPDdFe dIP RGRP HKSDOH IMjP pPPD GDdPELMdPO HSNNPHHJSFFe lGdI dLMDNP MDO dPNIDK QSHGN pe RLKPNdHHSNI MH dIP JLK8'PFd "KSDO "eHdPQ1

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HFGOPH (QKdIPLH MDO eKSDE NIGFOLPD)2 OGHESHdGDE HFGOPH (HPjPLP JMNGMF GDSLGPH MDO pSLDH) MDO SDSHSMFHFGOPH (MLd KpPNdH)1 wDhDKlD dK dIPHP HSpPNdH2 dIPe lPLP pPGDE dPFPjGHPO MDO jGPlPO pe MDKdIPLQMdNIPO HPd KJ HSpPNdH2 lIK lPLP MHhPO dK OPNGOP2 KD dIP pMHGH KJ dIP dPFPjGHPO JMNGMF P|RLPHHGKDH2lIGNI KJ dIP JKSL HPdH KJ HFGOPH IMO SHd pPPD jGPlPO1 ]IGH P|RPLGQPDd GDjKFjPO pKdI QMFP MDO JPQMFP

RMGLH2 pSd DK RMGLH NKQRLGHGDE pKdI QPD MDO lKQPDZ dIMd GH QPD KpHPLjPO KDFe QPD2 MDO lKQPDKpHPLjPO lKQPD1 rSNh JKSDO dIMd dIP JPQMFP RMGLH NKLLPNdFe GOPDdGJGPO MFQKHd ^4 RPL NPDd KJ dIP HFGOPHSHPO 8 dIGH lMH MpKjP dIP FPjPF lIGNI lKSFO pP RLPOGNdPO pe NIMDNP MFKDP1 ('IMDNP FPjPF GH 3i RPL NPDdIPLP2 MH dIPLP lPLP JKSL NFMHHPH KJ HFGOP)1 rSd QMFP RMGLH NKLLPNdFe GOPDdGJGPO KDFe 3_ RPL NPDd KJ HFGOPH 8DKd HGEDGJGNMDdFe MpKjP NIMDNP FPjPF1 $D KdIPL lKLOH2 dIGH HdSOe HSEEPHdH dIMd JMNGMF P|RLPHHGKD GH DKd MjPLe EKKO GDOP| KJ LPMF JPPFGDE 8 MDO GD dIP NMHP KJ QPD lMdNIGDE MDO GDdPLRLPdGDE KdIPL QPD2 GHMFQKHd SHPFPHH1

8aul Ekman from "#e Uni(ersi"y of California #as conduc"ed a long series of experimen"s onnon(er,al leakage ?or #ow non(er,al ,e#a(iour may re(eal real inner s"a"esA w#ic# #as yielded some

more posi"i(e and coun"er/in"ui"i(e resul"s1 ChQMD IMH HSEEPHdPO dIMd DKDjPLpMF pPIMjGKSL QMe GDOPPO

RLKjGOP M NFSP dK LPMF JPPFGDEH MDO IMH P|RFKLPO GD HKQP OPdMGF RPKRFP MNdGjPFe GDjKFjPO GD OPNPRdGKD2lIPLP dIPGL jPLpMF FMDESMEP GH DKd M dLSP GDOGNMdGKD KJ IKl dIPe LPMFFe JPPF1 ChQMD IPLP MELPPH lGdI"GEQSDO oLPSO2 lIK lMH MFHK NKDjGDNPO KJ dIP GQRKLdMDNP KJ DKDjPLpMF pPIMjGKSL GD HRKddGDEOPNPRdGKD lIPD IP lLKdP. kP dIMd IMH PePH dK HPP MDO PMLH dK IPML QMe NKDjGDNP IGQHPFJ dIMd DK QKLdMFNMD hPPR M HPNLPd1 $J IGH FGRH MLP HGFPDd2 IP NIMddPLH lGdI IGH JGDEPL8dGRHZ pPdLMeMF KKtPH KSd KJ IGQ MdPjPLe RKLP1

Ekman predic"ed "#a" "#e fee" and legs would pro,a,ly #old "#e ,es" clue "o decep"ion ,ecause

al"#oug# "#e face sends ou" (ery )uick ins"an"aneous messages- people a""end "o and recei(e mos"

feed,ack from "#e face and "#erefore "ry "o con"rol i" mos" $D dIP NMHP KJ dIP JPPd MDO FPEH dIPdLMDHQGHHGKD dGQP GH QSNI FKDEPL pSd lP IMjP FGddFP JPPOpMNh JLKQ dIGH RMLd KJ dIP pKOe1 $D KdIPL

lKLOH2 lP MLP KJdPD SDMlMLP KJ lIMd lP MLP OKGDE lGdI KSL JPPd MDO FPEH1

Ekman sugges"ed "#a" "#e face is e)uipped "o lie "#e mos" ?,ecause we are of"en aware of ourfacial expressionA and "o BleakB "#e mos" ?,ecause i" sends ou" many fas" momen"ary messagesA and is

"#erefore going "o ,e a (ery confusing source of informa"ion during decep"ion 1 ]IP FPEH MDO JPPd lKSFOpP dIP RLGQMLe HKSLNP KJ DKDjPLpMF FPMhMEP MDO IKFO dIP QMGD NFSP dK OPNPRdGKD1 ]IP JKLQ dIP FPMhMEPGD dIP FPEH MDO JPPd lKSFO dMhP lKSFO GDNFSOP MEELPHHGjP JKKd hGNhH2 JFGLdMdGKSH FPE OGHRFMeH2 MpKLdGjPLPHdFPHH JFGEId QKjPQPDdH1 'FSPH dK OPNPRdGKD NKSFO pP HPPD GD dPDHP FPE RKHGdGKDH2 JLPsSPDd HIGJdH KJFPE RKHdSLP2 MDO GD LPHdFPHH KL LPRPdGdGjP FPE MDO JKKd QKjPQPDdH1

Ekman conduc"ed a series of experimen"s "o "es" #is specula"ions- some in(ol(ing psyc#ia"ric

pa"ien"s w#o were engaging in decep"ion- usually "o o,"ain release from #ospi"al1 kP QMOP JGFQH KJGDdPLjGPlH GDjKFjGDE dIP RMdGPDdH MDO HIKlPO dIPHP2 lGdIKSd HKSDO2 dK KDP KJ dlK ELKSRH KJ KpHPLjPLH1}DP ELKSR jGPlPO KDFe dIP JMNP MDO IPMO2 dIP KdIPL ELKSR2 dIP pKOe JLKQ dIP DPNh OKlD1 CMNIKpHPLjPL lMH EGjPD M FGHd KJ 644 MOPNdGjPH OPHNLGpGDE MddGdSOPH2 PQKdGKDMF HdMdP2 MDO HK KD2 MDO IMO dKHMe lIGNI MOPNdGjPH pPHd OPHNLGpPO dIP RMdGPDdH1 ]IP LPHSFdH GDOGNMdPO sSGdP OLMQMdGNMFFe dIMdGDOGjGOSMFH lIK SdGFGHPO dIP JMNP dPDOPO dK pP QGHFPO pe dIP RMdGPDdH2 lIPLPMH dIKHP lIK NKDNPDdLMdPO

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KD dIP FKlPL pKOe lPLP QSNI QKLP FGhPFe dK OPdPNd dIP LPMF HdMdP KJ dIP RMdGPDdH MDO DKd pP QGHFPO pedIP MddPQRdPO OPNPRdGKD1

T#ese s"udies "#us sugges" "#a" some ,ody language may indeed reflec" our real feelings- e(en

w#en we are "rying "o disguise "#em%KHd RPKRFP NMD2 IKlPjPL2 QMDMEP dK NKDdLKF JMNGMF P|RLPHHGKDsSGdP lPFF MDO dIP JMNP KJdPD HPPQH dK RLKjGOP FGddFP GDJKLQMdGKD MpKSd LPMF JPPFGDE1 cMSF ChQMD IMHQKLP LPNPDdFe OPQKDHdLMdPO dIMd RPKRFP NMD pP dLMGDPO dK GDdPLRLPd JMNGMF P|RLPHHGKD QKLP MNNSLMdPFe pSddIGH2 DKd HSLRLGHGDEFe2 GH M HFKl FMpKLGKSH RLKNPHH1 ChQMDH LPHPMLNI2 HSEEPHdH dIMd dIP JPPd MDO FPEHpPdLMe M ELPMd OPMF MpKSd LPMF JPPFGDEH MDO MddGdSOPH pSd dIP LPHPMLNI GH DKlIPLP DPML GOPDdGJeGDE dIPQPMDGDEH KJ RMLdGNSFML JKKd QKjPQPDdH1 [Me rGLOlIGHdPFF KJ dIP CMHdPLD cPDDHeFjMDGM cHeNIGMdLGN$DHdGdSdP IMH EKDP HKQP lMe dKlMLOH GOPDdGJeGDE HKQP KJ dIP pMHGN DKDjPLpMF PFPQPDdH KJ dIP FPEH MDOJPPd2 MDO MH M JGLHd MRRLK|GQMdGKD IMH GOPDdGJGPO i_ HPRMLMdP PFPQPDdH1 rSd dIP QPMDGDEH KJ dIPHPRMLdGNSFML PFPQPDdH GH JML JLKQ NFPML MDO DPGdIPL MLP dIP LSFPH JKL NKQpGDGDE dIP PFPQPDdH GDdK FMLEPLQPMDGDEJSF SDGdH1 cPLIMRH GD ePMLH dK NKQP lP lGFF IMjP M FMDESMEP KJ dIP JPPd RLKjGOPO dIMd lP NMDHSNNPHHJSFFe HSLQKSDd dIP RLKpFPQH OPHNLGpPO PMLFGPL GD GOPDdGJeGDE dIP pMHGN JKLQH KJ QKjPQPDd

JKFFKlGDE rGLOlIGHdPFFH RGKDPPLGDE PJJKLdH2 KJ IKl dIPe QMe NKQpGDP GDdK FMLEPL SDGdH2 MDO GD dPMNIGDERPKRFP IKl dIPe QGEId QMhP HPDHP KJ MRRMLPDdFe NKDdLMOGNdKLe QKjPQPDdH %n "#e mean"ime- if you go"o a par"y and find someone peering in"en"ly a" your fee" / ,eware

(oLKQ@anwa"c#ingpe zPHQKDO %KLLGH2 ]LGMO cMDdIPL2 5vbb)

V;F?:@?C Wc

HCF= :KC E

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lMdPL pSFFH1 ]IPLP lMH IMLOFe M FKNI KL pMe lIGNI2 MNNKLOGDE dK FKNMF JKFhFKLP2 OGO DKd IMjP HKQP HKLdKJ QKDHdPL GD Gd1

rSd dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL IMH M pPddPL RPOGELPP dIMD QKHd KJ dIP KdIPL "NKddGHI FMhP QKDHdPLH1IGFP QKHd lPLP KDFe hDKlD GD KLMF dLMOGdGKD2 dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL lMH QPDdGKDPO GD lLGdGDE GD z1

iai1 ]IP QKDHdPL2 Gd HPPQH2 LMD MJKSF KJ dIP ELPMd "NKddGHI IKFe QMD2 "MGDd 'KFSQpM1 OMQDMD2 "MGDd'KFSQpMH pGKELMRIPL2 dPFFH KJ MD GDNGOPDd lIPLP dIP HMGDd HMjPO M HlGQQPL JLKQ dIP LMQRMEGDEQKDHdPL pe HMeGDE2 ]IGDh DKd dK EK JSLdIPL2 dKSNI DKd dIKS dIMd QMD1 SGNh uK pMNh ]IPD dIP pPMHd2SRKD IPMLGDE dIP jKGNP KJ dIP HMGDd2 lMH dPLLGJGPO MDO JFPO pMNhlMLOH QKLP LMRGOFe dIMD IP NMQP1

$d lMH dLMOGdGKDMF GD RMEMD HKNGPdGPH JKL IPLKPH dK HFMe OLMEKDH MDO KdIPL QKDHdPLH1 IPD dIPRMEMDH pPNMQP 'ILGHdGMDH dIPHP QKDHdPL8JGEIdGDE MNdGjGdGPH lPLP KJdPD dMhPD KjPL pe dIP HMGDdH1 ]IPHdKLe KJ "MGDd 'KFSQpM MDO dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL lKSFO IMjP LPQMGDPO DKdIGDE QKLP dIMD MD KpHNSLPpGd KJ JKFhFKLP2 dK pP dLPMdPO DK QKLP HPLGKSHFe dIMD dIP HdKLe KJ "MGDd uPKLEP MDO dIP OLMEKD2 IMO Gd DKdpPPD JKL dIP PjPDdH KJ 5v6685v6^1

zSLGDE dIKHP ePMLH M LKMO lMH pSGFd MLKSDO dIP KDNP8GHKFMdPO FKNI GD dIP kGEIFMDOH1 ]IPNKDHdLSNdGKD pLKSEId M FMLEP DSQpPL KJ KSdHGOPLH dK \KNI PHH2 MDO NFPMLGDE dIP HIKLP KJ dIP FKNI JKL

dIP LKMO EMjP KpHPLjPLH M pPddPL jGPl KJ dIP lMdPL1 $D dIKHP ePMLH dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL MRRPMLPO2 KLLPMRRPMLPO2 GJ lP MLP dK MNNPRd dIP HdKLe KJ "MGDd 'KFSQpM1]IP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL NMRdSLPO dIP RSpFGN JMDNe MH DK NLPMdSLP LPMF KL GQMEGDMLe IMH GD M jPLe

FKDE dGQP1 $d hDKNhPO dIP uLPMd "PM "PLRPDd LGEId KSd KJ NKDdPDdGKD MH dIP DSQpPL KDP SDhDKlD MDGQMFGD dIP lKLFO1 ]K dIGH OMe2 OPHRGdP ePMLH KJ OGHMRRKGDdQPDd2 dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL LPQMGDH dIP lKLFOHQKHd RKRSFML QKDHdPL2 MDO dIP KDFe KDP JKL lIGNI dIPLP GH M LPESFML MDO lPFF8KLEMDGtPO HPMLNI1

"K QSNI IMH MFLPMOe pPPD lLGddPD KD dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL dIMd Gd HPPQH SDDPNPHHMLe dK EGjPMDKdIPL OPdMGFPO MNNKSDd KJ GdH IGHdKLe1 pLGPJ LSDOKlD KJ pMNhELKSDO GDJKLQMdGKD lGFF pP HSRRFGPO pSdlP lGFF NKDNPDdLMdP KD OPjPFKRQPDdH GD dIP HdKLe KJ dIP QKDHdPL OSLGDE dIP FMHd JPl ePMLH1

}J dIP dIKSHMDOH lIK IMjP LPRKLdPO HPPGDE dIP QKDHdPL HGDNP 5v66 dIP jMHd QMKLGde IMjP HPPDKDFe GdH pMNh KL ISQRH1 %KHd NKQQKDFe lIMd dIPe IMjP HPPD GH M HIMRP GD dIP lMdPL dIMd FKKhH

HKQPdIGDE FGhP MD SRdSLDPO pKMd2 KL M HdLGDE KJ dIPQ1 ]IGH HIMRP QMe pP MDelIPLP JLKQ M JPl GDNIPH dKQMDe JPPd MpKjP dIP lMdPL1}DFe M HQMFF DSQpPL IMjP LPRKLdPO MNdSMFFe HPPGDE dIP NLPMdSLPH IPMO MDO DPNh1 }DP KJ dIP JGLHd

RPKRFP dK HGEId dIP NLPMdSLPH IPMO2 MDO GDOPPO dIP QMD lIK NFMGQH dK IMjP NKGDPO dIP dPLQ \KNI PHHQKDHdPL2 GH FP| 'MQRpPFF2 M LPdGLPO JGHIPLGPH KJJGNGMF Md dIP FKNI1 kP HMl dIP QKDHdPL JKL dIP JGLHd dGQPGD 5v6^1 $d IMO M FKDE dMRPLGDE DPNh2 MpKSd HG| JPPd FKDE2 MDO M HQMFFGHI IPMO2 lGdI M HPLRPDdGDP FKKhMpKSd Gd2 MDO M ISEP ISQR pPIGDO lIGNI $ LPNhKD lMH MpKSd dIGLde JPPd FKDE1 $d lMH dSLDGDE GdH IPMONKDHdMDdFe1

$D MOOGdGKD dK IGH OSde Md dIP FKNI2 'MQRpPFF lMH MFHK M NKLLPHRKDOPDd JKL dIP $DjPLDPHH 'KSLGPL2dIP FKNMF DPlHRMRPL JKL dIP LPEGKD1 $d lMH 'MQRpPFFH LPRKLdH dIMd IPFRPO NMdMRSFd dIP \KNI PHHQKDHdPL dK lKLFO8lGOP JMQP1 Ie OGO IP NMFF Gd QKDHdPLm Kd pPNMSHP dIPLP lMH MDedIGDE IKLLGpFP

MpKSd Gd Md MFF2 pSd pPNMSHP KJ dIP ELPMd HGtP KJ dIP NLPMdSLP1]IP HPLRPDdGDP MRRPMLMDNP KJ dIP QKDHdPLH IPMO MDO DPNh lMH JGLQFe JG|PO GD dIP RSpFGNHNKDHNGKSHDPHH pe dIP JMQKSH \KDOKD HSLEPKDH RIKdKELMRI1 $d lMH dMhPD GD 5v6^ pe #PDDPdI GFHKD2M HSLEPKD KD IKFGOMe GD "NKdFMDO1 ]IP RIKdK MRRMLPDdFe HIKlH dIP HDMhPFGhP DPNh MDO dGDe IPMO KJ dIPQKDHdPL HdGNhGDE KSd KJ dIP lMdPLH KJ dIP FKNI1

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$D dIP 5v64H QKHd RPKRFP MELPPO dIMd dIP QKDHdPL FKKhPO jPLe QSNI FGhP MD MDNGPDd QMLGDP LPRdGFPRFPHGKHMSL1 d dIP dGQP dIP RFPHGKHMSL lMH MFHK M RKRSFML NMDOGOMdP JKL dIP uLPMd "PM "PLRPDd2 MDO HKlMH jPLe QSNI KD PjPLe8KDPH QGDO1

JdPL dIP JGLHd HPDHMdGKDMF HGEIdGDEH dIPLP lPLP DK JSLdIPL GQRKLdMDd LPjPFMdGKDH MpKSd dIP QKDHdPL1

]IP HNPRdGNH MDO dIP KhPLH pPEMD dK QKjP GD1 re dIP pPEGDDGDE KJ KLFO ML $$ (OSLGDE lIGNI dGQP GdOLKRRPO KSd KJ dIP DPlH PDdGLPFe) dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL NMQP dK pP LPEMLOPO MH PGdIPL M IKM|NKDNKNdPO pe NMDDe "NKdH IKdPF KlDPLH KL M IMFFSNGDMdGKD HPPD KDFe pe dIKHP lIK GQpGpPO dKK JLPPFe GD"NKdFMDOH QKHd JMQKSH RLKOSNd1

rSd M IMLOe JPl hPRd dIP JMGdI1 JdPL dIP lML dIPe NMQP pMNh dK \KNI PHH MDO GD dIP JMNP KJHNKLD MDO LGOGNSFP QMDMEPO dK NKFFPNd lIMd IMH dK pP NKDHGOPLPO dIP pPHd PjGOPDNP JKL dIP P|GHdPDNP KJMDe QKDHdPL MDelIPLP GD dIP lKLFO1

C|IGpGd GD dIP DPl NMHP JKL dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL GH dIP zGDHOMFP JGFQ1 $D 5va4 QKDHdPLlMdNIPL MDO MQMdPSL RIKdKELMRIPL ]GQ zGDHOMFP JGFQPO lIMd IP dIKSEId dK pP dIP QKDHdPL HlGQQGDEGD dIP JML HGOP KJ dIP FKNI1

]K dIP SDdLMGDPO KpHPLjPL dIP HIKLd JGFQ HIKlH FGddFP 8 SHd M HRKd QKjGDE dILKSEI dIP lMdPL1 $d

NKSFO pP MDedIGDE 8 M QKdKLpKMd2 JKL P|MQRFP1 ]IMd GH lIMd QMDe jGPlPLH NFMGQPO2 MDO HdGFF NFMGQ dIPJGFQ HIKlH1 $D 5vai zMjGO {MQPH2 M JKLQPL %PQpPL KJ cMLFGMQPDd lIK IMO pPNKQP GDdPLPHdPO GD dIP\KNI PHH RLKpFPQ2 RPLHSMOPO RIKdKELMRIGN GDdPLRLPdMdGKD P|RPLdH Md dIP [KeMF GL oKLNP dK P|MQGDPdIP zGDHOMFP JGFQ1 }D dIP pMHGH KJ MD P|IMSHdGjP JLMQP8pe8JLMQP MDMFeHGH dIP [o LPRKLdPO dIMd dIPHIMRP GD dIP JGFQ GH RLKpMpFe MD MDGQMdP KpPNd1 oSLdIPLQKLP2 dIPe HRPNSFMdPO dIMd dIP KpPNd QGEId pPMH QSNI MH DGDPde8dlK JPPd GD FPDEdI MFdIKSEI Gd lMH RLKpMpFe QKLP FGhP dIGLde KL JKLde JPPd FKDE MDODKd FPHH dIMD HG| JPPd lGOP MDO JGjP JPPd IGEI1 $d lMH MFHK QKjGDE dILKSEI dIP lMdPL Md M NKDHGOPLMpFPHRPPO1

"GDNP zGDHOMFP dKKh IGH JGFQ KdIPL JGFQH IMjP pPPD dMhPD2 MFF Md FKDE LMDEP1 }DP MRRMLPDdFe HIKlHdIP ISQRH KJ dlK QKDHdPLH QKjGDE HGOP pe HGOP dILKSEI dIP lMdPL1 DKdIPL HSRRKHPOFe HIKlH dIPQKDHdPL KD M HQMFF RPppFe pPMNI Md dIP FKNI1 ]IP RLKpFPQ lGdI dIPHP JGFQH2 MH lGdI dIP zGDHOMFP JGFQ2 GH

dIMd dIPe MLP SDHRPNdMNSFML1 ]IP KpPNd dIMd GH HSRRKHPO dK pP dIP QKDHdPL MRRPMLH MH DKdIGDE QKLP dIMDM FGddFP pFKp1 zPHRGdP dIP [o LPRKLd QMDe LPJSHP dK NKDHGOPL dIP NMHP JKL dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPLRLKjPD1 ]IPe NKDdPDO2 sSGdP NKLLPNdFe2 dIMd RIKdKELMRIGN GDdPLRLPdMdGKD2 PjPD lIPD OKDP pe P|RPLdH2 GHJML JLKQ MD P|MNd HNGPDNP1 ]IP sSMFGde KJ dIP QKDHdPL JGFQH GH HK RKKL dIMd PjPD dIP P|RPLdH QGEId PMHGFepP lLKDE1

cSpFGN GDdPLPHd GD dIP QKDHdPL lMH pPEGDDGDE dK lMDP MEMGD SDdGF 5va_2 lIPD Gd LPNPGjPO M DPlFPMHP KJ FGJP1 "NGPDdGHdH JLKQ dIP wDGjPLHGde KJ rGLQGDEIMQ (CDEFMDO) SHGDE M DPl deRP KJ HKDMLPsSGRQPDd RGNhPO SR HdGLLGDEH GD \KNI PHH dIMd HPPQPO IGEIFe HSEEPHdGjP1 (]IP dPHdH lPLP QMOP GD5vab pSd dIP LPHSFdH lPLP DKd RSpFGHIPO SDdGF dIP JKFFKlGDE ePML)1 ]IP NKDNFSHGKDH OLMlD JLKQ dIP dPHdHlPLP IGEIFe dPDdMdGjP1 LKdP kSEI rLMGdIlMGdP lIK IPMOPO dIP P|RPOGdGKD. "GDNP dIP KpPNdH 1 MLPNFPMLFe NKQRLGHPO KJ MDGQMFH2 GH Gd RKHHGpFP dIPe NKSFO pP JGHIm ]IP IGEI LMdP KJ MHNPDd MDO OPHNPDd

QMhPH Gd HPPQ jPLe SDFGhPFe2 MDO JGHIPLe pGKFKEGHdH lP IMjP NKDHSFdPO NMDDKd HSEEPHd lIMd JGHI dIPeQGEId pP1 $d GH M dPQRdMdGKD dK HSRRKHP dIPe QSHd pP dIP JMpSFKSH \KNI PHH QKDHdPLH2 DKl KpHPLjPOJKL dIP JGLHd dGQP GD dIPGL SDOPLlMdPL MNdGjGdGPH ]IP RLPHPDd OMdM2 lIGFP FPMjGDE dIGH M RKHHGpFGFGde2 MLPsSGdP GDMOPsSMdP dK OPNGOP dIP QMddPL1 ELPMd OPMF KJ JSLdIPL GDjPHdGEMdGKD lGdI QKLP LPJGDPO PsSGRQPDd8 lIGNI GH DKd Md RLPHPDd MjMGFMpFP 8 GH DPPOPO pPJKLP OPJGDGdP NKDNFSHGKDH NMD pP OLMlD1

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rSd PjPD dIGH NMSdGKSH MRRLKMNI lMH sSGNhFe NIMFFPDEPO pe KdIPL HNGPDdGHdH lIK HMGO lIMd dIPHKDML IMO RGNhPO SR lMH M EIKHd DKd M QKDHdPL1 ]IP wDGjPLHGde KJ rGLQGDEIMQ PsSGRQPDd2 dIPe HMGO2lMH LPEGHdPLGDE M JMFHP GQMEP2 M DKd SDNKQQKD KNNSLLPDNP lGdI HKDML1

MdSLMFFe2 OSLGDE dIGH RPLGKO dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL2 KL PHHGP2 MH HIP2 IP2 Gd2 KL dIPe GH

MJJPNdGKDMdPFe NMFFPO pe dIP lMdNIPLH2 IMH DKd EKDP SDDKdGNPO1 HGOP JLKQ dIP dKSLGHdH lIK JFKNh pe dIPISDOLPOH PMNI HSQQPL dK dIP HIKLPH KJ \KNI PHH dK HPP GJ dIPe NMD NMdNI M EFGQRHP KJ dIP PFSHGjPNLPMdSLP2 dIPLP IMH pPPD2 HGDNP 5va62 M LPESFML ePMLFe P|RPOGdGKD KLEMDGtPO dK lMdNI JKL dIP QKDHdPL1]IP P|RPOGdGKD GH LSD pe dIP \KNI PHH cIPDKQPDM $DjPHdGEMdGKD rSLPMS2 \dO1 JKSDOPO pe zMjGO{MQPH1 zSLGDE dIP lMLQPL QKDdIH M JSFF NLPl KJ lMdNIPLH2 MLQPO lGdI pGDKNSFMLH MDO NMQPLMH2 OLGjPHRPNGMFFe PsSGRRPO jMDH dK jMLGKSH FKNMdGKDH MLKSDO dIP FKNI1 }D M EKKO OMe dIPe IMjP jGLdSMFFe dIPPDdGLP HSLJMNP KJ \KNI PHH SDOPL jGHSMF KpHPLjMdGKD1 %KHd KJ dIP lMdNIPLH MLP HdSOPDd jKFSDdPPLH JLKQjMLGKSH NKSDdLGPH1 (QPLGNM GH QKHd IPMjGFe LPRLPHPDdPO1) ]lK lPPhH KJ QKDHdPL lMdNIGDE QMhPH MNIPMR MDO KJdPD P|NGdGDE IKFGOMe1 rSd Gd lKSFO pP M QGHdMhP dK SDOPLPHdGQMdP PGdIPL dIP HPLGKSHDPHH KLNKQRPdPDNP KJ dIPHP MQMdPSLH1 ]IP pSLPMS GH M DKD8RLKJGd KLEMDGtMdGKD1

oGPFO zGLPNdKL KJ dIP \KNI PHH $DjPHdGEMdGKD GH 'FPQ "hPFdKD2 M RIKdKELMRIPL lGdI M HPjPLP NMHP

KJ QKDHdPL JPjPL1 zSLGDE dIP FKDE kGEIFMDO lGDdPL2 lIPD dIP lPMdIPL pPNKQPH JLGEGO MDO dIP OMeFGEIdMFQKHd DPEFGEGpFP2 MDO dIP dKSLGHdH MDO NKFFPEP HdSOPDdH MpMDOKD dIP HIKLPH KJ \KNI PHH2 "hPFdKD MDOIGH lGJP LPQMGD GD dIPGL dLMGFPL KD dIP HIKLPH KJ dIP FKNI1 ]IPGL NFKHPHd DPGEIpKSL QMe pP dIP QKDHdPLGdHPFJ1

"GDNP IP HRPDOH QKLP dGQP FKKhGDE JKL dIP QKDHdPL dIMD MDeKDP PFHP2 "hPFdKD IMH sSGdP DMdSLMFFeHPPD dIP QKDHdPL KL lIMd IP dIGDhH GH dIP QKDHdPL QKLP dGQPH dIMD MDeKDP PFHP1

}DNP2 IP HMeH2 IP lMH RLMNdGNMFFe KD dKR KJ Gd1 $D {SDP 5va^ "hPFdKD HMl dIP NLPMdSLPH ISQR JLKQM OGHdMDNP KJ KDFe JGJdPPD eMLOH1 $ lMH LKlGDE M pKMd MNLKHH dIP FKNI Md 53164 M1Q1 $d DPjPL LPMFFe EPdHOMLh Md \KNI PHH GD dIP QGOOFP KJ {SDP2 dIPLP GH MFlMeH M EFKl GD dIP Hhe1 $ FKKhPO KjPL Qe LGEIdHIKSFOPL MDO dIPLP Gd lMH1 $d lMH dIP NFMHHGN SRdSLDPO pKMd HGEIdGDE2 pSd Gd lMH pGEEPL dIMD Qe pKMd MDOGJ MDeKDP lMDdPO dK lGD dIP OGMQKDO HhSFFH Md kPDFPe IP HIKSFO IMjP LKlPO DPMLFe MH JMHd MH $ OGO dK

EPd KSd KJ GdH lMe1"hPFdKD GH MpHKFSdPFe NKDjGDNPO dIMd dIPLP GH M QKDHdPL GD \KNI PHH1 %MDe KdIPLH lIK IMjP HPPDlIMd dIPe dMhP dK pP dIP QKDHdPL MLP PsSMFFe NKDjGDNPO2 MH MLP M FKd KJ RPKRFP lIK IMjP DPjPL HPPD dIPQKDHdPL Md MFF1 CMNI ePML dIP \KNI PHH $DjPHdGEMdGKD NMLPJSFFe LPNKLOH MFF dIP HGEIdGDEH1 oLKQ dIPGL FGHdHdIPe dLe dK PFGQGDMdP MFF IKM|PH MDO QGHdMhPH1 "hPFdKD JGESLPH dIMd PGEIde dK DGDPde RPLNPDd KJ dIP RPKRFPlIK dIGDh dIPe IMjP HPPD dIP QKDHdPL IMjP LPMFFe HPPD HKQPdIGDE PFHP1 ]IP LPQMGDGDE RLKpMpFPHGEIdGDEH MLP dIPD NMLPJSFFe dMFFGPO MDO RSpFGHIPO pe dIP rSLPMS Md dIP PDO KJ dIP ePML1 ]IPe QMhP MDGQRLPHHGjP LPNKLO1 rSd dIP QKDHdPL lMdNIPLH hDKl dIMd dIPe DPPO QKLP dIMD MD PDOFPHH MNNSQSFMdGKD KJHGEIdGDE LPRKLdH dK NKDjGDNP dIP HNGPDdGJGN lKLFO MDO dIP RSpFGN Md FMLEP dIMd PHHGP P|GHdH1

SQPLKSH HSEEPHdGKDH IMjP pPPD QMOP JKL NMdNIGDE dIP QKDHdPL2 JLKQ RKGHKDGDE dIP FKNI dKHdLPdNIGDE M DPd MNLKHH Gd1 \PHH OLMHdGN pSd QKLP RLMNdGNMF HSEEPHdGKDH IMjP pPPD KJJPLPO JKL EPddGDE M

RGPNP KJ dIP QKDHdPLH IGOP (KL lIMdPjPL) pe dIP SHP KJ M IMLRKKD KL NLKHHpKl1 $D 5va3 M HQMFF HIGRHMGFPO MLKSDO \KNI PHH lGdI M NLPl QPQpPL KD OPNh2 LPMOe lGdI M FKDE RKFP dGRRPO lGdI M RGPNP KJHdGNhe HdSJJ1 ]IP IKRP lMH dIMd lGdI dIP RKFP MDO HdGNhe QMdPLGMF dIPe NKSFO OPdMNI M HNMFP KL RGPNP KJHhGD JLKQ dIP QKDHdPL1 ]IP RLKpFPQ lMH dIMd GD KLOPL dK HdGNh2 KL HIKKd2 KL RLKO dIP QKDHdPL eKS IMjP dKEPd NFKHP dK Gd1 $D dIGH dIP QKDHdPL IMH RLKjPO dIKLKSEIFe SDNKKRPLMdGjP1

%KHd IKRPH MLP RGDDPO KD EPddGDE lIMd QPQpPLH KJ dIP rSLPMS NMFF ]IP cGNdSLP 8 M EKKO NFKHPSR HIKd2 KL RLPJPLMpFe JGFQ KJ dIP QKDHdPL lGdI GdH IPMO MpKjP dIP lMdPL1 ]IGH2 dIPe JPPF2 SDFGhP dIP

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jMESP HRKdH MDO HIMRPH lIGNI IMjP MRRPMLPO GD dIP KdIPL RGNdSLPH2 lKSFO NFGDNI dIP NMHP JKL dIPQKDHdPL1 oKL dIGH LPMHKD dIPe IMjP HRPDd dIP pSFh KJ dIPGL JSDOH2 lIGNI NKQP JLKQ RLGjMdP OKDMdGKDHMDO ELMDdH2 KD pSeGDE EKKO NMQPLM PsSGRQPDd1 ]IP FMLEPHd HGDEFP ELMDd2 dlPDde dIKSHMDO OKFFMLH2 NMQPJLKQ oGPFO COSNMdGKDMF CDdPLRLGHPH2 dIP HMQP KLEMDGtMdGKD dIMd IPFRPO dK pMDhLKFF MD P|RPOGdGKD dK JGDO

dIP pKQGDMpFP "DKlQMD GD dIP kGQMFMeMH1]IP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL GH M DPML8RPLJPNd HSpPNd JKL HNGPDdGJGN GDjPHdGEMdGKD1 wDFGhP dIP uLPMd "PM

"PLRPDd2 lIGNI NKSFO pP MDelIPLP GD dIP jMHd P|RMDHP KL MpeHHMF OPRdIH KJ dIP KNPMDH2 dIP \KNI PHHQKDHdPL GH HdLGNdFe NKDJGDPO1 K FMLEP NLPMdSLP NKSFO EPd GD KL KSd KJ \KNI PHH lGdIKSd pPGDE KpHPLjPO1"K lIMdPjPL Gd GH FGjPH GD dIP FKNI MDO IMH JKL M FKDE dGQP1 MdSLMFFe dIP QKDHdPL pSJJH OK DKd HMe lIMddIPe MLP HPPGDE GH dIP HMQP MEPFPHH HRPNGQPD NKDJLKDdPO pe "MGDd 'KFSQpM M QGFFPDDGSQ MEK1 ]IPeHRPMh KJ dIP FKNI MH IKQP JKL M HQMFF pSd jGMpFP pLPPOGDE IPLO KJ QKDHdPLH1

%MDe RPKRFP lKDOPL lIe2 GJ dIP QKDHdPLH LMDEP GH HK NKDJGDPO2 M HRPNGQPD IMH DKd ePd pPPDNMRdSLPO KL Md FPMHd RIKdKELMRIPO Md NFKHPL LMDEP1 ]IP sSPHdGKD GH M EKKO KDP1 rSd SHd pPNMSHP dIPQKDHdPL IMH DKd ePd pPPD NMRdSLPO KL lPFF RIKdKELMRIPO2 lP HIKSFO DKd HGQRFe SQR dK dIP NKDNFSHGKDdIMd Gd OKPH DKd P|GHd1 \KNI PHH GH M FKd pGEEPL dIMD Gd FKKhH KD dIP QMR1 $d GH dIP FMLEPHd pKOe KJ JLPHI

lMdPL GD dIP rLGdGHI $HFPH2 NSddGDE dlPDde8JKSL QGFPH dILKSEI "NKdFMDOH uLPMd uFPD1 d KDP PDO Gd GHNKDDPNdPO dK dIP HPM pe dIP FGddFP LGjPL PHH1 $d MFHK HPLjPH MH M FGDh GD dIP 'MFPOKDGMD 'MDMF lIGNIpGHPNdH dIP kGEIFMDOH MDO GH dIP NKSDdLeH RLGDNGRMF lMdPLlMe1

]IP lMdPLH KJ \KNI PHH MLP OPPR2 OMLh2 NKFO2 MDO KJdPD OMDEPLKSH1 jPLMEP lGOdI KJ dIP FKNI GHKDFe M QGFP2 pSd dIP HGOPH RFSDEP RLPNGRGdKSHFe dK OPRdIH KJ KjPL HPjPD ISDOLPO JPPd1 HSHRPDHGKD KJRPMd QMhPH dIP lMdPL pLKlD MDO QSLhe MDO dIP JPl OGjPLH lIK IMjP jPDdSLPO GDdK Gd JKSDO dIPQHPFjPHGD M lKLFO lIPLP PjPD M HdLKDE FGEId lKSFO RPDPdLMdP DK QKLP dIMD dlPFjP JPPd1 ]IP FKNI DPjPL JLPPtPH2pSd Gd DPjPL LPMFFe lMLQH SR PGdIPL1 ]ILKSEIKSd dIP ePML dIP dPQRPLMdSLP IKjPLH GD dIP NIGFFe QGO8JKLdGPH1 'SLLPDdH KJ HSLRLGHGDE HdLPDEdI NMD NMdNI dIP SDlMLe pKMdPL2 MDO QKLP dIMD KDP IMH LKlPO KLHMGFPO KDdK dIP FKNI MDO DPjPL pPPD HPPD MEMGD1

rPNMSHP KJ dIP OMDEPLH KJ dIP FKNI2 dIP IGHdKLe KJ dIP QKDHdPL IMH pPPD hPRd LPQMLhMpFe JLPP JLKQ

M RMLdGNSFML HKLd KJ IKM| 8 dIP hGDO GD lIGNI M ELKSR KJ KhPLH JFKMd M QKOPF QKDHdPL GD dIP lMdPL1 ]IPQKOPF lKSFO IMjP dK pP RLKRPFFPO GD HKQP lMe2 RLPHSQMpFe pe M HlGQQPL KL M ELKSR KJ HlGQQPLHSDOPLlMdPL1 $d lKSFO dIPD IMjP dK pP RSFFPO SDOPL KL EKddPD KSd KJ HGEId GD HKQP KdIPL lMe2 pPJKLP dIPHdMLdFPO KpHPLjPLH IMO M NIMDNP dK OGHNKjPL lIMd Gd LPMFFe lMH1 rSd DKpKOe lMDdH dK EK HlGQQGDE GD\KNI PHH2 RMLdGNSFMLFe SDOPLlMdPL1 ELKSR KJ NKFFPEP HdSOPDdH lIK pSGFd M LSppPL QKDHdPL lPLPJKLNPO dK JFKMd Gd GD M HQMFFPL2 JLGPDOFGPL FKNI DPMLpe1

zGjPLH OKDd FGhP dK EK GDdK dIP FKNI Md MFF1 IPD dIPe OK dIPe NMDd HPP QSNI MDelMe1 "K dIPLP GHFGddFP RKGDd GD HPMLNIGDE JKL dIP QKDHdPL SDOPLlMdPL P|NPRd pe HKDML1 KS QGEId dIGDh dIMd lGdI MFF dIPRSpFGNGde dIP QKDHdPL IMH LPNPGjPO GD dIP FMHd OPNMOP dIP HIKLPH KJ \KNI PHH lKSFO pP RMNhPO HKFGOFelGdI dKSLGHdH pLGHdFGDE lGdI pGDKNSFMLH MDO NMQPLMH MDO dIMd dIP pKMdH lKSFO pP MH dIGNh MH LKlpKMdH GDdIP 'PDdLMF cMLh FMEKKD1 NdSMFFe2 PjPD Md dIP RPMh KJ dIP dKSLGHd HPMHKD \KNI PHH HPPQH RFPMHMDdFe

SDNLKlOPO dK MD QPLGNMD1 ]IPLP MLP LPFMdGjPFe JPl EKKO RFMNPH dK HGd MDO lMdNI JKL dIP QKDHdPL2 MDOdIP lPMdIPL GH HK LKddPD HK KJdPD dIMd KDFe dIP QKHd OPOGNMdPO lGFF pLMjP Gd LPESFMLFe1 rKMdH MLPHSLRLGHGDEFe GDJLPsSPDd KD dIP FKNI2 MDO GJ eKS lGHIPO dK LPDd KDP eKS lKSFO JGDO dIPQ HNMLNP1

zPHRGdP MFF dIP RSpFGNGde2 dIP HPMLNI JKL dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL LPQMGDH LPQMLhMpFe SDOPLJGDMDNPO1 GHGdKLH dK dIP FKNI KJdPD MHh P|RPOGdGKD QPQpPLH lIe dIPe OKDd SHd HPDO OKlD M QGDGMdSLPHSpQMLGDP dK JGDO dIP QKDHdPL 8 MH GJ QGDGMdSLP HSpQMLGDPH lPLP dIP NIPMRPHd MDO QKHd PMHGFe

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KpdMGDMpFP dIGDEH GD dIP lKLFO1 ]IP \KNI PHH GDjPHdGEMdKLH IMjP DPjPL IMO MDelIPLP DPML dIP MQKSDdKJ JSDOH dIPe DPPO dK NKDOSNd M dIKLKSEI GDjPHdGEMdGKD1

$D 5vav M QGDGMdSLP HSpQMLGDP MNdSMFFe lMH pLKSEId dK dIP FKNI dK MGO GD dIP GDjPHdGEMdGKD1 rSd dIPHSpQMLGDP lMH M IKQPQMOP NKDdLMRdGKD2 MDO Gd DPjPL lKLhPO RLKRPLFe1 zPHRGdP IGEI IKRPH Gd MOOPO

DKdIGDE dK KSL hDKlFPOEP KJ dIP \KNI PHH QKDHdPL1]IPLPJKLP2 Gd GH RKHHGpFP 8 pMLPFe RPLIMRH 8 pSd RKHHGpFP2 dIMd M FMLEP SDhDKlD NLPMdSLP KL LMdIPL M

ELKSR KJ dIPQ LPMFFe OK FGjP GD dIP OPRdIH KJ \KNI PHH MDO IMjP PHNMRPO NKDNFSHGjP OPdPNdGKD1'KIPD2 zMDGPF T#e $rea"es" @ons"ers in "#e +orldPl KLh. zKOO2 %PMO2 5vbi

w$] akKl dK LPMO JMHd

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$J eKS MLP OPdPLQGDPO MDO RLPRMLPO dK RLMNdGHP2 dIPD eKS HIKSFO pP MpFP dK dLMGD

eKSLHPFJ dK LPMO JMHdPL MDO GQRLKjP eKSL NKDNPDdLMdGKD MDO FPjPF KJ

NKQRLPIPDHGKD1

}SL PePH QKjP2 RMSHP MDO LPNKEDGtP NIMLMNdPLH1 CjPLe dGQP dIP PeP HdKRH Gd GH

NMFFPO M JG|MdGKD1 (]IP RPLGKO GD lIGNI LPMOGDE QMddPL GH LPNKEDGtPO2 SDOPLHdKKOMDO HdKLPO GD QPQKLe1) ]IP HGtP MDO FPDEdI KJ dIP JG|MdGKD GH dIP GQRKLdMDd JMNdKL1

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]IP HFKlPL LPMOPL LPMOH dIP dP|d lKLO pe lKLO1 ]IP MjPLMEP LPMOPL FGDhH dKEPdIPL

SDGQRKLdMDd lKLOH lGdI hPe lKLOH HK dIMd dIPLP MLP JPlPL JG|MdGKDH dIGHGDNLPMHPH LPMOGDE HRPPO1 ]IP JMHd LPMOPL GH dIP QKHd PJJGNGPDd MDO LPMOH lIKFP

RILMHPH Md M dGQP1

"hGQQGDE MDO HNMDDGDE MLP QKOPH KJ JMHd LPMOGDE lIGNI NMD pP RLMNdGHPO pe

dLMGDGDE GD IGEI HRPPO LPMOGDE1 oKL MD SDOPLHdMDOGDE KJ QPMDGDE dK KNNSL GD HRPPOLPMOGDE2 Gd GH DPNPHHMLe dK LPMO GD NISDhH1 CHdGQMdPH MLP dIMd LPMOPLH PePH QSHdHNMD MpKSd ^44 lKLOH M QGDSdP1 kGEI HRPPO LPMOGDE GH QKHdFe HSHdMGDMpFP JKL HIKLd

pSLHdH KDFe1 ]IP QGDO DPPOH RMSHPH JKL PjMFSMdGKD MDO MHHGQGFMdGKD KJ GDJKLQMdGKD(dGQP dK dIGDh MDO OGEPHd)1

KS NMD dLMGD eKSLHPFJ dK LPMO FMLEPL NISDhH KJ dP|d Md PMNI JG|MdGKD pSd eKS lGFF

DPPO dK RLMNdGHP dIGH HhGFF1

jKGO XF?I:;F?I@9GlIPD LPMOGDE1 rMNhdLMNhGDE GH lIPD eKS LPMO M JPl lKLOH

MDO dIPD EK pMNh KjPL dIPQ pPNMSHP eKS IMjP DKd SDOPLHdKKO dIP RKGDd RLKRPLFe1re OKGDE dIGH eKS MLP GDdPLLSRdGDE dIP JFKl KJ LPMOGDE MDO NKDJSHGDE eKSLSDOPLHdMDOGDE LMdIPL dIMD NFMLGJeGDE Gd1 $d GH JML pPddPL dK EPd dK dIP PDO KJ M HPNdGKD

pe LPMOGDE Gd HdLMGEId dILKSEI MDO dIPD LP8LPMOGDE Gd GJ DPNPHHMLe1 OGJJGNSFdHPNdGKD GH KJdPD pPddPL LPMO sSGNhFe dlGNP dIMD KDNP HFKlFe

jKGO HKSDOGDE KSd lKLOH GD eKSL IPMO MH eKS LPMO1 ]IGH HFKlH eKS OKlD1

KS DPPO dK jMLe eKSL LPMOGDE HdeFP MDO HRPPO MNNKLOGDE dK dIP QMdPLGMF eKS MLP

LPMOGDE

[PQPQpPL LPMOGDE GQRLKjPH lGdI RLMNdGNP2 MDO dIP QKLP eKS MLP JMQGFGML lGdI

MOjMDNPO LPMOGDE dP|dH dIP QKLP sSGNhFe eKS lGFF pP MpFP dK EPd MNNPHH dK dIPGDJKLQMdGKD1

]IPLP MLP HKQP lPp HGdPH lIGNI eKS NMD jGHGd lIGNI lGFF IPFR eKS dK GQRLKjP MDO

GDNLPMHP eKSL LPMOGDE HRPPO1

lll1QGDOdKKFH1NKQ`RMEPH`MLdGNFP`DPl$""461IdQlll1LMRGOLPMOGDE1NK1Sh

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"RPPO LPMOGDE IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`PQpPO`C6uNvjSD_t%

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QKDE dIP lMeH dK GDNLPMHP eKSL LPMOGDE HRPPO MLP

5) dLMGDGDE eKSL PePH dK RLKNPHH ELKSR KJ lKLOH LMdIPL dIMD LPMOGDE PjPLe lKLO HPRMLMdPFe(]Cq] )

3) JKNSHGDE eKSL PePH KD hPe lKLOH GD dIP HPDdPDNP (]Cq] r)

rKdI dP|dH MLP MpKSd 5i4 lKLOH1 D PJJGNGPDd LPMOPL lKSFO LPMO PMNI dP|d lGdIGD 64HPNKDOH1 ]GQP eKSLHPFJ MH eKS LPMO1 IGNI MRRLKMNI HSGdH eKS pPddPLm

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HdSOPDdH pPFGPjP dIMd PjPLedIGDE2 GDNFSOGDE OGJJGNSFd QMdIPQMdGNMF dP|dH2 NMD pP LPMO Md dIP LMdPMRRLKRLGMdP JKL M FGEId DKjPF1 ]IPLP HPPQH dK pP PjGOPDNP dIMd RPKRFP LPMO QKLP HFKlFe dIMD DPNPHHMLe1

1 DSQpPL KJ HdSOGPH KD NKFFPEP HdSOPDdH IMjP JKSDO dIMd lIPD dIP HdSOPDdH MLP JKLNPO dK LPMO

JMHdPL dIMD dIPGL HPFJ8GQRKHPO LMdP2 dIPLP GH DK FKHH GD LPdPDdGKD KJ GDJKLQMdGKD deRGNMFFe LPEMLOPO MHGQRKLdMDd1

]IP HPNKDO RLKpFPQ GDjKFjPO GD dPMNIGDE MOMRdGjP LPMOGDE FGPH GD NKDjGDNGDE dIP HdSOPDdH KJdIP DPPO dK pP MlMLP KJ dIPGL RSLRKHPH GD LPMOGDE1 ]IP RKGDd KJ MOSHdGDE LPMOGDE LMdPH GH dK HPLjPRMLdGNSFML RSLRKHPH1 "dSOPDdH lIK MLP SDMlMLP KJ lIMd dIPe lMDd dK EPd KSd KJ M LPMOGDE MHHGEDQPDdlGFF JGDO Gd OGJJGNSFd dK MOSHd dIPGL LMdPH MRRLKRLGMdPFe1 ]IPe HIKSFO hDKl GD MOjMDNP lIMd dIPe lMDd1

` }DNP dIPHP RLKpFPQH KJ MddGdSOP MLP KjPLNKQP2 M LPMOGDE HhGFFH NKSLHP NMD NKDNPDdLMdP KDdPMNIGDE dIP HdSOPDdH dIP dPNIDGsSPH JKL LPMOGDE Md OGJJPLPDd LMdPH1 "GDNP QKHd HdSOPDdH IMjP IMO FGddFPRLMNdGNP Md LMRGO LPMOGDE2 QKHd KJ dIP GDHdLSNdGKD JKNSHPH KD IKl dK LPMO LMRGOFe1 "NMDDGDE GH M LMRGOLPMOGDE dPNIDGsSP MRRLKRLGMdP JKL HPMLNIGDE KSd M RGPNP KJ GDJKLQMdGKD PQpPOOPO GD M QSNI FMLEPL dP|d 8

JKL P|MQRFP M HdSOPDd QGEId HNMD dIGH RMHHMEP JKL MD PjMFSMdGKD KJ MOMRdGjP LPMOGDE1 HhGFFPO HNMDDPLNMD RLKNPHH 542444 KL QKLP lKLOH RPL QGDSdP1 }pjGKSHFe2 Md dIGH LMdP HNMDDPLH KDFe RGNh SR pGdH MDORGPNPH KJ GDJKLQMdGKD MDO HhGR lIKFP RMLMELMRIH1 $d GH PMHe JKL HNMDDPLH dK QGHH dIP dMLEPd PDdGLPFe2 MDOdIPe KJdPD IMjP dK LPHNMD dIP dP|d1 %MhGDE sSGNh OPNGHGKDH MH dK lIMd HIKSFO pP GEDKLPO MDO lIMdHIKSFO pP FKKhPO Md dMhPH RLMNdGNP1 kKlPjPL2 dIP pPDPJGdH MLP PDKLQKSH1 $ lKSFO DKd pP MpFP dK JSDNdGKDMH MD MNMOPQGN lGdIKSd dIGH HhGFF pPNMSHP $ lKSFO DKd pP MpFP dK hPPR SR lGdI MFF dIP GDJKLQMdGKD dIMd GHEPDPLMdPO GD Qe JGPFO1

8 "hGQQGDE GH dIP RLKNPHHGDE KJ MpKSd _4485i44 lKLOH M QGDSdP 8 M LMdP Md lIGNI GOPDdGJeGDEPjPLe lKLO GH RLKpMpFe GQRKHHGpFP1 "hGQQGDE GH SHPO JKL P|dLMNdGDE dIP EGHd KJ dIP dP|d1 ]IP HhGFF GHSHPJSF lIPD dIP HhGQQPL GH OPNGOGDE lIPdIPL dK LPMO M dP|d2 KL GH RLPjGPlGDE M dP|d IP lMDdH dK LPMO2 KL

GH EKGDE KjPL QMdPLGMF dIMd GH MFLPMOe hDKlD1

a rKdI HNMDDGDE MDO HhGQQGDE MLP MGOPO pe dIP hDKlFPOEP KJ lIPLP dIP QMGD RKGDdH dPDO dK pPJKSDO GD dIP dP|d1 LPMOPL lIK hDKlH lIPLP MD MSdIKL dPDOH dK RSd dIP QMGD RKGDdH NMD LPMOHPFPNdGjPFe1 SdIKLH jMLe GD dIPGL NKDHdLSNdGKD HdeFP2 MDO KDP IMH dK MOSHd dK MSdIKL OGJJPLPDNPH2 pSdHKQP EPDPLMF LSFPH SHSMFFe MRRFe1 "PNdGKD IPMOGDEH2 JGLHd MDO FMHd RMLMELMRIH GD M HPNdGKD2 JGLHd MDO FMHdHPDdPDNPH GD M RMLMELMRI2 MDO IGEIFGEIdPO QMdPLGMF MFF dPDO dK NKDjPe dIP QMGD RKGDdH1 "dSOPDdH GDLPMOGDE HhGFFH RLKELMQQPH KJdPD NKQRFMGD dIMd LMRGO LPMOGDE dPNIDGsSPH LPsSGLP IMLO lKLh MDO dIMd dIPedPDO dK LPELPHH dKlMLOH FPHH PJJGNGPDd LPMOGDE IMpGdH MJdPL dIP PDO KJ dIP RLKELMQQP1

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n ]IPLPJKLP2 Gd HIKSFO pP PQRIMHGtPO dIMd dIP MOMRdGjP NKDdLKF KJ dIP LPMOGDE LMdP GH IMLO lKLhpPNMSHP Gd GH M DKjPF HhGFF1 }FOPL LPMOGDE IMpGdH HPPQ PMHe pPNMSHP dIPe IMjP pPPD RLMNdGHPO JKL FKDEPL1H HdSOPDdH pPNKQP QKLP RLMNdGHPO GD MOSHdGDE LPMOGDE LMdP2 dIPe JGDO Gd PMHGPL1 $ NMD LPRKLd dIMd MJdPL

RLMNdGHGDE jMLGMpFP LPMOGDE LMdPH JKL QKLP dIMD dPD ePMLH2 $ JGDO Gd PMHGPL dK LPMO M dP|d SHGDE MDMOSHdMpFP LMdP dIMD dK LPMO Md M HFKl QPdIKOGNMF lKLO pe lKLO LMdP1 ]IGH GH HKQPdIGDE KJ M RLKpFPQ JKL

QP pPNMSHP RMLd KJ Qe RLKJPHHGKDMF OSdGPH GH dK POGd RMRPLH dIMd $ lKSFO DKd DKLQMFFe RLKNPHH lKLO pelKLO1 $ JGDO Gd jPLe RMGDJSF dK IMjP dK LPMO Md dIGH LMdP1

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U >Y

A

W ]IP }FeQRGN uMQPH lPLP LPjGjPO GD 5_va pe cGPLLP OP 'KSpPLdGD2 M eKSDE oLPDNI DKpFPQMD2 lGdIdIGLdPPD NKSDdLGPH NKQRPdGDE1 zP 'KSpPLdGD IMO KLGEGDMFFe lMDdPO dIPQ IPFO GD cMLGH2 pSd dIPKLEMDGHGDE NKQQGddPP RPLHSMOPO IGQ dIMd dIPDH lMH QKLP MRRLKRLGMdP2 MH dIP HGdP KJ dIP MDNGPDd}FeQRGNH1 ]IPLP lPLP NKQRPdGdGKDH GD DGDP HRKLdH. NeNFGDE2 JPDNGDE2 EeQDMHdGNH2 FMlD dPDDGH2HIKKdGDE2 HlGQQGDE2 dLMNh MDO JGPFO MdIFPdGNH2 lPGEIdFGJdGDE MDO lLPHdFGDE1 uLPPNP lKD QKHd QPOMFH 8

lGDDPLH lPLP RLPHPDdPO lGdI HGFjPL MDO LSDDPLH8SR EKd pLKDtP1 ]IP uMQPH lPLP M ELPMd HSNNPHH2 MDO GdlMH OPNGOPO dK IKFO dIPQ PjPLe JKSL ePMLH2 PMNI ePML GD M OGJJPLPDd NGde1

Y re 5v4_ dIP }FeQRGN uMQPH lPLP pPNKQGDE QKLP RKRSFML2 lGdI KjPL 3444 NKQRPdGdKLH JLKQ 36OGJJPLPDd DMdGKDH QMhGDE dIP dLGR dK \KDOKD1 oKL dIP JGLHd dGQP2 QPOMFH lPLP MlMLOPO dK dIP dKR dILPP

RFMNPH1 "GDNP dIPD dIP uMQPH IMjP pPPD IPFO PjPLe JKSL ePMLH2 lGdI dIP P|NPRdGKDH KJ 5v5a2 5v^4 MDO5v^^2 lIPD dIP oGLHd MDO "PNKDO KLFO MLH JKLNPO dIPGL NMDNPFFMdGKD1 ]IP GDdPL }FeQRGNH lPLPJGLHd IPFO GD 5v3^2 Md 'IMQKDG|2 oLMDNP2 MDO dMhP RFMNP GD dIP HMQP ePML MH dIP "SQQPL }FeQRGNH2 pSdMd M HPRMLMdP HGdP1

Z ]IP }FeQRGN JFME2 NKDHGHdGDE KJ JGjP OGJJPLPDd NKFKSLPO LGDEH LPRLPHPDdGDE dIP JGjP LPEGKDH KJ dIP

lKLFO2 lMH JGLHd SDjPGFPO GD DdlPLR GD 5v342 lIPD dIP }FeQRGN KMdI lMH MFHK GDdLKOSNPO1 $D 5v3_ GDQHdPLOMQ dIP }FeQRGN JFMQP JGLHd pSLDPO dILKSEIKSd dIP NKQRPdGdGKD2 IMjGDE pPPD hGDOFPO Md dIP HGdPKJ dIP MDNGPDd }FeQRGNH SHGDE dIP HSDH LMeH MDO M QGLLKL1

[ "GDNP dIP JGLHd QKOPLD uMQPH GD dIPDH2 QMDe QKLP HRKLdH IMjP pPPD MOOPO1 ]IP OPNMdIFKD2NKDHGHdGDE KJ dPD OGHNGRFGDPH KjPL dlK OMeH2 lMH GDdLKOSNPO GD 5v532 MDO GNP8IKNhPe MRRPMLPO GD 5v342JKSL ePMLH pPJKLP dIP GDdPL uMQPH pPEMD1 $D QKLP LPNPDd dGQPH2 SOK QMOP GdH JGLHd MRRPMLMDNP GD5va^2 MDO lKQPDH HIKKdGDE PjPDdH pPEMD GD 5v_^1 rPMNI jKFFPepMFF lMH GDNKLRKLMdPO GDdK dIP 5vva}FeQRGNH1 $D JMNd dIP LMDEP KJ RLPHPDd MDO JKLQPL }FeQRGN HRKLdH GH jMHd1 CjPD dIP dSE8KJ8lML lMHKDNP MD }FeQRGN PjPDd2 MDO GD 5v44 pKdI NLKsSPd MDO NLGNhPd QMOP dIPGL KDFe MRRPMLMDNPH1

c %MDe uMQPH MLP LPQPQpPLPO JKL dIP ELPMd MdIFPdPH lIK dKKh RMLd GD dIPQ1 ]IP 5vb3 uMQPH lGFFMFlMeH pP MHHKNGMdPO lGdI dIP HlGQQPL %MLh "RGdt2 lIK lKD HPjPD EKFO QPOMFH1 ]IP 5v6a uMQPH GDrPLFGD2 GDdPDOPO pe uPLQMDe dK pP M HIKlNMHP JKL LeMD HSRLPQMNe2 MLP pPHd LPQPQpPLPO JKL dIP JKSLEKFO QPOMFH lKD pe dIP pFMNh MdIFPdP {PHHP }lPDH2 GD KDP KJ dIP pPHd dLMNh MDO JGPFO RPLJKLQMDNPHPjPL1 $D 5vba [KQMDGMH MOGM 'KQMDPNG2 Md dIP MEP KJ 5^2 MNNSQSFMdPO HPjPD RPLJPNd HNKLPH OSLGDEdIP EeQDMHdGNH NKQRPdGdGKD1 IPD 5_8ePML8KFO 'MHHGSH 'FMe (FMdPL %KIMQQPO FG) lKD dIP pK|GDEFGEId8IPMjelPGEId GD [KQP2 IP lMH HK RLKSO IP OGODd dMhP IGH QPOMF KJJ JKL dlK OMeH1

e kKlPjPL2 lP OKDd KDFe LPQPQpPL dIP lGDDPLH1 ]MhGDE RMLd GH dIP QKHd GQRKLdMDd dIGDE2 MDO QMDeNKQRPdGdKLH EK dK dIP }FeQRGNH hDKlGDE dIMd dIPe OK DKd HdMDO M NIMDNP KJ lGDDGDE M QPOMF1 COOGP

dIP CMEFP2 M NKDHdLSNdGKD lKLhPL JLKQ uFKSNPHdPLHIGLP2 CDEFMDO2 lMH dIP JGLHd (MDO KDFe) rLGdGHI}FeQRGN HhG SQRPL MDO pPNMQP JFPPdGDEFe JMQKSH JKL JGDGHIGDE FMHd 8 IP HdGFF IKFOH dIP rLGdGHI HhG8

SQRGDE LPNKLO1 $D dIP "eODPe }FeQRGNH GD 34442 CLGN dIP CPF 2 CLGN %KSHHMQpMDG JLKQ CsSMdKLGMFuSGDPM2 pPNMQP HGQGFMLFe JMQKSH JKL IGH RMLdGNGRMdGKD GD dIP 544Q JLPPHdeFP HlGQQGDE NKQRPdGdGKD2 GDlIGNI IP HlMQ dIP JSLdIPHd IP IMO PjPL HlSQ GD IGH FGJP1 $D KDP KJ dIP HFKlPHd dGQPH PjPL2 CLGNH HlGQlMH 64 HPNKDOH HFKlPL dIMD LDKFO uSddQMDD KJ kSDEMLe2 lIK lKD dIP JGLHd 544 QPdLPH GD dIP HPMDPML cGLMPSH2 uLPPNP2 GD 5_va1

V;F?:@?C Wm

,I@JJ@9G

W4 MFLC F P

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,?F99@9G

W4 a@9= :KC E

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$d GH OMDEPLKSH dK NMHd PDEGDPPLGDE RLKPNdH GD HSNI MpHKFSdP dPLQHKJ NKSLHP dIPLP IMO dK pP HKQPNKQpGDMdGKD KJ NKDOGdGKDH SDOPL lIGNI dIP KNPMD FGDPL lKSFO IMjP JMGFPO1 H PFPEMDd MDO ELMDO MH GdlMH2 IKlPjPL2 dIP ]GdMDGNFGhP MDe KdIPL HIGRlMH JML JLKQ SDHGDhMpFP1

d DPMLFe 3bi QPdPLH FKDE lGdI M ELKHH lPGEId KJ MpKSd ^32444 QPdLGN dKDH2 dIP ]GdMDGN lMH dIP FMLEPHdHIGR PjPL pSGFd Md dIP dGQP1 $d JPMdSLPO 5a QMKL lMdPLdGEId NKQRMLdQPDdH GD GdH FKlPL HPNdGKD dIMd NKSFO

pP HPMFPO KJJ GD dIP PjPDd KJ M RSDNdSLPO ISFF1 Pd dIP FS|SLe FGDPL HMDh FPHH dIMD dILPP IKSLH MJdPLNKFFGOGDE lGdI M QMHHGjP GNPpPLE GD dIP KLdI dFMDdGN2 OPHRGdP HKQP PHdGQMdPH dIMd Gd HIKSFO IMjP pPPDMpFP dK HdMe MJFKMd JKL MH FKDE MH dILPP OMeH MJdPL MD MNNGOPDd Md HPM1

]IP lMdPLdGEId NKQRMLdQPDdH RLKjPO dK pP M JMdMF OPHGED JFMlKDP dIMd{MQPH 'MQPLKDGFFSHdLMdPOlPFF PMLFe GD IGH 5vvb JGFQ LPNKSDdGDE dIP JMdPJSF RLGF DGEId GD 5v53 lIPD dIP ]GdMDGN HSDh2 dMhGDEMpKSd dlK dIGLOH KJ IPL 32344 RMHHPDEPLH GDdK dIP GNe lMdPLH lGdI IPL1 ]IP v48QPdPL EMHI GD dIP]GdMDGNH ISFF NMSHPO dIP HIGR dK dMhP KD lMdPL DPML GdH pKl2 JFKKOGDE HG| KJ dIP NKQRMLdQPDdH1 IPDPDKSEI lMdPL IMO RPDPdLMdPO dIP ISFF pLPMNI2 dIP HIGR RGdNIPO JKLlMLO Md MD MDEFP dIMd NMSHPO lMdPL

JLKQ dIP GDOGjGOSMF NKQRMLdQPDdH dK HRGFF KjPL dIPGL pSFhIPMOH2 GDSDOMdGDE dIP JLKDd KJ dIP HIGR MDOHPDOGDE dIP ]GdMDGN FGhP M dKLRPOK dK dIP KNPMD pKddKQ MFQKHd JKSL hGFKQPdPLH pPFKl1 kMO dIP

pSFhIPMOH pPPD IGEIPL2 KL lMdPLdGEId Md dIP dKR MH lPFF MH dIP pKddKQ2 dIP lMdPL LSHIGDE GDdK dIP ISFFQGEId IMjP pPPD OGHdLGpSdPO QKLP PjPDFe2 EGjGDE RMHHPDEPLH QKLP dGQP dK PHNMRP1

$LKDGNMFFe2 pSGFOPLH KJ dIP ]GdMDGN lPLP EGjPD M RLPjGPl KJ IKl dIPGL HIGR QGEId LPMNd dK M ISFF pLPMNIHPjPLMF QKDdIH pPJKLP Gd PjPD FPJd RKLd1 }D "PRdPQpPL 342 5v552 ]GdMDGNH HGHdPL HIGR2 }FeQRGN2 lMH

pLKMOHGOPO pe dIP rLGdGHI lMLHIGR k%" kMlhP2 lIGNI LGRRPO MlMe QPdMF RFMdPH MDO LGjPdPO KGDdH2FPMjGDE MD 558QPdPL KRPDGDE GD dIP HdMLpKMLO HGOP KJ dIP }FeQRGNH ISFF1 ]IP NKFFGHGKD NMSHPO dIPJFKKOGDE KJ dlK KJ dIP }FeQRGNH FKlPL NKQRMLdQPDdH2 pSd dIP HIGR lMH MpFP dK QMhP Gd pMNh dK RKLd2

RPLIMRH NKDdLGpSdGDE dK dIP SDHGDhMpGFGde QedI1

CDEGDPPLGDE MDO OPHGED MLP MD GQRKLdMDd RMLd KJ MDe NKDHdLSNdGKD RLKPNd2 pSd dIPe MLP RMLd KJ M FMLEPLHeHdPQ dIMd GDNFSOPH dIP RPKRFP dIMd lGFF QMDMEP MDO SHP dIP RLKPNdH PDO RLKOSNd2 lIPdIPL Gd GH MDKNPMD FGDPL2 HSHRPDHGKD pLGOEP KLHRMNPNLMJd1 "NGPDdGJGN QPLGNMD HRKhP lGdI kPDLe cPdLKHhG2 M

RLKJPHHKL KJ pKdI NGjGF PDEGDPPLGDE MDO IGHdKLe Md zShP wDGjPLHGde MDO MSdIKL KJ ]K oKLEGjP zPHGED.wDOPLHdMDOGDE oMGFSLP2 MpKSd dIP JKFFe KJ pPFGPjGDE M OPHGED GH GDJMFFGpFP2 dIP ]GdMDGNH JMdMF JFMlH2 MDOIKl PjPD dIP pPHd8PDEGDPPLPO dPNIDKFKEe JMGFH lIPD M FMLEPL HeHdPQ pLPMhH OKlD1

D POGdPO dLMDHNLGRd KJ dIP GDdPLjGPl JKFFKlH1

.: KFD XCC9 F ?C9:>;A D@9?C :KC 7@:F9@? =@DFD:C;4 \@PP C9G@9CC;D CLC; XC FXPC :< X>@P= F9!>9D@9IFXPC! DK@B]

]IP HIKLd MDHlPL GH DK1 DO MDelMe2 Gd HPPQH dIP NFMGQ dIMd Gd lMH SDHGDhMpFP OGODd NKQP JLKQPDEGDPPLH pSd LMdIPL JLKQ MOjPLdGHPQPDdH JKL dIP ]GdMDGN1 ]IP HIGR IMO M FKd KJ OPHGED JPMdSLPHHSNI MHdIP lMdPLdGEId NKQRMLdQPDdH MDO dIPGL pSFhIPMOHdIMd QMe IMjP FPO RPKRFP dK pPFGPjP dIMd Gd lKSFODdHGDh1

De OPHGED2 lIPdIPL GdH JKL M HIGR KL MD MGLRFMDP2 QSHd pP OKDP GD MDdGNGRMdGKD KJ RKdPDdGMF JMGFSLPH1 $DdIP NMHP KJ dIP ]GdMDGN2 dIP PDEGDPPLH lKSFO IMjP pPPD MHhGDE dIPQHPFjPH. IMd GJ lP IMjP M IKFP GDdIP ISFFm PFF2 lMdPLH EKGDE dK NKQP GD1 kKl QSNI lMdPLm ]IMd OPRPDOH KD IKl pGE dIP IKFP GH2 HKeKS IMjP dK QMhP dIKHP NMFNSFMdGKDH1 KS NMD MFlMeH GQMEGDP M pGEEPL IKFP KL HKQP lKLHP NKDOGdGKD1

\KF: NC;C :KC 7@:F9@?uD G;CF:CD: =CD@G9 EPFND]

cLKpMpFe dIP JMNd dIMd dIP pSFhIPMOH OGODd EK IGEIPL2 HK dIMd dIPe lPLPDd dLSFe lMdPLdGEId MDO OGODdMNdSMFFe NKQRMLdQPDdMFGtP lMdPL pPdlPPD dIP pSFhIPMOH1 }dIPL OPHGED PFPQPDdH QPMDd dK PDHSLP

RMHHPDEPL HMJPde lPLPDd MOIPLPO dK1 FdIKSEI dIP HIGR lMH OPHGEDPO dK NMLLe PDKSEI FGJPpKMdH2 Gd

http://www.writing.eng.vt.edu/uer/bassett.htmlhttp://www.writing.eng.vt.edu/uer/bassett.htmlhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-abyss-transit-systemhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-abyss-transit-systemhttp://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/hms-hawke.htmlhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=spacecrafthttp://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=spacecrafthttp://www.cee.duke.edu/faculty/henry-petroskihttp://www.writing.eng.vt.edu/uer/bassett.htmlhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-abyss-transit-systemhttp://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/hms-hawke.htmlhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=spacecrafthttp://www.cee.duke.edu/faculty/henry-petroski

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lMHDd Md dIP dGQP KJ dIP MNNGOPDd2 JKL P|MQRFP1 ]IMd lKSFO pP SDIPMLO KJ dKOMe1 ]IPe IMO LMOGK2 lIGNIdIPe NMFFPO lGLPFPHH pMNh dIPD2 JKL NMFFGDE KdIPL HIGRH2 pSd Gd lMH HPPD QKLP MH M DKjPFde Md dIP dGQP2MDO HIGRH dSLDPO dIPQ KJJ MJdPL IKSLH1

]IP ]GdMDGN MFHK JMGFPO dK GDNKLRKLMdP M NLSNGMF HMJPde JPMdSLP MjMGFMpFP FKDE pPJKLP GdH QMGOPD jKeMEP1

$D dIP 5_i4H dIPLP lMH M rLGdGHI HIGR NMFFPO dIP "" uLPMd CMHdPLDOPHGEDPO pe $HMQpMLO #GDEOKQrLSDPF MDO pSGFd pe {KID "NKdd [SHHPFF dIMd JPMdSLPO M OKSpFP ISFF1 OKSpFP ISFF GH M HGQGFML NKDNPRd dK

pSFhIPMOH1 MdPLNKQPH GD pSd eKS hPPR Gd JLKQ KjPLdMhGDE dIP GDdPLGKL KJ dIP ISFF1 uPDPLMFFe HRPMhGDE2dIP OGHdMDNP pPdlPPD dIP ISFFH GH DKd dIMd ELPMd2 HK dIP MQKSDd KJ lMdPL dIMd EPdH GD lKDd pP dIMd ELPMd1]IP OPpMdP KjPL OKSpFP ISFFH EKPH KD dK dIGH OMe1 JdPL dIPC||KD MFOPt KGF HRGFFdIPLP lMH M sSPHdGKDMH dK lIPdIPL MFF KGF dMDhPLH HIKSFO IMjP OKSpFP ISFFH1

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.8O7, 2?F=CJ@? HCF=@9G @9 `C:F@P

FOCUS ON THEORY

7FDI 7ABC W q />P:@BPC ?K

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7FDI aD]IGH dMHh deRP MHHPHHPH dIP NMDOGOMdPH MpGFGde dK LPNKEDGtP RMLdGNSFML RKGDdH KJGDJKLQMdGKD NKDjPePO GD dIP dP|d1 $d NMD dISH pP SHPO lGdI QKLP JMNdSMF dP|dH1

7FDI 7ABC Z q .=C9:@EA@9G N;@:C;jD L@CNDt?PF@JD

7FDI 7ABC

0 a

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GOPDdGJGPO pe FPddPLH1 'MDOGOMdPH QMe2 JKL P|MQRFP2 pP LPsSGLPO dK QMdNI OGJJPLPDd LPHPMLNIJGDOGDEH dK M FGHd KJ LPHPMLNIPLH2 KL NIMLMNdPLGHdGNH dK MEP ELKSRH2 PjPDdH dK IGHdKLGNMF

RPLGKOH PdN1 $d GH RKHHGpFP dIMd HKQP KRdGKDH lGFF DKd pP SHPO2 MDO dIMd KdIPLH QMe pP SHPOQKLP dIMD KDNP1 ]IP GDHdLSNdGKDH lGFF GDJKLQ NMDOGOMdPH GJ KRdGKDH QMe pP SHPO QKLP dIMDKDNP1

7FDI aD

]IGH dMHh deRP MHHPHHPH dIP NMDOGOMdPH MpGFGde dK LPNKEDGtP LPFMdGKDHIGRH MDO NKDDPNdGKDHpPdlPPD JMNdH GD dIP dP|d MDO dIPGL MpGFGde dK LPNKEDGtP KRGDGKDH MDO dIPKLGPH1 $d QMe pPSHPO pKdI lGdI dP|dH OPMFGDE lGdI JMNdSMF GDJKLQMdGKD MH lPFF MH KRGDGKD8pMHPO OGHNSLHGjPdP|dH1 'MDOGOMdPH DPPO dK pP MpFP dK HhGQ MDO HNMD dIP dP|d GD KLOPL dK FKNMdP dIP LPsSGLPOGDJKLQMdGKD MDO dK LPMO JKL OPdMGF1

7FDI 7ABC ^ q /F:?K@9G DC9:C9?C C9=@9GD

7FDI 7ABC

0 a

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A

IPLP lKLOH IMjP dK pP HPFPNdPO JLKQ dIP RMHHMEP2 dIP GDHdLSNdGKDH lGFF QMhP Gd NFPMLIKl QMDe lKLOH`DSQpPLH NMDOGOMdPH HIKSFO SHP GD dIPGL MDHlPLH2 P1E1 } %}[C]k ]k[CC }[z" z`}[ w%rC[ JLKQ dIP RMHHMEP2 }C }[z}\ KL } %}[C ]k ]} }[z"1 $J NMDOGOMdPH lLGdP QKLP dIMD dIPDSQpPL KJ lKLOH MHhPO JKL2 dIPe lGFF FKHP dIP QMLh1

SQpPLH NMD pP lLGddPD SHGDE JGESLPH KL lKLOH1 'KDdLMNdPO lKLOH MLP DKd dPHdPO1keRIPDMdPO lKLOH NKSDd MH HGDEFP lKLOH1IPLP M FGHd KJ MDHlPLH GH RLKjGOPO2 dIPe QKHd JLPsSPDdFe NKDHGHd KJ M HGDEFP lKLO1rPNMSHP dIGH dMHh deRP KJdPD LPFMdPH dK RLPNGHP JMNdSMF GDJKLQMdGKD2 Gd GH KJdPD SHPO lGdIOPHNLGRdGjP dP|dH1

7FDI aD

]IGH dMHh deRP MHHPHHPH dIP NMDOGOMdPH MpGFGde dK SDOPLHdMDO OPdMGFH MDO`KL dIP QMGD GOPMHKJ M HPNdGKD KJ dIP dP|d1 $D dIP jMLGMdGKDH GDjKFjGDE M HSQQMLe KL DKdPH2 NMDOGOMdPH DPPOdK pP MlMLP KJ dIP deRP KJ lKLO(H) dIMd lGFF JGd GDdK M EGjPD EMR (JKL P|MQRFP2 lIPdIPL MDKSD GH DPPOPO2 KL M jPLp PdN1)1

7FDI 7ABC Wf q `@FG;FJ PFXCP ?D]IGH dMHh deRP MHHPHHPH dIP NMDOGOMdPH MpGFGde dK FKNMdP MDO SDOPLHdMDO RLPNGHPGDJKLQMdGKD GD dIP dP|d1

$O%N$ ON&%NE$C\]" [PMOGDE %KOSFP IddR.``lll1eKSdSpP1NKQ`lMdNImjyQsx_]Qww4HK

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqZ8TmUU0sohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqZ8TmUU0so

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FOCUS ON %E&TS

V;F?:@?C Yf

U9JFDI@9G DI@94

%$J eKS dKKh KJJ eKSL HhGD MDO FMGO Gd JFMd2 Gd lKSFO NKjPL MD MLPM KJ MpKSd dlPDde8KDP HsSMLP JPPd2QMhGDE Gd pe JML dIP pKOeH FMLEPHd KLEMD1 zLMRPO GD RFMNP KjPL KSL pKOGPH2 HhGD JKLQH dIP pMLLGPL

pPdlPPD lIMdH GDHGOP SH MDO lIMdH KSdHGOP1 $d RLKdPNdH SH JLKQ M QSFdGdSOP KJ P|dPLDMF JKLNPH1 $d HPLjPH

MH MD MjPDSP dK KSL QKHd GDdGQMdP RIeHGNMF MDO RHeNIKFKEGNMF HPFjPH1

+]IGH GQRPLjGKSH ePd RPLQPMpFP pMLLGPL2 FPHH dIMD M QGFFGQPdPL dIGNh GD RFMNPH2 GH NKQRKHPO KJ dILPPFMePLH1 ]IP KSdPLQKHd FMePL GH dIP pFKKOFPHH PRGOPLQGH1 ]IP OPLQGH GDNFSOPH NKFFMEPD2 PFMHdGD2 MDO DPLjPPDOGDEH1 ]IP GDDPLQKHd FMePL2 HSpNSdMDPKSH JMd2 NKDdMGDH dGHHSP dIMd MNdH MH MD PDPLEe HKSLNP2 NSHIGKDMDO GDHSFMdKL JKL dIP pKOe1

,oLKQ dIPHP JMQGFGML NIMLMNdPLGHdGNH KJ HhGD PQPLEP dIP RLKJKSDO QeHdPLGPH KJ dKSNI2 MLESMpFe KSL QKHd

PHHPDdGMF HKSLNP KJ HPDHKLe HdGQSFMdGKD1 P NMD FGjP lGdIKSd HPPGDE KL IPMLGDE GD JMNd2 lGdIKSd MDe KJKSL KdIPL HPDHPH1 rSd pMpGPH pKLD lGdIKSd PJJPNdGjP DPLjP NKDDPNdGKDH pPdlPPD HhGD MDO pLMGD NMD JMGFdK dILGjP MDO QMe PjPD OGP1

\MpKLMdKLe P|RPLGQPDdH OPNMOPH MEK2 DKl NKDHGOPLPO SDPdIGNMF MDO GDISQMDP2 hPRd pMpe QKDhPeHJLKQ pPGDE dKSNIPO pe dIPGL QKdIPLH1 $d QMOP DK OGJJPLPDNP dIMd dIP pMpGPH NKSFO HPP2 IPML MDO HQPFFdIPGL QKdIPLHZ lGdIKSd dKSNIGDE2 dIP pMpGPH pPNMQP MRMdIPdGN2 MDO JMGFPO dK RLKELPHH1

oKL ISQMDH2 GDHSJJGNGPDd dKSNIGDE GD PMLFe ePMLH NMD IMjP FGJPFKDE LPHSFdH1 $D dKSNIGDE NSFdSLPH2 MOSFdMEELPHHGKD GH FKl2 lIPLPMH GD NSFdSLPH lIPLP dKSNI GH FGQGdPO2 MOSFd MEELPHHGKD GH IGEI2 lLGdPH ]GJJMDeoGPFO2 OGLPNdKL KJ dIP ]KSNI [PHPMLNI $DHdGdSdPH Md dIP wDGjPLHGde KJ %GMQG "NIKKF KJ %POGNGDP1 "dSOGPHKJ M jMLGPde KJ NSFdSLPH HIKl M NKLLPHRKDOPDNP pPdlPPD IGEI LMdPH KJ RIeHGNMF MJJPNdGKD GD NIGFOIKKOMDO FKl LMdPH KJ MOSFd RIeHGNMF jGKFPDNP1

IGFP dIP PJJPNdH KJ dKSNIGDE MLP PMHe dK SDOPLHdMDO2 dIP QPNIMDGNH KJ Gd MLP FPHH HK1 KSL HhGD IMHQGFFGKDH KJ DPLjP NPFFH KJ jMLGKSH HIMRPH Md OGJJPLPDd OPRdIH2 P|RFMGDH "dMDFPe rKFMDKlHhG2 MDPSLKHNGPDdGHd MDO MHHKNGMdP OGLPNdKL KJ dIP $DHdGdSdP JKL "PDHKLe [PHPMLNI Md "eLMNSHP wDGjPLHGde1

IPD dIP DPLjP NPFFH MLP HdGQSFMdPO2 RIeHGNMF PDPLEe GH dLMDHJKLQPO GDdK PDPLEe SHPO pe dIP DPLjKSHHeHdPQ MDO RMHHPO JLKQ dIP HhGD dK dIP HRGDMF NKLO MDO pLMGD1 $dH NMFFPO dLMDHOSNdGKD2 MDO DK KDPhDKlH P|MNdFe IKl Gd dMhPH RFMNP1 "SJJGNP Gd dK HMe dIMd dIP RLKNPHH GDjKFjPH dIP GDdLGNMdP2 HRFGdHPNKDOKRPLMdGKD KJ M NKQRFP| HeHdPQ KJ HGEDMFH pPdlPPD DPSLKDH GD dIP HhGD MDO pLMGD1

7/23/2019 Skim&Scan

65/98

U >Y

A

$]IGH GH HdMLdGDE dK HKSDO jPLe NKDJSHGDE SDdGF rKFMDKlHhG HMeH. $D HGQRFP dPLQH RPKRFP RPLNPGjP dILPP

pMHGN dIGDEH jGM HhGD. RLPHHSLP2 dPQRPLMdSLP2 MDO RMGD1 DO dIPD $Q HSLP IPH lLKDE1 IPD $ EPd lPd2Qe HhGD JPPFH lPd2 $ RLKdPHd1 'FKHP eKSL PePH MDO FPMD pMNh2 HMeH rKFMDKlHhG1

H"KQPdIGDE NKFO MDO lPd GH KD Qe JKLPIPMO HK lPd2 GD JMNd2 dIMd $ lMGd JKL lMdPL dK HdMLd OLGRRGDE OKlDQe NIPPhH1 }RPD eKSL PePH1 rKFMDKlHhG HMeH2 HIKlGDE QP dIMd dIP HPDHMdGKD NKQPH JLKQ M NIGFFPO2

pSd OLe2 QPdMF NeFGDOPL1 ]IP NKQpGDMdGKD KJ RLPHHSLP MDO NKFO2 IP P|RFMGDH2 GH lIMd QMhPH Qe HhGDRPLNPGjP lPdDPHH1 kP EGjPH QP M HSLEGNMF EFKjP dK RSd KD MDO IMH QP RSd M JGDEPL GD M EFMHH KJ NKFOlMdPL1 %e JGDEPL JPPFH lPd2 PjPD dIKSEI $ IMjP jGHSMF RLKKJ dIMd GdH DKd dKSNIGDE lMdPL1 %e HhGD2 lIGNIHPPQPO HK LPFGMpFP2 IMH pPPD OPNPGjGDE QP Qe PDdGLP FGJP1 IPD $ HIKlPL KL lMHI Qe IMDOH2 $ DKlLPMFGtP2 Qe HhGD JPPFH RLPHHSLP MDO dPQRPLMdSLP1 $dH Qe pLMGD dIMd HMeH $ JPPF lPd1

cPLNPRdGKDH KJ RLPHHSLP2 dPQRPLMdSLP MDO RMGD QMDGJPHd dIPQHPFjPH GD QMDe OGJJPLPDd lMeH1 uPDdFPHdGQSFMdGKD KJ RLPHHSLP LPNPRdKLH NMD LPHSFd GD dGNhFGHIDPHHZ EPDdFP HdGQSFMdGKD KJ RMGD LPNPRdKLH2 GDGdNIGDE1 rKdI HPDHMdGKDH MLGHP JLKQ M DPSLKFKEGNMF dLMDHQGHHGKD2 DKd JLKQ HKQPdIGDE